【電動機(ji)】電動機(ji)的(de)工作原理 電動機是如何工(gong)作的

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電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)是一種(zhong)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)式機(ji)(ji)器，它將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變(bian)為機(ji)(ji)械能(neng)，它主(zhu)要(yao)包(bao)括(kuo)一個用以(yi)產生磁(ci)場的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)鐵(tie)繞(rao)(rao)組或(huo)分布的(de)定(ding)子繞(rao)(rao)組和(he)一個旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞或(huo)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子，其導線中(zhong)有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流通過并受磁(ci)場的(de)作用而使轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)，這些(xie)機(ji)(ji)器中(zhong)有(you)些(xie)類型(xing)可作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)用，也可作發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)用。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換成(cheng)機(ji)械能的(de)設備，它是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)利用(yong)(yong)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線圈在(zai)磁(ci)場(chang)中受(shou)(shou)力轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)的(de)現(xian)象制成(cheng)，分布(bu)于各個用(yong)(yong)戶處，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)按使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源不(bu)同分為直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)和(he)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統中的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)大部分是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)，可以是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)同步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)或者是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)定子(zi)(zi)磁(ci)場(chang)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速與轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速不(bu)保(bao)持同步速）。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)主要由定子(zi)(zi)與轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)組成(cheng)。通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)線在(zai)磁(ci)場(chang)中受(shou)(shou)力運動(dong)(dong)的(de)方向(xiang)(xiang)跟電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)方向(xiang)(xiang)和(he)磁(ci)感(gan)線（磁(ci)場(chang)方向(xiang)(xiang)）方向(xiang)(xiang)有關。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)工(gong)作原理是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)磁(ci)場(chang)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)受(shou)(shou)力的(de)作用(yong)(yong)，使(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)。

它是將電能轉變為機械能的一種機器。通常電動機的作功部分作旋轉運動，這種電動機稱為轉子電動機；也有作直線運動的，稱為直線電動機。電動機能提供的功率范圍很大，從毫瓦級到萬千瓦級。電動機的使用和控制非常方便，具有自起動 、加速、制動、反轉、掣住等能力，能滿足各種運行要求；電動機的工作效率較高，又沒有煙塵、氣味，不污染環境，噪聲也較小。由于它的一系列優點，所以在工農業生產、交通運輸、國防、商業及家用電器、醫療電器設備(bei)等各方面廣泛(fan)應(ying)用。

各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)應(ying)用最(zui)廣的(de)(de)(de)(de)是交流異(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)（又(you)稱感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji) ）。它使(shi)用方便 、運行可(ke)靠 、價(jia)格(ge)低廉 、結(jie)構牢(lao)固，但功率因數(shu)較低，調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)也較困難(nan)。大容量低轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)常(chang)用同(tong)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)（見同(tong)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)）。同(tong)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)但功率因數(shu)高(gao)，而(er)且(qie)其(qi)(qi)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)與負載大小無(wu)關，只(zhi)決定于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網頻率。工(gong)作較穩(wen)定。在要求寬(kuan)范圍調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)場合多(duo)用直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。但它有換(huan)向器，結(jie)構復雜，價(jia)格(ge)昂貴，維(wei)護(hu)困難(nan)，不(bu)適(shi)于惡劣(lie)環境。20世紀70年(nian)代以(yi)后，隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展，交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)技術漸趨(qu)成(cheng)熟(shu)，設備價(jia)格(ge)日益降低，已開始(shi)得到應(ying)用 。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在規(gui)定工(gong)作制(zhi)式(shi)(shi)（連續式(shi)(shi)、短時(shi)(shi)運行制(zhi)、斷續周期運行制(zhi)）下所(suo)能(neng)承擔(dan)而(er)不(bu)至引起電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)過熱的(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)大輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械功率稱為(wei)它的(de)(de)(de)(de)額定功率，使(shi)用時(shi)(shi)需(xu)注(zhu)意(yi)銘(ming)牌上的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)運行時(shi)(shi)需(xu)注(zhu)意(yi)使(shi)其(qi)(qi)負載的(de)(de)(de)(de)特性與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特性相匹(pi)配，避免出(chu)現飛車或停轉(zhuan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)方法很多(duo)，能(neng)適(shi)應(ying)不(bu)同(tong)生產機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械速(su)(su)度(du)(du)變化的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求。一般(ban)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)時(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)功率會隨轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)而(er)變化。從能(neng)量消(xiao)耗的(de)(de)(de)(de)角度(du)(du)看，調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)大致可(ke)分(fen)兩種 ：① 保持輸(shu)(shu)入功率不(bu)變 。通(tong)過改變調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)裝(zhuang)置的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)量消(xiao)耗，調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)功率以(yi)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)。②控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)輸(shu)(shu)入功率以(yi)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)。

