漆樹種子育苗方(fang)法

漆(qi)(qi)樹(shu)可用(yong)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和埋(mai)根兩種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方法(fa)育(yu)苗兩者(zhe)各有(you)其優缺點現主要(yao)介(jie)紹漆(qi)(qi)樹(shu)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)育(yu)苗播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)與(yu)管理(li)方法(fa).漆(qi)(qi)樹(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)外皮(pi)堅硬附有(you)漆(qi)(qi)脂，水(shui)分很難進(jin)入。產(chan)區群眾(zhong)采用(yong)“開水(shui)燙種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)堿水(shui)脫脂，浸泡種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)殼溫水(shui)催芽(ya)”的(de)方法(fa)。現將漆(qi)(qi)樹(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)的(de)育(yu)苗過程加以總(zong)結(jie)，供廣大客戶在(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植育(yu)苗前引以為參(can)照。首先(xian)由于漆(qi)(qi)樹(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)的(de)表皮(pi)蠟質(zhi)層(ceng)(ceng)起(qi)到一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)天(tian)然(ran)的(de)“包衣”作用(yong)，所以，漆(qi)(qi)樹(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)經采收后，只需要(yao)常溫室內自然(ran)通風干燥貯藏(zang)即可，一般(ban)不用(yong)沙藏(zang)，其種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)內部水(shui)分不會散失。但是，漆(qi)(qi)樹(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)的(de)天(tian)然(ran)蠟質(zhi)層(ceng)(ceng)，在(zai)進(jin)行(xing)籽播育(yu)苗之前，必須經人工處理(li)，將蠟質(zhi)層(ceng)(ceng)去除，才能(neng)夠催進(jin)漆(qi)(qi)樹(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)的(de)盡(jin)快發芽(ya)生長。其具(ju)體(ti)做(zuo)法(fa)步驟總(zong)結(jie)如(ru)下：

1：漆樹種子的蠟質層去除

首先，將(jiang)待播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)漆樹(shu)(shu)(shu)籽(zi)進(jin)行人(ren)(ren)工(gong)清選干凈，根據苗(miao)圃的(de)(de)面積，計算出合(he)理的(de)(de)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)，一般大(da)田播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，每(mei)畝可(ke)用(yong)漆樹(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子25公(gong)斤(jin){帶蠟(la)(la)質層毛(mao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)量(liang)30公(gong)斤(jin)}，正常情況下(xia)，可(ke)以成苗(miao)18000-20000株漆樹(shu)(shu)(shu)幼苗(miao)。經(jing)清選后的(de)(de)漆樹(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子，倒入(ru)桶，或盆等(deng)容器(qi)內，再(zai)將(jiang)純堿，或燒堿{一般大(da)型超市或化工(gong)用(yong)品(pin)商(shang)店有售}按相應比例倒入(ru)漆樹(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子里，加以攪拌(ban)，將(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子與堿拌(ban)勻后，即(ji)(ji)可(ke)以將(jiang)70攝(she)氏(shi)度以上的(de)(de)開水(shui)倒入(ru)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子內，用(yong)人(ren)(ren)工(gong)將(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子經(jing)多次攪拌(ban)，等(deng)堿完全融化后，放在(zai)一邊(bian)，自然冷卻，等(deng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子水(shui)溫降到(dao)50度以下(xia)，即(ji)(ji)可(ke)以用(yong)手將(jiang)漆樹(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子的(de)(de)蠟(la)(la)質皮(pi)層搓揉去除，去除蠟(la)(la)質皮(pi)層的(de)(de)漆樹(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子，再(zai)用(yong)清水(shui)多次濾洗(xi)，將(jiang)蠟(la)(la)質皮(pi)層淘洗(xi)干凈，淘凈的(de)(de)漆樹(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子，須(xu)放入(ru)50度左右的(de)(de)溫水(shui)進(jin)行浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)催芽。浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)催芽的(de)(de)時(shi)間，在(zai)室溫20攝(she)氏(shi)度下(xia)，經(jing)48小(xiao)時(shi)后，待種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)胚萌(meng)動，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)芽膨(peng)大(da)時(shi)，即(ji)(ji)可(ke)取出播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)下(xia)地。

2：漆樹種子的播種方法

漆樹(shu)(shu)種子(zi)(zi)的(de)播(bo)(bo)種一(yi)般(ban)采用條(tiao)播(bo)(bo)法。在(zai)進行(xing)園(yuan)(yuan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)平整(zheng)之前，可以(yi)(yi)視(shi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤肥(fei)力情況，對土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤進行(xing)相(xiang)應的(de)施(shi)肥(fei)改造，一(yi)般(ban)建(jian)議用農家肥(fei)，經腐熟發酵后(hou)，以(yi)(yi)每畝1200公(gong)斤(jin)的(de)用量，施(shi)入(ru)園(yuan)(yuan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)內。將深(shen)翻施(shi)肥(fei)后(hou)的(de)園(yuan)(yuan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)耙平，整(zheng)細，用鋤頭按深(shen)度(du)(du)(du)5厘米，行(xing)距(ju)15厘米條(tiao)狀(zhuang)，刨淺溝(gou)，將漆樹(shu)(shu)種子(zi)(zi)均(jun)(jun)勻(yun)撒(sa)入(ru)溝(gou)內，同(tong)時(shi)將種子(zi)(zi)蓋(gai)土(tu)(tu)(tu)厚度(du)(du)(du)約5厘米，將表皮踏(ta)實，不(bu)得出(chu)(chu)現種子(zi)(zi)裸露地表，或(huo)蓋(gai)土(tu)(tu)(tu)厚度(du)(du)(du)不(bu)均(jun)(jun)現象。蓋(gai)土(tu)(tu)(tu)后(hou)的(de)種子(zi)(zi)，要(yao)視(shi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤干濕(shi)(shi)度(du)(du)(du)情況，對土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤進行(xing)保濕(shi)(shi)維護(hu)。如果土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤過(guo)分干燥，不(bu)利(li)于漆樹(shu)(shu)種子(zi)(zi)的(de)盡快發芽出(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)，影響種子(zi)(zi)的(de)出(chu)(chu)芽率(lv)與(yu)成苗率(lv)，因此，對土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤進行(xing)必要(yao)的(de)濕(shi)(shi)度(du)(du)(du)保持比(bi)較重要(yao)。

