【電動(dong)(dong)機】電動(dong)(dong)機的工作原理(li) 電動機是如(ru)何工作(zuo)的

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電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)是一種旋轉式機(ji)(ji)器，它(ta)將(jiang)電(dian)能(neng)轉變為機(ji)(ji)械能(neng)，它(ta)主要包括(kuo)一個用以(yi)產生磁(ci)場(chang)的電(dian)磁(ci)鐵(tie)繞組(zu)或(huo)分(fen)布的定子繞組(zu)和一個旋轉電(dian)樞或(huo)轉子，其導線中(zhong)有電(dian)流通過并受磁(ci)場(chang)的作用而使轉動(dong)，這些機(ji)(ji)器中(zhong)有些類型可作電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)用，也可作發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)用。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)是把(ba)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換成(cheng)機(ji)械能(neng)的設備，它是利用通電(dian)(dian)(dian)線圈在磁(ci)(ci)場中受力(li)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的現(xian)象制成(cheng)，分(fen)布于各個用戶處，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)按使用電(dian)(dian)(dian)源不同(tong)分(fen)為直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)和交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統中的電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)大(da)部(bu)分(fen)是交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)，可以是同(tong)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)或者(zhe)是異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)定(ding)子磁(ci)(ci)場轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速與轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速不保(bao)持同(tong)步(bu)速）。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)主要由定(ding)子與轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子組成(cheng)。通電(dian)(dian)(dian)導線在磁(ci)(ci)場中受力(li)運動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)跟電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)和磁(ci)(ci)感(gan)線（磁(ci)(ci)場方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)）方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)有(you)關。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)工作(zuo)原理是磁(ci)(ci)場對電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)受力(li)的作(zuo)用，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。

它是將電能轉變為機械能的一種機器。通常電動機的作功部分作旋轉運動，這種電動機稱為轉子電動機；也有作直線運動的，稱為直線電動機。電動機能提供的功率范圍很大，從毫瓦級到萬千瓦級。電動機的使用和控制非常方便，具有自起動 、加速、制動、反轉、掣住等能力，能滿足各種運行要求；電動機的工作效率較高，又沒有煙塵、氣味，不污染環境，噪聲也較小。由于它的一系列優點，所以在工農業生產、交通運輸、國防、商業及家用電器、醫(yi)療電器設備等各方面廣(guang)泛應用(yong)。

各種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)中應用(yong)(yong)最廣(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是交流異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)（又稱感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji) ）。它使(shi)用(yong)(yong)方便 、運(yun)行(xing)可靠 、價(jia)格低(di)廉(lian) 、結構(gou)牢固，但功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因數(shu)較(jiao)(jiao)低(di)，調(diao)速(su)(su)(su)(su)也較(jiao)(jiao)困(kun)難。大(da)容量低(di)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力機(ji)(ji)(ji)常(chang)用(yong)(yong)同步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)（見同步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)）。同步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)不但功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因數(shu)高，而且其轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)(su)與負載大(da)小無關，只決(jue)定(ding)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)頻率(lv)(lv)(lv)。工作較(jiao)(jiao)穩定(ding)。在要求寬范圍(wei)調(diao)速(su)(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)場合多用(yong)(yong)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。但它有換向器，結構(gou)復雜(za)，價(jia)格昂貴，維護困(kun)難，不適于惡劣(lie)環境。20世(shi)紀(ji)70年代以(yi)后，隨(sui)著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展，交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)速(su)(su)(su)(su)技術(shu)漸趨成熟(shu)，設(she)備價(jia)格日益降低(di)，已開始得到應用(yong)(yong) 。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)在規定(ding)工作制式（連續式、短時(shi)運(yun)行(xing)制、斷續周期運(yun)行(xing)制）下所(suo)能(neng)承擔而不至引起(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)過熱的(de)(de)(de)(de)最大(da)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)稱為它的(de)(de)(de)(de)額定(ding)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)，使(shi)用(yong)(yong)時(shi)需(xu)注(zhu)意(yi)銘牌上的(de)(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)運(yun)行(xing)時(shi)需(xu)注(zhu)意(yi)使(shi)其負載的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)性(xing)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)性(xing)相匹配，避免出(chu)現飛車或停轉(zhuan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)速(su)(su)(su)(su)方法很多，能(neng)適應不同生產(chan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)速(su)(su)(su)(su)度(du)變(bian)(bian)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求。一般電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)調(diao)速(su)(su)(su)(su)時(shi)其輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)會(hui)隨(sui)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)(su)而變(bian)(bian)化。從能(neng)量消耗(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)度(du)看，調(diao)速(su)(su)(su)(su)大(da)致可分兩種(zhong) ：① 保持輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)不變(bian)(bian) 。通過改(gai)變(bian)(bian)調(diao)速(su)(su)(su)(su)裝置的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)量消耗(hao)，調(diao)節輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)以(yi)調(diao)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)(su)。②控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)以(yi)調(diao)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)(su)。

