電動車電池壽命有多長

對于電動自行車電池的壽命，很多人都會很糾結。一組電動車電池（也就是電瓶）能用多長時間呢？為什么有些人的電瓶能用2-3年，而有些人的電瓶卻用不到一年就報廢了？到底電動車電池的壽命有多長呢？一般來說：電動自行車所用鉛蓄電池屬消耗品，其使用壽命只有1.5-2.5年，壽命(ming)長短與用戶的日常使用維護(hu)有很(hen)大(da)的關系。

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電動車電池壽命短的原因

1、鉛酸蓄電池工作原理方面的原因

鉛酸蓄電池充放電的過程是電化學反應的過程，充電時，硫酸鉛形成氧化鉛，放電時氧化鉛又還原為硫酸鉛。而硫酸鉛是一種非常容易結晶的物質，當電池中電解溶液的硫酸鉛濃度過高或靜態閑置時間過長時，就會“抱成”團，結成小晶體，這些小晶體再吸引周圍的硫酸鉛，就象滾雪球一樣形成大的惰性結晶，結晶后的硫酸鉛充電時不但不能再還原成氧化鉛，還會沉淀附著在電極板上，造成了電極板工作面積下降，這一現象叫硫化，也就是常說的老化。這時電池容量會逐漸下降，直至無法使用。

2、電動自行車特殊工作環境的原因

只要是(shi)鉛蓄電(dian)(dian)池，在使(shi)用的(de)(de)過程中(zhong)都會硫(liu)化，但其它領(ling)域(yu)的(de)(de)鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池卻比電(dian)(dian)動自行車上使(shi)用的(de)(de)鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池有(you)著更長的(de)(de)壽(shou)命(ming)，這(zhe)是(shi)因為電(dian)(dian)動自行車的(de)(de)鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池有(you)著一個(ge)更容易硫(liu)化的(de)(de)工作環境。

①深度放電

用在汽(qi)車(che)(che)上的鉛蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)只是在點火時(shi)(shi)單向放電(dian)(dian)，點火后(hou)發電(dian)(dian)機會對(dui)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)自動(dong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，不(bu)造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)深(shen)(shen)度(du)放電(dian)(dian)。而電(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行(xing)車(che)(che)在騎行(xing)時(shi)(shi)不(bu)可(ke)能充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，經常會超過60%的深(shen)(shen)度(du)放電(dian)(dian)，深(shen)(shen)放電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)，硫酸鉛濃度(du)增(zeng)加，硫化(hua)就(jiu)會相(xiang)當(dang)嚴重(zhong)。

②大電流放電

電(dian)動車(che)(che)20公里(li)巡航(hang)電(dian)流一般是(shi)4A，這個值已經高于其它領域的電(dian)池(chi)工(gong)作電(dian)流，而超速超載的電(dian)動車(che)(che)的工(gong)作電(dian)流就更大(da)(da)。電(dian)池(chi)制造商(shang)都進(jin)行過1C充(chong)電(dian)70%，2C放(fang)電(dian)60%的循(xun)環壽(shou)(shou)命試驗。經過這樣的壽(shou)(shou)命試驗，可達到充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)循(xun)環350次(ci)壽(shou)(shou)命的電(dian)池(chi)很多(duo)，但是(shi)實(shi)際在(zai)用的效(xiao)果就相(xiang)差甚遠了(le)。這是(shi)因為大(da)(da)電(dian)流工(gong)作增加了(le)50%的放(fang)電(dian)深度，電(dian)池(chi)會加速硫(liu)化(hua)。所以，電(dian)動三輪摩(mo)托車(che)(che)的電(dian)池(chi)壽(shou)(shou)命更短，因為三輪摩(mo)托車(che)(che)的車(che)(che)身太重，工(gong)作電(dian)流達6A以上。

③充放電頻率高

用在后(hou)備供電(dian)(dian)領域的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，只(zhi)有(you)在停電(dian)(dian)時(shi)才會放(fang)電(dian)(dian)，如果一(yi)年(nian)停8次(ci)電(dian)(dian)，要達到(dao)10年(nian)的(de)壽(shou)(shou)命，只(zhi)用做到(dao)80次(ci)循(xun)環充電(dian)(dian)壽(shou)(shou)命，而電(dian)(dian)動車一(yi)年(nian)充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)循(xun)環300次(ci)以上很常見。

