電動車電池壽命有多長

對于電動自行車電池的壽命，很多人都會很糾結。一組電動車電池（也就是電瓶）能用多長時間呢？為什么有些人的電瓶能用2-3年，而有些人的電瓶卻用不到一年就報廢了？到底電動車電池的壽命有多長呢？一般來說：電動自行車所用鉛蓄電池屬消耗品，其使用壽命只有1.5-2.5年，壽命(ming)長短與用戶的日常(chang)使用維(wei)護有很大的關系。

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電動車電池壽命短的原因

1、鉛酸蓄電池工作原理方面的原因

鉛酸蓄電池充放電的過程是電化學反應的過程，充電時，硫酸鉛形成氧化鉛，放電時氧化鉛又還原為硫酸鉛。而硫酸鉛是一種非常容易結晶的物質，當電池中電解溶液的硫酸鉛濃度過高或靜態閑置時間過長時，就會“抱成”團，結成小晶體，這些小晶體再吸引周圍的硫酸鉛，就象滾雪球一樣形成大的惰性結晶，結晶后的硫酸鉛充電時不但不能再還原成氧化鉛，還會沉淀附著在電極板上，造成了電極板工作面積下降，這一現象叫硫化，也就是常說的老化。這時電池容量會逐漸下降，直至無法使用。

2、電動自行車特殊工作環境的原因

只要是(shi)鉛(qian)蓄電(dian)池，在(zai)使(shi)用的(de)過程中(zhong)都會硫化，但其它(ta)領域的(de)鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)池卻比電(dian)動自行(xing)(xing)車上使(shi)用的(de)鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)池有著更(geng)長(chang)的(de)壽命，這是(shi)因為電(dian)動自行(xing)(xing)車的(de)鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)池有著一個更(geng)容易硫化的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)環(huan)境。

①深度放電

用在(zai)汽車上的(de)鉛蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池只是在(zai)點(dian)火(huo)時單(dan)向放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，點(dian)火(huo)后發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機會(hui)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池自(zi)動(dong)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，不造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池深度(du)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自(zi)行車在(zai)騎(qi)行時不可(ke)能(neng)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，經常會(hui)超過(guo)60%的(de)深度(du)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，深放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，硫酸鉛濃(nong)度(du)增(zeng)加(jia)，硫化就會(hui)相(xiang)當嚴重。

②大電流放電

電(dian)動車20公里巡(xun)航電(dian)流一般是(shi)4A，這個值已經高于其它領(ling)域(yu)的(de)電(dian)池(chi)工(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)流，而(er)超(chao)速超(chao)載的(de)電(dian)動車的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)流就更大。電(dian)池(chi)制造商都進行過1C充電(dian)70%，2C放(fang)電(dian)60%的(de)循環壽(shou)命(ming)試(shi)(shi)驗。經過這樣的(de)壽(shou)命(ming)試(shi)(shi)驗，可(ke)達到(dao)充放(fang)電(dian)循環350次壽(shou)命(ming)的(de)電(dian)池(chi)很(hen)多，但是(shi)實際在用的(de)效果就相差甚遠了(le)。這是(shi)因(yin)為大電(dian)流工(gong)作(zuo)增加(jia)了(le)50%的(de)放(fang)電(dian)深度，電(dian)池(chi)會(hui)加(jia)速硫化。所以，電(dian)動三輪(lun)摩托車的(de)電(dian)池(chi)壽(shou)命(ming)更短，因(yin)為三輪(lun)摩托車的(de)車身(shen)太(tai)重，工(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)流達6A以上。

③充放電頻率高

用(yong)在后備供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)領域(yu)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，只有在停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時才會放電(dian)(dian)(dian)，如(ru)果一(yi)年停(ting)8次(ci)(ci)(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，要(yao)達到10年的壽(shou)命，只用(yong)做(zuo)到80次(ci)(ci)(ci)循環充電(dian)(dian)(dian)壽(shou)命，而電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車一(yi)年充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)循環300次(ci)(ci)(ci)以(yi)上很(hen)常見(jian)。