三相異步電機工作原理

異(yi)步電(dian)機的工作原(yuan)理(li)如下:當導體在磁場內切割(ge)磁力線時，在導體內產(chan)生感(gan)應電(dian)流，“感(gan)應電(dian)機”的名稱由(you)此而來。

感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)流和磁場的(de)聯合作用向電(dian)(dian)機轉子施(shi)加驅動力。 三(san)(san)組繞組問彼此(ci)相差120度，每一組繞組都(dou)由三(san)(san)相交流電(dian)(dian)源中的(de)一相供電(dian)(dian)。

電動(dong)機使用(yong)了電流的磁效應原理，發明這一原理的的是丹麥物理學家奧斯特。

電動機的發展

1831年，美國物理(li)學(xue)家亨利(li)設計出最初的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)子式電(dian)(dian)動機。受到亨利(li)的(de)(de)(de)啟發，一位名叫威廉·里奇(qi)的(de)(de)(de)人設計并造出了一臺可以轉動的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)動機。里奇(qi)的(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)架(jia)電(dian)(dian)動機類(lei)似于我(wo)們今天(tian)在實驗室里組裝的(de)(de)(de)直流電(dian)(dian)動機模型。

到了(le)19世紀40年(nian)代，俄(e)國科學家雅科比使電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)變(bian)得更為(wei)實(shi)用了(le)。他用電磁鐵(tie)替代永久磁鐵(tie)進行工作。這種新型(xing)電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)當時被裝在一(yi)(yi)(yi)艘游(you)艇上(shang)，載(zai)著幾名乘客駛(shi)過了(le)涅瓦(wa)河(he)。此(ci)事引起了(le)極(ji)大的(de)轟動(dong)(dong)。此(ci)后，出生(sheng)于克(ke)羅地亞(ya)的(de)美國人特斯(si)拉于1888年(nian)，制(zhi)造出了(le)第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)臺感應電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)，他在各(ge)種電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)中，算是(shi)被應用最廣的(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種。感應電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)會將(jiang)交流(liu)電快速(su)輸入一(yi)(yi)(yi)組(zu)稱為(wei)“定(ding)子(zi)(zi)”的(de)外線(xian)圈，繼而(er)產生(sheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)旋(xuan)轉磁場。轉軸(zhou)內的(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)組(zu)線(xian)圈則(ze)稱為(wei)“轉子(zi)(zi)”，它會被定(ding)子(zi)(zi)的(de)旋(xuan)轉磁場感應出電流(liu)，然后轉子(zi)(zi)會因電流(liu)變(bian)化而(er)轉變(bian)成電磁鐵(tie)。

美國物理學家亨(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)利(li)(li)于(yu)(yu)法(fa)拉(la)第(di)同時作(zuo)出電磁(ci)感(gan)(gan)應的(de)(de)偉大發(fa)現(xian)，1830年8月，亨(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)利(li)(li)在(zai)實(shi)(shi)驗中已經觀察(cha)到了(le)電磁(ci)感(gan)(gan)應現(xian)象(xiang)，這比法(fa)拉(la)第(di)發(fa)現(xian)電磁(ci)感(gan)(gan)應現(xian)象(xiang)早一(yi)年。但是(shi)當時亨(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)利(li)(li)正在(zai)集中精(jing)力制(zhi)作(zuo)更大的(de)(de)電磁(ci)鐵，沒(mei)有(you)及時發(fa)表這一(yi)實(shi)(shi)驗成果，也沒(mei)有(you)及時的(de)(de)去申請專(zhuan)利(li)(li)，失去了(le)發(fa)明權。可是(shi)亨(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)利(li)(li)從不計較個人名利(li)(li)，他認(ren)為(wei)知識應該(gai)為(wei)全(quan)世界(jie)人類(lei)所共(gong)享，從未與法(fa)拉(la)第(di)爭過發(fa)現(xian)權，仍(reng)然專(zhuan)心致志地獻(xian)身(shen)于(yu)(yu)科學事業。亨(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)利(li)(li)的(de)(de)高尚品德受到世人的(de)(de)稱(cheng)贊。所以最(zui)后，人們還是(shi)將電磁(ci)感(gan)(gan)應現(xian)象(xiang)的(de)(de)發(fa)現(xian)歸于(yu)(yu)法(fa)拉(la)第(di)。特別值得一(yi)提(ti)的(de)(de)是(shi)，亨(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)利(li)(li)實(shi)(shi)驗裝置(zhi)比法(fa)拉(la)弟感(gan)(gan)應線圈更接(jie)近(jin)于(yu)(yu)現(xian)代通用的(de)(de)變(bian)壓器。

