【電動機(ji)】電動機(ji)的(de)工(gong)作原理 電動機是如(ru)何(he)工(gong)作的

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電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是一(yi)(yi)種旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)式機(ji)(ji)(ji)器(qi)，它(ta)將電(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)變為機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)，它(ta)主要包(bao)括一(yi)(yi)個用(yong)以(yi)產(chan)生磁場(chang)的(de)電(dian)磁鐵繞組(zu)或分(fen)布(bu)的(de)定(ding)子繞組(zu)和一(yi)(yi)個旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)樞或轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子，其導線中有(you)電(dian)流通過并受磁場(chang)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)而使(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)，這(zhe)些機(ji)(ji)(ji)器(qi)中有(you)些類型可作(zuo)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)用(yong)，也可作(zuo)發電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)用(yong)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉換成(cheng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械能的設備，它是(shi)利用通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)圈在(zai)(zai)磁(ci)(ci)場中受(shou)力(li)轉動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的現象(xiang)制成(cheng)，分布于(yu)各個用戶處，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)按使用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源不同分為(wei)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統中的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)大部分是(shi)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，可以是(shi)同步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)或者是(shi)異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)定(ding)子(zi)磁(ci)(ci)場轉速(su)(su)與(yu)轉子(zi)旋轉轉速(su)(su)不保持同步(bu)速(su)(su)）。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要由(you)定(ding)子(zi)與(yu)轉子(zi)組成(cheng)。通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)線(xian)在(zai)(zai)磁(ci)(ci)場中受(shou)力(li)運動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的方(fang)(fang)向跟(gen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)方(fang)(fang)向和磁(ci)(ci)感(gan)線(xian)（磁(ci)(ci)場方(fang)(fang)向）方(fang)(fang)向有關(guan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工作(zuo)原理是(shi)磁(ci)(ci)場對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)受(shou)力(li)的作(zuo)用，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)轉動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。

它是將電能轉變為機械能的一種機器。通常電動機的作功部分作旋轉運動，這種電動機稱為轉子電動機；也有作直線運動的，稱為直線電動機。電動機能提供的功率范圍很大，從毫瓦級到萬千瓦級。電動機的使用和控制非常方便，具有自起動 、加速、制動、反轉、掣住等能力，能滿足各種運行要求；電動機的工作效率較高，又沒有煙塵、氣味，不污染環境，噪聲也較小。由于它的一系列優點，所以在工農業生產、交通運輸、國防、商業及家用電器、醫療(liao)電器設備等(deng)各方(fang)面廣泛應用。

各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)中應用(yong)(yong)(yong)最廣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是交(jiao)流異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)（又稱感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji) ）。它使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)方(fang)便 、運(yun)行(xing)可靠 、價格低(di)廉 、結(jie)(jie)構(gou)牢固，但功率因數較低(di)，調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)也較困難。大(da)(da)容(rong)量低(di)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)機(ji)(ji)常用(yong)(yong)(yong)同(tong)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)（見同(tong)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)）。同(tong)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)不但功率因數高，而(er)且(qie)其(qi)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)與(yu)負載大(da)(da)小無關，只決定(ding)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網頻(pin)率。工作較穩定(ding)。在要(yao)求(qiu)寬范圍調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場合多用(yong)(yong)(yong)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。但它有換向器，結(jie)(jie)構(gou)復雜，價格昂貴(gui)，維護困難，不適(shi)于(yu)惡劣環(huan)境。20世(shi)紀(ji)70年代(dai)以(yi)(yi)后，隨(sui)著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展，交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)技術(shu)漸趨成熟，設備價格日益降低(di)，已開始得到(dao)應用(yong)(yong)(yong) 。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)在規(gui)定(ding)工作制(zhi)式（連續(xu)式、短時運(yun)行(xing)制(zhi)、斷續(xu)周期(qi)運(yun)行(xing)制(zhi)）下所能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)承(cheng)擔而(er)不至引起電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)過熱(re)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最大(da)(da)輸(shu)(shu)出機(ji)(ji)械功率稱為它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)額定(ding)功率，使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)時需注意銘牌上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)運(yun)行(xing)時需注意使(shi)其(qi)負載的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)性(xing)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)性(xing)相匹配(pei)，避免出現飛車或停轉(zhuan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)方(fang)法(fa)很多，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)適(shi)應不同(tong)生產機(ji)(ji)械速(su)(su)(su)度(du)變化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)。一般電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)時其(qi)輸(shu)(shu)出功率會隨(sui)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)而(er)變化。從能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量消耗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角度(du)看，調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)大(da)(da)致可分(fen)兩種 ：① 保持(chi)輸(shu)(shu)入功率不變 。通過改變調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)裝置的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量消耗，調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)輸(shu)(shu)出功率以(yi)(yi)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)。②控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)輸(shu)(shu)入功率以(yi)(yi)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)。