④短時充電

由于電(dian)(dian)動自行車是交(jiao)通工具，可(ke)充電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)時間不多(duo)，要在8小時內(nei)完成36伏(fu)或48伏(fu)的(de)(de)(de)20安(an)時充電(dian)(dian)，這(zhe)就必須(xu)提(ti)高充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓（一(yi)般為單節(jie)2.7~2.9伏(fu)），當充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓超過(guo)單節(jie)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)析氧(yang)電(dian)(dian)壓（2.35伏(fu)）或析氫電(dian)(dian)壓（2.42伏(fu)）時，電(dian)(dian)池就會因(yin)過(guo)度析氧(yang)而開閥排(pai)氣(qi)，造成失水(shui)，使電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)濃度增加，電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)硫化(hua)現象(xiang)加重(zhong)。

⑤放電后不能及時充電

作為交通工具，電(dian)動自行車的充(chong)電(dian)及放(fang)電(dian)被(bei)完全分離(li)開來，放(fang)電(dian)后(hou)很難有條件及時(shi)充(chong)電(dian)，而(er)放(fang)電(dian)后(hou)形成的大量硫酸(suan)鉛(qian)如果超過半小時(shi)不充(chong)電(dian)還(huan)原為氧(yang)化鉛(qian)，就會硫化結成晶(jing)體。

3、鉛蓄電池生產方面的原因

針對電(dian)動(dong)自行車用(yong)鉛酸蓄電(dian)池(chi)的(de)特殊性，各個電(dian)池(chi)制造(zao)商采取了多種(zhong)方法。最典(dian)型的(de)方法如下：

①增加極板數量。

把(ba)原設計(ji)的單格5片(pian)(pian)(pian)6片(pian)(pian)(pian)制(zhi)改為6片(pian)(pian)(pian)7片(pian)(pian)(pian)制(zhi)，7片(pian)(pian)(pian)8片(pian)(pian)(pian)制(zhi)，甚至8片(pian)(pian)(pian)9片(pian)(pian)(pian)制(zhi)。靠(kao)減薄(bo)極板(ban)(ban)厚度和(he)隔板(ban)(ban)，增(zeng)加極板(ban)(ban)數量來提高電池(chi)容量。

②提高電池的硫酸比重

原(yuan)來浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)硫酸比(bi)重一般都在(zai)1.21~1.28之(zhi)間，而電(dian)(dian)動自行(xing)車的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)硫酸比(bi)重一般都在(zai)1.36～1.38左右(you)，這樣可(ke)以提(ti)供較大的(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，提(ti)升電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)初期容量。

③增加正極板活性物質氧化鉛的用量和比例。

增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)氧化(hua)鉛就增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)了參與放電的電化(hua)學(xue)反(fan)應(ying)物質，也就增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)了放電時間(jian)，增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)了電池(chi)容量。

通(tong)過這些(xie)措(cuo)施，電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)初(chu)期容(rong)(rong)量(liang)滿足了(le)電(dian)(dian)動自行車(che)的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)要求，特別是(shi)改善了(le)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)大電(dian)(dian)流放(fang)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)特性。但是(shi)，極(ji)(ji)板增(zeng)加了(le)，硫(liu)(liu)酸的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)就減少了(le)，電(dian)(dian)池發(fa)熱導(dao)致大量(liang)失水，同時，電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)微短路和鉛(qian)枝(zhi)搭橋的(de)(de)(de)概率增(zeng)加了(le)。提高(gao)硫(liu)(liu)酸比重增(zeng)加了(le)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)初(chu)期容(rong)(rong)量(liang)，但是(shi)，硫(liu)(liu)化現象就更(geng)嚴(yan)重。密(mi)封(feng)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)最基本原理之一就是(shi)正極(ji)(ji)板析氧以后，氧氣直接到(dao)負極(ji)(ji)板，被(bei)負極(ji)(ji)板吸收而還原為(wei)水，考核電(dian)(dian)池這個(ge)技術指標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)參數叫做“密(mi)封(feng)反應效率”，這種現象叫做“氧循環”。這樣(yang)，電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)失水很(hen)少，實(shi)現了(le)“免維護”，就是(shi)免加水。

為此，都要(yao)求(qiu)負極板(ban)(ban)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)做的比正極板(ban)(ban)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)大一(yi)些(xie)，又(you)稱為負極過渡(du)。增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)正極板(ban)(ban)活性物質必然使得，負極過渡(du)減少(shao)了，氧循環(huan)變差了，失水(shui)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)了，又(you)會造成(cheng)硫(liu)化。這些(xie)措(cuo)施雖然提升了電池的初期容(rong)量(liang)(liang)，但是卻會造成(cheng)失水(shui)和(he)硫(liu)化，而失水(shui)和(he)硫(liu)化又(you)會相互促(cu)成(cheng)，最終結果卻是犧牲電池的壽(shou)命。