單相(xiang)交流電動(dong)機的(de)旋轉原理單相(xiang)交流電動(dong)機只有一個繞組，轉子是鼠籠式的(de)。

單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電不(bu)能產生(sheng)旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁(ci)場.要(yao)使單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電動(dong)機(ji)能自動(dong)旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)起來(lai)，我們可在(zai)(zai)定子中加(jia)上一個(ge)起動(dong)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)，起動(dong)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)與主(zhu)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)在(zai)(zai)空(kong)間上相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)差(cha)90度，起動(dong)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)要(yao)串接一個(ge)合適(shi)的(de)電容，使得與主(zhu)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)的(de)電流(liu)在(zai)(zai)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)位上近似相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)差(cha)90度，即所謂的(de)分相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)原(yuan)理。這(zhe)樣(yang)兩(liang)個(ge)在(zai)(zai)時間上相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)差(cha)90度的(de)電流(liu)通入兩(liang)個(ge)在(zai)(zai)空(kong)間上相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)差(cha)90度的(de)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)，將會在(zai)(zai)空(kong)間上產生(sheng)（兩(liang)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)）旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁(ci)場，在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)個(ge)旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁(ci)場作用下(xia)，轉(zhuan)子就(jiu)能自動(dong)起動(dong)。

電機拆卸前應做哪些詳細檢查和試驗？

（1）在(zai)拆卸(xie)前，要用(yong)壓(ya)縮空氣(qi)吹凈(jing)電(dian)機表面灰塵(chen)，并將表面污垢擦(ca)拭干凈(jing)。

（2）選擇(ze)電機解體的工作地點，清理(li)現場環(huan)境。

（3）熟悉電(dian)機結(jie)構(gou)特點(dian)和(he)檢修技術要求(qiu)。

（4）準備(bei)好解體所需工(gong)具(ju)（包括專用工(gong)具(ju)）和(he)設備(bei)。

（5）為(wei)了進一步了解電機運行(xing)中的缺陷(xian)，有條件時可在拆卸前做一次(ci)檢(jian)查(cha)試(shi)驗。為(wei)此，將電機帶上負(fu)載試(shi)轉，詳細檢(jian)查(cha)電機各部分溫(wen)度、聲音、振動等(deng)情況，并測試(shi)電壓、電流(liu)、轉速(su)等(deng)，然后再(zai)斷開負(fu)載，單獨做一次(ci)空(kong)(kong)載檢(jian)查(cha)試(shi)驗，測出空(kong)(kong)載電流(liu)和空(kong)(kong)載損耗，做好記錄。

（6）切斷電(dian)源，拆除電(dian)機外部接(jie)線，做好記(ji)錄。

（7）選用合適(shi)電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)兆歐(ou)表測(ce)試電(dian)機絕(jue)緣電(dian)阻。為(wei)了(le)跟上次(ci)檢(jian)修時所測(ce)的(de)絕(jue)緣電(dian)阻值(zhi)(zhi)相比較以(yi)判(pan)斷電(dian)機絕(jue)緣變化趨勢和絕(jue)緣狀(zhuang)態，應(ying)將不(bu)同(tong)溫度下測(ce)出的(de)絕(jue)緣電(dian)阻值(zhi)(zhi)換(huan)算(suan)到同(tong)一(yi)溫度，一(yi)般換(huan)算(suan)至75℃。

（8）測(ce)試吸(xi)收比(bi)K。當吸(xi)收比(bi)大于1.33時，表明電(dian)機絕緣不曾受(shou)潮或受(shou)潮程度不嚴重。為了跟(gen)以(yi)前數(shu)據進行比(bi)較，同(tong)樣要將任意溫度下測(ce)得的(de)吸(xi)收比(bi)換(huan)算(suan)到同(tong)一溫度。

電動機的種類

1.按工作電(dian)源分類(lei)：根據電(dian)動機(ji)工作電(dian)源的不(bu)同，可(ke)分為直流(liu)電(dian)動機(ji)和交流(liu)電(dian)動機(ji)。其中交流(liu)電(dian)動機(ji)還分為單相(xiang)電(dian)動機(ji)和三相(xiang)電(dian)動機(ji)。

