電動車電池壽命有多長

對于電動自行車電池的壽命，很多人都會很糾結。一組電動車電池（也就是電瓶）能用多長時間呢？為什么有些人的電瓶能用2-3年，而有些人的電瓶卻用不到一年就報廢了？到底電動車電池的壽命有多長呢？一般來說：電動自行車所用鉛蓄電池屬消耗品，其使用壽命只有1.5-2.5年(nian)，壽(shou)命長短與(yu)用(yong)戶的日(ri)常使用(yong)維(wei)護有很(hen)大的關(guan)系。

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電動車電池壽命短的原因

1、鉛酸蓄電池工作原理方面的原因

鉛酸蓄電池充放電的過程是電化學反應的過程，充電時，硫酸鉛形成氧化鉛，放電時氧化鉛又還原為硫酸鉛。而硫酸鉛是一種非常容易結晶的物質，當電池中電解溶液的硫酸鉛濃度過高或靜態閑置時間過長時，就會“抱成”團，結成小晶體，這些小晶體再吸引周圍的硫酸鉛，就象滾雪球一樣形成大的惰性結晶，結晶后的硫酸鉛充電時不但不能再還原成氧化鉛，還會沉淀附著在電極板上，造成了電極板工作面積下降，這一現象叫硫化，也就是常說的老化。這時電池容量會逐漸下降，直至無法使用。

2、電動自行車特殊工作環境的原因

只要(yao)是鉛蓄電池(chi)，在使(shi)用的(de)(de)過程中都會硫化，但(dan)其它領(ling)域的(de)(de)鉛酸(suan)電池(chi)卻比電動自行(xing)車(che)上使(shi)用的(de)(de)鉛酸(suan)電池(chi)有(you)著更(geng)長的(de)(de)壽命，這是因(yin)為電動自行(xing)車(che)的(de)(de)鉛酸(suan)電池(chi)有(you)著一(yi)個更(geng)容易硫化的(de)(de)工作(zuo)環境。

①深度放電

用(yong)在汽(qi)車上(shang)的(de)鉛(qian)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)只是在點火時(shi)(shi)單(dan)向放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，點火后發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)會對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)自動(dong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，不(bu)造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)深度(du)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行車在騎行時(shi)(shi)不(bu)可(ke)能充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，經常會超過60%的(de)深度(du)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，深放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)，硫酸鉛(qian)濃度(du)增(zeng)加，硫化就會相當嚴(yan)重。

②大電流放電

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車20公里巡航電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)一般(ban)是4A，這(zhe)個值已經高(gao)于(yu)其它領域的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，而超速(su)超載的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)就(jiu)更大。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池制造商都(dou)進行過1C充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)70%，2C放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)60%的(de)(de)(de)循環壽命(ming)(ming)(ming)試驗。經過這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)壽命(ming)(ming)(ming)試驗，可達(da)到充放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循環350次壽命(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池很(hen)多，但是實(shi)際在(zai)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)效果(guo)就(jiu)相差甚遠了(le)。這(zhe)是因(yin)為大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)工(gong)作增(zeng)加了(le)50%的(de)(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池會(hui)加速(su)硫(liu)化。所以，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動三輪摩托(tuo)車的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命(ming)(ming)(ming)更短，因(yin)為三輪摩托(tuo)車的(de)(de)(de)車身太重(zhong)，工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)達(da)6A以上。

③充放電頻率高

用在后備(bei)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)領域(yu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，只有在停(ting)電(dian)(dian)時才會放電(dian)(dian)，如果(guo)一(yi)年停(ting)8次(ci)電(dian)(dian)，要達到10年的(de)壽命(ming)，只用做到80次(ci)循環充電(dian)(dian)壽命(ming)，而(er)電(dian)(dian)動車一(yi)年充放電(dian)(dian)循環300次(ci)以上很常見(jian)。

④短時充電

由于電(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行車是交(jiao)通工具，可(ke)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)時(shi)(shi)間不(bu)多，要(yao)在8小時(shi)(shi)內完成(cheng)36伏(fu)或48伏(fu)的(de)20安時(shi)(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，這就必須(xu)提高充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)（一般為單節2.7~2.9伏(fu)），當充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)超過單節電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)析氧電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)（2.35伏(fu)）或析氫電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)（2.42伏(fu)）時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)就會因過度析氧而(er)開(kai)閥排氣，造成(cheng)失水，使電(dian)(dian)解液濃度增加，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)硫化現象加重。