還有(you)就是(shi)極群(qun)組(zu)裝虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)焊(han)問題。容(rong)易(yi)產(chan)生虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)焊(han)的(de)(de)地方是(shi)極板。而(er)每(mei)個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)單(dan)(dan)格(ge)有(you)15片極板，就是(shi)15個(ge)(ge)焊(han)點(dian)(dian)，一個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)有(you)6個(ge)(ge)單(dan)(dan)格(ge)，就有(you)90個(ge)(ge)焊(han)點(dian)(dian)，一組(zu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)由3個(ge)(ge)12V電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)成，就有(you)270個(ge)(ge)焊(han)點(dian)(dian)。如果(guo)一個(ge)(ge)焊(han)點(dian)(dian)存(cun)(cun)在(zai)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)焊(han)，該(gai)單(dan)(dan)格(ge)容(rong)量(liang)就下降，進而(er)該(gai)單(dan)(dan)格(ge)形(xing)成電(dian)(dian)池(chi)落(luo)后(hou)，造成整個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)都落(luo)后(hou)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)就會形(xing)成嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)不均(jun)衡，使這(zhe)組(zu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)提(ti)前失效(xiao)。就算(suan)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)焊(han)控制在(zai)萬分之一，平均(jun)每(mei)37組(zu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)就會有(you)一組(zu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)存(cun)(cun)在(zai)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)焊(han)，這(zhe)是(shi)絕對不能夠允許的(de)(de)。而(er)鉛鈣合金板柵(zha)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，在(zai)焊(han)接(jie)的(de)(de)時候會析(xi)出鈣而(er)掩蓋虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)焊(han)問題，這(zhe)樣，很多電(dian)(dian)池(chi)制造商寧愿采(cai)用(yong)低銻(ti)合金的(de)(de)板柵(zha)而(er)沒(mei)有(you)采(cai)用(yong)鉛鈣合金。而(er)低銻(ti)合金的(de)(de)板柵(zha)析(xi)氧析(xi)氫電(dian)(dian)壓更低，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)出氣量(liang)大，失水相對嚴重(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)更容(rong)易(yi)硫化。

4、電動自行車生產方面的原因

大多數(shu)車(che)(che)的控(kong)制器都(dou)留了一個線(xian)損插頭，很(hen)多經銷商以去掉限(xian)速(su)來招(zhao)攬顧客。一些(xie)車(che)(che)廠(chang)干脆(cui)就去掉限(xian)速(su)器出(chu)廠(chang)，既可以吸引看(kan)重(zhong)車(che)(che)速(su)的客戶，也能降低成本，這樣(yang)的車(che)(che)在(zai)高速(su)行駛時電流非常大，會嚴重(zhong)縮短電池壽命。

12V鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)最低(di)(di)(di)保護(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為10.5V，如果是(shi)36V電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)，最低(di)(di)(di)保留(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)就是(shi)31.5V，目前(qian)大多數(shu)車(che)廠采用的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)器欠(qian)壓(ya)保護(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)也都是(shi)31.5V。表(biao)面上看這是(shi)正(zheng)確的(de)，但是(shi)，實際(ji)當36V電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)只(zhi)剩下31.5V電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)時，由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)存(cun)在(zai)容(rong)量差，肯(ken)定就會有一個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低(di)(di)(di)于(yu)10.5V，該(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)就處于(yu)過放電(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態。

這時(shi)候，過放電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量(liang)急劇下(xia)降，這時(shi)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)損傷影響不僅僅是(shi)該單只(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，而是(shi)影響整組電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)壽命(ming)。其實(shi)，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓低(di)于(yu)32V以(yi)后(hou)一直(zhi)到(dao)27V，所(suo)增加的(de)(de)(de)續行(xing)能(neng)力不到(dao)2公里，而對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)損傷卻非常大。只(zhi)要(yao)出現這樣的(de)(de)(de)情況10次，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)容量(liang)就會低(di)于(yu)標稱容量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)70%。

