電動車電池壽命有多長

對于電動自行車電池的壽命，很多人都會很糾結。一組電動車電池（也就是電瓶）能用多長時間呢？為什么有些人的電瓶能用2-3年，而有些人的電瓶卻用不到一年就報廢了？到底電動車電池的壽命有多長呢？一般來說：電動自行車所用鉛蓄電池屬消耗品，其使用壽命只有1.5-2.5年，壽(shou)命長短與用戶的日常使用維(wei)護有很(hen)大的關系。

該圖片由注冊用戶"妮子的文字"提供，版權聲明反饋

電動車電池壽命短的原因

1、鉛酸蓄電池工作原理方面的原因

鉛酸蓄電池充放電的過程是電化學反應的過程，充電時，硫酸鉛形成氧化鉛，放電時氧化鉛又還原為硫酸鉛。而硫酸鉛是一種非常容易結晶的物質，當電池中電解溶液的硫酸鉛濃度過高或靜態閑置時間過長時，就會“抱成”團，結成小晶體，這些小晶體再吸引周圍的硫酸鉛，就象滾雪球一樣形成大的惰性結晶，結晶后的硫酸鉛充電時不但不能再還原成氧化鉛，還會沉淀附著在電極板上，造成了電極板工作面積下降，這一現象叫硫化，也就是常說的老化。這時電池容量會逐漸下降，直至無法使用。

2、電動自行車特殊工作環境的原因

只要(yao)是(shi)鉛蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，在使用(yong)的(de)過程中都(dou)會硫化(hua)，但其它(ta)領域的(de)鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)卻比電(dian)(dian)動自行車上使用(yong)的(de)鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)有著更長(chang)的(de)壽命(ming)，這是(shi)因為電(dian)(dian)動自行車的(de)鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)有著一個更容易硫化(hua)的(de)工作環(huan)境。

①深度放電

用(yong)在汽車上的鉛蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)只是(shi)在點火時單向放電(dian)(dian)(dian)，點火后(hou)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)會對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)自動充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，不造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)深(shen)度放電(dian)(dian)(dian)。而電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行車在騎行時不可能充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，經常會超過60%的深(shen)度放電(dian)(dian)(dian)，深(shen)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，硫酸鉛濃(nong)度增加(jia)，硫化就(jiu)會相當嚴重(zhong)。

②大電流放電

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車20公(gong)里(li)巡(xun)航電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)一般是4A，這(zhe)(zhe)個值已經(jing)高于其(qi)它領(ling)域的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，而超速超載的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車的(de)工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)就更(geng)大。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)制造商都進(jin)行過1C充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)70%，2C放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)60%的(de)循(xun)環(huan)壽命試(shi)驗。經(jing)過這(zhe)(zhe)樣的(de)壽命試(shi)驗，可達(da)到充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循(xun)環(huan)350次壽命的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)很(hen)多，但是實際(ji)在用的(de)效果就相差甚遠了。這(zhe)(zhe)是因為大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)工(gong)作增加了50%的(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)會加速硫化。所以，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動三輪摩(mo)(mo)托車的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命更(geng)短，因為三輪摩(mo)(mo)托車的(de)車身太重，工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)達(da)6A以上。

③充放電頻率高

用(yong)在后備供(gong)電(dian)領域的電(dian)池，只有(you)在停電(dian)時才會放電(dian)，如果一年(nian)停8次電(dian)，要達到10年(nian)的壽命，只用(yong)做到80次循環(huan)充電(dian)壽命，而電(dian)動車一年(nian)充放電(dian)循環(huan)300次以上很(hen)常見。

④短時充電

由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行車是交通工具，可(ke)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的時間(jian)不多，要在(zai)8小(xiao)時內完成(cheng)36伏(fu)或(huo)48伏(fu)的20安時充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這就(jiu)必須提高充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓（一般為單節2.7~2.9伏(fu)），當充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓超過單節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的析氧電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓（2.35伏(fu)）或(huo)析氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓（2.42伏(fu)）時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池就(jiu)會因過度析氧而開閥排氣，造成(cheng)失(shi)水(shui)，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液濃度增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的硫化(hua)現象加(jia)(jia)重。