三相異步電機工作原理

異(yi)步電(dian)機的工作原理如下:當導體(ti)在磁場內切割磁力線(xian)時，在導體(ti)內產生感應電(dian)流，“感應電(dian)機”的名稱由(you)此而來(lai)。

感應電流和磁場的聯合作(zuo)用向電機轉子施加(jia)驅動力。 三組(zu)繞組(zu)問彼(bi)此(ci)相(xiang)差120度，每一(yi)(yi)組(zu)繞組(zu)都由三相(xiang)交(jiao)流電源中的一(yi)(yi)相(xiang)供電。

電動機使(shi)用了電流的磁效應原(yuan)理(li)，發明這一原(yuan)理(li)的的是丹麥物理(li)學家(jia)奧斯特(te)。

電動機的發展

1831年，美國物理學家亨(heng)利設(she)計出最初的(de)電(dian)(dian)子式電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)。受到亨(heng)利的(de)啟發，一位名叫威廉·里(li)奇的(de)人設(she)計并造出了一臺(tai)可以轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)。里(li)奇的(de)這(zhe)架電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)類(lei)似于我們今天(tian)在實驗(yan)室(shi)里(li)組裝(zhuang)的(de)直流電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)模型。

到了(le)19世紀40年(nian)(nian)代，俄(e)國(guo)科學(xue)家雅(ya)科比使電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)變得更為實用了(le)。他用電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵替(ti)代永久磁(ci)(ci)鐵進行工作(zuo)。這種新型(xing)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)當時(shi)被裝在一(yi)艘游艇上(shang)，載著幾名乘客駛過(guo)了(le)涅(nie)瓦(wa)河。此(ci)事引起(qi)了(le)極大的(de)(de)(de)(de)轟動(dong)。此(ci)后，出生于克羅地亞的(de)(de)(de)(de)美國(guo)人特斯拉于1888年(nian)(nian)，制造(zao)出了(le)第一(yi)臺感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)，他在各種電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)中，算是(shi)被應(ying)用最(zui)廣的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種。感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)會(hui)(hui)將交流電(dian)(dian)快速輸入一(yi)組稱(cheng)(cheng)為“定(ding)子”的(de)(de)(de)(de)外線(xian)(xian)圈，繼(ji)而產生一(yi)個旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)(ci)場。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)組線(xian)(xian)圈則稱(cheng)(cheng)為“轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子”，它(ta)會(hui)(hui)被定(ding)子的(de)(de)(de)(de)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)(ci)場感應(ying)出電(dian)(dian)流，然后轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子會(hui)(hui)因電(dian)(dian)流變化(hua)而轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變成電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵。

美(mei)國物理學家亨(heng)(heng)(heng)利(li)(li)(li)于法拉(la)(la)第(di)(di)(di)同時(shi)(shi)作出電磁(ci)感(gan)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)偉大(da)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)，1830年8月，亨(heng)(heng)(heng)利(li)(li)(li)在實(shi)驗(yan)中已(yi)經觀(guan)察(cha)到了電磁(ci)感(gan)應(ying)現(xian)(xian)(xian)象，這(zhe)比法拉(la)(la)第(di)(di)(di)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)電磁(ci)感(gan)應(ying)現(xian)(xian)(xian)象早一年。但是(shi)當時(shi)(shi)亨(heng)(heng)(heng)利(li)(li)(li)正在集中精力制作更大(da)的(de)(de)(de)電磁(ci)鐵，沒(mei)有(you)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)表這(zhe)一實(shi)驗(yan)成果，也沒(mei)有(you)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)去申請專利(li)(li)(li)，失去了發(fa)(fa)(fa)明權(quan)。可(ke)是(shi)亨(heng)(heng)(heng)利(li)(li)(li)從不計較個人(ren)(ren)名利(li)(li)(li)，他認為知識應(ying)該為全世界人(ren)(ren)類所共享，從未與法拉(la)(la)第(di)(di)(di)爭過發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)權(quan)，仍然專心致(zhi)志地獻身于科(ke)學事業(ye)。亨(heng)(heng)(heng)利(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)尚品德受(shou)到世人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)稱贊。所以最后(hou)，人(ren)(ren)們還是(shi)將電磁(ci)感(gan)應(ying)現(xian)(xian)(xian)象的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)歸于法拉(la)(la)第(di)(di)(di)。特別值得一提的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)，亨(heng)(heng)(heng)利(li)(li)(li)實(shi)驗(yan)裝(zhuang)置比法拉(la)(la)弟感(gan)應(ying)線圈更接近(jin)于現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)通用的(de)(de)(de)變壓器(qi)。