三相異步電機工作原理

異步電機的(de)工作原理如(ru)下:當導體在(zai)磁(ci)場(chang)內(nei)切割磁(ci)力線(xian)時，在(zai)導體內(nei)產(chan)生感應電流，“感應電機”的(de)名稱由此而來。

感應電流和磁(ci)場的聯合(he)作用向(xiang)電機轉子(zi)施加驅動力。 三(san)組繞組問彼此(ci)相(xiang)差120度，每一組繞組都由三(san)相(xiang)交(jiao)流電源中的一相(xiang)供電。

電動機使用了電流(liu)的磁效應原(yuan)(yuan)理(li)，發明這一原(yuan)(yuan)理(li)的的是丹麥物理(li)學家奧斯特。

電動機的發展

1831年，美國物理學家亨(heng)利設計出最初的(de)電(dian)子式電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)。受到亨(heng)利的(de)啟發，一位名叫威(wei)廉·里(li)(li)奇(qi)的(de)人(ren)設計并造出了一臺可以轉動(dong)的(de)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)。里(li)(li)奇(qi)的(de)這架(jia)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)類似于我們今天在實(shi)驗(yan)室里(li)(li)組裝的(de)直流電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)模(mo)型。

到了19世紀40年代，俄國科學家(jia)雅科比(bi)使電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)得(de)更(geng)為(wei)實(shi)用了。他(ta)用電(dian)磁(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)替代永(yong)久磁(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)進行(xing)工(gong)作。這(zhe)種新(xin)型電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)當(dang)時被(bei)裝在一(yi)(yi)(yi)艘(sou)游艇上，載著幾名乘客駛過了涅瓦河(he)。此(ci)事引(yin)起了極大的轟動(dong)。此(ci)后，出生(sheng)于克羅地(di)亞的美國人特斯(si)拉于1888年，制造出了第一(yi)(yi)(yi)臺感應電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，他(ta)在各(ge)種電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)中，算是被(bei)應用最廣的一(yi)(yi)(yi)種。感應電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)會將(jiang)交流電(dian)快速輸入一(yi)(yi)(yi)組稱(cheng)為(wei)“定子”的外線圈(quan)(quan)，繼而(er)產(chan)生(sheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個旋轉(zhuan)磁(ci)場(chang)。轉(zhuan)軸內的一(yi)(yi)(yi)組線圈(quan)(quan)則(ze)稱(cheng)為(wei)“轉(zhuan)子”，它(ta)會被(bei)定子的旋轉(zhuan)磁(ci)場(chang)感應出電(dian)流，然后轉(zhuan)子會因電(dian)流變(bian)化而(er)轉(zhuan)變(bian)成電(dian)磁(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)。

美國物理學家亨利于(yu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)拉(la)第(di)同(tong)時作出電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)感(gan)應(ying)的(de)(de)偉大發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)，1830年(nian)8月(yue)，亨利在(zai)(zai)實(shi)(shi)驗中(zhong)已經(jing)觀察到了(le)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)感(gan)應(ying)現(xian)(xian)(xian)象(xiang)，這比(bi)(bi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)拉(la)第(di)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)感(gan)應(ying)現(xian)(xian)(xian)象(xiang)早一(yi)年(nian)。但(dan)是(shi)當(dang)時亨利正在(zai)(zai)集中(zhong)精(jing)力制作更大的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵，沒有及(ji)(ji)時發(fa)(fa)表(biao)這一(yi)實(shi)(shi)驗成果(guo)，也沒有及(ji)(ji)時的(de)(de)去申請(qing)專利，失去了(le)發(fa)(fa)明(ming)權。可是(shi)亨利從不(bu)計較(jiao)個人(ren)(ren)名利，他認(ren)為知識應(ying)該為全世界人(ren)(ren)類所共(gong)享，從未與(yu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)拉(la)第(di)爭過發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)權，仍(reng)然專心致志地獻身于(yu)科學事業。亨利的(de)(de)高尚品德(de)受(shou)到世人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)稱贊。所以最后，人(ren)(ren)們還是(shi)將電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)感(gan)應(ying)現(xian)(xian)(xian)象(xiang)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)歸于(yu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)拉(la)第(di)。特別值(zhi)得一(yi)提的(de)(de)是(shi)，亨利實(shi)(shi)驗裝置比(bi)(bi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)拉(la)弟感(gan)應(ying)線圈更接(jie)近于(yu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代通用的(de)(de)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)。

