電動車電池壽命有多長

對于電動自行車電池的壽命，很多人都會很糾結。一組電動車電池（也就是電瓶）能用多長時間呢？為什么有些人的電瓶能用2-3年，而有些人的電瓶卻用不到一年就報廢了？到底電動車電池的壽命有多長呢？一般來說：電動自行車所用鉛蓄電池屬消耗品，其使用壽命只有1.5-2.5年，壽命長短與用(yong)戶的(de)日常(chang)使用(yong)維護(hu)有(you)很大的(de)關系。

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電動車電池壽命短的原因

1、鉛酸蓄電池工作原理方面的原因

鉛酸蓄電池充放電的過程是電化學反應的過程，充電時，硫酸鉛形成氧化鉛，放電時氧化鉛又還原為硫酸鉛。而硫酸鉛是一種非常容易結晶的物質，當電池中電解溶液的硫酸鉛濃度過高或靜態閑置時間過長時，就會“抱成”團，結成小晶體，這些小晶體再吸引周圍的硫酸鉛，就象滾雪球一樣形成大的惰性結晶，結晶后的硫酸鉛充電時不但不能再還原成氧化鉛，還會沉淀附著在電極板上，造成了電極板工作面積下降，這一現象叫硫化，也就是常說的老化。這時電池容量會逐漸下降，直至無法使用。

2、電動自行車特殊工作環境的原因

只(zhi)要是鉛(qian)蓄電(dian)池(chi)，在使(shi)用的(de)過程中都(dou)會硫化，但其(qi)它領域的(de)鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)池(chi)卻比電(dian)動自(zi)行車(che)上使(shi)用的(de)鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)池(chi)有著更長的(de)壽命(ming)，這是因為電(dian)動自(zi)行車(che)的(de)鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)池(chi)有著一個(ge)更容易硫化的(de)工作環(huan)境。

①深度放電

用在(zai)汽車上的鉛蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)只(zhi)是在(zai)點火時單向放電(dian)(dian)，點火后發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)會對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)自動充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，不(bu)造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)深度放電(dian)(dian)。而電(dian)(dian)動自行車在(zai)騎行時不(bu)可(ke)能充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，經(jing)常會超過(guo)60%的深度放電(dian)(dian)，深放電(dian)(dian)時，硫酸鉛濃度增加，硫化就(jiu)會相當嚴(yan)重。

②大電流放電

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)20公里巡(xun)航(hang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)一般是4A，這個值(zhi)已(yi)經高于其它領域的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)工作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，而超速超載的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)的(de)(de)工作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)就(jiu)更大。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)制(zhi)造(zao)商都進行過1C充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)70%，2C放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)60%的(de)(de)循(xun)環壽(shou)命試驗(yan)(yan)。經過這樣的(de)(de)壽(shou)命試驗(yan)(yan)，可(ke)達到(dao)充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循(xun)環350次(ci)壽(shou)命的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)很多(duo)，但是實際在用的(de)(de)效果就(jiu)相差甚遠了。這是因為大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)工作(zuo)增加(jia)了50%的(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)會加(jia)速硫化。所以(yi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)三輪(lun)摩托(tuo)車(che)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽(shou)命更短，因為三輪(lun)摩托(tuo)車(che)的(de)(de)車(che)身太重，工作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)達6A以(yi)上(shang)。

③充放電頻率高

用在后備供電(dian)領域的電(dian)池，只有在停(ting)(ting)電(dian)時才會放電(dian)，如果一(yi)年停(ting)(ting)8次電(dian)，要達(da)到10年的壽命，只用做到80次循(xun)環(huan)充(chong)電(dian)壽命，而電(dian)動車一(yi)年充(chong)放電(dian)循(xun)環(huan)300次以上(shang)很常見。

④短時充電

由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行車是交通工具，可充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)時(shi)(shi)間不多，要在(zai)8小時(shi)(shi)內(nei)完成(cheng)36伏(fu)或48伏(fu)的(de)20安時(shi)(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，這就必須提(ti)高(gao)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)（一般為單(dan)節2.7~2.9伏(fu)），當充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)超過單(dan)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)析氧(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)（2.35伏(fu)）或析氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)（2.42伏(fu)）時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)就會因過度析氧(yang)而(er)開(kai)閥排氣，造成(cheng)失水，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)濃度增加(jia)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)硫化現(xian)象加(jia)重(zhong)。