④短時充電

由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行車是交通工具，可充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)時(shi)間(jian)不多，要(yao)在(zai)8小時(shi)內完成36伏(fu)(fu)或(huo)48伏(fu)(fu)的(de)20安時(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，這(zhe)就(jiu)必須提(ti)高充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)（一般為單節2.7~2.9伏(fu)(fu)），當充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)超過(guo)單節電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)析(xi)氧電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)（2.35伏(fu)(fu)）或(huo)析(xi)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)（2.42伏(fu)(fu)）時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池就(jiu)會因過(guo)度(du)析(xi)氧而開閥排氣，造成失水，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液濃度(du)增加，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)硫化現(xian)象加重。

⑤放電后不能及時充電

作為交通工具(ju)，電(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行車的充電(dian)(dian)及放電(dian)(dian)被完全分離開來，放電(dian)(dian)后很(hen)難有條(tiao)件及時充電(dian)(dian)，而放電(dian)(dian)后形(xing)成(cheng)的大量硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛如果超過半小(xiao)時不(bu)充電(dian)(dian)還原(yuan)為氧(yang)化鉛，就會(hui)硫(liu)化結(jie)成(cheng)晶體。

3、鉛蓄電池生產方面的原因

針對電動自行車(che)用(yong)鉛(qian)酸蓄電池的特殊性，各個電池制造商(shang)采取(qu)了多(duo)種方(fang)法。最典型的方(fang)法如下：

①增加極板數量。

把原(yuan)設計的單格(ge)5片(pian)(pian)(pian)6片(pian)(pian)(pian)制(zhi)改為(wei)6片(pian)(pian)(pian)7片(pian)(pian)(pian)制(zhi)，7片(pian)(pian)(pian)8片(pian)(pian)(pian)制(zhi)，甚至8片(pian)(pian)(pian)9片(pian)(pian)(pian)制(zhi)。靠減薄(bo)極板厚度和隔板，增加極板數量來提高電池容量。

②提高電池的硫酸比重

原(yuan)來浮(fu)充電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的硫(liu)酸比重(zhong)一(yi)般都在(zai)(zai)1.21~1.28之間，而電(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行車的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的硫(liu)酸比重(zhong)一(yi)般都在(zai)(zai)1.36～1.38左右，這(zhe)樣可以提供較大的電(dian)(dian)流，提升電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的初期容量。

③增加正極板活性物質氧化鉛的用量和比例。

增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)氧化鉛就增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)了參與放(fang)電的電化學反應(ying)物質，也就增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)了放(fang)電時間，增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)了電池容量。

通過這(zhe)些(xie)措施，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)初期容量(liang)(liang)滿(man)足(zu)了(le)電(dian)動自行車的(de)(de)容量(liang)(liang)要(yao)求，特別(bie)是(shi)改善了(le)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)大電(dian)流放(fang)電(dian)的(de)(de)特性。但是(shi)，極(ji)板(ban)增加了(le)，硫(liu)酸(suan)的(de)(de)容量(liang)(liang)就(jiu)減(jian)少(shao)了(le)，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)發熱導(dao)致大量(liang)(liang)失水，同時，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)微短路和鉛(qian)枝搭橋的(de)(de)概率增加了(le)。提(ti)高硫(liu)酸(suan)比重(zhong)增加了(le)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)初期容量(liang)(liang)，但是(shi)，硫(liu)化現(xian)象就(jiu)更(geng)嚴(yan)重(zhong)。密(mi)封(feng)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)最(zui)基(ji)本原理之一(yi)就(jiu)是(shi)正極(ji)板(ban)析(xi)氧以后，氧氣直接到負極(ji)板(ban)，被負極(ji)板(ban)吸(xi)收而還原為水，考核(he)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)這(zhe)個技(ji)術指標的(de)(de)參數叫做“密(mi)封(feng)反應效率”，這(zhe)種現(xian)象叫做“氧循環”。這(zhe)樣，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)失水很少(shao)，實現(xian)了(le)“免(mian)維護”，就(jiu)是(shi)免(mian)加水。