單相交流電動機的旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)原(yuan)理單相交流電動機只(zhi)有一個繞(rao)組，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子是鼠籠式的。

單相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電不能(neng)產生旋轉(zhuan)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)(chang).要使單相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電動機能(neng)自動旋轉(zhuan)起(qi)(qi)來，我們(men)可在(zai)(zai)定(ding)子中加上(shang)(shang)一個起(qi)(qi)動繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)，起(qi)(qi)動繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)與主(zhu)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)在(zai)(zai)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)上(shang)(shang)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)差(cha)90度(du)，起(qi)(qi)動繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)要串接一個合適的電容，使得與主(zhu)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)的電流在(zai)(zai)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)位上(shang)(shang)近似相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)差(cha)90度(du)，即所謂的分相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)原理。這樣兩(liang)個在(zai)(zai)時間(jian)上(shang)(shang)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)差(cha)90度(du)的電流通入(ru)兩(liang)個在(zai)(zai)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)上(shang)(shang)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)差(cha)90度(du)的繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)，將會(hui)在(zai)(zai)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)上(shang)(shang)產生（兩(liang)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)）旋轉(zhuan)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)(chang)，在(zai)(zai)這個旋轉(zhuan)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)(chang)作用下，轉(zhuan)子就能(neng)自動起(qi)(qi)動。

電機拆卸前應做哪些詳細檢查和試驗？

（1）在拆卸前(qian)，要(yao)用(yong)壓(ya)縮空氣吹凈(jing)電機表(biao)面灰塵(chen)，并將表(biao)面污垢擦拭(shi)干凈(jing)。

（2）選擇電(dian)機解體的工作地(di)點(dian)，清理現場環境。

（3）熟悉(xi)電機結構特點和(he)檢修技術(shu)要求(qiu)。

（4）準備(bei)好解體所需工具(ju)（包(bao)括專用工具(ju)）和設(she)備(bei)。

（5）為了(le)進一(yi)步了(le)解電(dian)(dian)機運行(xing)中的缺陷，有(you)條件時(shi)可在(zai)拆(chai)卸前做一(yi)次檢(jian)查試(shi)驗。為此，將電(dian)(dian)機帶(dai)上負載試(shi)轉(zhuan)，詳(xiang)細檢(jian)查電(dian)(dian)機各部分(fen)溫(wen)度、聲音、振動等情況，并測(ce)試(shi)電(dian)(dian)壓、電(dian)(dian)流(liu)、轉(zhuan)速等，然后再斷開負載，單獨做一(yi)次空載檢(jian)查試(shi)驗，測(ce)出空載電(dian)(dian)流(liu)和空載損耗，做好記(ji)錄。

（6）切斷電(dian)源，拆(chai)除(chu)電(dian)機外部(bu)接(jie)線，做好記錄。

（7）選用合適(shi)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的兆歐表(biao)測(ce)試電(dian)(dian)機絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)阻。為了跟上次檢修時(shi)所測(ce)的絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)阻值相比較(jiao)以(yi)判斷電(dian)(dian)機絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)變化趨勢和絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)狀態，應將不同溫度下測(ce)出的絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)阻值換(huan)算(suan)到同一溫度，一般換(huan)算(suan)至75℃。

（8）測(ce)試吸收(shou)(shou)比(bi)(bi)(bi)K。當吸收(shou)(shou)比(bi)(bi)(bi)大(da)于(yu)1.33時，表明電機絕緣(yuan)不曾受潮或受潮程度(du)(du)不嚴(yan)重。為了(le)跟以前數據進行比(bi)(bi)(bi)較，同(tong)樣要將任(ren)意(yi)溫度(du)(du)下測(ce)得的吸收(shou)(shou)比(bi)(bi)(bi)換(huan)算到同(tong)一溫度(du)(du)。

電動機的種類

1.按(an)工作(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)源(yuan)分類(lei)：根據電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)工作(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)源(yuan)的不(bu)同，可分為(wei)直(zhi)流電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)和交流電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)。其(qi)中交流電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)還分為(wei)單(dan)相電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)和三相電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)。

2.按結構及工(gong)作原理分類：電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)按結構及工(gong)作原理可(ke)分為(wei)直流電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)，異步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)和同步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)。