⑤放電后不能及時充電

作(zuo)為(wei)交通工具，電(dian)(dian)動自行車的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)及(ji)放電(dian)(dian)被完全分離開來，放電(dian)(dian)后很難有條件(jian)及(ji)時充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，而放電(dian)(dian)后形成的(de)大量硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)如果(guo)超(chao)過半(ban)小時不充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)還原為(wei)氧化(hua)鉛(qian)，就(jiu)會硫(liu)化(hua)結(jie)成晶體(ti)。

3、鉛蓄電池生產方面的原因

針對電動自(zi)行車用鉛酸蓄電池(chi)的特(te)殊性(xing)，各個電池(chi)制(zhi)造(zao)商采取了多種方法。最典型的方法如下：

①增加極板數量。

把原設(she)計(ji)的(de)單格5片(pian)(pian)6片(pian)(pian)制改為6片(pian)(pian)7片(pian)(pian)制，7片(pian)(pian)8片(pian)(pian)制，甚至(zhi)8片(pian)(pian)9片(pian)(pian)制。靠減(jian)薄極板(ban)厚度(du)和隔板(ban)，增加極板(ban)數(shu)量(liang)來提(ti)高電池容量(liang)。

②提高電池的硫酸比重

原來浮(fu)充電(dian)池的(de)硫酸(suan)比(bi)重一般(ban)(ban)都(dou)在1.21~1.28之(zhi)間，而電(dian)動自行車的(de)電(dian)池的(de)硫酸(suan)比(bi)重一般(ban)(ban)都(dou)在1.36～1.38左(zuo)右(you)，這樣可以提供較大的(de)電(dian)流，提升(sheng)電(dian)池的(de)初期容(rong)量(liang)。

③增加正極板活性物質氧化鉛的用量和比例。

增加(jia)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鉛就增加(jia)了參與(yu)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)的電(dian)化(hua)(hua)學反應(ying)物(wu)質，也就增加(jia)了放(fang)(fang)電(dian)時間，增加(jia)了電(dian)池容量(liang)。

通過這些措施，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)初期(qi)容量(liang)滿(man)足了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行(xing)車的(de)(de)容量(liang)要求，特別(bie)是(shi)改善了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)特性。但是(shi)，極板增加(jia)了(le)(le)，硫酸的(de)(de)容量(liang)就(jiu)(jiu)減少(shao)了(le)(le)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)發(fa)熱導致大量(liang)失水，同時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)微短路和鉛枝搭橋(qiao)的(de)(de)概(gai)率增加(jia)了(le)(le)。提高硫酸比重增加(jia)了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)初期(qi)容量(liang)，但是(shi)，硫化現(xian)象就(jiu)(jiu)更(geng)嚴重。密(mi)封電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)最(zui)基本(ben)原(yuan)理之一就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)正極板析(xi)氧(yang)以(yi)后(hou)，氧(yang)氣(qi)直接到負(fu)極板，被負(fu)極板吸收而還原(yuan)為(wei)水，考核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)這個技術指標的(de)(de)參數叫做“密(mi)封反應(ying)效率”，這種現(xian)象叫做“氧(yang)循環”。這樣，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)失水很少(shao)，實現(xian)了(le)(le)“免(mian)維護”，就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)免(mian)加(jia)水。

為(wei)此，都要(yao)求負(fu)(fu)(fu)極板容(rong)量做的比正極板容(rong)量大一些，又(you)稱為(wei)負(fu)(fu)(fu)極過渡。增加(jia)正極板活性物質必然(ran)使(shi)得(de)，負(fu)(fu)(fu)極過渡減少了，氧循環(huan)變差(cha)了，失(shi)水增加(jia)了，又(you)會造(zao)成(cheng)硫(liu)(liu)化。這些措施(shi)雖然(ran)提(ti)升了電(dian)池(chi)的初(chu)期(qi)容(rong)量，但是卻會造(zao)成(cheng)失(shi)水和(he)硫(liu)(liu)化，而失(shi)水和(he)硫(liu)(liu)化又(you)會相互促(cu)成(cheng)，最(zui)終(zhong)結果卻是犧(xi)牲電(dian)池(chi)的壽命。