⑤放電后不能及時充電

作為交(jiao)通工具，電(dian)動自行車(che)的充電(dian)及放電(dian)被完全(quan)分離開來，放電(dian)后(hou)(hou)很(hen)難有條件(jian)及時充電(dian)，而放電(dian)后(hou)(hou)形成(cheng)的大(da)量硫(liu)酸鉛如果超(chao)過(guo)半小時不充電(dian)還原(yuan)為氧化鉛，就會硫(liu)化結成(cheng)晶體(ti)。

3、鉛蓄電池生產方面的原因

針對電動自行車用鉛酸蓄(xu)電池的特殊性，各(ge)個電池制(zhi)造商采取(qu)了多種方(fang)法(fa)。最(zui)典型的方(fang)法(fa)如下：

①增加極板數量。

把原設(she)計的(de)單(dan)格5片(pian)(pian)6片(pian)(pian)制(zhi)(zhi)改為6片(pian)(pian)7片(pian)(pian)制(zhi)(zhi)，7片(pian)(pian)8片(pian)(pian)制(zhi)(zhi)，甚至(zhi)8片(pian)(pian)9片(pian)(pian)制(zhi)(zhi)。靠減薄極(ji)板厚度和隔板，增(zeng)加極(ji)板數量來提(ti)高電(dian)池容量。

②提高電池的硫酸比重

原來(lai)浮充電(dian)池的硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)比重一(yi)般(ban)都在(zai)1.21~1.28之間，而(er)電(dian)動(dong)自行車的電(dian)池的硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)比重一(yi)般(ban)都在(zai)1.36～1.38左(zuo)右，這樣(yang)可以提供較大(da)的電(dian)流，提升電(dian)池的初期(qi)容量。

③增加正極板活性物質氧化鉛的用量和比例。

增(zeng)加(jia)氧(yang)化(hua)鉛就增(zeng)加(jia)了參與放電(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)反應物質，也就增(zeng)加(jia)了放電(dian)(dian)時間(jian)，增(zeng)加(jia)了電(dian)(dian)池容量。

通過這些措施，電池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)初期容量(liang)滿足了(le)電動自(zi)行車(che)的(de)(de)(de)容量(liang)要求，特別是改善了(le)電池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)大電流放電的(de)(de)(de)特性。但(dan)是，極板增加(jia)(jia)了(le)，硫酸的(de)(de)(de)容量(liang)就(jiu)減少(shao)了(le)，電池(chi)發熱導致大量(liang)失水，同(tong)時，電池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)微短(duan)路和鉛枝搭橋(qiao)的(de)(de)(de)概率(lv)增加(jia)(jia)了(le)。提高硫酸比重增加(jia)(jia)了(le)電池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)初期容量(liang)，但(dan)是，硫化現象就(jiu)更嚴重。密封電池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)最基本原(yuan)理之一就(jiu)是正極板析氧以后，氧氣直接到負極板，被負極板吸(xi)收而還原(yuan)為水，考(kao)核電池(chi)這個技術(shu)指標的(de)(de)(de)參數叫做“密封反(fan)應效率(lv)”，這種現象叫做“氧循環”。這樣，電池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)失水很(hen)少(shao)，實現了(le)“免(mian)維(wei)護”，就(jiu)是免(mian)加(jia)(jia)水。

為此，都要求負(fu)極(ji)板(ban)容(rong)量做的比正極(ji)板(ban)容(rong)量大一些，又(you)稱為負(fu)極(ji)過渡。增加(jia)正極(ji)板(ban)活性(xing)物(wu)質必然使得，負(fu)極(ji)過渡減(jian)少了，氧循環變差(cha)了，失水(shui)增加(jia)了，又(you)會造成(cheng)硫化。這些措施雖然提升(sheng)了電(dian)池的初期容(rong)量，但是卻會造成(cheng)失水(shui)和(he)(he)硫化，而失水(shui)和(he)(he)硫化又(you)會相互(hu)促成(cheng)，最終結果卻是犧牲電(dian)池的壽命(ming)。

