電動車電池壽命有多長

對于電動自行車電池的壽命，很多人都會很糾結。一組電動車電池（也就是電瓶）能用多長時間呢？為什么有些人的電瓶能用2-3年，而有些人的電瓶卻用不到一年就報廢了？到底電動車電池的壽命有多長呢？一般來說：電動自行車所用鉛蓄電池屬消耗品，其使用壽命只有1.5-2.5年，壽命(ming)長短與用戶的日常使用維護有很(hen)大(da)的關系。

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電動車電池壽命短的原因

1、鉛酸蓄電池工作原理方面的原因

鉛酸蓄電池充放電的過程是電化學反應的過程，充電時，硫酸鉛形成氧化鉛，放電時氧化鉛又還原為硫酸鉛。而硫酸鉛是一種非常容易結晶的物質，當電池中電解溶液的硫酸鉛濃度過高或靜態閑置時間過長時，就會“抱成”團，結成小晶體，這些小晶體再吸引周圍的硫酸鉛，就象滾雪球一樣形成大的惰性結晶，結晶后的硫酸鉛充電時不但不能再還原成氧化鉛，還會沉淀附著在電極板上，造成了電極板工作面積下降，這一現象叫硫化，也就是常說的老化。這時電池容量會逐漸下降，直至無法使用。

2、電動自行車特殊工作環境的原因

只要是鉛(qian)蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)，在使(shi)用的(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)都會硫化(hua)，但其它領域的(de)(de)鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)卻比(bi)電(dian)動(dong)自(zi)(zi)行車上使(shi)用的(de)(de)鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)有著更長的(de)(de)壽命，這(zhe)是因為電(dian)動(dong)自(zi)(zi)行車的(de)(de)鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)有著一個更容(rong)易硫化(hua)的(de)(de)工作環境。

①深度放電

用在汽車上的鉛(qian)(qian)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)只是(shi)在點(dian)火時單向(xiang)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，點(dian)火后(hou)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機會對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)自動充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，不造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)深度(du)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行車在騎行時不可能充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，經(jing)常會超過(guo)60%的深度(du)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，深放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，硫酸鉛(qian)(qian)濃度(du)增(zeng)加，硫化(hua)就會相當嚴重。

②大電流放電

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)(che)20公里巡(xun)航電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流一般是4A，這個值已經高于其它(ta)領域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，而超速超載的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流就更大。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池制造商(shang)都(dou)進(jin)行過1C充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)70%，2C放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)60%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)循環壽命試驗(yan)。經過這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壽命試驗(yan)，可達到充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循環350次壽命的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池很多，但是實(shi)際在用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效果就相差甚遠了。這是因為(wei)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流工(gong)作增加了50%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池會加速硫化。所(suo)以(yi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)三輪(lun)摩托車(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命更短，因為(wei)三輪(lun)摩托車(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)車(che)(che)身太重，工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流達6A以(yi)上。

③充放電頻率高

用在(zai)后備供電(dian)(dian)領(ling)域的電(dian)(dian)池，只有在(zai)停電(dian)(dian)時才會放電(dian)(dian)，如(ru)果一年停8次(ci)電(dian)(dian)，要達到(dao)10年的壽命，只用做(zuo)到(dao)80次(ci)循環(huan)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)壽命，而(er)電(dian)(dian)動車一年充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)循環(huan)300次(ci)以上很(hen)常見(jian)。

④短時充電

由于電(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行(xing)車是(shi)交通工具(ju)，可充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)時間不多，要在8小時內完成36伏(fu)(fu)或(huo)(huo)48伏(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)20安時充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，這就必須提(ti)高充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓（一般為單節2.7~2.9伏(fu)(fu)），當充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓超過單節電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)析氧電(dian)(dian)壓（2.35伏(fu)(fu)）或(huo)(huo)析氫電(dian)(dian)壓（2.42伏(fu)(fu)）時，電(dian)(dian)池就會因過度析氧而開(kai)閥排氣，造(zao)成失水(shui)，使電(dian)(dian)解液濃度增加，電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)硫化現象加重。

⑤放電后不能及時充電

作為交通工具(ju)，電(dian)(dian)動自行車的(de)充電(dian)(dian)及放電(dian)(dian)被完全分離開來，放電(dian)(dian)后(hou)很難(nan)有條件及時充電(dian)(dian)，而放電(dian)(dian)后(hou)形成的(de)大量硫酸鉛如(ru)果超(chao)過半小時不充電(dian)(dian)還(huan)原(yuan)為氧(yang)化鉛，就會硫化結成晶(jing)體。