還有就是(shi)(shi)極(ji)群(qun)組(zu)(zu)裝虛焊(han)(han)問題(ti)。容易(yi)產生虛焊(han)(han)的地方是(shi)(shi)極(ji)板(ban)(ban)。而每個(ge)(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的單(dan)格(ge)有15片極(ji)板(ban)(ban)，就是(shi)(shi)15個(ge)(ge)(ge)焊(han)(han)點(dian)(dian)，一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)有6個(ge)(ge)(ge)單(dan)格(ge)，就有90個(ge)(ge)(ge)焊(han)(han)點(dian)(dian)，一(yi)(yi)組(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)由3個(ge)(ge)(ge)12V電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)，就有270個(ge)(ge)(ge)焊(han)(han)點(dian)(dian)。如果一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)焊(han)(han)點(dian)(dian)存在(zai)虛焊(han)(han)，該(gai)單(dan)格(ge)容量就下降，進而該(gai)單(dan)格(ge)形成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)落后，造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)整個(ge)(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)都落后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)就會(hui)形成(cheng)(cheng)嚴重的不均(jun)衡，使(shi)這(zhe)組(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)提前失(shi)效。就算虛焊(han)(han)控制在(zai)萬分之一(yi)(yi)，平均(jun)每37組(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)就會(hui)有一(yi)(yi)組(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)存在(zai)虛焊(han)(han)，這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)絕對不能(neng)夠允許的。而鉛鈣(gai)(gai)合金板(ban)(ban)柵的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，在(zai)焊(han)(han)接的時候會(hui)析出(chu)鈣(gai)(gai)而掩蓋虛焊(han)(han)問題(ti)，這(zhe)樣，很(hen)多電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)制造(zao)商寧愿(yuan)采用(yong)低(di)銻合金的板(ban)(ban)柵而沒(mei)有采用(yong)鉛鈣(gai)(gai)合金。而低(di)銻合金的板(ban)(ban)柵析氧析氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓更(geng)低(di)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)出(chu)氣(qi)量大，失(shi)水相對嚴重，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)更(geng)容易(yi)硫化。

4、電動自行車生產方面的原因

大多數車(che)的(de)控制器都留了一個線損插頭(tou)，很多經(jing)銷(xiao)商(shang)以去掉限速(su)來(lai)招攬顧客。一些車(che)廠干(gan)脆就去掉限速(su)器出(chu)廠，既(ji)可(ke)以吸引看重車(che)速(su)的(de)客戶，也能(neng)降低成本(ben)，這(zhe)樣的(de)車(che)在高速(su)行駛時電流非(fei)常大，會嚴(yan)重縮短電池壽命(ming)。

12V鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)最低保(bao)(bao)護電(dian)(dian)壓為10.5V，如果是(shi)36V電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)，最低保(bao)(bao)留電(dian)(dian)壓就(jiu)是(shi)31.5V，目前大(da)多數車廠采(cai)用的(de)控制器(qi)欠(qian)壓保(bao)(bao)護電(dian)(dian)壓也(ye)都是(shi)31.5V。表(biao)面上看這(zhe)是(shi)正(zheng)確的(de)，但是(shi)，實(shi)際當(dang)36V電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)只剩下31.5V電(dian)(dian)壓時，由于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)存在容量差(cha)，肯定就(jiu)會(hui)有一個電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓低于(yu)(yu)10.5V，該(gai)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)就(jiu)處于(yu)(yu)過放電(dian)(dian)狀態。

這(zhe)時候，過放電的(de)(de)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)容量急劇下降，這(zhe)時對(dui)(dui)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)損傷(shang)影(ying)響不僅僅是該單只電池(chi)(chi)(chi)，而(er)是影(ying)響整組電池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)壽命。其(qi)實(shi)，在電池(chi)(chi)(chi)電壓低(di)于(yu)(yu)32V以后一直到27V，所增加的(de)(de)續行能力不到2公(gong)里，而(er)對(dui)(dui)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)損傷(shang)卻非常大。只要出現這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)情況10次，電池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)容量就會低(di)于(yu)(yu)標稱容量的(de)(de)70%。

