【電動機(ji)】電動機(ji)的(de)工作(zuo)原理 電動機是(shi)如何工作的

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電動機(ji)(ji)是一(yi)(yi)種旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)式機(ji)(ji)器(qi)，它(ta)將電能(neng)轉(zhuan)變為機(ji)(ji)械能(neng)，它(ta)主要包括一(yi)(yi)個用(yong)以(yi)產生磁場的電磁鐵繞組(zu)或分(fen)布的定子繞組(zu)和一(yi)(yi)個旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)電樞或轉(zhuan)子，其導(dao)線(xian)中有電流(liu)通過并受磁場的作(zuo)用(yong)而(er)使轉(zhuan)動，這些機(ji)(ji)器(qi)中有些類型(xing)可(ke)作(zuo)電動機(ji)(ji)用(yong)，也可(ke)作(zuo)發電機(ji)(ji)用(yong)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)把電(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換成(cheng)(cheng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械能的(de)設備(bei)，它是(shi)利用通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)圈在磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場(chang)中(zhong)受力(li)(li)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動的(de)現(xian)象(xiang)制成(cheng)(cheng)，分布于(yu)各個用戶處(chu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)按使(shi)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)源不同分為直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)和交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統中(zhong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)大部分是(shi)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，可(ke)以(yi)是(shi)同步電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)或者是(shi)異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)定子磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場(chang)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速與(yu)(yu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速不保(bao)持同步速）。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要由定子與(yu)(yu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子組成(cheng)(cheng)。通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)導線(xian)(xian)在磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場(chang)中(zhong)受力(li)(li)運(yun)動的(de)方(fang)向(xiang)跟(gen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流方(fang)向(xiang)和磁(ci)(ci)(ci)感(gan)線(xian)(xian)（磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場(chang)方(fang)向(xiang)）方(fang)向(xiang)有關(guan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)工作(zuo)原(yuan)理(li)是(shi)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場(chang)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)流受力(li)(li)的(de)作(zuo)用，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動。

它是將電能轉變為機械能的一種機器。通常電動機的作功部分作旋轉運動，這種電動機稱為轉子電動機；也有作直線運動的，稱為直線電動機。電動機能提供的功率范圍很大，從毫瓦級到萬千瓦級。電動機的使用和控制非常方便，具有自起動 、加速、制動、反轉、掣住等能力，能滿足各種運行要求；電動機的工作效率較高，又沒有煙塵、氣味，不污染環境，噪聲也較小。由于它的一系列優點，所以在工農業生產、交通運輸、國防、商業及家用電器、醫(yi)療電器設備等各方面(mian)廣(guang)泛(fan)應用。

各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中應(ying)(ying)用(yong)最(zui)廣的(de)是交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)（又稱感應(ying)(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji) ）。它(ta)(ta)使用(yong)方便 、運(yun)行(xing)可靠 、價(jia)格低(di)(di)(di)廉 、結(jie)構牢固(gu)，但功率(lv)(lv)因數較低(di)(di)(di)，調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)也較困難。大容量(liang)低(di)(di)(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)的(de)動力機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)常用(yong)同(tong)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)（見同(tong)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)）。同(tong)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)但功率(lv)(lv)因數高，而(er)且其(qi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)與負(fu)載(zai)大小無關(guan)，只決定(ding)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網頻率(lv)(lv)。工作較穩(wen)定(ding)。在要求寬(kuan)范圍調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)的(de)場合多用(yong)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。但它(ta)(ta)有換向(xiang)器，結(jie)構復(fu)雜，價(jia)格昂貴，維護困難，不(bu)適(shi)于惡劣環境。20世紀70年(nian)代以(yi)后，隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)技術的(de)發展，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)技術漸趨(qu)成熟，設備價(jia)格日(ri)益降低(di)(di)(di)，已開始得到應(ying)(ying)用(yong) 。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在規(gui)定(ding)工作制(zhi)(zhi)式（連續式、短時(shi)(shi)運(yun)行(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)、斷續周期運(yun)行(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)）下所能(neng)(neng)承擔而(er)不(bu)至(zhi)引(yin)起電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)過熱的(de)最(zui)大輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)功率(lv)(lv)稱為它(ta)(ta)的(de)額定(ding)功率(lv)(lv)，使用(yong)時(shi)(shi)需(xu)注意銘牌上的(de)規(gui)定(ding)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)運(yun)行(xing)時(shi)(shi)需(xu)注意使其(qi)負(fu)載(zai)的(de)特(te)性與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)特(te)性相(xiang)匹配，避免出(chu)現(xian)飛車或停轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)方法很多，能(neng)(neng)適(shi)應(ying)(ying)不(bu)同(tong)生產機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)速(su)(su)度變(bian)化的(de)要求。一般電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)時(shi)(shi)其(qi)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)功率(lv)(lv)會(hui)隨轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)而(er)變(bian)化。從能(neng)(neng)量(liang)消(xiao)耗的(de)角(jiao)度看，調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)大致可分兩種 ：① 保持輸(shu)(shu)入功率(lv)(lv)不(bu)變(bian) 。通(tong)過改變(bian)調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)裝置的(de)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)消(xiao)耗，調(diao)(diao)(diao)節輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)功率(lv)(lv)以(yi)調(diao)(diao)(diao)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)。②控制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)輸(shu)(shu)入功率(lv)(lv)以(yi)調(diao)(diao)(diao)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)。