3、鉛蓄電池生產方面的原因

針(zhen)對電(dian)動(dong)自行車用鉛酸蓄電(dian)池的特殊性(xing)，各個(ge)電(dian)池制造(zao)商采(cai)取(qu)了多種方法。最典型(xing)的方法如下：

①增加極板數量。

把原設計的單格5片(pian)(pian)(pian)6片(pian)(pian)(pian)制(zhi)改為(wei)6片(pian)(pian)(pian)7片(pian)(pian)(pian)制(zhi)，7片(pian)(pian)(pian)8片(pian)(pian)(pian)制(zhi)，甚(shen)至(zhi)8片(pian)(pian)(pian)9片(pian)(pian)(pian)制(zhi)。靠(kao)減薄(bo)極板厚度和隔(ge)板，增(zeng)加極板數量來提高(gao)電池容量。

②提高電池的硫酸比重

原來浮充電池的硫(liu)酸比重(zhong)一(yi)般(ban)都(dou)在(zai)1.21~1.28之間，而電動自(zi)行車的電池的硫(liu)酸比重(zhong)一(yi)般(ban)都(dou)在(zai)1.36～1.38左右，這樣可以提供較大的電流，提升電池的初期(qi)容(rong)量。

③增加正極板活性物質氧化鉛的用量和比例。

增(zeng)加(jia)氧(yang)化鉛就增(zeng)加(jia)了(le)參與放(fang)電(dian)(dian)的電(dian)(dian)化學(xue)反(fan)應物質(zhi)，也就增(zeng)加(jia)了(le)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)時間，增(zeng)加(jia)了(le)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量。

通過這些措(cuo)施，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)初(chu)期容(rong)量(liang)滿足了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行車的(de)容(rong)量(liang)要求，特(te)別是改(gai)善了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)特(te)性。但是，極(ji)(ji)板增加(jia)了(le)，硫酸(suan)(suan)的(de)容(rong)量(liang)就(jiu)(jiu)減少(shao)了(le)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池發熱(re)導致大(da)(da)量(liang)失水，同時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)微短路和鉛枝搭(da)橋的(de)概率增加(jia)了(le)。提(ti)高硫酸(suan)(suan)比重(zhong)增加(jia)了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)初(chu)期容(rong)量(liang)，但是，硫化現(xian)象(xiang)就(jiu)(jiu)更嚴(yan)重(zhong)。密封(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)最基(ji)本原(yuan)理之一就(jiu)(jiu)是正極(ji)(ji)板析氧以(yi)后，氧氣直接到負(fu)極(ji)(ji)板，被負(fu)極(ji)(ji)板吸收而(er)還原(yuan)為水，考核電(dian)(dian)(dian)池這個技術指標的(de)參數叫(jiao)(jiao)做“密封(feng)反應(ying)效率”，這種(zhong)現(xian)象(xiang)叫(jiao)(jiao)做“氧循環”。這樣，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)失水很少(shao)，實現(xian)了(le)“免維護(hu)”，就(jiu)(jiu)是免加(jia)水。

為(wei)此(ci)，都要求(qiu)負(fu)極(ji)板(ban)容(rong)量做的(de)比正極(ji)板(ban)容(rong)量大一(yi)些(xie)，又(you)稱(cheng)為(wei)負(fu)極(ji)過渡。增(zeng)(zeng)加正極(ji)板(ban)活性物質(zhi)必然使得(de)，負(fu)極(ji)過渡減少了(le)(le)，氧循環(huan)變差(cha)了(le)(le)，失水增(zeng)(zeng)加了(le)(le)，又(you)會(hui)造(zao)成(cheng)硫化(hua)(hua)。這些(xie)措施雖然提升了(le)(le)電(dian)池的(de)初期容(rong)量，但是卻會(hui)造(zao)成(cheng)失水和硫化(hua)(hua)，而(er)失水和硫化(hua)(hua)又(you)會(hui)相(xiang)互促成(cheng)，最終(zhong)結果(guo)卻是犧牲電(dian)池的(de)壽命。