另外，一(yi)些用(yong)(yong)戶發現電(dian)池在欠(qian)壓(ya)以后(hou)，過10分鐘，電(dian)池又不(bu)欠(qian)壓(ya)了，就又采取給(gei)電(dian)行駛(shi)，這對電(dian)池破壞更大，而大多數(shu)車的(de)(de)(de)(de)說明書沒有(you)給(gei)用(yong)(yong)戶以警示(shi)。目前多數(shu)控制(zhi)器內部(bu)都(dou)有(you)可調的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)位器，而這個可調的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)位器的(de)(de)(de)(de)振(zhen)動漂移是比較嚴(yan)重的(de)(de)(de)(de)。在價格競爭中，面(mian)對更注(zhu)重車外表的(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)戶群，很(hen)少有(you)產品(pin)采用(yong)(yong)抗振(zhen)動的(de)(de)(de)(de)精密多圈電(dian)位器，這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)器發生振(zhen)動后(hou)漂移也不(bu)奇(qi)怪(guai)。

5、充電設備的原因

業界廣為流傳的(de)一(yi)句話就是(shi)(shi)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)池不(bu)是(shi)(shi)用壞(huai)(huai)的(de)，是(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)壞(huai)(huai)的(de)。為了滿(man)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行車電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)短時高(gao)容(rong)量(liang)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，在(zai)三段式恒壓限流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)中(zhong)，不(bu)得(de)不(bu)通(tong)過(guo)提(ti)高(gao)恒壓值到2.47V～2.49V。這(zhe)樣(yang)，大大超(chao)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池正極板(ban)(ban)析(xi)氧(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和負極板(ban)(ban)析(xi)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。一(yi)些充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)制造商的(de)產品(pin)為了降低充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)的(de)指示，提(ti)高(gao)了恒壓轉浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，而使得(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)指示充(chong)(chong)滿(man)電(dian)(dian)(dian)以(yi)后，還(huan)沒有充(chong)(chong)滿(man)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，就靠提(ti)高(gao)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓來彌補。這(zhe)樣(yang)，很(hen)多充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓超(chao)過(guo)單格電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓2.35V，這(zhe)樣(yang)在(zai)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)階段還(huan)在(zai)大量(liang)析(xi)氧(yang)。

而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)氧循(xun)環又(you)不好，這樣在浮充(chong)階段也在不斷的(de)(de)排氣(qi)(qi)。恒壓(ya)值(zhi)高(gao)了(le)，保證了(le)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)，但是(shi)(shi)犧牲的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)失水和硫化。恒壓(ya)值(zhi)低了(le)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)和充(chong)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)又(you)難以(yi)保證。在改善(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板柵合金、提高(gao)析氣(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位、改善(shan)氧循(xun)環性能(neng)，提高(gao)密封反應效率的(de)(de)基(ji)礎上，控制充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)最高(gao)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)在2.42V以(yi)下，也就是(shi)(shi)在析氫(qing)(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位以(yi)下。這樣做必然會導(dao)致充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)的(de)(de)延長，這就必須(xu)在大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（限流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）的(de)(de)狀(zhuang)態(tai)下，加入去極化的(de)(de)負(fu)脈沖，改善(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接受(shou)能(neng)力(li)(li)，在大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)時候(hou)多充(chong)入一些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)，縮短(duan)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)。70%的(de)(de)2C電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接受(shou)能(neng)力(li)(li)比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)時候(hou)，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)采(cai)用大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)損傷比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)小(xiao)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)基(ji)本上沒有高(gao)于(yu)嚴重(zhong)析氫(qing)(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。

一(yi)旦高于析(xi)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池也會(hui)快速的(de)失水。使用(yong)這類充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，必須采用(yong)連續(xu)充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)，如(ru)果中途停止幾天充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池就會(hui)產生(sheng)比(bi)較嚴重的(de)硫化而(er)提(ti)前失效。而(er)用(yong)戶使用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，是無(wu)法保(bao)證(zheng)每次(ci)使用(yong)以后(hou)，都能(neng)夠及(ji)時充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)，一(yi)年(nian)以內發生(sheng)數(shu)次(ci)沒有(you)及(ji)時充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)情況(kuang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)硫化就會(hui)積累。多數(shu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)制造商(shang)都說(shuo)車廠因(yin)為(wei)價格因(yin)素不(bu)接受(shou)可以保(bao)證(zheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)。應該承認，這是大(da)多數(shu)小企業(ye)是如(ru)此，但是，有(you)發展(zhan)的(de)、規模性大(da)企業(ye)確實出高價也買(mai)不(bu)到好(hao)的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)。一(yi)些充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)制造商(shang)把某些功能(neng)夸(kua)大(da)，成品的(de)功效沒有(you)其宣(xuan)傳的(de)那樣好(hao)。還(huan)有(you)不(bu)少(shao)功能(neng)是屬(shu)于賣概念的(de)功能(neng)，實效有(you)限。