為(wei)此，都要求(qiu)負極(ji)板容量(liang)做(zuo)的比(bi)正(zheng)極(ji)板容量(liang)大(da)一(yi)些，又稱為(wei)負極(ji)過渡(du)。增加正(zheng)極(ji)板活(huo)性物質必然使(shi)得，負極(ji)過渡(du)減少了，氧循環變差了，失水(shui)(shui)增加了，又會(hui)(hui)造(zao)成硫(liu)化。這些措(cuo)施雖(sui)然提(ti)升(sheng)了電(dian)池的初期容量(liang)，但是(shi)卻會(hui)(hui)造(zao)成失水(shui)(shui)和硫(liu)化，而(er)失水(shui)(shui)和硫(liu)化又會(hui)(hui)相(xiang)互促成，最終(zhong)結(jie)果(guo)卻是(shi)犧牲電(dian)池的壽命。

還有(you)(you)(you)就(jiu)是極(ji)群組裝(zhuang)虛(xu)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)問(wen)題。容易(yi)產生(sheng)虛(xu)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)的(de)(de)地方是極(ji)板(ban)(ban)。而每個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)單(dan)格有(you)(you)(you)15片(pian)極(ji)板(ban)(ban)，就(jiu)是15個(ge)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)點(dian)(dian)，一個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)有(you)(you)(you)6個(ge)單(dan)格，就(jiu)有(you)(you)(you)90個(ge)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)點(dian)(dian)，一組電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)由(you)3個(ge)12V電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組成(cheng)，就(jiu)有(you)(you)(you)270個(ge)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)點(dian)(dian)。如果一個(ge)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)點(dian)(dian)存在(zai)虛(xu)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)，該單(dan)格容量(liang)就(jiu)下降，進而該單(dan)格形(xing)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)落后，造成(cheng)整個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)都落后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)形(xing)成(cheng)嚴(yan)重的(de)(de)不(bu)均衡(heng)，使這(zhe)(zhe)組電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)提前失效。就(jiu)算(suan)虛(xu)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)控制在(zai)萬分之一，平均每37組電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)有(you)(you)(you)一組電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)存在(zai)虛(xu)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)，這(zhe)(zhe)是絕(jue)對(dui)不(bu)能夠允(yun)許的(de)(de)。而鉛(qian)鈣(gai)合(he)金(jin)板(ban)(ban)柵(zha)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，在(zai)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)接的(de)(de)時候(hou)會(hui)(hui)析(xi)出(chu)鈣(gai)而掩蓋虛(xu)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)問(wen)題，這(zhe)(zhe)樣，很多電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)制造商寧愿采用低銻(ti)合(he)金(jin)的(de)(de)板(ban)(ban)柵(zha)而沒有(you)(you)(you)采用鉛(qian)鈣(gai)合(he)金(jin)。而低銻(ti)合(he)金(jin)的(de)(de)板(ban)(ban)柵(zha)析(xi)氧(yang)析(xi)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓更低，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)出(chu)氣量(liang)大，失水相對(dui)嚴(yan)重，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)更容易(yi)硫(liu)化。

4、電動自行車生產方面的原因

大多數車(che)(che)的控制器都(dou)留了一(yi)個線損插頭，很多經(jing)銷商(shang)以去掉(diao)限速(su)來招攬顧(gu)客。一(yi)些車(che)(che)廠(chang)干脆就去掉(diao)限速(su)器出廠(chang)，既可以吸(xi)引看重車(che)(che)速(su)的客戶，也(ye)能降低成本，這樣的車(che)(che)在高速(su)行駛(shi)時電流(liu)非常(chang)大，會(hui)嚴(yan)重縮短電池壽命。

12V鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的最低保(bao)護電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為10.5V，如果是(shi)36V電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)，最低保(bao)留電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)就是(shi)31.5V，目前(qian)大多數車(che)廠采(cai)用的控制器(qi)欠壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)保(bao)護電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)也都是(shi)31.5V。表面上看這是(shi)正(zheng)確的，但(dan)是(shi)，實際當36V電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)只(zhi)剩下31.5V電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)時，由于電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)存在容量(liang)差，肯定就會有一個電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)低于10.5V，該電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)就處于過放(fang)電(dian)(dian)狀態。

這時候，過放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)急劇下降，這時對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)損傷影響不(bu)僅僅是(shi)該單只電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，而是(shi)影響整組電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)壽命。其實(shi)，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓低于32V以(yi)后一直到27V，所增加的(de)(de)(de)(de)續行能力不(bu)到2公(gong)里(li)，而對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)損傷卻非常(chang)大(da)。只要出(chu)現這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況10次，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)就會低于標稱(cheng)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)70%。