單(dan)相交流(liu)電動(dong)機的旋轉(zhuan)原理(li)單(dan)相交流(liu)電動(dong)機只有一個繞(rao)組，轉(zhuan)子是鼠(shu)籠(long)式的。

單相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)不能產(chan)生(sheng)旋轉磁場.要使(shi)單相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)動(dong)機能自(zi)動(dong)旋轉起(qi)(qi)來(lai)，我們可在定子中加上一個(ge)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)，起(qi)(qi)動(dong)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)與(yu)主繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)在空間(jian)上相(xiang)(xiang)差90度(du)(du)(du)，起(qi)(qi)動(dong)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)要串接一個(ge)合適的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)容，使(shi)得與(yu)主繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)在相(xiang)(xiang)位上近似相(xiang)(xiang)差90度(du)(du)(du)，即所謂的(de)(de)(de)分相(xiang)(xiang)原理。這(zhe)樣兩個(ge)在時間(jian)上相(xiang)(xiang)差90度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)通入兩個(ge)在空間(jian)上相(xiang)(xiang)差90度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)，將(jiang)會(hui)在空間(jian)上產(chan)生(sheng)（兩相(xiang)(xiang)）旋轉磁場，在這(zhe)個(ge)旋轉磁場作用下，轉子就能自(zi)動(dong)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)。

電機拆卸前應做哪些詳細檢查和試驗？

（1）在拆卸(xie)前，要(yao)用壓縮空氣吹凈電機表面(mian)灰塵，并將表面(mian)污垢擦拭干凈。

（2）選擇(ze)電機解體的(de)工作地點，清理現場環(huan)境。

（3）熟悉電(dian)機結構特點和檢修(xiu)技術要求(qiu)。

（4）準備(bei)好解體所需(xu)工具（包括專用工具）和(he)設備(bei)。

（5）為了進一(yi)步(bu)了解電機運行中(zhong)的缺陷，有(you)條件時可在拆卸前(qian)做一(yi)次(ci)(ci)檢(jian)(jian)查試驗(yan)。為此，將電機帶(dai)上(shang)負(fu)載試轉，詳(xiang)細(xi)檢(jian)(jian)查電機各(ge)部分溫度、聲音(yin)、振動等情況，并測試電壓、電流(liu)(liu)、轉速等，然(ran)后再斷(duan)開負(fu)載，單獨做一(yi)次(ci)(ci)空載檢(jian)(jian)查試驗(yan)，測出(chu)空載電流(liu)(liu)和(he)空載損耗，做好記(ji)錄。

（6）切斷電源，拆除(chu)電機外部(bu)接(jie)線，做(zuo)好記錄。

（7）選(xuan)用合(he)適電壓的(de)兆歐表測(ce)(ce)試電機(ji)(ji)絕緣電阻(zu)。為了跟上(shang)次(ci)檢修時所測(ce)(ce)的(de)絕緣電阻(zu)值(zhi)相比(bi)較以判斷電機(ji)(ji)絕緣變(bian)化趨勢和(he)絕緣狀態，應將不(bu)同溫度下測(ce)(ce)出的(de)絕緣電阻(zu)值(zhi)換算到同一溫度，一般(ban)換算至75℃。

（8）測試(shi)吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)比(bi)K。當吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)比(bi)大于1.33時，表(biao)明電(dian)機絕緣(yuan)不曾受(shou)潮或受(shou)潮程度(du)不嚴重(zhong)。為了跟以前數據進(jin)行比(bi)較，同樣要將任(ren)意溫度(du)下測得的吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)比(bi)換算到同一溫度(du)。