三相異步電機工作原理

異步電(dian)機的工作原理如下:當(dang)導體在磁(ci)場(chang)內切(qie)割磁(ci)力線時，在導體內產生(sheng)感應電(dian)流(liu)，“感應電(dian)機”的名稱由此而(er)來。

感應電(dian)流(liu)和(he)磁場的(de)聯(lian)合(he)作用(yong)向電(dian)機轉子(zi)施(shi)加驅動力。 三(san)組(zu)繞組(zu)問彼此相差120度(du)，每(mei)一組(zu)繞組(zu)都由三(san)相交流(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)中的(de)一相供電(dian)。

電動機使用了電流(liu)的(de)磁效應(ying)原理，發明(ming)這一原理的(de)的(de)是丹麥物理學家奧斯特。

電動機的發展

1831年，美國物理學家亨(heng)利設計(ji)出(chu)最初的電(dian)子式電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)。受到(dao)亨(heng)利的啟(qi)發(fa)，一位名叫(jiao)威廉(lian)·里奇的人設計(ji)并造出(chu)了一臺可以轉動(dong)的電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)。里奇的這(zhe)架(jia)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)類(lei)似于我們今(jin)天在實驗室(shi)里組(zu)裝的直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)模型。

到了(le)19世紀40年代(dai)，俄國科(ke)學家雅科(ke)比(bi)使電(dian)動機(ji)變得(de)更為(wei)實用(yong)了(le)。他(ta)用(yong)電(dian)磁鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)替代(dai)永久磁鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)進行工作(zuo)。這種(zhong)新型電(dian)動機(ji)當時(shi)被(bei)裝在一艘游艇上(shang)，載著幾名乘客駛過了(le)涅瓦河。此事引起(qi)了(le)極大的(de)(de)轟(hong)動。此后，出生于克羅地(di)亞(ya)的(de)(de)美國人(ren)特斯拉于1888年，制造出了(le)第一臺感(gan)應電(dian)動機(ji)，他(ta)在各(ge)種(zhong)電(dian)動機(ji)中，算是(shi)被(bei)應用(yong)最廣的(de)(de)一種(zhong)。感(gan)應電(dian)動機(ji)會將交流電(dian)快速(su)輸入一組稱為(wei)“定子(zi)”的(de)(de)外線圈，繼而產生一個旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁場(chang)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸內的(de)(de)一組線圈則稱為(wei)“轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)”，它會被(bei)定子(zi)的(de)(de)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁場(chang)感(gan)應出電(dian)流，然后轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)會因(yin)電(dian)流變化而轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變成電(dian)磁鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)。

美國(guo)物理學家亨(heng)利(li)(li)(li)于(yu)法拉(la)(la)第同時(shi)(shi)作(zuo)出電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)感(gan)(gan)應的偉大發(fa)現(xian)，1830年8月(yue)，亨(heng)利(li)(li)(li)在實驗(yan)(yan)中已(yi)經觀察到了(le)電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)感(gan)(gan)應現(xian)象，這(zhe)比法拉(la)(la)第發(fa)現(xian)電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)感(gan)(gan)應現(xian)象早一(yi)年。但是當時(shi)(shi)亨(heng)利(li)(li)(li)正在集中精力(li)制作(zuo)更(geng)大的電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵，沒有(you)及時(shi)(shi)發(fa)表這(zhe)一(yi)實驗(yan)(yan)成果(guo)，也沒有(you)及時(shi)(shi)的去(qu)申請專(zhuan)利(li)(li)(li)，失(shi)去(qu)了(le)發(fa)明權(quan)。可是亨(heng)利(li)(li)(li)從不計(ji)較個人(ren)名利(li)(li)(li)，他(ta)認(ren)為知識應該為全世(shi)界人(ren)類所共享，從未與法拉(la)(la)第爭過發(fa)現(xian)權(quan)，仍然專(zhuan)心(xin)致(zhi)志地獻身于(yu)科學事(shi)業。亨(heng)利(li)(li)(li)的高尚品(pin)德受到世(shi)人(ren)的稱贊。所以最后(hou)，人(ren)們還是將(jiang)電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)感(gan)(gan)應現(xian)象的發(fa)現(xian)歸于(yu)法拉(la)(la)第。特別值得一(yi)提的是，亨(heng)利(li)(li)(li)實驗(yan)(yan)裝置(zhi)比法拉(la)(la)弟感(gan)(gan)應線(xian)圈(quan)更(geng)接近于(yu)現(xian)代通用(yong)的變(bian)壓器。