另外，一些用(yong)(yong)戶發現電(dian)池在欠(qian)壓以(yi)后，過10分(fen)鐘，電(dian)池又(you)不欠(qian)壓了，就又(you)采取(qu)給電(dian)行駛，這(zhe)對電(dian)池破壞更(geng)大，而大多數車的說明書沒有給用(yong)(yong)戶以(yi)警(jing)示。目(mu)前多數控(kong)制器內部都有可調的電(dian)位(wei)器，而這(zhe)個可調的電(dian)位(wei)器的振(zhen)(zhen)動漂移是比較嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)的。在價格競爭中(zhong)，面(mian)對更(geng)注重(zhong)(zhong)車外表的用(yong)(yong)戶群，很少有產品采用(yong)(yong)抗(kang)振(zhen)(zhen)動的精密多圈電(dian)位(wei)器，這(zhe)樣(yang)的控(kong)制器發生(sheng)振(zhen)(zhen)動后漂移也不奇(qi)怪。

5、充電設備的原因

業界廣為流(liu)傳的一句話就是：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池不(bu)是用壞(huai)的，是充(chong)(chong)壞(huai)的。為了(le)(le)滿(man)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行(xing)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的短時高(gao)容量充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，在三段式恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)限流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中(zhong)，不(bu)得不(bu)通過提(ti)高(gao)恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)值到2.47V～2.49V。這樣(yang)，大(da)大(da)超過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池正極(ji)板析(xi)氧(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)和(he)負極(ji)板析(xi)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。一些充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器制造商的產品為了(le)(le)降低充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間的指示(shi)，提(ti)高(gao)了(le)(le)恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)轉浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，而(er)使得充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)指示(shi)充(chong)(chong)滿(man)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以后，還(huan)沒(mei)有充(chong)(chong)滿(man)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，就靠提(ti)高(gao)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)來彌補(bu)。這樣(yang)，很多(duo)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)超過單(dan)格電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)2.35V，這樣(yang)在浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)階段還(huan)在大(da)量析(xi)氧(yang)。

而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)氧循(xun)環又不(bu)好，這(zhe)樣在(zai)(zai)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)階段也在(zai)(zai)不(bu)斷(duan)的(de)排氣。恒壓(ya)值高了(le)，保(bao)證(zheng)了(le)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間，但是(shi)犧(xi)牲的(de)是(shi)失水和(he)硫化(hua)。恒壓(ya)值低了(le)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間和(he)充(chong)(chong)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量又難以保(bao)證(zheng)。在(zai)(zai)改善電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板柵合金、提高析(xi)氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位、改善氧循(xun)環性能，提高密封反應效率的(de)基礎上(shang)，控制(zhi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)最高充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)在(zai)(zai)2.42V以下(xia)，也就是(shi)在(zai)(zai)析(xi)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位以下(xia)。這(zhe)樣做必然會導致充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間的(de)延長(chang)，這(zhe)就必須在(zai)(zai)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（限流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）的(de)狀態下(xia)，加入去極化(hua)的(de)負(fu)脈沖，改善電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接受(shou)能力(li)，在(zai)(zai)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)時(shi)(shi)候(hou)多充(chong)(chong)入一些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量，縮短(duan)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間。70%的(de)2C電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接受(shou)能力(li)比(bi)較(jiao)大(da)的(de)時(shi)(shi)候(hou)，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)采用大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)損傷比(bi)較(jiao)小。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)基本上(shang)沒有(you)高于嚴重析(xi)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。

一(yi)旦高于析(xi)氫電(dian)壓，電(dian)池(chi)也會快(kuai)速的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)失水。使用(yong)這類充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)，必(bi)須采(cai)用(yong)連續充(chong)(chong)放電(dian)，如(ru)果中途停(ting)止(zhi)幾(ji)天(tian)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)，電(dian)池(chi)就(jiu)會產生比(bi)較嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫化而提前失效。而用(yong)戶使用(yong)電(dian)池(chi)，是(shi)無法(fa)保(bao)證每次使用(yong)以后，都能(neng)夠及(ji)時充(chong)(chong)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，一(yi)年以內發生數(shu)(shu)次沒(mei)有(you)(you)及(ji)時充(chong)(chong)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況，電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫化就(jiu)會積累(lei)。多(duo)數(shu)(shu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)商都說(shuo)車廠(chang)因為價格因素不接(jie)受可以保(bao)證電(dian)池(chi)壽命的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)。應該(gai)承認，這是(shi)大多(duo)數(shu)(shu)小企業(ye)是(shi)如(ru)此，但(dan)是(shi)，有(you)(you)發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、規(gui)模(mo)性大企業(ye)確實(shi)出(chu)高價也買不到好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)。一(yi)些充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)商把某些功(gong)能(neng)夸大，成品的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)效沒(mei)有(you)(you)其(qi)宣(xuan)傳的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)那樣好。還有(you)(you)不少功(gong)能(neng)是(shi)屬于賣概念的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)，實(shi)效有(you)(you)限。