電動機的種類

1.按工作電源分類：根據電動機(ji)(ji)(ji)工作電源的不同，可分為直流(liu)電動機(ji)(ji)(ji)和交(jiao)流(liu)電動機(ji)(ji)(ji)。其中(zhong)交(jiao)流(liu)電動機(ji)(ji)(ji)還分為單相電動機(ji)(ji)(ji)和三相電動機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

2.按結(jie)構(gou)及工(gong)作(zuo)原理(li)分類：電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)按結(jie)構(gou)及工(gong)作(zuo)原理(li)可分為直流電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)，異步電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和同步電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。

同步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)還可分(fen)為(wei)永(yong)磁同步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)、磁阻同步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)和磁滯同步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)。

異(yi)步(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)可(ke)分為(wei)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)和(he)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)換(huan)向器電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)。感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)又分為(wei)三相異(yi)步(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)、單相異(yi)步(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)和(he)罩極異(yi)步(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)等。交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)換(huan)向器電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)又分為(wei)單相串(chuan)勵(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)、交(jiao)(jiao)直流(liu)(liu)兩(liang)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)和(he)推斥電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)。

直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)按結構(gou)及(ji)工(gong)作(zuo)原理可分(fen)為無(wu)刷(shua)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和有刷(shua)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。有刷(shua)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)可分(fen)為永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)又(you)分(fen)為串勵(li)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、并勵(li)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、他勵(li)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和復勵(li)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)又(you)分(fen)為稀土永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、鐵氧(yang)體永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和鋁鎳鈷永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。

3.按起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)與運(yun)行(xing)方式(shi)(shi)分類：電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)按起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)與運(yun)行(xing)方式(shi)(shi)可分為電容(rong)(rong)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)式(shi)(shi)單(dan)相(xiang)異(yi)(yi)(yi)步電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、電容(rong)(rong)運(yun)轉式(shi)(shi)單(dan)相(xiang)異(yi)(yi)(yi)步電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、電容(rong)(rong)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)運(yun)轉式(shi)(shi)單(dan)相(xiang)異(yi)(yi)(yi)步電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和分相(xiang)式(shi)(shi)單(dan)相(xiang)異(yi)(yi)(yi)步電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。

4.按(an)用(yong)(yong)途分類(lei)：電(dian)動機按(an)用(yong)(yong)途可分為驅動用(yong)(yong)電(dian)動機和控制用(yong)(yong)電(dian)動機。

驅動(dong)(dong)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)又(you)分為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)工具（包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)鉆孔(kong)、拋光、磨光、開槽、切(qie)割(ge)、擴孔(kong)等(deng)工具）用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、家電(dian)(dian)(dian)（包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)洗衣機(ji)(ji)(ji)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)風(feng)扇(shan)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)冰箱、空調器、錄音機(ji)(ji)(ji)、錄像機(ji)(ji)(ji)、影碟機(ji)(ji)(ji)、吸塵器、照(zhao)相機(ji)(ji)(ji)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)吹(chui)風(feng)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)剃須刀等(deng)）用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)及(ji)其它通用(yong)小(xiao)型(xing)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設備（包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)各種(zhong)小(xiao)型(xing)機(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)、小(xiao)型(xing)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)、醫療(liao)器械(xie)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)子儀(yi)器等(deng)）用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。 控制用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)又(you)分為(wei)步進電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)伺服電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)。

5.按(an)轉子(zi)的(de)結構分類(lei)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機按(an)轉子(zi)的(de)結構可分為(wei)籠(long)型感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機（舊標(biao)準稱(cheng)為(wei)鼠籠(long)型異(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機）和繞(rao)線轉子(zi)感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機（舊標(biao)準稱(cheng)為(wei)繞(rao)線型異(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機）。

6.按運轉速(su)(su)度分類(lei)：電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)按運轉速(su)(su)度可分為(wei)高速(su)(su)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)、低速(su)(su)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)、恒(heng)速(su)(su)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)、調(diao)速(su)(su)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)。

ａ.低速(su)電動(dong)機(ji)又分為齒(chi)輪減速(su)電動(dong)機(ji)、電磁減速(su)電動(dong)機(ji)、力矩電動(dong)機(ji)和爪(zhua)極同步電動(dong)機(ji)等。