另外，一(yi)些(xie)用(yong)戶(hu)發現電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在欠(qian)壓以后(hou)，過10分(fen)鐘，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)又(you)不欠(qian)壓了，就又(you)采取給(gei)電(dian)(dian)行駛，這對(dui)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)破壞更大，而大多(duo)數車的(de)(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)明書沒有給(gei)用(yong)戶(hu)以警示。目前多(duo)數控(kong)(kong)制器內部(bu)都有可調的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)位(wei)器，而這個可調的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)位(wei)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)振動漂移是比較嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。在價格競爭中，面對(dui)更注重(zhong)車外表的(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)戶(hu)群，很少有產品采用(yong)抗振動的(de)(de)(de)(de)精密多(duo)圈電(dian)(dian)位(wei)器，這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制器發生振動后(hou)漂移也不奇(qi)怪。

5、充電設備的原因

業界廣為(wei)流傳(chuan)的(de)一(yi)句話就是(shi)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池不是(shi)用壞的(de)，是(shi)充(chong)(chong)壞的(de)。為(wei)了滿足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行(xing)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)短時高容(rong)量(liang)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，在(zai)三(san)段式恒壓(ya)(ya)限流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中，不得(de)不通過提(ti)高恒壓(ya)(ya)值(zhi)到2.47V～2.49V。這樣(yang)，大大超過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池正極板析氧電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和負(fu)極板析氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。一(yi)些充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器制造(zao)商的(de)產品為(wei)了降低充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)的(de)指示(shi)，提(ti)高了恒壓(ya)(ya)轉浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，而使得(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)指示(shi)充(chong)(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以后，還沒有充(chong)(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，就靠提(ti)高浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)來(lai)彌補。這樣(yang)，很多充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)超過單格電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)2.35V，這樣(yang)在(zai)浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)階段還在(zai)大量(liang)析氧。

而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧循環又不好，這(zhe)樣(yang)在(zai)浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)階段也(ye)在(zai)不斷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排氣。恒(heng)壓(ya)值(zhi)高(gao)(gao)了(le)，保(bao)證了(le)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)，但是(shi)犧牲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)失(shi)水和硫化。恒(heng)壓(ya)值(zhi)低了(le)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)和充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量又難以(yi)保(bao)證。在(zai)改(gai)善電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)板柵合金、提高(gao)(gao)析氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位、改(gai)善氧循環性能，提高(gao)(gao)密封(feng)反應效率的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上(shang)(shang)，控制充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)最高(gao)(gao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)在(zai)2.42V以(yi)下(xia)，也(ye)就是(shi)在(zai)析氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位以(yi)下(xia)。這(zhe)樣(yang)做必然(ran)會導致充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)延長(chang)，這(zhe)就必須在(zai)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（限流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狀態下(xia)，加入(ru)去極(ji)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負脈沖，改(gai)善電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接(jie)受能力，在(zai)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)候(hou)多(duo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)入(ru)一些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量，縮短充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)。70%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)2C電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接(jie)受能力比(bi)較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)候(hou)，對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)采用(yong)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損傷比(bi)較小。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)基(ji)本上(shang)(shang)沒有高(gao)(gao)于嚴重析氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。

一旦高(gao)于(yu)析(xi)氫電(dian)壓，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)也會(hui)快速的(de)(de)(de)(de)失水。使(shi)用(yong)這類充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)(qi)，必須采用(yong)連續充(chong)(chong)(chong)放電(dian)，如(ru)果(guo)中途停(ting)止(zhi)幾天(tian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)就(jiu)會(hui)產生比較嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫化而提前失效。而用(yong)戶(hu)使(shi)用(yong)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)，是(shi)(shi)無法保證每次使(shi)用(yong)以(yi)后，都能(neng)夠(gou)及時充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，一年以(yi)內(nei)發生數次沒有(you)(you)及時充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫化就(jiu)會(hui)積累。多數充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)(qi)制造商都說車廠因為價(jia)格因素不(bu)(bu)接受可以(yi)保證電(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽命(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)(qi)。應該(gai)承認，這是(shi)(shi)大(da)多數小企業是(shi)(shi)如(ru)此，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)，有(you)(you)發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)、規(gui)模性大(da)企業確(que)實出高(gao)價(jia)也買(mai)不(bu)(bu)到好的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)(qi)。一些充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)(qi)制造商把某些功(gong)能(neng)夸(kua)大(da)，成品的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)效沒有(you)(you)其宣(xuan)傳的(de)(de)(de)(de)那樣好。還有(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)少(shao)功(gong)能(neng)是(shi)(shi)屬于(yu)賣概念的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)，實效有(you)(you)限。