⑤放電后不能及時充電

作為交通工具(ju)，電(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行(xing)車的(de)充電(dian)(dian)及放電(dian)(dian)被完(wan)全(quan)分離開來，放電(dian)(dian)后很難有條件及時充電(dian)(dian)，而放電(dian)(dian)后形成的(de)大(da)量硫酸鉛(qian)如果超過(guo)半小時不充電(dian)(dian)還原為氧(yang)化鉛(qian)，就(jiu)會(hui)硫化結(jie)成晶體。

3、鉛蓄電池生產方面的原因

針對電動自行車用(yong)鉛酸蓄電池的特殊性(xing)，各個電池制造(zao)商采取了多種方法。最典型的方法如下：

①增加極板數量。

把(ba)原設(she)計的單格(ge)5片(pian)(pian)6片(pian)(pian)制(zhi)改(gai)為6片(pian)(pian)7片(pian)(pian)制(zhi)，7片(pian)(pian)8片(pian)(pian)制(zhi)，甚至8片(pian)(pian)9片(pian)(pian)制(zhi)。靠減薄極板(ban)厚度和隔板(ban)，增加極板(ban)數量(liang)來(lai)提高(gao)電池容量(liang)。

②提高電池的硫酸比重

原來浮充電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)硫(liu)酸比重(zhong)一(yi)般都在(zai)1.21~1.28之間，而電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行車的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)硫(liu)酸比重(zhong)一(yi)般都在(zai)1.36～1.38左右，這(zhe)樣可以提(ti)供較(jiao)大的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，提(ti)升(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)初期容量。

③增加正極板活性物質氧化鉛的用量和比例。

增加(jia)氧化鉛就(jiu)增加(jia)了參與放電的電化學反應物質(zhi)，也就(jiu)增加(jia)了放電時(shi)間，增加(jia)了電池(chi)容(rong)量。

通(tong)過這(zhe)些(xie)措施，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)初期(qi)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)滿足了電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自(zi)行(xing)車的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)要求，特別(bie)是改善了電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)特性(xing)。但(dan)是，極(ji)板(ban)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)了，硫(liu)酸(suan)的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)就(jiu)減少了，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)發熱導(dao)致大量(liang)(liang)(liang)失水(shui)(shui)，同時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)微(wei)短路(lu)和鉛枝搭(da)橋的(de)(de)(de)概率(lv)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)了。提高硫(liu)酸(suan)比重(zhong)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)初期(qi)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，但(dan)是，硫(liu)化(hua)現象就(jiu)更嚴重(zhong)。密封電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)最基本原理之一就(jiu)是正極(ji)板(ban)析氧以(yi)后，氧氣直接到(dao)負極(ji)板(ban)，被負極(ji)板(ban)吸收而還(huan)原為水(shui)(shui)，考核電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)這(zhe)個技術指標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)參數叫(jiao)做“密封反應效(xiao)率(lv)”，這(zhe)種現象叫(jiao)做“氧循環”。這(zhe)樣，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)失水(shui)(shui)很少，實現了“免維護(hu)”，就(jiu)是免加(jia)水(shui)(shui)。

為(wei)此，都要求(qiu)負極(ji)(ji)板(ban)容(rong)量做的(de)比正(zheng)(zheng)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)容(rong)量大一些，又(you)稱為(wei)負極(ji)(ji)過渡(du)。增加(jia)正(zheng)(zheng)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)活性物質必(bi)然使得，負極(ji)(ji)過渡(du)減少了(le)，氧循(xun)環變差了(le)，失水(shui)增加(jia)了(le)，又(you)會造成硫(liu)化(hua)。這些措施(shi)雖然提升(sheng)了(le)電池(chi)(chi)的(de)初期容(rong)量，但是卻會造成失水(shui)和硫(liu)化(hua)，而失水(shui)和硫(liu)化(hua)又(you)會相互促成，最(zui)終結果卻是犧牲電池(chi)(chi)的(de)壽命。

