【電動機】電動機的工作原(yuan)理 電動機是如何工作的(de)

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電(dian)(dian)動機是一(yi)種旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)式機器(qi)，它(ta)將電(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)變為(wei)機械能(neng)，它(ta)主(zhu)要(yao)包(bao)括(kuo)一(yi)個用以產生磁(ci)場的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)鐵繞(rao)組或分布的(de)(de)定子(zi)繞(rao)組和(he)一(yi)個旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)樞或轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)，其導線中有電(dian)(dian)流通過(guo)并(bing)受(shou)磁(ci)場的(de)(de)作(zuo)用而使轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動，這些(xie)機器(qi)中有些(xie)類型可作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)動機用，也(ye)可作(zuo)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機用。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)換成(cheng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械能的(de)設(she)備，它是利用(yong)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線圈(quan)在磁(ci)(ci)場中受力轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)現象制成(cheng)，分布于各(ge)個(ge)用(yong)戶處，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)按使(shi)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)不同(tong)(tong)分為直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統中的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)大部分是交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，可(ke)以是同(tong)(tong)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)或者是異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)定子(zi)磁(ci)(ci)場轉(zhuan)速與轉(zhuan)子(zi)旋轉(zhuan)轉(zhuan)速不保持同(tong)(tong)步(bu)速）。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要由定子(zi)與轉(zhuan)子(zi)組成(cheng)。通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)線在磁(ci)(ci)場中受力運動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)方向跟電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)方向和磁(ci)(ci)感線（磁(ci)(ci)場方向）方向有關(guan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)作(zuo)原理是磁(ci)(ci)場對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)受力的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。

它是將電能轉變為機械能的一種機器。通常電動機的作功部分作旋轉運動，這種電動機稱為轉子電動機；也有作直線運動的，稱為直線電動機。電動機能提供的功率范圍很大，從毫瓦級到萬千瓦級。電動機的使用和控制非常方便，具有自起動 、加速、制動、反轉、掣住等能力，能滿足各種運行要求；電動機的工作效率較高，又沒有煙塵、氣味，不污染環境，噪聲也較小。由于它的一系列優點，所以在工農業生產、交通運輸、國防、商業及家用電器、醫療電(dian)器設(she)備(bei)等(deng)各方面廣(guang)泛(fan)應(ying)用。

各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中應(ying)用(yong)最廣的(de)(de)(de)(de)是交流(liu)異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)（又稱感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji) ）。它使(shi)用(yong)方(fang)(fang)便(bian) 、運行(xing)可靠 、價格(ge)低(di)廉 、結構牢固，但功(gong)(gong)率因數較(jiao)(jiao)低(di)，調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)也較(jiao)(jiao)困難(nan)。大容量(liang)(liang)低(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)常用(yong)同步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)（見同步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)）。同步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)(bu)但功(gong)(gong)率因數高，而且其轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)與負(fu)載大小無關，只決定于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網頻率。工(gong)作較(jiao)(jiao)穩(wen)定。在要(yao)求寬范圍調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)場合多(duo)(duo)用(yong)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。但它有換向器，結構復雜(za)，價格(ge)昂貴，維護困難(nan)，不(bu)(bu)適(shi)于惡劣環境。20世紀(ji)70年代以后，隨(sui)(sui)著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展，交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)技術漸趨成熟，設(she)備價格(ge)日益(yi)降低(di)，已開始(shi)得到(dao)應(ying)用(yong) 。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在規定工(gong)作制(zhi)式（連續(xu)式、短時(shi)運行(xing)制(zhi)、斷續(xu)周期運行(xing)制(zhi)）下所能(neng)承擔而不(bu)(bu)至引起電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)過(guo)熱的(de)(de)(de)(de)最大輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械功(gong)(gong)率稱為(wei)它的(de)(de)(de)(de)額定功(gong)(gong)率，使(shi)用(yong)時(shi)需注意(yi)(yi)銘牌上的(de)(de)(de)(de)規定。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)運行(xing)時(shi)需注意(yi)(yi)使(shi)其負(fu)載的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)性與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)性相匹配，避免出現(xian)飛車或(huo)停轉(zhuan)(zhuan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)方(fang)(fang)法很多(duo)(duo)，能(neng)適(shi)應(ying)不(bu)(bu)同生(sheng)產機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械速(su)(su)度(du)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求。一般電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)時(shi)其輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出功(gong)(gong)率會隨(sui)(sui)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)而變(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)。從能(neng)量(liang)(liang)消耗(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)角度(du)看(kan)，調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)大致可分兩種 ：① 保持輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入功(gong)(gong)率不(bu)(bu)變(bian)(bian) 。通過(guo)改變(bian)(bian)調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)裝置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)消耗(hao)，調(diao)(diao)(diao)節輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出功(gong)(gong)率以調(diao)(diao)(diao)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)。②控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入功(gong)(gong)率以調(diao)(diao)(diao)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)。