6、其它原因

不(bu)少電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)單體測試中，可(ke)以獲得比較好的(de)結果(guo)，但(dan)是，對于串(chuan)連(lian)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組來說，由于容量(liang)、開(kai)路電(dian)(dian)壓、荷電(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態(tai)、硫化程度各不(bu)相(xiang)同，這個差異會在(zai)串(chuan)連(lian)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組被(bei)擴大，狀(zhuang)態(tai)差的(de)單體會影響整組電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，其壽命明顯下降。

從電(dian)池(chi)在生產(chan)線上(shang)充電(dian)，到用(yong)戶(hu)購車后配車使用(yong)這段時間要(yao)經(jing)過很(hen)多環節，間隔時間甚至(zhi)(zhi)會長達數(shu)月，在這期間，由于沒對電(dian)池(chi)進(jin)行(xing)補(bu)充電(dian)，自放電(dian)產(chan)生的(de)硫酸鉛大量堆積結晶，用(yong)戶(hu)剛買(mai)到的(de)新電(dian)池(chi)可能是(shi)已經(jing)老化甚至(zhi)(zhi)報(bao)費的(de)電(dian)池(chi)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)廠(chang)家(jia)在執(zhi)行(xing)質保時，對(dui)回收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)并不(bu)(bu)(bu)是完全的(de)(de)淘汰。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)返退以(yi)后(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)制造(zao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)重新(xin)進行(xing)充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)檢驗(yan)，在檢驗(yan)中往往會發現有60%以(yi)上的(de)(de)單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)是不(bu)(bu)(bu)符合返退條(tiao)件的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。其(qi)原因也就是在串(chuan)連電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組中，個別的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)落(luo)后(hou)形成整組電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)功能(neng)下(xia)降而(er)引起整組返退。不(bu)(bu)(bu)少(shao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)制造(zao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)對(dui)返退電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)采取配組、補(bu)水、除硫、包裝后(hou)，又重新(xin)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)(gong)給(gei)用(yong)戶，以(yi)提(ti)(ti)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)有效(xiao)使用(yong)壽(shou)命，降低報(bao)廢率(lv)，減少(shao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)制造(zao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)部分理(li)索賠(pei)的(de)(de)損失，所以(yi)，很多經(jing)銷商(shang)(shang)(shang)已經(jing)感覺到廠(chang)家(jia)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)明(ming)顯“一代(dai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)一代(dai)”。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)如果使(shi)用得當，普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)使(shi)用3年左右問題不大(da)，反(fan)之，使(shi)用壽(shou)命大(da)大(da)減(jian)短(duan)。因此，消費(fei)者(zhe)日(ri)常對電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)保養是決定電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽(shou)命的(de)關鍵所在。

如何延長電動車電池壽命

對(dui)(dui)于電(dian)池(chi)和充電(dian)的注意事項(xiang)，我(wo)們分成兩類：絕(jue)對(dui)(dui)不允(yun)許（禁止）和最(zui)好(hao)不要（建議）：

禁止：

1、嚴禁將電(dian)池(chi)的正負極(ji)短路(lu)

2、禁止經常使用到欠壓保(bao)護電路(lu)起(qi)作用的時候才充電

3、禁止經常在未充滿電(dian)(dian)的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下拔下充電(dian)(dian)器的(de)電(dian)(dian)源來(lai)使用電(dian)(dian)動車

4、禁止閑置時(shi)間過長（不得(de)超過三天，且所剩電量(liang)應大于(yu)40%），禁止虧電存放

5、如果發(fa)現連續充(chong)電(dian)(dian)10小(xiao)(xiao)時后還沒有轉燈，應馬上停止充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，檢查(cha)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)溫(wen)度是否(fou)發(fa)燙(tang)。會(hui)的(de)話(hua)應該(gai)盡(jin)早送修，無法立即送修者，應控制充(chong)電(dian)(dian)總時間不超過8小(xiao)(xiao)時，否(fou)則電(dian)(dian)池將會(hui)因膨脹(zhang)變形(xing)而損壞。