2.按結構及工作(zuo)原(yuan)(yuan)理分類：電(dian)動機(ji)按結構及工作(zuo)原(yuan)(yuan)理可分為直流電(dian)動機(ji)，異(yi)步(bu)電(dian)動機(ji)和(he)同步(bu)電(dian)動機(ji)。

同步電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)還可分為(wei)永磁同步電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)、磁阻同步電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)和磁滯同步電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)。

異(yi)步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)可分為(wei)感應電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)換(huan)向器電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。感應電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)又(you)(you)分為(wei)三相(xiang)異(yi)步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、單(dan)相(xiang)異(yi)步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和罩(zhao)極異(yi)步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等。交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)換(huan)向器電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)又(you)(you)分為(wei)單(dan)相(xiang)串勵電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、交(jiao)(jiao)直流(liu)兩用(yong)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和推斥電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)按(an)結構(gou)及工作原理可分(fen)為(wei)無刷直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)有刷直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)。有刷直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)可分(fen)為(wei)永(yong)(yong)(yong)磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)又分(fen)為(wei)串勵(li)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)、并勵(li)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)、他勵(li)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)復勵(li)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)。永(yong)(yong)(yong)磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)又分(fen)為(wei)稀(xi)土永(yong)(yong)(yong)磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)、鐵氧體永(yong)(yong)(yong)磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)鋁鎳鈷永(yong)(yong)(yong)磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)。

3.按起(qi)動(dong)(dong)與(yu)運(yun)行方(fang)式(shi)(shi)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)：電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)按起(qi)動(dong)(dong)與(yu)運(yun)行方(fang)式(shi)(shi)可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為電容起(qi)動(dong)(dong)式(shi)(shi)單相(xiang)(xiang)異步電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、電容運(yun)轉(zhuan)式(shi)(shi)單相(xiang)(xiang)異步電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、電容起(qi)動(dong)(dong)運(yun)轉(zhuan)式(shi)(shi)單相(xiang)(xiang)異步電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和分(fen)(fen)相(xiang)(xiang)式(shi)(shi)單相(xiang)(xiang)異步電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。

4.按用(yong)(yong)途分(fen)類：電動(dong)機按用(yong)(yong)途可分(fen)為驅動(dong)用(yong)(yong)電動(dong)機和控制用(yong)(yong)電動(dong)機。

驅動(dong)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)又分為電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)工具（包(bao)括鉆(zhan)孔(kong)、拋光(guang)(guang)、磨光(guang)(guang)、開槽、切(qie)割、擴(kuo)孔(kong)等(deng)工具）用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)（包(bao)括洗衣機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)風(feng)扇、電(dian)(dian)(dian)冰(bing)箱、空調器(qi)、錄音(yin)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、錄像機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、影(ying)碟機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、吸塵器(qi)、照相機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)吹風(feng)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)剃(ti)須刀等(deng)）用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)及(ji)其它通用(yong)小(xiao)型機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設備（包(bao)括各種(zhong)小(xiao)型機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)床、小(xiao)型機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)、醫療器(qi)械(xie)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)子儀器(qi)等(deng)）用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。 控(kong)制用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)又分為步進電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和伺服(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)。

5.按轉子的(de)結構分類：電動(dong)機按轉子的(de)結構可分為(wei)籠(long)型(xing)(xing)感應電動(dong)機（舊標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)稱為(wei)鼠(shu)籠(long)型(xing)(xing)異步(bu)電動(dong)機）和(he)繞線轉子感應電動(dong)機（舊標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)稱為(wei)繞線型(xing)(xing)異步(bu)電動(dong)機）。

6.按運轉速(su)(su)度分類：電動機(ji)(ji)(ji)按運轉速(su)(su)度可分為高速(su)(su)電動機(ji)(ji)(ji)、低速(su)(su)電動機(ji)(ji)(ji)、恒速(su)(su)電動機(ji)(ji)(ji)、調速(su)(su)電動機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

ａ.低速(su)電動(dong)(dong)(dong)機又分(fen)為齒輪減(jian)(jian)速(su)電動(dong)(dong)(dong)機、電磁減(jian)(jian)速(su)電動(dong)(dong)(dong)機、力(li)矩電動(dong)(dong)(dong)機和爪(zhua)極(ji)同步電動(dong)(dong)(dong)機等。