同(tong)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動機還可分為永磁同(tong)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動機、磁阻(zu)同(tong)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動機和磁滯同(tong)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動機。

異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和交流(liu)換(huan)向器電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)又分(fen)為(wei)三相(xiang)異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、單相(xiang)異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和罩(zhao)極異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)等。交流(liu)換(huan)向器電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)又分(fen)為(wei)單相(xiang)串勵電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、交直流(liu)兩用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和推斥電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。

直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)按結構及(ji)工作原理可分為(wei)無刷(shua)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和有刷(shua)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。有刷(shua)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)可分為(wei)永(yong)(yong)磁直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)又(you)(you)分為(wei)串(chuan)勵直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、并勵直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、他勵直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和復勵直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。永(yong)(yong)磁直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)又(you)(you)分為(wei)稀(xi)土永(yong)(yong)磁直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、鐵(tie)氧體永(yong)(yong)磁直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和鋁(lv)鎳鈷永(yong)(yong)磁直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。

3.按起動(dong)與運(yun)行方式(shi)分(fen)類：電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)按起動(dong)與運(yun)行方式(shi)可分(fen)為電容起動(dong)式(shi)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)異(yi)(yi)步(bu)電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)、電容運(yun)轉式(shi)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)異(yi)(yi)步(bu)電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)、電容起動(dong)運(yun)轉式(shi)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)異(yi)(yi)步(bu)電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)和分(fen)相(xiang)(xiang)式(shi)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)異(yi)(yi)步(bu)電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)。

4.按(an)用(yong)途分類：電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機按(an)用(yong)途可分為驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)用(yong)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機和控制用(yong)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機。

驅動(dong)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)又(you)分為(wei)(wei)電(dian)動(dong)工(gong)具（包(bao)括鉆(zhan)孔、拋光、磨(mo)光、開槽(cao)、切割(ge)、擴孔等(deng)工(gong)具）用(yong)(yong)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、家電(dian)（包(bao)括洗衣機(ji)(ji)(ji)、電(dian)風(feng)(feng)扇、電(dian)冰箱、空調(diao)器(qi)、錄音機(ji)(ji)(ji)、錄像機(ji)(ji)(ji)、影碟機(ji)(ji)(ji)、吸塵器(qi)、照相機(ji)(ji)(ji)、電(dian)吹風(feng)(feng)、電(dian)動(dong)剃須(xu)刀等(deng)）用(yong)(yong)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)及其它通用(yong)(yong)小型機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設備(bei)（包(bao)括各(ge)種小型機(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)、小型機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)、醫療器(qi)械(xie)、電(dian)子(zi)儀(yi)器(qi)等(deng)）用(yong)(yong)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。 控制(zhi)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)又(you)分為(wei)(wei)步進電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和伺(si)服電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)。

5.按轉(zhuan)子(zi)的結構分(fen)類：電動(dong)機按轉(zhuan)子(zi)的結構可(ke)分(fen)為籠(long)型(xing)(xing)感(gan)應電動(dong)機（舊(jiu)標準稱為鼠籠(long)型(xing)(xing)異步電動(dong)機）和繞(rao)線轉(zhuan)子(zi)感(gan)應電動(dong)機（舊(jiu)標準稱為繞(rao)線型(xing)(xing)異步電動(dong)機）。

6.按(an)運(yun)(yun)轉(zhuan)速度分類：電動(dong)機按(an)運(yun)(yun)轉(zhuan)速度可分為高(gao)速電動(dong)機、低(di)速電動(dong)機、恒(heng)速電動(dong)機、調速電動(dong)機。

ａ.低速(su)電動機又(you)分為齒輪減速(su)電動機、電磁減速(su)電動機、力矩電動機和爪極同步電動機等(deng)。

ｂ.調(diao)速(su)(su)電動(dong)機(ji)除可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)有級(ji)恒速(su)(su)電動(dong)機(ji)、無級(ji)恒速(su)(su)電動(dong)機(ji)、有級(ji)變速(su)(su)電動(dong)機(ji)和(he)無極變速(su)(su)電動(dong)機(ji)外，還可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)電磁(ci)(ci)調(diao)速(su)(su)電動(dong)機(ji)、直(zhi)流調(diao)速(su)(su)電動(dong)機(ji)、PWM變頻調(diao)速(su)(su)電動(dong)機(ji)和(he)開關磁(ci)(ci)阻調(diao)速(su)(su)電動(dong)機(ji)。