三相異步電機工作原理

異步電(dian)機的工作原理如下(xia):當導(dao)體在磁(ci)場內(nei)切割磁(ci)力線時，在導(dao)體內(nei)產生感應(ying)電(dian)流(liu)，“感應(ying)電(dian)機”的名稱由此而來。

感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)流(liu)和磁場的聯合(he)作用(yong)向電(dian)機轉子施加驅動(dong)力。 三組繞(rao)組問彼此相(xiang)差120度(du)，每一組繞(rao)組都(dou)由三相(xiang)交流(liu)電(dian)源中的一相(xiang)供電(dian)。

電(dian)動機使用了電(dian)流的磁效應原理(li)，發(fa)明這一原理(li)的的是丹麥物理(li)學家奧(ao)斯特。

電動機的發展

1831年，美(mei)國物理(li)學(xue)家亨利設計出最初的電子(zi)式電動(dong)機(ji)。受到亨利的啟(qi)發，一位名(ming)叫威廉(lian)·里(li)奇的人設計并造出了(le)一臺可以轉動(dong)的電動(dong)機(ji)。里(li)奇的這(zhe)架(jia)電動(dong)機(ji)類似于我們今天在實驗室里(li)組裝(zhuang)的直流電動(dong)機(ji)模型。

到了19世紀(ji)40年代，俄國科學(xue)家雅(ya)科比使電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)變得更為(wei)實用了。他用電(dian)磁(ci)鐵(tie)替代永久磁(ci)鐵(tie)進行工作。這(zhe)種新型電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)當時被裝在一艘游艇上，載著幾名乘(cheng)客駛過了涅(nie)瓦(wa)河。此事(shi)引起了極大的轟動(dong)。此后，出生(sheng)(sheng)于克羅地(di)亞(ya)的美國人特斯拉(la)于1888年，制造出了第一臺感應(ying)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)，他在各種電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)中(zhong)，算(suan)是被應(ying)用最廣的一種。感應(ying)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)會(hui)將交流電(dian)快(kuai)速輸入一組(zu)稱為(wei)“定(ding)(ding)子”的外線圈，繼而(er)產生(sheng)(sheng)一個旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁(ci)場(chang)。轉(zhuan)軸(zhou)內的一組(zu)線圈則(ze)稱為(wei)“轉(zhuan)子”，它會(hui)被定(ding)(ding)子的旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁(ci)場(chang)感應(ying)出電(dian)流，然后轉(zhuan)子會(hui)因電(dian)流變化而(er)轉(zhuan)變成電(dian)磁(ci)鐵(tie)。

美國物(wu)理(li)學(xue)家亨(heng)(heng)(heng)利于法(fa)拉第同時作(zuo)(zuo)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁感(gan)應(ying)的偉(wei)大(da)發現(xian)，1830年8月，亨(heng)(heng)(heng)利在(zai)實(shi)驗中已經觀(guan)察到(dao)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁感(gan)應(ying)現(xian)象，這比法(fa)拉第發現(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁感(gan)應(ying)現(xian)象早一年。但是(shi)(shi)當時亨(heng)(heng)(heng)利正在(zai)集中精力制作(zuo)(zuo)更大(da)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁鐵，沒(mei)有及時發表這一實(shi)驗成果，也沒(mei)有及時的去(qu)申請(qing)專(zhuan)利，失去(qu)了發明權。可是(shi)(shi)亨(heng)(heng)(heng)利從不計較(jiao)個人名利，他認為知識應(ying)該(gai)為全世界人類所共享，從未與(yu)法(fa)拉第爭過(guo)發現(xian)權，仍然專(zhuan)心致志地(di)獻身于科學(xue)事(shi)業。亨(heng)(heng)(heng)利的高(gao)尚品德受(shou)到(dao)世人的稱(cheng)贊。所以最后，人們還是(shi)(shi)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁感(gan)應(ying)現(xian)象的發現(xian)歸于法(fa)拉第。特(te)別(bie)值(zhi)得一提的是(shi)(shi)，亨(heng)(heng)(heng)利實(shi)驗裝置比法(fa)拉弟感(gan)應(ying)線圈更接近于現(xian)代(dai)通用的變(bian)壓(ya)器。