還有(you)(you)就(jiu)是極(ji)群組(zu)(zu)(zu)裝虛(xu)(xu)(xu)焊(han)(han)問題。容(rong)易產(chan)生虛(xu)(xu)(xu)焊(han)(han)的(de)(de)地(di)方是極(ji)板(ban)。而每個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)單格(ge)有(you)(you)15片(pian)極(ji)板(ban)，就(jiu)是15個(ge)焊(han)(han)點(dian)，一(yi)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)有(you)(you)6個(ge)單格(ge)，就(jiu)有(you)(you)90個(ge)焊(han)(han)點(dian)，一(yi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)由3個(ge)12V電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)，就(jiu)有(you)(you)270個(ge)焊(han)(han)點(dian)。如果一(yi)個(ge)焊(han)(han)點(dian)存(cun)在虛(xu)(xu)(xu)焊(han)(han)，該單格(ge)容(rong)量就(jiu)下降，進而該單格(ge)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)落后，造成(cheng)(cheng)整個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)都落后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)就(jiu)會形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)嚴(yan)重的(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)均衡，使這組(zu)(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)提(ti)前失(shi)效。就(jiu)算虛(xu)(xu)(xu)焊(han)(han)控制在萬(wan)分之一(yi)，平均每37組(zu)(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)就(jiu)會有(you)(you)一(yi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)存(cun)在虛(xu)(xu)(xu)焊(han)(han)，這是絕對不(bu)(bu)能夠允許(xu)的(de)(de)。而鉛鈣(gai)合(he)(he)(he)金板(ban)柵(zha)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，在焊(han)(han)接的(de)(de)時(shi)候會析(xi)出(chu)鈣(gai)而掩蓋虛(xu)(xu)(xu)焊(han)(han)問題，這樣(yang)，很多電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)制造商(shang)寧愿(yuan)采用低銻(ti)合(he)(he)(he)金的(de)(de)板(ban)柵(zha)而沒有(you)(you)采用鉛鈣(gai)合(he)(he)(he)金。而低銻(ti)合(he)(he)(he)金的(de)(de)板(ban)柵(zha)析(xi)氧析(xi)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓更低，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)出(chu)氣量大，失(shi)水相對嚴(yan)重，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)更容(rong)易硫化。

4、電動自行車生產方面的原因

大(da)多數車的控制器都留了一個線損插(cha)頭，很(hen)多經(jing)銷商以(yi)去掉限速來招攬顧客。一些車廠干(gan)脆就(jiu)去掉限速器出廠，既(ji)可以(yi)吸引看重(zhong)車速的客戶，也(ye)能降(jiang)低(di)成(cheng)本，這樣的車在高速行駛時電(dian)流非常大(da)，會(hui)嚴(yan)重(zhong)縮短電(dian)池壽(shou)命。

12V鉛(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的最(zui)低(di)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為(wei)10.5V，如果是(shi)36V電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組，最(zui)低(di)保(bao)(bao)留(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)就(jiu)是(shi)31.5V，目前大(da)多數車廠采用的控制器(qi)欠壓(ya)(ya)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)也都是(shi)31.5V。表面(mian)上看這是(shi)正(zheng)確(que)的，但(dan)是(shi)，實際當36V電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組只(zhi)剩(sheng)下31.5V電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)時，由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)存在容量差，肯(ken)定就(jiu)會(hui)有一個電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)低(di)于(yu)10.5V，該(gai)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)就(jiu)處于(yu)過放電(dian)(dian)狀態。

這(zhe)時候(hou)，過放電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量急劇下(xia)降(jiang)，這(zhe)時對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)損(sun)傷影響不僅僅是該單只(zhi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，而是影響整組電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)壽命。其實，在電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓低于(yu)32V以(yi)后一直到27V，所(suo)增加的(de)(de)(de)續行能力(li)不到2公里，而對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)損(sun)傷卻非常(chang)大。只(zhi)要出現這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)情況10次，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)容量就會(hui)低于(yu)標稱容量的(de)(de)(de)70%。

另(ling)外，一些用(yong)(yong)戶發(fa)現電池在欠壓以后，過(guo)10分鐘，電池又不欠壓了，就(jiu)又采取給(gei)電行駛，這對電池破(po)壞更(geng)(geng)大，而大多(duo)數車的(de)(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)明書沒有(you)(you)給(gei)用(yong)(yong)戶以警(jing)示。目前(qian)多(duo)數控制器(qi)(qi)內部(bu)都有(you)(you)可調(diao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電位(wei)器(qi)(qi)，而這個可調(diao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電位(wei)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)振動(dong)(dong)漂移是比(bi)較嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)。在價格競爭中(zhong)，面對更(geng)(geng)注重車外表的(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)戶群，很少(shao)有(you)(you)產品采用(yong)(yong)抗(kang)振動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)精密(mi)多(duo)圈電位(wei)器(qi)(qi)，這樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控制器(qi)(qi)發(fa)生(sheng)振動(dong)(dong)后漂移也不奇怪。