單相交流電動機的(de)(de)旋轉原理單相交流電動機只有一(yi)個繞組，轉子是鼠(shu)籠式的(de)(de)。

單相(xiang)電(dian)不能產(chan)生旋轉磁(ci)場(chang).要(yao)使(shi)單相(xiang)電(dian)動機能自(zi)動旋轉起(qi)來，我們(men)可在(zai)定(ding)子(zi)中(zhong)加上(shang)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)起(qi)動繞組(zu)(zu)，起(qi)動繞組(zu)(zu)與主繞組(zu)(zu)在(zai)空間上(shang)相(xiang)差(cha)90度(du)，起(qi)動繞組(zu)(zu)要(yao)串(chuan)接(jie)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)合適的(de)電(dian)容，使(shi)得與主繞組(zu)(zu)的(de)電(dian)流在(zai)相(xiang)位(wei)上(shang)近似相(xiang)差(cha)90度(du)，即所謂的(de)分(fen)相(xiang)原理。這樣兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)在(zai)時間上(shang)相(xiang)差(cha)90度(du)的(de)電(dian)流通入兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)在(zai)空間上(shang)相(xiang)差(cha)90度(du)的(de)繞組(zu)(zu)，將會在(zai)空間上(shang)產(chan)生（兩(liang)相(xiang)）旋轉磁(ci)場(chang)，在(zai)這個(ge)(ge)旋轉磁(ci)場(chang)作用下，轉子(zi)就(jiu)能自(zi)動起(qi)動。

電機拆卸前應做哪些詳細檢查和試驗？

（1）在拆卸前，要用壓(ya)縮空氣吹(chui)凈(jing)電機表面(mian)灰塵，并將表面(mian)污(wu)垢擦拭(shi)干(gan)凈(jing)。

（2）選擇電(dian)機解(jie)體的工作地(di)點，清理現場環境。

（3）熟(shu)悉電(dian)機結(jie)構特(te)點和(he)檢修技術要(yao)求。

（4）準備好解體(ti)所需工(gong)(gong)具(ju)（包(bao)括專用(yong)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)）和(he)設(she)備。

（5）為了進一步了解電(dian)(dian)(dian)機運(yun)行中的缺陷，有條(tiao)件(jian)時可(ke)在拆卸前做一次檢查(cha)(cha)試驗(yan)。為此，將電(dian)(dian)(dian)機帶上負(fu)載(zai)試轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，詳(xiang)細檢查(cha)(cha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機各部分溫度、聲(sheng)音(yin)、振動等情況，并(bing)測試電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速等，然后(hou)再(zai)斷開負(fu)載(zai)，單獨做一次空(kong)載(zai)檢查(cha)(cha)試驗(yan)，測出空(kong)載(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)和空(kong)載(zai)損耗，做好記(ji)錄。

（6）切斷電源，拆除電機外部接(jie)線，做(zuo)好記錄。

（7）選用合適電壓(ya)的兆歐表測試(shi)電機(ji)絕(jue)緣電阻(zu)。為了跟上次檢修時所測的絕(jue)緣電阻(zu)值相(xiang)比較以判(pan)斷電機(ji)絕(jue)緣變化趨勢和(he)絕(jue)緣狀態，應將(jiang)不同溫度(du)下(xia)測出(chu)的絕(jue)緣電阻(zu)值換算到同一溫度(du)，一般換算至(zhi)75℃。

（8）測(ce)試吸(xi)(xi)收比K。當吸(xi)(xi)收比大于1.33時，表(biao)明電機絕緣不曾受(shou)潮(chao)或受(shou)潮(chao)程(cheng)度不嚴重。為了跟以前數據進行比較，同樣要將任意溫度下測(ce)得的吸(xi)(xi)收比換算到同一溫度。