還有(you)(you)(you)(you)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)極群組(zu)(zu)(zu)裝(zhuang)虛(xu)焊(han)問題。容(rong)易(yi)產生(sheng)虛(xu)焊(han)的(de)(de)地方是(shi)極板。而(er)每個(ge)(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)單(dan)格(ge)有(you)(you)(you)(you)15片極板，就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)15個(ge)(ge)(ge)焊(han)點(dian)，一個(ge)(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)6個(ge)(ge)(ge)單(dan)格(ge)，就(jiu)(jiu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)90個(ge)(ge)(ge)焊(han)點(dian)，一組(zu)(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)由3個(ge)(ge)(ge)12V電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，就(jiu)(jiu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)270個(ge)(ge)(ge)焊(han)點(dian)。如果一個(ge)(ge)(ge)焊(han)點(dian)存在(zai)(zai)虛(xu)焊(han)，該單(dan)格(ge)容(rong)量(liang)就(jiu)(jiu)下降，進(jin)而(er)該單(dan)格(ge)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)落后，造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)整個(ge)(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)都落后，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)就(jiu)(jiu)會形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)不均衡，使(shi)這組(zu)(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)提前失效。就(jiu)(jiu)算(suan)虛(xu)焊(han)控制(zhi)在(zai)(zai)萬分(fen)之(zhi)一，平均每37組(zu)(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)就(jiu)(jiu)會有(you)(you)(you)(you)一組(zu)(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)存在(zai)(zai)虛(xu)焊(han)，這是(shi)絕對不能夠允許的(de)(de)。而(er)鉛鈣合金板柵(zha)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，在(zai)(zai)焊(han)接(jie)的(de)(de)時候會析(xi)出鈣而(er)掩蓋(gai)虛(xu)焊(han)問題，這樣，很多電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)制(zhi)造商寧(ning)愿采(cai)用低銻合金的(de)(de)板柵(zha)而(er)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)采(cai)用鉛鈣合金。而(er)低銻合金的(de)(de)板柵(zha)析(xi)氧析(xi)氫電(dian)(dian)壓更(geng)低，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)出氣量(liang)大(da)，失水相對嚴重(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)更(geng)容(rong)易(yi)硫化(hua)。

4、電動自行車生產方面的原因

大多(duo)數車的(de)控(kong)制器(qi)都留了一(yi)(yi)個線(xian)損插頭，很多(duo)經銷(xiao)商以(yi)(yi)去(qu)掉(diao)限(xian)速(su)來招(zhao)攬顧(gu)客。一(yi)(yi)些車廠(chang)干脆就去(qu)掉(diao)限(xian)速(su)器(qi)出(chu)廠(chang)，既可以(yi)(yi)吸引看(kan)重車速(su)的(de)客戶，也能降低(di)成本，這樣(yang)的(de)車在高速(su)行駛時電流非常大，會嚴(yan)重縮(suo)短(duan)電池壽(shou)命。

12V鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的最(zui)低保(bao)護(hu)電(dian)(dian)壓為10.5V，如果是36V電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)，最(zui)低保(bao)留電(dian)(dian)壓就(jiu)(jiu)是31.5V，目前大(da)多數車廠(chang)采用的控制器欠壓保(bao)護(hu)電(dian)(dian)壓也都(dou)是31.5V。表面上看這是正(zheng)確的，但(dan)是，實際當(dang)36V電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)只剩下31.5V電(dian)(dian)壓時，由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)存在容量(liang)差(cha)，肯定(ding)就(jiu)(jiu)會有一個電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓低于(yu)10.5V，該電(dian)(dian)池(chi)就(jiu)(jiu)處于(yu)過放(fang)電(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態。

這時候，過放(fang)電(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)容量急劇(ju)下降，這時對電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)損傷(shang)影響(xiang)不(bu)僅僅是(shi)該單只電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，而是(shi)影響(xiang)整組電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)壽命(ming)。其實(shi)，在(zai)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)壓低于(yu)32V以后一(yi)直(zhi)到27V，所增加的(de)(de)續行能力不(bu)到2公里，而對電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)損傷(shang)卻非常(chang)大。只要出(chu)現(xian)這樣的(de)(de)情況10次(ci)，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)容量就(jiu)會(hui)低于(yu)標稱容量的(de)(de)70%。