6、其它原因

不少電(dian)池(chi)在單體(ti)測試中，可以(yi)獲得比較好的結果，但是(shi)，對于串(chuan)連電(dian)池(chi)組(zu)來說，由(you)于容量(liang)、開路電(dian)壓、荷電(dian)狀態、硫化程度各不相同，這個差(cha)異會在串(chuan)連電(dian)池(chi)組(zu)被(bei)擴大，狀態差(cha)的單體(ti)會影響整組(zu)電(dian)池(chi)，其壽命明顯(xian)下降。

從電池在(zai)生(sheng)產(chan)線(xian)上充電，到用戶(hu)(hu)購(gou)車后配車使用這段(duan)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)要經過很多環節，間(jian)(jian)隔時(shi)間(jian)(jian)甚至(zhi)會長達數月，在(zai)這期(qi)間(jian)(jian)，由于沒對電池進行(xing)補(bu)充電，自放電產(chan)生(sheng)的硫酸鉛大量堆積結晶，用戶(hu)(hu)剛買到的新(xin)電池可能是已經老化(hua)甚至(zhi)報費的電池。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)池廠(chang)家(jia)(jia)在(zai)執行質保時，對回收電(dian)(dian)(dian)池并(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)是完全的(de)(de)淘汰。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池返(fan)退(tui)(tui)以(yi)(yi)后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池制造(zao)(zao)商重(zhong)新進行充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)檢驗，在(zai)檢驗中往往會發現有(you)60%以(yi)(yi)上的(de)(de)單(dan)體電(dian)(dian)(dian)池是不(bu)(bu)(bu)符合返(fan)退(tui)(tui)條件的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池。其原因(yin)也(ye)就是在(zai)串連(lian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池組中，個(ge)別的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池落后形成整(zheng)組電(dian)(dian)(dian)池功能下降(jiang)而引起整(zheng)組返(fan)退(tui)(tui)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)少電(dian)(dian)(dian)池制造(zao)(zao)商對返(fan)退(tui)(tui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池采取配(pei)組、補水、除硫、包(bao)裝后，又重(zhong)新提(ti)(ti)供給用戶，以(yi)(yi)提(ti)(ti)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)有(you)效使(shi)用壽命(ming)，降(jiang)低報廢率(lv)，減少電(dian)(dian)(dian)池制造(zao)(zao)商的(de)(de)部分理索賠(pei)的(de)(de)損失，所以(yi)(yi)，很多經(jing)(jing)銷商已經(jing)(jing)感(gan)覺(jue)到廠(chang)家(jia)(jia)提(ti)(ti)供的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池明顯“一(yi)代不(bu)(bu)(bu)如一(yi)代”。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)如果(guo)使(shi)用得當，普(pu)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)使(shi)用3年左(zuo)右問題不大(da)(da)，反(fan)之，使(shi)用壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)(ming)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)減(jian)短。因此，消費(fei)者日常對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)保(bao)養(yang)是(shi)決定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)(ming)的(de)關鍵(jian)所在。

如何延長電動車電池壽命

對于電(dian)池和充電(dian)的注意(yi)事項，我們(men)分(fen)成兩類：絕對不允許（禁止）和最好(hao)不要（建議）：

禁止：

1、嚴禁(jin)將電池(chi)的正(zheng)負(fu)極短路

2、禁止經常使用(yong)到欠壓保(bao)護電路起作用(yong)的時候才充電

3、禁止經(jing)常在未充滿電的情(qing)況下拔下充電器(qi)的電源來使用電動車

4、禁(jin)止閑置時間過(guo)長（不得超過(guo)三天，且所剩電量應大于(yu)40%），禁(jin)止虧(kui)電存放

5、如果(guo)發現連續充電10小(xiao)時后還沒有(you)轉燈，應馬上停止充電，檢查(cha)電池(chi)的溫度是(shi)否發燙。會的話應該盡早送修，無法立(li)即送修者，應控制充電總時間不超過8小(xiao)時，否則電池(chi)將(jiang)會因(yin)膨(peng)脹變形而損壞。