6、其它原因

不少電池在(zai)單(dan)體(ti)測試中(zhong)，可(ke)以獲(huo)得比較好的(de)結果(guo)，但是(shi)，對(dui)于串(chuan)連電池組來(lai)說(shuo)，由于容(rong)量、開路電壓(ya)、荷(he)電狀態、硫化(hua)程度各不相同，這個差異會(hui)在(zai)串(chuan)連電池組被(bei)擴大，狀態差的(de)單(dan)體(ti)會(hui)影響整組電池，其壽命明顯下降。

從電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)生產線上充電(dian)(dian)，到用戶(hu)購車后配車使用這段時(shi)間(jian)要(yao)經過(guo)很多環(huan)節，間(jian)隔時(shi)間(jian)甚至會長達數月，在(zai)這期間(jian)，由于沒(mei)對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)進行補充電(dian)(dian)，自放(fang)電(dian)(dian)產生的硫酸(suan)鉛大量堆(dui)積結晶，用戶(hu)剛(gang)買(mai)到的新電(dian)(dian)池(chi)可能是已經老化(hua)甚至報(bao)費的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)。

電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)廠家(jia)在執(zhi)行質保時，對回收電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)并(bing)不(bu)是(shi)完(wan)全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)淘汰。電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)返(fan)(fan)退以(yi)(yi)后，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)制造商(shang)(shang)(shang)重新(xin)(xin)進行充(chong)放電(dian)檢驗(yan)，在檢驗(yan)中往往會發(fa)現有(you)60%以(yi)(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)單體電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)不(bu)符合(he)返(fan)(fan)退條(tiao)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。其原因(yin)也就是(shi)在串(chuan)連(lian)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)中，個別的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)落后形(xing)成整組(zu)(zu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)功能下降而引起整組(zu)(zu)返(fan)(fan)退。不(bu)少(shao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)制造商(shang)(shang)(shang)對返(fan)(fan)退電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)采(cai)取配組(zu)(zu)、補水、除硫(liu)、包裝后，又重新(xin)(xin)提(ti)供給用戶(hu)，以(yi)(yi)提(ti)高電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)效使用壽(shou)命，降低(di)報廢率，減少(shao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)制造商(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)部分理索賠的(de)(de)(de)(de)損失，所以(yi)(yi)，很多經(jing)銷商(shang)(shang)(shang)已經(jing)感覺到廠家(jia)提(ti)供的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)明顯“一代(dai)不(bu)如一代(dai)”。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)如果使用(yong)得(de)當，普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)使用(yong)3年左右問(wen)題不大(da)，反之，使用(yong)壽(shou)命大(da)大(da)減短。因此，消費(fei)者(zhe)日常對電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)保養是決(jue)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽(shou)命的(de)(de)關鍵所在(zai)。

如何延長電動車電池壽命

對(dui)于電(dian)池(chi)和(he)充電(dian)的注意(yi)事項，我(wo)們分成兩類(lei)：絕對(dui)不(bu)允許（禁止）和(he)最好(hao)不(bu)要（建議）：

禁止：

1、嚴禁將電池的正負極短路

2、禁止經常(chang)使(shi)用到(dao)欠壓保護電路(lu)起作用的時候(hou)才(cai)充電

3、禁止經常(chang)在未(wei)充滿電的(de)情(qing)況下拔下充電器的(de)電源來使用(yong)電動(dong)車

4、禁止(zhi)閑置時間過長(chang)（不得(de)超過三天，且(qie)所剩電(dian)量應大于40%），禁止(zhi)虧電(dian)存放

5、如果發現連(lian)續(xu)充電(dian)10小時后還沒有轉燈，應(ying)馬上(shang)停止充電(dian)，檢查電(dian)池的溫度是(shi)否發燙(tang)。會的話應(ying)該(gai)盡早送(song)修(xiu)，無(wu)法立即送(song)修(xiu)者，應(ying)控(kong)制充電(dian)總時間不超過8小時，否則電(dian)池將會因膨脹變形而損壞。