單相(xiang)交(jiao)流電動機(ji)的旋轉(zhuan)原理(li)單相(xiang)交(jiao)流電動機(ji)只有一個繞組，轉(zhuan)子是(shi)鼠籠式(shi)的。

單相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)不能產(chan)生旋(xuan)轉磁(ci)場(chang).要使(shi)單相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)動機能自動旋(xuan)轉起(qi)來，我們可在(zai)定子中加上一個(ge)(ge)起(qi)動繞(rao)組(zu)，起(qi)動繞(rao)組(zu)與主繞(rao)組(zu)在(zai)空(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)上相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)差90度(du)，起(qi)動繞(rao)組(zu)要串接(jie)一個(ge)(ge)合適(shi)的電(dian)容，使(shi)得與主繞(rao)組(zu)的電(dian)流在(zai)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)位(wei)上近(jin)似相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)差90度(du)，即所謂的分相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)原(yuan)理(li)。這樣兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)在(zai)時間(jian)(jian)上相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)差90度(du)的電(dian)流通(tong)入(ru)兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)在(zai)空(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)上相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)差90度(du)的繞(rao)組(zu)，將會(hui)在(zai)空(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)上產(chan)生（兩(liang)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)）旋(xuan)轉磁(ci)場(chang)，在(zai)這個(ge)(ge)旋(xuan)轉磁(ci)場(chang)作用下，轉子就(jiu)能自動起(qi)動。

電機拆卸前應做哪些詳細檢查和試驗？

（1）在(zai)拆卸前(qian)，要(yao)用壓(ya)縮空氣(qi)吹凈電機表(biao)(biao)面灰塵，并將表(biao)(biao)面污(wu)垢擦(ca)拭干凈。

（2）選擇電(dian)機解體的工作地點，清(qing)理現場環境。

（3）熟悉(xi)電(dian)機結構特(te)點和(he)檢修技術要(yao)求(qiu)。

（4）準備好解(jie)體(ti)所需工(gong)具(ju)（包括專(zhuan)用(yong)工(gong)具(ju)）和設(she)備。

（5）為了進一(yi)步了解電(dian)機運(yun)行中的(de)缺陷，有條件(jian)時可在拆卸(xie)前做一(yi)次檢查試(shi)(shi)驗。為此，將電(dian)機帶上負(fu)載(zai)(zai)試(shi)(shi)轉(zhuan)，詳(xiang)細檢查電(dian)機各部分溫度、聲音、振動等情況，并測試(shi)(shi)電(dian)壓、電(dian)流、轉(zhuan)速等，然(ran)后再斷開負(fu)載(zai)(zai)，單獨做一(yi)次空(kong)載(zai)(zai)檢查試(shi)(shi)驗，測出空(kong)載(zai)(zai)電(dian)流和空(kong)載(zai)(zai)損耗，做好(hao)記錄。

（6）切斷電(dian)源，拆除電(dian)機外部接(jie)線，做(zuo)好記(ji)錄(lu)。

（7）選用(yong)合適電(dian)(dian)壓的兆歐表測試(shi)電(dian)(dian)機絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)。為了跟上次檢修(xiu)時所測的絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值(zhi)相比較以判斷電(dian)(dian)機絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)變化(hua)趨勢(shi)和絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)狀態，應將不同溫度(du)下測出的絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值(zhi)換算(suan)到同一溫度(du)，一般換算(suan)至(zhi)75℃。