另(ling)外，一些用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)發現電(dian)(dian)池在欠(qian)壓(ya)以后，過10分鐘，電(dian)(dian)池又不欠(qian)壓(ya)了，就又采取給電(dian)(dian)行駛，這(zhe)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)池破壞更大，而(er)大多(duo)(duo)數車的(de)說明書沒有給用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)以警示。目(mu)前多(duo)(duo)數控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)內部都(dou)有可調(diao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)位器(qi)，而(er)這(zhe)個可調(diao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)位器(qi)的(de)振(zhen)動(dong)漂移是比較(jiao)嚴重的(de)。在價格競爭中，面對(dui)更注重車外表的(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)群，很(hen)少有產品采用(yong)(yong)(yong)抗振(zhen)動(dong)的(de)精密多(duo)(duo)圈電(dian)(dian)位器(qi)，這(zhe)樣的(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)發生振(zhen)動(dong)后漂移也不奇怪。

5、充電設備的原因

業界廣(guang)為(wei)流傳的(de)一句話就(jiu)是：電(dian)(dian)(dian)池不(bu)是用壞的(de)，是充(chong)(chong)壞的(de)。為(wei)了滿(man)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行車電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)短時(shi)高(gao)容量充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，在三段式(shi)恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)限(xian)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)中(zhong)，不(bu)得不(bu)通(tong)過(guo)提高(gao)恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)值到2.47V～2.49V。這樣(yang)，大大超過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池正極板析氧(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)和負極板析氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。一些充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器制造商的(de)產(chan)品為(wei)了降低充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)的(de)指示，提高(gao)了恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)轉浮充(chong)(chong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，而(er)使得充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)指示充(chong)(chong)滿(man)電(dian)(dian)(dian)以后，還沒(mei)有充(chong)(chong)滿(man)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，就(jiu)靠提高(gao)浮充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)來彌補。這樣(yang)，很多充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)浮充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)超過(guo)單(dan)格(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)2.35V，這樣(yang)在浮充(chong)(chong)階(jie)段還在大量析氧(yang)。

而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)氧(yang)循環又不好，這(zhe)樣(yang)在(zai)(zai)浮(fu)充階段也在(zai)(zai)不斷的(de)(de)排(pai)氣。恒壓值高(gao)了，保證了充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)，但是犧牲的(de)(de)是失水和硫化。恒壓值低(di)了，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)和充入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量又難以(yi)(yi)保證。在(zai)(zai)改(gai)善電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)板柵合金、提(ti)高(gao)析氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)、改(gai)善氧(yang)循環性能(neng)，提(ti)高(gao)密封(feng)反應效率的(de)(de)基礎上(shang)，控制充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)最高(gao)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓在(zai)(zai)2.42V以(yi)(yi)下，也就是在(zai)(zai)析氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)以(yi)(yi)下。這(zhe)樣(yang)做必然會導(dao)致充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)的(de)(de)延長，這(zhe)就必須在(zai)(zai)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（限流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）的(de)(de)狀(zhuang)態下，加入去極化的(de)(de)負(fu)脈沖，改(gai)善電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接受能(neng)力，在(zai)(zai)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)候多(duo)充入一(yi)些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量，縮短充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)。70%的(de)(de)2C電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)(zai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接受能(neng)力比較大(da)的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)候，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)采用(yong)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)損傷比較小。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)基本上(shang)沒有高(gao)于嚴重(zhong)析氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。

一(yi)(yi)旦高(gao)于析氫電(dian)壓，電(dian)池(chi)也會快速的(de)失(shi)水。使(shi)用(yong)(yong)這(zhe)類(lei)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)(qi)，必須采用(yong)(yong)連續充(chong)(chong)放電(dian)，如果(guo)中途停止幾天(tian)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)，電(dian)池(chi)就會產(chan)生比(bi)較嚴(yan)重的(de)硫化(hua)而提(ti)前失(shi)效。而用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)池(chi)，是(shi)無法保證每次使(shi)用(yong)(yong)以(yi)后，都(dou)能(neng)夠及時(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)的(de)，一(yi)(yi)年以(yi)內發生數次沒有(you)及時(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)的(de)情況，電(dian)池(chi)的(de)硫化(hua)就會積累。多數充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)(qi)制造(zao)商都(dou)說車廠(chang)因為價格因素不接受可以(yi)保證電(dian)池(chi)壽(shou)命的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)(qi)。應(ying)該承認，這(zhe)是(shi)大多數小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業是(shi)如此，但是(shi)，有(you)發展的(de)、規模性大企(qi)(qi)業確實出高(gao)價也買不到好(hao)(hao)的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)(qi)。一(yi)(yi)些充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)(qi)制造(zao)商把某些功能(neng)夸大，成品的(de)功效沒有(you)其宣傳的(de)那樣(yang)好(hao)(hao)。還有(you)不少功能(neng)是(shi)屬于賣概念的(de)功能(neng)，實效有(you)限。