5、充電設備的原因

業界廣為(wei)流傳的(de)(de)一句話就是(shi)：電(dian)(dian)池(chi)不(bu)是(shi)用壞的(de)(de)，是(shi)充(chong)(chong)壞的(de)(de)。為(wei)了(le)滿(man)足電(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行車(che)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)短時(shi)高(gao)容量充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，在三段式恒壓(ya)限流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)中，不(bu)得(de)(de)不(bu)通過提高(gao)恒壓(ya)值到2.47V～2.49V。這(zhe)樣(yang)，大大超(chao)過電(dian)(dian)池(chi)正極板(ban)析氧電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和負極板(ban)析氫電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。一些(xie)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)制造商的(de)(de)產品為(wei)了(le)降(jiang)低(di)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)間的(de)(de)指示，提高(gao)了(le)恒壓(ya)轉(zhuan)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流，而使得(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)指示充(chong)(chong)滿(man)電(dian)(dian)以后(hou)，還沒(mei)有充(chong)(chong)滿(man)電(dian)(dian)，就靠提高(gao)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)來彌(mi)補。這(zhe)樣(yang)，很多充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)超(chao)過單格電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)2.35V，這(zhe)樣(yang)在浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)階段還在大量析氧。

而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧循環又不(bu)好，這(zhe)樣(yang)在(zai)浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)階(jie)段也在(zai)不(bu)斷的(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)氣(qi)。恒壓(ya)值高(gao)(gao)了，保(bao)證(zheng)了充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)，但是犧牲的(de)(de)(de)(de)是失水和(he)硫(liu)化。恒壓(ya)值低了，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)和(he)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)又難以(yi)(yi)保(bao)證(zheng)。在(zai)改善電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板柵合金、提高(gao)(gao)析(xi)氣(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位、改善氧循環性能，提高(gao)(gao)密(mi)封反應效率的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)上(shang)，控制充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)最(zui)高(gao)(gao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)在(zai)2.42V以(yi)(yi)下，也就是在(zai)析(xi)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位以(yi)(yi)下。這(zhe)樣(yang)做必然會導致充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)延長，這(zhe)就必須在(zai)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（限流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）的(de)(de)(de)(de)狀態下，加入(ru)去極化的(de)(de)(de)(de)負脈沖，改善電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接受能力，在(zai)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候(hou)多充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)入(ru)一(yi)些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)，縮短充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)。70%的(de)(de)(de)(de)2C電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接受能力比較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候(hou)，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)采用大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)損傷比較小。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)基本上(shang)沒有高(gao)(gao)于嚴重析(xi)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。

一(yi)旦高于析氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)壓，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)也會(hui)快速的(de)(de)(de)失(shi)(shi)水。使(shi)用這(zhe)類充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器，必須采用連續(xu)充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)，如果中途停止幾天充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)就會(hui)產生比(bi)較嚴重的(de)(de)(de)硫化而(er)提前(qian)失(shi)(shi)效(xiao)。而(er)用戶(hu)使(shi)用電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，是無法(fa)保證每次(ci)使(shi)用以后，都能(neng)(neng)夠及時充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)，一(yi)年(nian)以內(nei)發生數(shu)次(ci)沒(mei)有(you)及時充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)情況，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)硫化就會(hui)積(ji)累。多(duo)(duo)數(shu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器制造(zao)(zao)商都說(shuo)車(che)廠(chang)因為價格因素不接受可(ke)以保證電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽(shou)命(ming)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器。應該(gai)承認(ren)，這(zhe)是大(da)(da)多(duo)(duo)數(shu)小企業是如此，但(dan)是，有(you)發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)、規模性大(da)(da)企業確實(shi)出高價也買(mai)不到好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器。一(yi)些充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器制造(zao)(zao)商把(ba)某(mou)些功(gong)能(neng)(neng)夸大(da)(da)，成(cheng)品的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)效(xiao)沒(mei)有(you)其宣傳的(de)(de)(de)那樣好(hao)。還有(you)不少功(gong)能(neng)(neng)是屬(shu)于賣概念的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)，實(shi)效(xiao)有(you)限。

