一、火花機的主要組成部件

火花機也稱為電火(huo)花加(jia)工機(ji)床(chuang)或EDM機(ji)床(chuang)，主要組成部(bu)件包括以下(xia)幾(ji)個部(bu)分：

1、機床主體

機床主體是火花機的基(ji)礎(chu)結構，它承載著所有的工作(zuo)部件和控制系統。主體通常由鑄(zhu)鐵(tie)或(huo)鋼材制成，以確保穩定(ding)性(xing)和剛性(xing)。

2、主軸和電極夾持裝置

主軸是安裝和移動電極的部分，用于將電極精確定位在工件上方。電(dian)極(ji)夾持裝置用于固定(ding)電(dian)極(ji)，并(bing)確保電(dian)極(ji)在加工過程中(zhong)保持穩定(ding)的位置和角度。

3、工作臺和工件夾持裝置

工作臺用于支撐和移動工件，以便在加工過程中精確定位工件。工件夾持裝置用于固定(ding)工件，防止在加工過程中發生移動(dong)或振(zhen)動(dong)。

4、電源和控制系統

電源系統為火花機提供所需的電壓和電流，用于產生電火花。控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)系統是火花機(ji)的(de)核心部分，它控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)電極和工作臺的(de)運(yun)動(dong)，以(yi)及(ji)電源的(de)通斷，確(que)保(bao)加工過程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)精確(que)性(xing)和穩定性(xing)。控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)系統通常包(bao)括計算機(ji)數控(kong)(kong)（CNC）系統，用(yong)于編程(cheng)(cheng)和自動(dong)化加工過程(cheng)(cheng)。

5、工作液循環系統

工(gong)(gong)作液在火花加工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程中起到(dao)冷卻、潤滑和清除加工(gong)(gong)廢屑的(de)作用(yong)。工(gong)(gong)作液循環(huan)系(xi)統負(fu)責(ze)將工(gong)(gong)作液輸(shu)送到(dao)加工(gong)(gong)區域，并回收和過(guo)濾使用(yong)過(guo)的(de)工(gong)(gong)作液。

6、電氣系統和傳感器

電氣系統為火花機提供電力和信號傳輸，確保各個部件的正常運行。傳(chuan)感器用于(yu)監測加工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程中的(de)各種參數(shu)，如電(dian)(dian)極和(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作臺的(de)位置、電(dian)(dian)流和(he)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等，以(yi)便及時調整和(he)控制加工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程。

7、安全防護裝置

火花機(ji)在工作(zuo)(zuo)過程(cheng)中(zhong)可能(neng)會產生(sheng)火花和(he)飛濺物，因(yin)此(ci)需要配備安全防護裝置，如防護罩、防護門(men)和(he)緊急停(ting)機(ji)按鈕(niu)等(deng)，以(yi)保護操作(zuo)(zuo)人(ren)員的安全。

二、火花機的工作原理

進行電火花機加(jia)工(gong)時(shi)，工(gong)具電(dian)(dian)(dian)極和(he)工(gong)件(jian)分別接脈沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的兩(liang)極，并浸入(ru)工(gong)作液(ye)中，或將(jiang)(jiang)工(gong)作液(ye)充入(ru)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)間隙(xi)。通(tong)過間隙(xi)自動控制系統控制工(gong)具電(dian)(dian)(dian)極向工(gong)件(jian)進給，當兩(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極間的間隙(xi)達到一定距離時(shi)，兩(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極上施加(jia)的脈沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓將(jiang)(jiang)工(gong)作液(ye)擊穿(chuan)，產生(sheng)火花放電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

在(zai)放電的(de)(de)(de)微細通道(dao)中瞬(shun)時(shi)集中大量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)熱能，溫度(du)可高達一萬攝氏度(du)以上，壓力也有急劇(ju)變(bian)化，從而使這一點(dian)工(gong)(gong)作表面局部微量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)金屬材料(liao)立(li)刻(ke)熔化、氣化，并爆炸式地(di)飛濺到工(gong)(gong)作液(ye)(ye)中，迅速冷凝，形成(cheng)固(gu)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)金屬微粒，被工(gong)(gong)作液(ye)(ye)帶走。這時(shi)在(zai)工(gong)(gong)件表面上便(bian)留下一個微小的(de)(de)(de)凹坑痕跡，放電短暫停歇(xie)，兩電極(ji)間工(gong)(gong)作液(ye)(ye)恢(hui)復絕緣狀態(tai)。