（8）測(ce)試吸(xi)收(shou)比K。當(dang)吸(xi)收(shou)比大于1.33時(shi)，表明電機絕緣不(bu)曾受潮(chao)或受潮(chao)程度不(bu)嚴重。為(wei)了跟以前(qian)數據進行(xing)比較(jiao)，同樣要將任意溫度下測(ce)得的吸(xi)收(shou)比換算到(dao)同一溫度。

電動機的種類

1.按工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)分(fen)類：根據電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的不(bu)同，可(ke)分(fen)為直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。其中交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)還(huan)分(fen)為單相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。

2.按結(jie)構(gou)及工作(zuo)原理(li)(li)分類：電動機按結(jie)構(gou)及工作(zuo)原理(li)(li)可分為(wei)直流電動機，異(yi)步(bu)電動機和(he)同(tong)步(bu)電動機。

同步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)還可分為永磁(ci)同步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、磁(ci)阻(zu)同步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和磁(ci)滯(zhi)同步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。

異(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)可分為感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)交(jiao)流(liu)換向(xiang)器(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)又分為三相(xiang)異(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、單(dan)相(xiang)異(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)罩極異(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)等。交(jiao)流(liu)換向(xiang)器(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)又分為單(dan)相(xiang)串勵電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、交(jiao)直流(liu)兩用電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)推斥電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。

直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)按結構(gou)及工作原理可分(fen)為(wei)無刷直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和有刷直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。有刷直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)可分(fen)為(wei)永(yong)磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)又分(fen)為(wei)串勵(li)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、并勵(li)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、他勵(li)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和復(fu)勵(li)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。永(yong)磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)又分(fen)為(wei)稀土永(yong)磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、鐵氧(yang)體永(yong)磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和鋁鎳鈷(gu)永(yong)磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。

3.按(an)起(qi)動(dong)與運(yun)行方(fang)式(shi)(shi)分(fen)類：電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)按(an)起(qi)動(dong)與運(yun)行方(fang)式(shi)(shi)可分(fen)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)容起(qi)動(dong)式(shi)(shi)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)容運(yun)轉式(shi)(shi)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)容起(qi)動(dong)運(yun)轉式(shi)(shi)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和分(fen)相(xiang)(xiang)式(shi)(shi)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

4.按用(yong)途(tu)分類：電(dian)動機按用(yong)途(tu)可分為(wei)驅動用(yong)電(dian)動機和控制(zhi)用(yong)電(dian)動機。

驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)用(yong)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)又分(fen)為電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)工具(ju)（包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)鉆孔(kong)、拋光(guang)、磨光(guang)、開槽、切(qie)割、擴孔(kong)等(deng)工具(ju)）用(yong)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、家電(dian)（包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)洗(xi)衣機(ji)(ji)、電(dian)風(feng)扇、電(dian)冰箱、空調器(qi)、錄音機(ji)(ji)、錄像機(ji)(ji)、影碟機(ji)(ji)、吸塵器(qi)、照相機(ji)(ji)、電(dian)吹風(feng)、電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)剃(ti)須刀等(deng)）用(yong)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)及其它(ta)通用(yong)小型機(ji)(ji)械設備（包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)各種小型機(ji)(ji)床、小型機(ji)(ji)械、醫療器(qi)械、電(dian)子(zi)儀器(qi)等(deng)）用(yong)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。 控制用(yong)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)又分(fen)為步進電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和伺服電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)等(deng)。

5.按轉子的(de)結構(gou)分類：電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)按轉子的(de)結構(gou)可分為(wei)籠型感應電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)（舊標準(zhun)稱為(wei)鼠籠型異步電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)）和(he)繞線轉子感應電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)（舊標準(zhun)稱為(wei)繞線型異步電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)）。

6.按運轉速度(du)分類：電(dian)動機(ji)按運轉速度(du)可分為高速電(dian)動機(ji)、低速電(dian)動機(ji)、恒(heng)速電(dian)動機(ji)、調(diao)速電(dian)動機(ji)。

ａ.低速電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)又分為(wei)齒(chi)輪減(jian)速電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁減(jian)速電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)、力(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)和爪極同(tong)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)等。