6、其它原因

不少電(dian)池在(zai)單(dan)體測試(shi)中，可(ke)以獲(huo)得比較好(hao)的(de)結(jie)果(guo)，但是，對于串(chuan)連電(dian)池組來說，由于容量、開路電(dian)壓、荷電(dian)狀態(tai)、硫化程度(du)各不相同(tong)，這個差(cha)異會在(zai)串(chuan)連電(dian)池組被擴大，狀態(tai)差(cha)的(de)單(dan)體會影響(xiang)整(zheng)組電(dian)池，其壽命明顯下降。

從電池在(zai)生產線上(shang)充電，到(dao)用戶購車后配車使用這段(duan)時間(jian)要經(jing)過很多環節，間(jian)隔時間(jian)甚至會長達數月(yue)，在(zai)這期間(jian)，由于沒對電池進(jin)行補充電，自放電產生的硫酸(suan)鉛大(da)量堆積結晶，用戶剛買到(dao)的新電池可(ke)能是(shi)已(yi)經(jing)老化(hua)甚至報費的電池。

電(dian)池廠(chang)家在(zai)執行質保時(shi)，對(dui)回(hui)收電(dian)池并不(bu)是(shi)完全(quan)的淘汰(tai)。電(dian)池返退(tui)(tui)以(yi)(yi)后(hou)，電(dian)池制(zhi)(zhi)造商(shang)重新進(jin)行充放電(dian)檢驗(yan)，在(zai)檢驗(yan)中往往會發(fa)現有60%以(yi)(yi)上的單體電(dian)池是(shi)不(bu)符合返退(tui)(tui)條件的電(dian)池。其(qi)原因也就是(shi)在(zai)串連電(dian)池組(zu)(zu)中，個別的電(dian)池落(luo)后(hou)形(xing)成(cheng)整組(zu)(zu)電(dian)池功能下降而引起整組(zu)(zu)返退(tui)(tui)。不(bu)少電(dian)池制(zhi)(zhi)造商(shang)對(dui)返退(tui)(tui)電(dian)池采取配組(zu)(zu)、補水、除硫、包裝后(hou)，又重新提(ti)供給用戶，以(yi)(yi)提(ti)高電(dian)池的有效使用壽命，降低(di)報廢率，減少電(dian)池制(zhi)(zhi)造商(shang)的部分理索賠(pei)的損失，所以(yi)(yi)，很(hen)多經銷(xiao)商(shang)已經感覺(jue)到廠(chang)家提(ti)供的電(dian)池明(ming)顯(xian)“一代不(bu)如(ru)一代”。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池如(ru)果(guo)使用(yong)得當，普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池使用(yong)3年左右問題不大(da)，反之，使用(yong)壽命(ming)大(da)大(da)減短(duan)。因此，消費(fei)者日(ri)常對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的保養是(shi)決定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命(ming)的關鍵所(suo)在。

如何延長電動車電池壽命

對于電池(chi)和(he)充電的(de)注(zhu)意事(shi)項，我們(men)分成兩類：絕對不允許（禁止）和(he)最好不要（建議）：

禁止：

1、嚴禁將電池(chi)的正負(fu)極短路

2、禁(jin)止經常使用到欠壓保護電路起作用的時候(hou)才充(chong)電

3、禁止經常(chang)在未充(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的情況下(xia)拔下(xia)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源來使用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)

4、禁(jin)止閑置時間過(guo)長（不得超(chao)過(guo)三天，且所剩電(dian)量應大(da)于40%），禁(jin)止虧電(dian)存放(fang)

5、如果發現連續充電(dian)10小(xiao)時后還沒(mei)有轉燈，應馬上停止充電(dian)，檢查電(dian)池的溫度是否發燙。會的話應該盡早送修(xiu)，無(wu)法(fa)立即送修(xiu)者，應控制(zhi)充電(dian)總(zong)時間(jian)不超過8小(xiao)時，否則電(dian)池將會因膨脹變形而(er)損壞。