6、其它原因

不少電(dian)池(chi)在單體測(ce)試中，可以獲得比較好的(de)結果，但是(shi)，對(dui)于(yu)串連電(dian)池(chi)組來(lai)說，由于(yu)容量、開路電(dian)壓、荷(he)電(dian)狀(zhuang)態、硫化程度各不相同(tong)，這(zhe)個差異會(hui)在串連電(dian)池(chi)組被擴大(da)，狀(zhuang)態差的(de)單體會(hui)影響整組電(dian)池(chi)，其壽(shou)命明顯下(xia)降(jiang)。

從電池(chi)(chi)在生產(chan)(chan)線上充(chong)電，到用(yong)戶購車后配(pei)車使用(yong)這段時(shi)間要(yao)經(jing)過(guo)很多環節(jie)，間隔(ge)時(shi)間甚(shen)至(zhi)(zhi)會長達數月，在這期間，由于沒對電池(chi)(chi)進行補充(chong)電，自放電產(chan)(chan)生的硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛大量堆積結晶(jing)，用(yong)戶剛買到的新電池(chi)(chi)可能是已經(jing)老化甚(shen)至(zhi)(zhi)報費的電池(chi)(chi)。

電(dian)池廠家在執行(xing)質(zhi)保時，對回(hui)收電(dian)池并(bing)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)完(wan)全的(de)淘汰(tai)。電(dian)池返退以(yi)后(hou)(hou)，電(dian)池制造商重新進行(xing)充放電(dian)檢(jian)驗(yan)，在檢(jian)驗(yan)中往往會(hui)發現有60%以(yi)上的(de)單體電(dian)池是(shi)(shi)不(bu)符合返退條件的(de)電(dian)池。其(qi)原因也就是(shi)(shi)在串(chuan)連電(dian)池組(zu)中，個別的(de)電(dian)池落后(hou)(hou)形成整組(zu)電(dian)池功能下(xia)降而引(yin)起整組(zu)返退。不(bu)少(shao)電(dian)池制造商對返退電(dian)池采(cai)取(qu)配組(zu)、補水、除硫(liu)、包(bao)裝后(hou)(hou)，又重新提(ti)供(gong)給用戶，以(yi)提(ti)高電(dian)池的(de)有效使(shi)用壽(shou)命，降低(di)報廢(fei)率，減(jian)少(shao)電(dian)池制造商的(de)部分理(li)索賠的(de)損失(shi)，所以(yi)，很多經(jing)銷商已經(jing)感覺到廠家提(ti)供(gong)的(de)電(dian)池明顯(xian)“一代不(bu)如(ru)一代”。

電(dian)(dian)動車(che)電(dian)(dian)池如果使用(yong)得當，普通電(dian)(dian)池使用(yong)3年左右(you)問(wen)題不大，反之，使用(yong)壽命大大減(jian)短。因此，消費者日常對(dui)電(dian)(dian)動車(che)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)保(bao)養是(shi)決定電(dian)(dian)動車(che)電(dian)(dian)池壽命的(de)關鍵所在。

如何延長電動車電池壽命

對(dui)于電(dian)池和(he)(he)充電(dian)的注意事(shi)項，我們(men)分成兩類(lei)：絕(jue)對(dui)不允(yun)許（禁止）和(he)(he)最(zui)好(hao)不要（建議）：

禁止：

1、嚴禁(jin)將(jiang)電(dian)池的正(zheng)負(fu)極(ji)短路

2、禁止經常使用到欠(qian)壓保護電路起(qi)作用的時候(hou)才(cai)充電

3、禁止經常在未(wei)充滿電(dian)的(de)情況下(xia)拔(ba)下(xia)充電(dian)器(qi)的(de)電(dian)源(yuan)來使用電(dian)動車(che)

4、禁(jin)止(zhi)閑置時間過長（不(bu)得超過三天(tian)，且所剩(sheng)電(dian)量應大于40%），禁(jin)止(zhi)虧(kui)電(dian)存(cun)放

5、如果發(fa)現連續(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)10小時(shi)后還(huan)沒有轉燈，應馬上(shang)停(ting)止充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，檢(jian)查電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)溫度是否發(fa)燙。會的(de)話應該盡早送修(xiu)，無法(fa)立即送修(xiu)者，應控制充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)總時(shi)間(jian)不超過8小時(shi)，否則電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)將會因膨脹變形而損壞。