電動機的種類

1.按工(gong)作(zuo)電源分(fen)(fen)類：根據電動(dong)機(ji)工(gong)作(zuo)電源的不同，可分(fen)(fen)為直(zhi)流(liu)電動(dong)機(ji)和(he)交流(liu)電動(dong)機(ji)。其中交流(liu)電動(dong)機(ji)還(huan)分(fen)(fen)為單(dan)相(xiang)電動(dong)機(ji)和(he)三(san)相(xiang)電動(dong)機(ji)。

2.按(an)結構及(ji)工(gong)(gong)作原理分(fen)類：電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)按(an)結構及(ji)工(gong)(gong)作原理可分(fen)為(wei)直流(liu)電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)，異步電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)同步電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)。

同(tong)步(bu)(bu)電動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)還可(ke)分為(wei)永磁(ci)同(tong)步(bu)(bu)電動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)、磁(ci)阻同(tong)步(bu)(bu)電動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)和磁(ci)滯同(tong)步(bu)(bu)電動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)。

異(yi)(yi)(yi)步(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可分為感(gan)應(ying)(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和交流(liu)(liu)換向(xiang)器電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。感(gan)應(ying)(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)又分為三相異(yi)(yi)(yi)步(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、單相異(yi)(yi)(yi)步(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和罩(zhao)極(ji)異(yi)(yi)(yi)步(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)等。交流(liu)(liu)換向(xiang)器電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)又分為單相串勵電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、交直流(liu)(liu)兩用電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和推斥電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)按(an)結構及工作原理(li)可分為無刷(shua)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和有刷(shua)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。有刷(shua)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可分為永(yong)磁直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)又分為串勵(li)(li)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、并(bing)勵(li)(li)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、他勵(li)(li)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和復勵(li)(li)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。永(yong)磁直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)又分為稀(xi)土永(yong)磁直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、鐵氧體永(yong)磁直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和鋁鎳鈷永(yong)磁直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

3.按(an)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)與(yu)運行(xing)方式(shi)(shi)分類：電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機按(an)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)與(yu)運行(xing)方式(shi)(shi)可分為電(dian)(dian)容起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)式(shi)(shi)單(dan)相(xiang)異(yi)(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機、電(dian)(dian)容運轉(zhuan)式(shi)(shi)單(dan)相(xiang)異(yi)(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機、電(dian)(dian)容起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)運轉(zhuan)式(shi)(shi)單(dan)相(xiang)異(yi)(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機和分相(xiang)式(shi)(shi)單(dan)相(xiang)異(yi)(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機。

4.按(an)用途分類：電動機(ji)按(an)用途可分為驅(qu)動用電動機(ji)和(he)控制(zhi)用電動機(ji)。

驅動(dong)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)又分(fen)(fen)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)工具(ju)（包括鉆孔、拋光、磨(mo)光、開槽、切割、擴孔等(deng)工具(ju)）用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（包括洗衣機(ji)(ji)(ji)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)風扇、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)冰(bing)箱、空(kong)調器、錄(lu)音(yin)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、錄(lu)像機(ji)(ji)(ji)、影(ying)碟(die)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、吸(xi)塵器、照相機(ji)(ji)(ji)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)吹風、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)剃須刀等(deng)）用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)及其它通用小(xiao)型機(ji)(ji)(ji)械設備(bei)（包括各種小(xiao)型機(ji)(ji)(ji)床、小(xiao)型機(ji)(ji)(ji)械、醫療器械、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子儀器等(deng)）用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。 控制用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)又分(fen)(fen)為步(bu)進電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和伺服電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)。

5.按轉子(zi)的結(jie)構分(fen)類：電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)按轉子(zi)的結(jie)構可(ke)分(fen)為籠型感應(ying)電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)（舊標準稱(cheng)為鼠籠型異步(bu)電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)）和繞線轉子(zi)感應(ying)電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)（舊標準稱(cheng)為繞線型異步(bu)電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)）。

6.按(an)運轉速(su)度分(fen)類(lei)：電動機按(an)運轉速(su)度可分(fen)為(wei)高速(su)電動機、低速(su)電動機、恒速(su)電動機、調速(su)電動機。

ａ.低(di)速電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)又分(fen)為齒輪(lun)減速電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)、電(dian)磁(ci)減速電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)、力(li)矩電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)和爪極(ji)同(tong)步電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)等。