不(bu)轉(zhuan)燈原因有三：

一：充電器(qi)參(can)數不(bu)匹配，產生(sheng)漂移；

二：線路問題；

三：是(shi)電池因素：失水，電池內部有單格短(duan)路，硫(liu)化較為(wei)嚴重(zhong)。

排查方法：

1、檢查充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器是否損壞，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)參數是否符合要求（有的(de)人用48V的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器來充(chong)36V的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池組），看是否電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)偏(pian)高（14.8V/個以上的(de)）或涓(juan)流(liu)轉換電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)偏(pian)低

2、檢(jian)(jian)查充電回路保險絲(si)是否接觸良好，保險絲(si)座(zuo)有無燒焦(jiao)痕(hen)跡，檢(jian)(jian)查連線(xian)插(cha)接頭接觸是否良好，包(bao)含充電器的插(cha)頭的車上的插(cha)座(zuo)。

3、查看電(dian)(dian)池(chi)內(nei)部是(shi)否(fou)(fou)有干涸現象，即電(dian)(dian)池(chi)是(shi)否(fou)(fou)缺液嚴重。干涸的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)應(ying)補加純水或1.05g/cm3的稀硫(liu)酸，進(jin)行(xing)維(wei)護充放電(dian)(dian)進(jin)行(xing)修復，同時測量單格電(dian)(dian)壓，看是(shi)否(fou)(fou)有單格短路的存(cun)在。

4、還應檢查極板是否存在不可逆硫酸鹽化。硫化嚴重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)話，內阻(zu)增大，充(chong)電就(jiu)會引起嚴重(zhong)(zhong)發熱。

5、極板的不可逆硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鹽化，可通過充放電(dian)(dian)測量其(qi)端電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的變化來(lai)判定。在充電(dian)(dian)時，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)上升特(te)別快，某些單(dan)格電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)特(te)別高，放電(dian)(dian)時電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下降特(te)別快。出現(xian)上述情(qing)況，可判斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)出現(xian)不可逆硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鹽化。如果發現(xian)有不可逆硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鹽化，應進(jin)(jin)行(xing)均衡(heng)充電(dian)(dian)法進(jin)(jin)行(xing)修(xiu)復。

6、禁止電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)最大放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)超(chao)過額(e)定容量150%，也就是(shi)(shi)(shi)如果(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)6-DZM-10（常說的(de)那(nei)種12AH的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)）的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，它(ta)的(de)最大放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)為10×150%＝15A，如果(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)6-DZM-17的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)它(ta)的(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大為17×150%約為25A,如果(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)20AH的(de)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)最大放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)為30A。這樣也同(tong)樣的(de)限制(zhi)了控(kong)制(zhi)器限流(liu)值的(de)大小

建議：

1、最好不要在未充滿電(dian)的情(qing)況下拔下充電(dian)器(qi)的電(dian)源來使用電(dian)動(dong)車。還有應注意的是：

轉燈(deng)并不表示(shi)此時的電池已經(jing)充滿電，差不多只有95%－99%，需要繼續浮充2－3個(ge)小時來把(ba)它充滿。

2、做到及(ji)時(shi)(shi)充電，閑(xian)置時(shi)(shi)間(jian)最好(hao)不超過12個小時(shi)(shi)，同時(shi)(shi)應增加(jia)相應浮充的時(shi)(shi)間(jian)。

3、使用(yong)(yong)量較(jiao)少者，最好使用(yong)(yong)到50%－80%后再(zai)充(chong)電，有利于延長(chang)電池(chi)使用(yong)(yong)壽(shou)命。

4、在電(dian)池使用(yong)一年后(hou)，每間隔2個月，最好恒流(liu)充電(dian)一次，電(dian)流(liu)大小(xiao)為C／15，時間20小(xiao)時。

5、少(shao)拉重(zhong)物，速度(du)不要開(kai)得太快(kuai)，減(jian)小電池的(de)放電電流。

6、緩慢(man)加速，減(jian)小(xiao)大(da)電流對電池，控(kong)制器及電機的(de)沖擊。