緊接著，下一(yi)個(ge)脈沖電壓又在兩電極相(xiang)對接近的(de)(de)另一(yi)點處擊穿(chuan)，產生(sheng)火花放(fang)(fang)電，重復上(shang)述(shu)過程。這樣，雖然(ran)每個(ge)脈沖放(fang)(fang)電蝕(shi)除(chu)的(de)(de)金屬(shu)量極少，但(dan)因(yin)每秒有(you)成千上(shang)萬次脈沖放(fang)(fang)電作用，就能蝕(shi)除(chu)較多的(de)(de)金屬(shu)，具有(you)一(yi)定的(de)(de)生(sheng)產率(lv)。

在保持工(gong)具(ju)(ju)電極(ji)(ji)與(yu)(yu)工(gong)件(jian)之間恒定放電間隙(xi)的條件(jian)下，一(yi)邊(bian)蝕(shi)除(chu)工(gong)件(jian)金屬，一(yi)邊(bian)使工(gong)具(ju)(ju)電極(ji)(ji)不(bu)斷地向工(gong)件(jian)進給，最后便加(jia)工(gong)出與(yu)(yu)工(gong)具(ju)(ju)電極(ji)(ji)形(xing)(xing)狀相(xiang)對應(ying)的形(xing)(xing)狀來。因(yin)此，只要改變工(gong)具(ju)(ju)電極(ji)(ji)的形(xing)(xing)狀和工(gong)具(ju)(ju)電極(ji)(ji)與(yu)(yu)工(gong)件(jian)之間的相(xiang)對運(yun)動方式，就能(neng)加(jia)工(gong)出各種復雜的型面。工(gong)具(ju)(ju)電極(ji)(ji)常用導電性良好、熔(rong)點較高、易加(jia)工(gong)的耐電蝕(shi)材料(liao)，如銅、石(shi)墨、銅鎢(wu)合金和鉬(mu)等。在加(jia)工(gong)過程中，工(gong)具(ju)(ju)電極(ji)(ji)也有損耗(hao)，但小于工(gong)件(jian)金屬的蝕(shi)除(chu)量(liang)，甚至接近于無(wu)損耗(hao)。

工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)液(ye)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)介質(zhi)，在(zai)(zai)加工(gong)(gong)過程中還起著冷(leng)(leng)卻、排屑等(deng)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)液(ye)是粘度較(jiao)(jiao)低(di)(di)、閃點較(jiao)(jiao)高、性能(neng)穩定的(de)(de)介質(zhi)，如煤(mei)油、去離子水和(he)乳化(hua)液(ye)等(deng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)火(huo)(huo)(huo)花機是一種自(zi)激(ji)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，其(qi)特點如下：火(huo)(huo)(huo)花放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)間在(zai)(zai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前具較(jiao)(jiao)高的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，當兩(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)接近時(shi)(shi)，其(qi)間介質(zhi)被擊(ji)穿后(hou)，隨即(ji)發生火(huo)(huo)(huo)花放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。伴隨擊(ji)穿過程，兩(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)間的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)急(ji)劇變小，兩(liang)(liang)(liang)極(ji)(ji)之間的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)也隨之急(ji)劇變低(di)(di)。火(huo)(huo)(huo)花通(tong)道(dao)必須在(zai)(zai)維持暫短的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間（通(tong)常為(wei)10-7-10-3s）后(hou)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)熄滅，才可保持火(huo)(huo)(huo)花放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)“冷(leng)(leng)極(ji)(ji)”特性（即(ji)通(tong)道(dao)能(neng)量轉換的(de)(de)熱能(neng)來不及(ji)傳(chuan)至電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)縱深），使通(tong)道(dao)能(neng)量作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)于極(ji)(ji)小范圍。通(tong)道(dao)能(neng)量的(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，可使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)局部被腐蝕。利用(yong)(yong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)花放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)產生的(de)(de)腐蝕現(xian)象(xiang)對材(cai)料(liao)進行尺寸加工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)方法(fa)，叫(jiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)火(huo)(huo)(huo)花機加工(gong)(gong)。