還有(you)(you)(you)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)極(ji)群組裝(zhuang)虛(xu)焊(han)(han)(han)問題。容易產(chan)生虛(xu)焊(han)(han)(han)的(de)地方是(shi)(shi)極(ji)板(ban)(ban)。而(er)每個(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)單(dan)格有(you)(you)(you)15片極(ji)板(ban)(ban)，就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)15個(ge)焊(han)(han)(han)點(dian)，一(yi)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)有(you)(you)(you)6個(ge)單(dan)格，就(jiu)(jiu)有(you)(you)(you)90個(ge)焊(han)(han)(han)點(dian)，一(yi)組電(dian)(dian)池(chi)由3個(ge)12V電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組成(cheng)，就(jiu)(jiu)有(you)(you)(you)270個(ge)焊(han)(han)(han)點(dian)。如果一(yi)個(ge)焊(han)(han)(han)點(dian)存在虛(xu)焊(han)(han)(han)，該(gai)單(dan)格容量就(jiu)(jiu)下(xia)降，進而(er)該(gai)單(dan)格形成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)落后(hou)，造成(cheng)整(zheng)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)都落后(hou)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)就(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)形成(cheng)嚴(yan)重的(de)不均(jun)衡(heng)，使這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)組電(dian)(dian)池(chi)提前失效。就(jiu)(jiu)算虛(xu)焊(han)(han)(han)控制在萬(wan)分(fen)之(zhi)一(yi)，平均(jun)每37組電(dian)(dian)池(chi)就(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)組電(dian)(dian)池(chi)存在虛(xu)焊(han)(han)(han)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)絕對(dui)不能(neng)夠允許的(de)。而(er)鉛(qian)鈣(gai)(gai)合金(jin)(jin)板(ban)(ban)柵(zha)的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，在焊(han)(han)(han)接的(de)時候會(hui)析(xi)出鈣(gai)(gai)而(er)掩蓋(gai)虛(xu)焊(han)(han)(han)問題，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)，很多電(dian)(dian)池(chi)制造商寧愿采用低銻(ti)合金(jin)(jin)的(de)板(ban)(ban)柵(zha)而(er)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)采用鉛(qian)鈣(gai)(gai)合金(jin)(jin)。而(er)低銻(ti)合金(jin)(jin)的(de)板(ban)(ban)柵(zha)析(xi)氧(yang)析(xi)氫電(dian)(dian)壓更(geng)低，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)出氣(qi)量大，失水相對(dui)嚴(yan)重，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)更(geng)容易硫化。

4、電動自行車生產方面的原因

大(da)多(duo)數車的(de)(de)控制器(qi)都留了(le)一個線(xian)損插頭，很多(duo)經銷商以去(qu)掉(diao)限速來(lai)招攬(lan)顧客(ke)。一些(xie)車廠(chang)(chang)干脆就(jiu)去(qu)掉(diao)限速器(qi)出廠(chang)(chang)，既可以吸引看重車速的(de)(de)客(ke)戶，也能(neng)降低成本，這樣(yang)的(de)(de)車在高速行(xing)駛時電(dian)流(liu)非常大(da)，會嚴重縮短電(dian)池壽命。

12V鉛(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的最(zui)(zui)低保護(hu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為10.5V，如果是(shi)36V電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組，最(zui)(zui)低保留電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)就是(shi)31.5V，目前(qian)大(da)多(duo)數(shu)車(che)廠(chang)采用的控(kong)制器(qi)欠壓(ya)保護(hu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)也(ye)都(dou)是(shi)31.5V。表面上看這是(shi)正確(que)的，但(dan)是(shi)，實(shi)際當36V電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組只剩下31.5V電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)時，由于(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)存在(zai)容量(liang)差，肯定(ding)就會(hui)有一個電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低于(yu)(yu)(yu)10.5V，該電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)就處于(yu)(yu)(yu)過放電(dian)(dian)狀態。

這(zhe)時候，過放電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)容(rong)量急(ji)劇(ju)下降，這(zhe)時對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)損傷(shang)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)不(bu)(bu)僅(jin)僅(jin)是該(gai)單只電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，而是影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)整(zheng)組(zu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)壽命。其實，在電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓低于32V以(yi)后一(yi)直到(dao)27V，所增加(jia)的(de)(de)續行能力不(bu)(bu)到(dao)2公(gong)里，而對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)損傷(shang)卻非常(chang)大。只要出(chu)現這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)情(qing)況10次，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)容(rong)量就會低于標稱容(rong)量的(de)(de)70%。