不轉燈原因有三：

一：充電(dian)器參數不匹配(pei)，產生漂(piao)移；

二：線路問題；

三：是電池(chi)因(yin)素：失水，電池(chi)內部有單格短路，硫化較為嚴重。

排查方法：

1、檢(jian)查充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)是(shi)(shi)否損壞，充(chong)電(dian)參數是(shi)(shi)否符(fu)合要求（有的(de)人用48V的(de)充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)來充(chong)36V的(de)電(dian)池組），看是(shi)(shi)否電(dian)壓偏(pian)高（14.8V/個以上的(de)）或涓流(liu)轉換電(dian)流(liu)偏(pian)低

2、檢查充電回路保險絲是否(fou)接(jie)觸良(liang)(liang)好(hao)，保險絲座(zuo)有無(wu)燒焦痕跡(ji)，檢查連線插(cha)接(jie)頭接(jie)觸是否(fou)良(liang)(liang)好(hao)，包含充電器的插(cha)頭的車上的插(cha)座(zuo)。

3、查看(kan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內部是否有(you)干(gan)(gan)涸(he)現象，即電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是否缺液(ye)嚴重。干(gan)(gan)涸(he)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)應補加(jia)純(chun)水或1.05g/cm3的稀硫酸，進行(xing)維(wei)護充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)進行(xing)修(xiu)復，同時測(ce)量單格(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，看(kan)是否有(you)單格(ge)短(duan)路的存在。

4、還應檢查極(ji)板是(shi)否(fou)存在不可(ke)逆硫酸(suan)鹽(yan)化(hua)。硫化(hua)嚴(yan)(yan)重的話(hua)，內阻增大，充電就會引起嚴(yan)(yan)重發熱。

5、極板的(de)不(bu)可(ke)(ke)逆硫(liu)酸鹽化，可(ke)(ke)通過(guo)充(chong)放電測量其(qi)端電壓(ya)(ya)的(de)變(bian)化來判定。在充(chong)電時(shi)(shi)，電池的(de)電壓(ya)(ya)上(shang)升特(te)別(bie)快(kuai)，某些(xie)單格電壓(ya)(ya)特(te)別(bie)高(gao)，放電時(shi)(shi)電壓(ya)(ya)下降特(te)別(bie)快(kuai)。出(chu)現上(shang)述情(qing)況，可(ke)(ke)判斷電池出(chu)現不(bu)可(ke)(ke)逆硫(liu)酸鹽化。如果發現有(you)不(bu)可(ke)(ke)逆硫(liu)酸鹽化，應進(jin)行均衡(heng)充(chong)電法(fa)進(jin)行修復(fu)。

6、禁止(zhi)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)放(fang)電(dian)電(dian)流超過額定容量150%，也就是如果是6-DZM-10（常說的(de)那種12AH的(de)電(dian)池(chi)）的(de)電(dian)池(chi)，它的(de)最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)放(fang)電(dian)電(dian)流為(wei)(wei)10×150%＝15A，如果是6-DZM-17的(de)電(dian)池(chi)它的(de)放(fang)電(dian)電(dian)流大(da)(da)(da)(da)為(wei)(wei)17×150%約為(wei)(wei)25A,如果是20AH的(de)的(de)電(dian)池(chi)最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)放(fang)電(dian)電(dian)流為(wei)(wei)30A。這(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)也同樣(yang)(yang)的(de)限制了(le)控制器限流值的(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)小

建議：

1、最好(hao)不要在未(wei)充(chong)滿電(dian)的情況下(xia)拔下(xia)充(chong)電(dian)器的電(dian)源來使用(yong)電(dian)動車。還(huan)有應注意的是：

轉(zhuan)燈并(bing)不表示此時的電池已經(jing)充(chong)滿(man)電，差不多只有95%－99%，需要繼續浮充(chong)2－3個小時來(lai)把它(ta)充(chong)滿(man)。

2、做到及時充電，閑(xian)置時間最好不(bu)超過12個(ge)小時，同(tong)時應增加相應浮充的時間。

3、使(shi)用量較(jiao)少(shao)者(zhe)，最(zui)好使(shi)用到50%－80%后再充電，有利于延長電池使(shi)用壽命。

4、在(zai)電(dian)池使用(yong)一(yi)年后(hou)，每間(jian)(jian)隔2個月，最(zui)好恒(heng)流充電(dian)一(yi)次，電(dian)流大小(xiao)為C／15，時間(jian)(jian)20小(xiao)時。

5、少拉重物，速度不要開得太(tai)快，減(jian)小電(dian)(dian)池的放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流。

6、緩慢加速，減小大電(dian)流對電(dian)池，控制器(qi)及電(dian)機的沖擊。