ｂ.調速(su)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)除可分為有級(ji)恒速(su)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)、無級(ji)恒速(su)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)、有級(ji)變(bian)速(su)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)和無極變(bian)速(su)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)外，還可分為電(dian)磁(ci)調速(su)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)、直(zhi)流調速(su)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)、PWM變(bian)頻調速(su)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)和開關磁(ci)阻調速(su)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)。

伺服電動機

用(yong)作自動控制裝置中執(zhi)行元件的微(wei)特電(dian)機。又稱(cheng)執(zhi)行電(dian)動機。其功能是(shi)將電(dian)信號轉換成轉軸的角(jiao)位移或角(jiao)速度。

伺服電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)分交(jiao)(jiao)、直(zhi)流兩類。交(jiao)(jiao)流伺服電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)工作原理(li)與交(jiao)(jiao)流感應電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)相同。在定子上有(you)兩個(ge)相空間(jian)位(wei)移(yi)90°電(dian)角度(du)的(de)勵磁繞組Wf和控(kong)制繞組WcoWf接一恒(heng)定交(jiao)(jiao)流電(dian)壓，利用(yong)施加(jia)到Wc上的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)流電(dian)壓或(huo)相位(wei)的(de)變化(hua)，達到控(kong)制電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)運(yun)行的(de)目(mu)的(de)。交(jiao)(jiao)流伺服電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)具有(you)運(yun)行穩定、可控(kong)性(xing)好、響應快速、靈敏度(du)高以及機(ji)械特性(xing)和調節特性(xing)的(de)非線性(xing)度(du)指(zhi)標嚴格（要求分別(bie)小于10％～15％和小于15％～25％）等特點。直(zhi)流伺服電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)工作原理(li)與一般(ban)直(zhi)流電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)相同。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機轉速n為n＝E／K1j＝（Ua－IaRa）／K1j式(shi)中E為電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)反電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢；K為常數；j為每極磁通；Ua，Ia為電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流；Ra為電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻。改(gai)變(bian)Ua或(huo)改(gai)變(bian)φ，均可控(kong)制直流伺(si)(si)服電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機的轉速，但一般采用(yong)控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的方(fang)法。在永磁式(shi)直流伺(si)(si)服電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機中，勵磁繞組被永久磁鐵所取代，磁通φ恒定(ding)。

直(zhi)流(liu)伺服電動機具有良好的線性調(diao)節特性及快速的時(shi)間(jian)響應。

伺(si)服電動機(ji)一般(ban)分為直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)伺(si)服和交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)伺(si)服，對于直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)伺(si)服馬達(da)優點是：

優(you)點：精確的速度控(kong)制，轉(zhuan)矩(ju)速度特性很硬，原(yuan)理(li)簡單、使用方便，價格優(you)勢；

缺(que)點(dian)：電(dian)刷換向，速度(du)限制，附加阻力(li)，產生磨損微粒（對于無(wu)塵室(shi)）。

對于交流伺服馬達

優點：良好的速(su)度控制(zhi)特性(xing)，在整個速(su)度區內可實現(xian)平滑控制(zhi)，幾(ji)乎無振蕩；高(gao)效率，90%以上，不發熱；高(gao)速(su)控制(zhi)；高(gao)精(jing)確位置控制(zhi)（取決于何種編碼(ma)器）；額定運(yun)行區域內，實現(xian)恒(heng)力矩；低噪音；沒有電(dian)刷的磨損(sun)，免維護；不產生磨損(sun)顆粒、沒有火花，適用于無塵間、易暴環境慣量低；

缺點：控制較復雜，驅動(dong)器參數(shu)需要(yao)現(xian)場調(diao)整(zheng)PID參數(shu)整(zheng)定，需要(yao)更多的(de)連(lian)線(xian)

直流伺服電動機的應用

直流伺(si)服(fu)電(dian)機的(de)特(te)性較交流伺(si)服(fu)電(dian)機硬。通常應用于功率稍大的(de)系(xi)統(tong)中，如隨動系(xi)統(tong)中的(de)位(wei)置控(kong)制等。

交流伺服電動機的應用

交流伺服電機(ji)的輸出功率一般為0.1-100W，電源頻率分50Hz、400Hz等多種(zhong)。它的應用(yong)很廣泛，如用(yong)在各種(zhong)自(zi)動控制、自(zi)動記錄等系統中(zhong)。