ｂ.調(diao)(diao)速(su)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)除可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)有級(ji)恒(heng)速(su)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)、無(wu)級(ji)恒(heng)速(su)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)、有級(ji)變速(su)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)和(he)無(wu)極變速(su)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)外，還(huan)可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)調(diao)(diao)速(su)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)、直流調(diao)(diao)速(su)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)、PWM變頻調(diao)(diao)速(su)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)和(he)開關磁(ci)阻調(diao)(diao)速(su)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)。

伺服電動機

用作自(zi)動(dong)控制裝置(zhi)中執(zhi)行元件的(de)微(wei)特電機(ji)。又(you)稱(cheng)執(zhi)行電動(dong)機(ji)。其功能(neng)是將電信(xin)號轉(zhuan)換成(cheng)轉(zhuan)軸的(de)角(jiao)位移或角(jiao)速度(du)。

伺服電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)分(fen)(fen)交(jiao)(jiao)、直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)兩(liang)類。交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)伺服電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)工作原理與(yu)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)相同(tong)。在定子(zi)上(shang)有兩(liang)個相空間位移90°電(dian)(dian)角度的(de)勵磁繞組Wf和控制(zhi)繞組WcoWf接一恒(heng)定交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓，利(li)用施加到Wc上(shang)的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓或(huo)相位的(de)變化(hua)，達到控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)運行(xing)的(de)目的(de)。交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)伺服電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)具(ju)有運行(xing)穩定、可控性好、響應快速、靈(ling)敏度高以及機(ji)(ji)械特(te)性和調節特(te)性的(de)非線性度指(zhi)標(biao)嚴格（要求(qiu)分(fen)(fen)別小于10％～15％和小于15％～25％）等特(te)點(dian)。直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)伺服電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)工作原理與(yu)一般直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)相同(tong)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)轉速(su)n為n＝E／K1j＝（Ua－IaRa）／K1j式(shi)中(zhong)E為電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞反電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢；K為常數；j為每極磁通；Ua，Ia為電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞電(dian)(dian)(dian)流；Ra為電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻。改變Ua或改變φ，均可(ke)控制直(zhi)流伺服電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)的(de)轉速(su)，但一般(ban)采用控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)方法。在(zai)永磁式(shi)直(zhi)流伺服電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)中(zhong)，勵磁繞組被永久磁鐵所取代，磁通φ恒定。

直(zhi)流伺服電動機具有(you)良(liang)好的線性調節特性及快速的時間響(xiang)應。

伺(si)服(fu)電動機一般分為直流(liu)伺(si)服(fu)和(he)交流(liu)伺(si)服(fu)，對于直流(liu)伺(si)服(fu)馬達(da)優點是：

優點：精(jing)確的(de)速(su)度(du)(du)控(kong)制，轉矩(ju)速(su)度(du)(du)特性很硬，原理簡(jian)單(dan)、使用方便，價格優勢；

缺點(dian)：電刷換向(xiang)，速度限制，附(fu)加阻力，產(chan)生磨損微(wei)粒（對于無塵室）。

對于交流伺服馬達

優點：良好的(de)(de)速(su)度控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)特性，在整個速(su)度區內可實現平滑(hua)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)，幾乎無振蕩；高效率，90%以上，不發熱(re)；高速(su)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)；高精確位置控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)（取(qu)決于(yu)何種(zhong)編(bian)碼器）；額定運行區域內，實現恒力矩(ju)；低(di)噪(zao)音；沒(mei)有電刷的(de)(de)磨(mo)損，免維護；不產生磨(mo)損顆粒、沒(mei)有火花，適用于(yu)無塵間、易暴環境(jing)慣量(liang)低(di)；

缺點：控制較復雜，驅動器參數需要現場(chang)調整PID參數整定，需要更多的連線

直流伺服電動機的應用

直流伺服電(dian)機的(de)特性(xing)較交流伺服電(dian)機硬。通常應用于功率稍大的(de)系統中，如隨動系統中的(de)位(wei)置(zhi)控制等。

交流伺服電動機的應用

交流伺服電(dian)機的輸出功率一般為0.1-100W，電(dian)源頻率分50Hz、400Hz等(deng)多種(zhong)。它(ta)的應(ying)用很廣(guang)泛(fan)，如(ru)用在各(ge)種(zhong)自動(dong)控制、自動(dong)記錄等(deng)系統中。