不(bu)轉燈原因有三(san)：

一：充電器參(can)數(shu)不(bu)匹配，產生漂移；

二：線路問題；

三：是電(dian)池因素：失水，電(dian)池內部有單格短路，硫化(hua)較為嚴重。

排查方法：

1、檢(jian)查充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)是(shi)否(fou)(fou)損壞，充電(dian)(dian)參數是(shi)否(fou)(fou)符合要求（有的(de)人用(yong)48V的(de)充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)來(lai)充36V的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組），看(kan)是(shi)否(fou)(fou)電(dian)(dian)壓偏高(gao)（14.8V/個(ge)以上的(de)）或涓流轉換電(dian)(dian)流偏低(di)

2、檢查(cha)充電(dian)回路保險絲(si)是(shi)(shi)否接觸(chu)良好，保險絲(si)座有無燒焦痕跡，檢查(cha)連(lian)線插接頭(tou)(tou)接觸(chu)是(shi)(shi)否良好，包含充電(dian)器(qi)的插頭(tou)(tou)的車上(shang)的插座。

3、查看(kan)電池內部是(shi)(shi)否有干涸現象，即電池是(shi)(shi)否缺液嚴重。干涸的電池應補(bu)加純(chun)水或1.05g/cm3的稀(xi)硫酸，進行維護充放電進行修復，同時測(ce)量(liang)單(dan)格(ge)電壓，看(kan)是(shi)(shi)否有單(dan)格(ge)短路的存(cun)在。

4、還(huan)應檢查極板(ban)是否(fou)存(cun)在不可逆硫酸(suan)鹽化。硫化嚴重(zhong)(zhong)的話，內阻(zu)增大，充電就會引起(qi)嚴重(zhong)(zhong)發熱。

5、極板的不可(ke)逆硫酸鹽化(hua)(hua)(hua)，可(ke)通過充(chong)放(fang)電測(ce)量其(qi)端電壓的變化(hua)(hua)(hua)來判定。在充(chong)電時(shi)，電池(chi)的電壓上升特(te)(te)別(bie)快(kuai)，某些(xie)單格電壓特(te)(te)別(bie)高(gao)，放(fang)電時(shi)電壓下降特(te)(te)別(bie)快(kuai)。出現(xian)上述情況，可(ke)判斷電池(chi)出現(xian)不可(ke)逆硫酸鹽化(hua)(hua)(hua)。如果(guo)發現(xian)有不可(ke)逆硫酸鹽化(hua)(hua)(hua)，應(ying)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)均(jun)衡充(chong)電法進(jin)行(xing)(xing)修復。

6、禁止電(dian)池的(de)最(zui)大放電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)超過額(e)定(ding)容量150%，也(ye)就是如(ru)果是6-DZM-10（常說的(de)那種12AH的(de)電(dian)池）的(de)電(dian)池，它(ta)的(de)最(zui)大放電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)為(wei)10×150%＝15A，如(ru)果是6-DZM-17的(de)電(dian)池它(ta)的(de)放電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)大為(wei)17×150%約為(wei)25A,如(ru)果是20AH的(de)的(de)電(dian)池最(zui)大放電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)為(wei)30A。這樣也(ye)同樣的(de)限制了控制器限流(liu)值(zhi)的(de)大小(xiao)

建議：

1、最好不要在未充滿電(dian)的情況下拔下充電(dian)器的電(dian)源來(lai)使用電(dian)動車(che)。還有應注意的是：

轉燈并不(bu)表示此時的(de)電(dian)池已經(jing)充(chong)滿(man)電(dian)，差(cha)不(bu)多(duo)只有(you)95%－99%，需要(yao)繼續浮充(chong)2－3個小(xiao)時來把它充(chong)滿(man)。

2、做到及時(shi)充電，閑置時(shi)間(jian)最(zui)好(hao)不(bu)超過12個小時(shi)，同時(shi)應增加(jia)相應浮充的(de)時(shi)間(jian)。

3、使用(yong)量較少者(zhe)，最(zui)好使用(yong)到50%－80%后(hou)再充(chong)電，有利(li)于延長(chang)電池使用(yong)壽命。

4、在電(dian)(dian)池使用一年(nian)后(hou)，每間隔2個月，最好恒流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)一次，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)大小為C／15，時間20小時。

5、少拉重物，速度不要(yao)開得太快，減(jian)小電(dian)池(chi)的放電(dian)電(dian)流。

6、緩(huan)慢加(jia)速，減(jian)小大電(dian)流(liu)對電(dian)池，控制器及電(dian)機的沖擊。