不轉燈(deng)原因有(you)三：

一：充電器參數(shu)不匹配，產生漂移；

二：線路問題；

三：是(shi)電池因素：失水(shui)，電池內部有(you)單格(ge)短(duan)路，硫化較為(wei)嚴重。

排查方法：

1、檢(jian)查(cha)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)是否(fou)(fou)損壞(huai)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)參數是否(fou)(fou)符(fu)合要(yao)求（有的人用48V的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)來充(chong)36V的電(dian)(dian)池組），看是否(fou)(fou)電(dian)(dian)壓偏高（14.8V/個以上的）或涓流轉換電(dian)(dian)流偏低

2、檢查充(chong)電(dian)回(hui)路保險絲(si)是否接觸良(liang)(liang)好(hao)(hao)，保險絲(si)座(zuo)有無燒焦痕跡(ji)，檢查連線插(cha)接頭接觸是否良(liang)(liang)好(hao)(hao)，包含(han)充(chong)電(dian)器的(de)(de)插(cha)頭的(de)(de)車上的(de)(de)插(cha)座(zuo)。

3、查看電(dian)池內(nei)部(bu)是(shi)否(fou)有干涸(he)現象，即電(dian)池是(shi)否(fou)缺液嚴重。干涸(he)的(de)(de)電(dian)池應補(bu)加純水(shui)或(huo)1.05g/cm3的(de)(de)稀硫酸(suan)，進行維(wei)護充放電(dian)進行修(xiu)復，同時測量單(dan)(dan)格電(dian)壓，看是(shi)否(fou)有單(dan)(dan)格短路的(de)(de)存在。

4、還(huan)應檢查極板是否存在(zai)不可逆硫酸鹽(yan)化。硫化嚴重的話，內阻(zu)增大，充電就會引起嚴重發熱。

5、極板的不(bu)(bu)可(ke)逆硫酸(suan)鹽(yan)化，可(ke)通過充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)測量其端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的變化來判(pan)定。在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)上(shang)升(sheng)特別快，某些單格電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)特別高(gao)，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下降特別快。出現(xian)上(shang)述情(qing)況，可(ke)判(pan)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)出現(xian)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)逆硫酸(suan)鹽(yan)化。如果發現(xian)有不(bu)(bu)可(ke)逆硫酸(suan)鹽(yan)化，應進行(xing)均衡(heng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)法進行(xing)修復(fu)。

6、禁(jin)止電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)最(zui)大(da)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流超過額定(ding)容量150%，也(ye)就是如(ru)果(guo)是6-DZM-10（常(chang)說(shuo)的(de)那種(zhong)12AH的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)）的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，它的(de)最(zui)大(da)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流為(wei)10×150%＝15A，如(ru)果(guo)是6-DZM-17的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)它的(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流大(da)為(wei)17×150%約為(wei)25A,如(ru)果(guo)是20AH的(de)的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)最(zui)大(da)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流為(wei)30A。這樣(yang)也(ye)同(tong)樣(yang)的(de)限制(zhi)了控制(zhi)器限流值(zhi)的(de)大(da)小

建議：

1、最好(hao)不要(yao)在未充滿電(dian)的(de)情況下拔下充電(dian)器的(de)電(dian)源來使用電(dian)動(dong)車。還有(you)應(ying)注意的(de)是：

轉燈并不表(biao)示(shi)此時(shi)的電池已經充(chong)滿電，差不多只有95%－99%，需要繼續(xu)浮充(chong)2－3個小時(shi)來(lai)把它充(chong)滿。

2、做到(dao)及時(shi)充(chong)(chong)電，閑置時(shi)間最好不超(chao)過12個小(xiao)時(shi)，同時(shi)應(ying)增加相(xiang)應(ying)浮充(chong)(chong)的時(shi)間。

3、使(shi)用量(liang)較少者，最好使(shi)用到(dao)50%－80%后再(zai)充電，有利(li)于延長電池使(shi)用壽(shou)命(ming)。

4、在電(dian)池使用(yong)一年后，每間隔(ge)2個月，最好恒流充電(dian)一次，電(dian)流大小為(wei)C／15，時間20小時。

5、少拉(la)重物(wu)，速度不要開得太快，減小電池的(de)放電電流。

6、緩慢加(jia)速，減(jian)小大電(dian)流對(dui)電(dian)池，控制器及電(dian)機的沖(chong)擊。