另外，一(yi)些(xie)用(yong)戶發現電池(chi)在(zai)欠壓以(yi)后，過(guo)10分(fen)鐘，電池(chi)又不欠壓了(le)，就(jiu)又采(cai)取給(gei)電行駛，這對電池(chi)破壞更大(da)，而大(da)多數(shu)車的(de)說明書沒有(you)給(gei)用(yong)戶以(yi)警示。目前多數(shu)控制器(qi)內部都(dou)有(you)可調的(de)電位器(qi)，而這個可調的(de)電位器(qi)的(de)振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)(dong)漂移(yi)是比較(jiao)嚴重的(de)。在(zai)價格競爭中，面對更注(zhu)重車外表(biao)的(de)用(yong)戶群(qun)，很(hen)少有(you)產品采(cai)用(yong)抗振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)(dong)的(de)精密(mi)多圈電位器(qi)，這樣的(de)控制器(qi)發生振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)(dong)后漂移(yi)也不奇(qi)怪。

5、充電設備的原因

業界廣為(wei)(wei)流傳的(de)一(yi)句話就是：電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)不是用(yong)壞的(de)，是充(chong)(chong)壞的(de)。為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)滿(man)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行車電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)短(duan)時(shi)高(gao)容量(liang)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，在三段式恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓(ya)限(xian)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)中(zhong)，不得不通過(guo)(guo)提高(gao)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓(ya)值到2.47V～2.49V。這(zhe)樣(yang)，大大超過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)正(zheng)極板(ban)析(xi)(xi)氧電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和負極板(ban)析(xi)(xi)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。一(yi)些充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器制造商(shang)的(de)產品(pin)為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)降低充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間的(de)指示，提高(gao)了(le)(le)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓(ya)轉浮充(chong)(chong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，而使得充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)指示充(chong)(chong)滿(man)電(dian)(dian)(dian)以后，還沒(mei)有充(chong)(chong)滿(man)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，就靠提高(gao)浮充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)來彌(mi)補。這(zhe)樣(yang)，很(hen)多充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)浮充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)超過(guo)(guo)單(dan)格電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)2.35V，這(zhe)樣(yang)在浮充(chong)(chong)階段還在大量(liang)析(xi)(xi)氧。

而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)氧循環(huan)又不好，這(zhe)樣(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)階(jie)段(duan)也在(zai)(zai)(zai)不斷的(de)(de)(de)排(pai)氣。恒壓值(zhi)高了(le)(le)，保(bao)證(zheng)了(le)(le)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間，但是犧牲的(de)(de)(de)是失水和硫化。恒壓值(zhi)低了(le)(le)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間和充(chong)(chong)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量又難以保(bao)證(zheng)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)改善(shan)(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板柵合金(jin)、提高析(xi)(xi)氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位、改善(shan)(shan)氧循環(huan)性能，提高密封反應(ying)效率的(de)(de)(de)基礎上，控制充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)最(zui)高充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓在(zai)(zai)(zai)2.42V以下，也就(jiu)是在(zai)(zai)(zai)析(xi)(xi)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位以下。這(zhe)樣(yang)做必(bi)然會(hui)導致充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間的(de)(de)(de)延(yan)長，這(zhe)就(jiu)必(bi)須在(zai)(zai)(zai)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（限(xian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）的(de)(de)(de)狀態下，加(jia)入去極(ji)化的(de)(de)(de)負脈沖(chong)，改善(shan)(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接受能力，在(zai)(zai)(zai)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)候(hou)多充(chong)(chong)入一些(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量，縮短充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間。70%的(de)(de)(de)2C電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接受能力比(bi)較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)候(hou)，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)采用大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)損傷比(bi)較小(xiao)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)基本上沒有高于嚴(yan)重(zhong)析(xi)(xi)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。