伺服電動機

用(yong)作(zuo)自動(dong)控(kong)制裝置中(zhong)執(zhi)行(xing)元件的(de)微特電(dian)機。又稱執(zhi)行(xing)電(dian)動(dong)機。其(qi)功(gong)能是(shi)將(jiang)電(dian)信(xin)號轉(zhuan)換成轉(zhuan)軸(zhou)的(de)角(jiao)位移或角(jiao)速度。

伺服電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)分交(jiao)(jiao)、直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)兩類。交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)伺服電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)原理與(yu)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)感應電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)相同(tong)。在定子上(shang)有兩個(ge)相空間位移(yi)90°電(dian)角度(du)的(de)(de)(de)勵磁繞(rao)組Wf和控制(zhi)繞(rao)組WcoWf接一恒定交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)壓，利用施加到Wc上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)壓或相位的(de)(de)(de)變化，達到控制(zhi)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)運(yun)行的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)。交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)伺服電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)具有運(yun)行穩(wen)定、可控性(xing)好、響應快(kuai)速(su)、靈敏(min)度(du)高以及機(ji)械(xie)特性(xing)和調節特性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)非線性(xing)度(du)指標嚴格(ge)（要求分別(bie)小于(yu)(yu)10％～15％和小于(yu)(yu)15％～25％）等特點。直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)伺服電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)原理與(yu)一般(ban)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)相同(tong)。

電(dian)(dian)動機轉(zhuan)速n為(wei)(wei)n＝E／K1j＝（Ua－IaRa）／K1j式(shi)中E為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)樞反電(dian)(dian)動勢；K為(wei)(wei)常數；j為(wei)(wei)每極磁(ci)(ci)(ci)通(tong)；Ua，Ia為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)樞電(dian)(dian)壓和電(dian)(dian)樞電(dian)(dian)流(liu)；Ra為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)樞電(dian)(dian)阻。改變Ua或改變φ，均可(ke)控制直(zhi)流(liu)伺(si)服(fu)電(dian)(dian)動機的轉(zhuan)速，但一(yi)般(ban)采用控制電(dian)(dian)樞電(dian)(dian)壓的方(fang)法。在(zai)永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)式(shi)直(zhi)流(liu)伺(si)服(fu)電(dian)(dian)動機中，勵磁(ci)(ci)(ci)繞(rao)組被永(yong)久磁(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵所(suo)取代，磁(ci)(ci)(ci)通(tong)φ恒定。

直流伺(si)服電動機具有良(liang)好的(de)線性(xing)調節特性(xing)及快(kuai)速(su)的(de)時(shi)間響應(ying)。

伺服電動機(ji)一般(ban)分為直流伺服和交流伺服，對于直流伺服馬達優(you)點是：

優(you)點：精(jing)確的(de)速度(du)控制，轉(zhuan)矩速度(du)特性很硬(ying)，原理簡單、使用方便，價格(ge)優(you)勢；

缺點：電刷換向，速度限制，附加阻力，產生磨損微粒（對(dui)于無塵室(shi)）。

對于交流伺服馬達

優點：良好(hao)的速度控制(zhi)特性，在整個(ge)速度區(qu)內可實現平滑控制(zhi)，幾乎無(wu)振蕩；高效率，90%以上，不發熱；高速控制(zhi)；高精(jing)確位置(zhi)控制(zhi)（取決于何種編碼器(qi)）；額定運行區(qu)域(yu)內，實現恒力(li)矩(ju)；低(di)噪(zao)音；沒(mei)有電刷的磨損，免(mian)維護；不產生磨損顆(ke)粒、沒(mei)有火花，適用(yong)于無(wu)塵間、易暴環(huan)境慣量低(di)；

缺點(dian)：控制較復雜，驅動器參數(shu)需要(yao)現場調整PID參數(shu)整定，需要(yao)更(geng)多的連線

直流伺服電動機的應用

直流(liu)(liu)伺服(fu)電機的特性較交流(liu)(liu)伺服(fu)電機硬(ying)。通常應(ying)用于功率稍(shao)大的系統(tong)中(zhong)，如(ru)隨(sui)動系統(tong)中(zhong)的位置控(kong)制等。

交流伺服電動機的應用

交流伺服(fu)電機的(de)(de)輸出(chu)功率(lv)一(yi)般(ban)為0.1-100W，電源頻率(lv)分50Hz、400Hz等多種。它的(de)(de)應用很(hen)廣泛，如用在(zai)各種自(zi)動(dong)控制、自(zi)動(dong)記錄等系統(tong)中。