ｂ.調(diao)速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)除可(ke)分為有(you)級恒速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、無級恒速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、有(you)級變(bian)速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和無極(ji)變(bian)速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)外(wai)，還可(ke)分為電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁調(diao)速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、直流(liu)調(diao)速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、PWM變(bian)頻(pin)調(diao)速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和開關磁阻(zu)調(diao)速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

伺服電動機

用(yong)作自動控制裝(zhuang)置中執行元(yuan)件的(de)微特電(dian)機(ji)。又(you)稱執行電(dian)動機(ji)。其功(gong)能(neng)是(shi)將電(dian)信號轉(zhuan)換成轉(zhuan)軸的(de)角位移(yi)或角速度。

伺服電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)分交(jiao)(jiao)、直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)兩類。交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)伺服電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)原理與交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)感(gan)應電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)相(xiang)同。在定子上有兩個相(xiang)空間位移(yi)90°電(dian)角度的(de)(de)勵磁繞組(zu)Wf和(he)(he)控(kong)(kong)制繞組(zu)WcoWf接一(yi)恒定交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)壓(ya)，利用施加到Wc上的(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)壓(ya)或相(xiang)位的(de)(de)變化，達到控(kong)(kong)制電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)運(yun)行(xing)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)伺服電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)具(ju)有運(yun)行(xing)穩定、可(ke)控(kong)(kong)性好、響(xiang)應快(kuai)速(su)、靈敏度高(gao)以及(ji)機(ji)械特性和(he)(he)調節特性的(de)(de)非線性度指標嚴格（要求(qiu)分別小(xiao)于10％～15％和(he)(he)小(xiao)于15％～25％）等特點。直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)伺服電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)原理與一(yi)般直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)相(xiang)同。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機轉(zhuan)速n為(wei)(wei)(wei)n＝E／K1j＝（Ua－IaRa）／K1j式中E為(wei)(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)反電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢；K為(wei)(wei)(wei)常數；j為(wei)(wei)(wei)每極磁(ci)通；Ua，Ia為(wei)(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)；Ra為(wei)(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻。改變(bian)Ua或改變(bian)φ，均可控(kong)制直流(liu)伺服電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機的(de)轉(zhuan)速，但一般采用控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)方法。在永磁(ci)式直流(liu)伺服電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機中，勵(li)磁(ci)繞組被(bei)永久(jiu)磁(ci)鐵所取代，磁(ci)通φ恒定(ding)。

直流伺服電動機具有良好的線性(xing)調節特性(xing)及快(kuai)速的時間(jian)響應。

伺服(fu)(fu)電動機一般分為直流(liu)(liu)伺服(fu)(fu)和交流(liu)(liu)伺服(fu)(fu)，對(dui)于直流(liu)(liu)伺服(fu)(fu)馬(ma)達優點(dian)是(shi)：

優點：精確(que)的(de)速度控制，轉矩速度特性很硬，原理(li)簡單、使用(yong)方(fang)便(bian)，價格優勢(shi)；

缺點(dian)：電刷換向，速(su)度(du)限制，附加(jia)阻力(li)，產生(sheng)磨(mo)損(sun)微粒(li)（對于(yu)無(wu)塵室）。

對于交流伺服馬達

優點：良好的(de)速(su)度控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)特性，在整個速(su)度區內可實(shi)現(xian)平滑控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)，幾(ji)乎(hu)無(wu)振蕩；高效(xiao)率(lv)，90%以上，不發熱；高速(su)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)；高精(jing)確(que)位置控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)（取決于何種(zhong)編碼器(qi)）；額定運(yun)行區域內，實(shi)現(xian)恒力(li)矩(ju)；低(di)噪音；沒有(you)電(dian)刷的(de)磨損，免(mian)維護；不產生磨損顆(ke)粒、沒有(you)火(huo)花(hua)，適(shi)用于無(wu)塵(chen)間(jian)、易暴環境慣量低(di)；

缺點：控制較(jiao)復雜，驅動器參數需要(yao)現場(chang)調整PID參數整定(ding)，需要(yao)更多的連線

直流伺服電動機的應用

直(zhi)流伺服(fu)電機的(de)特(te)性較交流伺服(fu)電機硬。通常(chang)應用于功率稍大的(de)系統中，如隨動系統中的(de)位置控制(zhi)等(deng)。

交流伺服電動機的應用

交流伺服電機的輸(shu)出功率一(yi)般為0.1-100W，電源頻率分50Hz、400Hz等多種(zhong)。它的應用很廣泛，如(ru)用在(zai)各種(zhong)自動(dong)控制、自動(dong)記錄等系統中。