一旦高于析氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)也(ye)(ye)會快速的(de)(de)(de)失水。使用(yong)這(zhe)類(lei)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，必須采用(yong)連續充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，如果中途停止幾天(tian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)就會產生比較嚴(yan)重的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)化而(er)(er)提前失效。而(er)(er)用(yong)戶使用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，是無(wu)法保(bao)證每次使用(yong)以(yi)后，都能(neng)夠及(ji)時(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)，一年以(yi)內發(fa)生數次沒有及(ji)時(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)情況，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)化就會積累。多數充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)制(zhi)造商都說車廠因為價格因素不接受可以(yi)保(bao)證電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)。應該承認，這(zhe)是大多數小企(qi)業是如此，但(dan)是，有發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)、規模(mo)性大企(qi)業確實(shi)出(chu)高價也(ye)(ye)買(mai)不到(dao)好的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)。一些充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)制(zhi)造商把某些功(gong)能(neng)夸大，成品的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)效沒有其宣傳(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)那樣好。還有不少功(gong)能(neng)是屬(shu)于賣(mai)概(gai)念(nian)的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)，實(shi)效有限。

6、其它原因

不(bu)少電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)單體(ti)測(ce)試中，可以獲得(de)比較好的結果，但是，對于串(chuan)連(lian)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)(zu)來說，由于容(rong)量、開路電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、荷電(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態、硫化(hua)程(cheng)度各不(bu)相同，這個(ge)差異會在(zai)串(chuan)連(lian)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)(zu)被(bei)擴(kuo)大，狀(zhuang)態差的單體(ti)會影響整(zheng)組(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，其壽(shou)命明顯(xian)下降。

從電(dian)(dian)池在生產線上充電(dian)(dian)，到用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)購車后配車使(shi)用(yong)這段(duan)時間(jian)要(yao)經過(guo)很多(duo)環節，間(jian)隔時間(jian)甚至會長達數月，在這期間(jian)，由于沒對電(dian)(dian)池進(jin)行補充電(dian)(dian)，自放電(dian)(dian)產生的硫酸(suan)鉛大量堆(dui)積(ji)結(jie)晶(jing)，用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)剛買到的新電(dian)(dian)池可能是已經老化(hua)甚至報費的電(dian)(dian)池。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)廠家在執行質保時，對(dui)回收電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)并不是完全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)淘汰(tai)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)返(fan)(fan)(fan)退以(yi)后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)制造(zao)商(shang)重(zhong)新(xin)進行充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)檢驗，在檢驗中(zhong)往(wang)往(wang)會發(fa)現有60%以(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)是不符合(he)返(fan)(fan)(fan)退條件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。其原因也(ye)就是在串連(lian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組中(zhong)，個別的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)落后形成整(zheng)(zheng)組電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)功能下降而引起整(zheng)(zheng)組返(fan)(fan)(fan)退。不少電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)制造(zao)商(shang)對(dui)返(fan)(fan)(fan)退電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)采取配(pei)組、補水、除(chu)硫(liu)、包裝后，又重(zhong)新(xin)提供(gong)給(gei)用戶，以(yi)提高電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)有效使用壽命，降低(di)報(bao)廢率，減少電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)制造(zao)商(shang)的(de)(de)(de)部(bu)分理索(suo)賠的(de)(de)(de)損失，所(suo)以(yi)，很多經(jing)銷商(shang)已經(jing)感覺到廠家提供(gong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)明顯“一(yi)(yi)代不如一(yi)(yi)代”。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池如(ru)果使用得當(dang)，普通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池使用3年左右問題不大，反之，使用壽(shou)命(ming)大大減(jian)短。因(yin)此，消費者日常對電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的保養是決定電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽(shou)命(ming)的關鍵所在。

如何延長電動車電池壽命

對于電池(chi)和充電的注(zhu)意事項(xiang)，我們分成兩(liang)類：絕對不允許（禁止）和最好不要（建議(yi)）：

禁止：

1、嚴禁將電池的正負(fu)極短路

2、禁止(zhi)經常使(shi)用到欠壓保護電路起作用的時候才(cai)充(chong)電

3、禁止經常在未充滿(man)電的情(qing)況(kuang)下拔(ba)下充電器的電源來使用電動車(che)

4、禁止閑置時間(jian)過(guo)長（不得超(chao)過(guo)三(san)天，且所(suo)剩電量應大于(yu)40%），禁止虧(kui)電存放

5、如果(guo)發現(xian)連續充電(dian)10小(xiao)時后還沒有轉燈，應(ying)(ying)馬上停止充電(dian)，檢查電(dian)池的(de)溫(wen)度是否發燙(tang)。會(hui)的(de)話應(ying)(ying)該盡早送修(xiu)，無法立(li)即送修(xiu)者，應(ying)(ying)控制充電(dian)總時間不超過(guo)8小(xiao)時，否則電(dian)池將會(hui)因膨脹變形而損壞。