ｂ.調(diao)(diao)速電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機除可分(fen)為(wei)(wei)有級(ji)恒(heng)速電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機、無級(ji)恒(heng)速電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機、有級(ji)變(bian)速電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機和無極變(bian)速電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機外(wai)，還可分(fen)為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)磁調(diao)(diao)速電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機、直(zhi)流調(diao)(diao)速電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機、PWM變(bian)頻調(diao)(diao)速電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機和開關磁阻調(diao)(diao)速電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機。

伺服電動機

用作(zuo)自(zi)動控制裝置中執(zhi)行元(yuan)件的微特電(dian)機。又稱執(zhi)行電(dian)動機。其功能是將電(dian)信號轉(zhuan)換成轉(zhuan)軸的角位(wei)移(yi)或(huo)角速(su)度。

伺服(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)分(fen)(fen)交(jiao)、直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)兩類。交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)伺服(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作原理(li)與交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)相同。在定子上有兩個相空間位(wei)移90°電(dian)(dian)(dian)角度的(de)(de)(de)(de)勵(li)磁繞組(zu)Wf和(he)(he)控(kong)(kong)制繞組(zu)WcoWf接一恒定交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，利用施加到Wc上的(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓或(huo)相位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)變化，達到控(kong)(kong)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)運行的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)。交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)伺服(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)具有運行穩定、可(ke)控(kong)(kong)性(xing)(xing)好、響應快速、靈(ling)敏度高以(yi)及機(ji)械特(te)性(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)調(diao)節特(te)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)非線性(xing)(xing)度指標嚴格（要求分(fen)(fen)別(bie)小于(yu)10％～15％和(he)(he)小于(yu)15％～25％）等特(te)點。直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)伺服(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作原理(li)與一般直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)相同。

電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)轉速n為n＝E／K1j＝（Ua－IaRa）／K1j式中(zhong)E為電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)反電(dian)(dian)動勢；K為常(chang)數；j為每極磁通(tong)；Ua，Ia為電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)電(dian)(dian)壓和電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)電(dian)(dian)流；Ra為電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)電(dian)(dian)阻。改(gai)變(bian)(bian)Ua或改(gai)變(bian)(bian)φ，均可控(kong)制(zhi)直(zhi)流伺服電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)的(de)轉速，但一般(ban)采(cai)用控(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)電(dian)(dian)壓的(de)方法。在(zai)永磁式直(zhi)流伺服電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)中(zhong)，勵(li)磁繞組被永久磁鐵所取(qu)代，磁通(tong)φ恒定(ding)。

直流伺服電動機具有良好(hao)的(de)線性調節(jie)特性及快(kuai)速的(de)時間(jian)響應(ying)。

伺(si)(si)服電動機(ji)一般分為(wei)直(zhi)流(liu)伺(si)(si)服和(he)交流(liu)伺(si)(si)服，對(dui)于直(zhi)流(liu)伺(si)(si)服馬達優點是：

優點：精確(que)的(de)速度控制，轉(zhuan)矩速度特性很硬，原理(li)簡(jian)單、使用方便，價格優勢；

缺點(dian)：電(dian)刷換向，速度限制，附加阻力，產(chan)生磨損(sun)微粒（對于無塵室）。

對于交流伺服馬達

優點(dian)：良好的速(su)度控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)特性，在整個(ge)速(su)度區內可實(shi)現平滑(hua)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，幾乎無振蕩；高效率，90%以上，不發熱(re)；高速(su)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)；高精確(que)位置(zhi)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)（取決于何種編碼器）；額定運行區域內，實(shi)現恒(heng)力矩；低(di)噪音(yin)；沒有電(dian)刷的磨損(sun)，免維護；不產(chan)生磨損(sun)顆粒、沒有火花，適(shi)用于無塵間、易暴環境慣量低(di)；

缺點：控制較復雜，驅動器參(can)數需(xu)要現場調(diao)整PID參(can)數整定，需(xu)要更(geng)多的連線

直流伺服電動機的應用

直流伺(si)服電機(ji)的(de)特性較交(jiao)流伺(si)服電機(ji)硬。通常(chang)應用于(yu)功率稍大的(de)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)中，如隨(sui)動系(xi)統(tong)(tong)中的(de)位(wei)置控制等。

交流伺服電動機的應用

交流伺服電機的(de)輸出功率(lv)一般(ban)為0.1-100W，電源頻(pin)率(lv)分50Hz、400Hz等多種。它的(de)應用很廣(guang)泛，如用在各種自動控制、自動記錄等系統中。