不轉(zhuan)燈原因(yin)有三：

一：充電器(qi)參數不匹配，產(chan)生漂移；

二：線路問題；

三：是電池(chi)因素(su)：失水(shui)，電池(chi)內部有單格(ge)短路，硫化較為嚴(yan)重。

排查方法：

1、檢查(cha)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)是(shi)否損壞(huai)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)參數是(shi)否符合要求(qiu)（有的人用48V的充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)來充36V的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組），看是(shi)否電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓偏高（14.8V/個以(yi)上的）或涓流(liu)轉換電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)偏低

2、檢(jian)查充電回(hui)路保險絲(si)是否(fou)接觸良(liang)好，保險絲(si)座有無燒(shao)焦痕(hen)跡，檢(jian)查連線插(cha)接頭接觸是否(fou)良(liang)好，包(bao)含充電器的插(cha)頭的車上的插(cha)座。

3、查看(kan)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)內部是否有干涸現象，即電(dian)(dian)池(chi)是否缺液(ye)嚴(yan)重。干涸的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)應(ying)補加純水或1.05g/cm3的稀硫酸(suan)，進行(xing)維護充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)進行(xing)修(xiu)復(fu)，同時測量單(dan)格電(dian)(dian)壓，看(kan)是否有單(dan)格短路(lu)的存(cun)在。

4、還應檢查極板是(shi)否存在不可逆(ni)硫酸鹽化。硫化嚴重(zhong)的(de)話，內(nei)阻增大，充電就會引起嚴重(zhong)發熱。

5、極(ji)板(ban)的(de)(de)不(bu)可逆(ni)硫(liu)酸鹽化(hua)，可通過充放電(dian)測量其端電(dian)壓的(de)(de)變化(hua)來判定。在充電(dian)時，電(dian)池的(de)(de)電(dian)壓上(shang)(shang)升(sheng)特(te)別快，某些(xie)單(dan)格(ge)電(dian)壓特(te)別高，放電(dian)時電(dian)壓下(xia)降特(te)別快。出現上(shang)(shang)述情況(kuang)，可判斷電(dian)池出現不(bu)可逆(ni)硫(liu)酸鹽化(hua)。如果發現有(you)不(bu)可逆(ni)硫(liu)酸鹽化(hua)，應(ying)進行均衡充電(dian)法進行修(xiu)復。

6、禁止電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)最大(da)(da)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)超過額定(ding)容量150%，也(ye)就是如果是6-DZM-10（常說的(de)那(nei)種(zhong)12AH的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)）的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，它的(de)最大(da)(da)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)為10×150%＝15A，如果是6-DZM-17的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)它的(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)大(da)(da)為17×150%約為25A,如果是20AH的(de)的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)最大(da)(da)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)為30A。這樣(yang)也(ye)同樣(yang)的(de)限制了控制器限流(liu)值的(de)大(da)(da)小

建議：

1、最好(hao)不(bu)要(yao)在未充(chong)滿電的情況下拔(ba)下充(chong)電器的電源來(lai)使(shi)用電動車(che)。還有應注意的是(shi)：

轉燈并不表示此時的電池已(yi)經充滿電，差(cha)不多只有95%－99%，需要繼續浮充2－3個小時來把它(ta)充滿。

2、做到及時充電(dian)，閑置時間最好不(bu)超過12個小時，同(tong)時應(ying)增加(jia)相應(ying)浮充的時間。

3、使(shi)用(yong)量(liang)較少(shao)者，最好使(shi)用(yong)到50%－80%后(hou)再充(chong)電，有(you)利(li)于(yu)延長(chang)電池使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)。

4、在電(dian)池(chi)使(shi)用一年后，每間隔2個月，最好恒流充電(dian)一次，電(dian)流大小為C／15，時(shi)間20小時(shi)。

5、少拉重物，速度不要(yao)開得太快，減小電池的(de)放電電流。

6、緩(huan)慢加速，減小(xiao)大電流對電池，控制器(qi)及電機的沖擊。