不轉燈原(yuan)因有三：

一：充(chong)電(dian)器參數(shu)不(bu)匹配，產(chan)生漂移；

二：線路問題；

三：是電(dian)(dian)池因素(su)：失水，電(dian)(dian)池內(nei)部有單(dan)格短(duan)路，硫化較為嚴重。

排查方法：

1、檢查充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)是否(fou)損壞，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)參數是否(fou)符(fu)合要求（有的人(ren)用48V的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)來充(chong)36V的電(dian)(dian)池組(zu)），看是否(fou)電(dian)(dian)壓偏高(gao)（14.8V/個(ge)以(yi)上的）或涓流轉換電(dian)(dian)流偏低(di)

2、檢查充電回路保(bao)險絲是(shi)否接(jie)觸良好(hao)，保(bao)險絲座有無燒焦痕跡，檢查連線插接(jie)頭接(jie)觸是(shi)否良好(hao)，包含(han)充電器的插頭的車上的插座。

3、查(cha)看(kan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池內(nei)部是否有(you)干涸(he)(he)現象，即電(dian)(dian)(dian)池是否缺液嚴重(zhong)。干涸(he)(he)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池應補加純水或1.05g/cm3的(de)(de)稀硫酸，進行(xing)維(wei)護(hu)充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)進行(xing)修復，同時測量單格(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，看(kan)是否有(you)單格(ge)短路的(de)(de)存在(zai)。

4、還應檢(jian)查極板是否存在不可逆硫(liu)酸鹽(yan)化(hua)。硫(liu)化(hua)嚴(yan)重的話，內阻增大，充電(dian)就會引(yin)起(qi)嚴(yan)重發熱。

5、極板(ban)的不(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)逆(ni)(ni)硫酸鹽(yan)化(hua)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)通過充放電(dian)(dian)測(ce)量(liang)其端電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的變化(hua)來判定。在充電(dian)(dian)時，電(dian)(dian)池的電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)上升特別快，某些單格(ge)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)特別高(gao)，放電(dian)(dian)時電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下降特別快。出現(xian)上述情況，可(ke)(ke)(ke)判斷電(dian)(dian)池出現(xian)不(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)逆(ni)(ni)硫酸鹽(yan)化(hua)。如果發(fa)現(xian)有不(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)逆(ni)(ni)硫酸鹽(yan)化(hua)，應進(jin)(jin)行(xing)均衡充電(dian)(dian)法進(jin)(jin)行(xing)修復。

6、禁止電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)大(da)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)超過(guo)額(e)定容量150%，也就(jiu)是(shi)如果是(shi)6-DZM-10（常說的(de)(de)(de)那種12AH的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)）的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，它的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)大(da)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)為(wei)10×150%＝15A，如果是(shi)6-DZM-17的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)它的(de)(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大(da)為(wei)17×150%約為(wei)25A,如果是(shi)20AH的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)最(zui)大(da)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)為(wei)30A。這樣也同樣的(de)(de)(de)限(xian)制了控制器限(xian)流(liu)值的(de)(de)(de)大(da)小

建議：

1、最好不要在(zai)未充(chong)滿(man)電的情況下(xia)拔(ba)下(xia)充(chong)電器的電源來使用電動(dong)車。還(huan)有應注意的是：

轉燈并不(bu)表示此時的(de)電池已經充(chong)(chong)滿電，差不(bu)多只有95%－99%，需要繼續浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)2－3個小時來把(ba)它充(chong)(chong)滿。

2、做到及時(shi)充電，閑置(zhi)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)最好不(bu)超過12個小時(shi)，同時(shi)應增加相應浮充的時(shi)間(jian)(jian)。

3、使(shi)用量較少者，最(zui)好使(shi)用到50%－80%后再充電(dian)，有利于延長電(dian)池使(shi)用壽(shou)命(ming)。

4、在電(dian)池使用一年后，每間隔2個月，最好恒流充電(dian)一次，電(dian)流大小(xiao)為C／15，時間20小(xiao)時。

5、少拉重物，速度不要開(kai)得(de)太(tai)快，減(jian)小(xiao)電池(chi)的放電電流。

6、緩慢加速，減小大電(dian)流對電(dian)池(chi)，控制器及電(dian)機的沖擊(ji)。