3：漆樹幼苗期的田間管護

播種(zhong)后的(de)(de)(de)漆(qi)(qi)樹(shu)(shu)種(zhong)子，經(jing)三到四周(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，即可(ke)(ke)破(po)土(tu)萌動出(chu)芽(ya)，新(xin)出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)漆(qi)(qi)樹(shu)(shu)芽(ya)苗(miao)(miao)，應精心(xin)維(wei)護，首(shou)先要防(fang)止雜草(cao)(cao)滋生(sheng)，視雜草(cao)(cao)生(sheng)長情(qing)況，及時(shi)(shi)人工拔除(chu)(chu)。苗(miao)(miao)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)漆(qi)(qi)樹(shu)(shu)苗(miao)(miao)地(di)(di)(di)雜草(cao)(cao)防(fang)除(chu)(chu)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得使(shi)用(yong)化(hua)學除(chu)(chu)草(cao)(cao)劑，化(hua)學除(chu)(chu)草(cao)(cao)劑使(shi)用(yong)比例與方法不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)當，極(ji)易形成(cheng)對(dui)漆(qi)(qi)樹(shu)(shu)幼(you)(you)苗(miao)(miao)的(de)(de)(de)傷(shang)害，造(zao)成(cheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)挽回(hui)的(de)(de)(de)損(sun)失。漆(qi)(qi)樹(shu)(shu)幼(you)(you)苗(miao)(miao)的(de)(de)(de)耐澇能力較差，在(zai)夏季(ji)多雨(yu)季(ji)節(jie)，如遇連(lian)續(xu)陰(yin)雨(yu)天氣，應注(zhu)意(yi)觀察苗(miao)(miao)圃地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)墑情(qing)，防(fang)止田間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)地(di)(di)(di)表(biao)(biao)積(ji)(ji)(ji)水(shui)嚴重，發(fa)現(xian)地(di)(di)(di)表(biao)(biao)積(ji)(ji)(ji)水(shui)，要加以排(pai)澇，將(jiang)地(di)(di)(di)表(biao)(biao)積(ji)(ji)(ji)水(shui)引(yin)出(chu)苗(miao)(miao)地(di)(di)(di)。尤其在(zai)夏季(ji)雨(yu)后，突然晴天，陽光直射，地(di)(di)(di)表(biao)(biao)升溫快，如果(guo)地(di)(di)(di)表(biao)(biao)積(ji)(ji)(ji)水(shui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能及時(shi)(shi)排(pai)除(chu)(chu)，容易導(dao)致漆(qi)(qi)樹(shu)(shu)幼(you)(you)苗(miao)(miao)根(gen)(gen)部缺氧，葉(xie)(xie)(xie)片(pian)黃化(hua)而死苗(miao)(miao)。幼(you)(you)苗(miao)(miao)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)漆(qi)(qi)樹(shu)(shu)，如果(guo)土(tu)壤(rang)肥(fei)力不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足，也會影響其健壯生(sheng)長，肥(fei)力不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)壤(rang)，漆(qi)(qi)樹(shu)(shu)幼(you)(you)苗(miao)(miao)會出(chu)現(xian)長勢(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)良，高矮不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)均勻，植株細弱，根(gen)(gen)系不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)發(fa)達。因此，及時(shi)(shi)注(zhu)意(yi)觀察苗(miao)(miao)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)長情(qing)況，對(dui)幼(you)(you)苗(miao)(miao)進行(xing)(xing)肥(fei)力管理與控(kong)制(zhi)也是必不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)少的(de)(de)(de)。如果(guo)出(chu)現(xian)漆(qi)(qi)樹(shu)(shu)幼(you)(you)苗(miao)(miao)期(qi)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)片(pian)黃花嚴重，可(ke)(ke)以選擇在(zai)生(sheng)長期(qi)進行(xing)(xing)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)面(mian)(mian)噴(pen)施磷(lin)酸二(er)氫鉀，或尿素(su)稀釋液來補充幼(you)(you)苗(miao)(miao)所需養分。葉(xie)(xie)(xie)面(mian)(mian)肥(fei)的(de)(de)(de)噴(pen)施濃度(du)可(ke)(ke)按(an)千分之五(wu)的(de)(de)(de)比例，清(qing)水(shui)稀釋。葉(xie)(xie)(xie)面(mian)(mian)肥(fei)噴(pen)施的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)一般(ban)選擇在(zai)下午五(wu)點后進行(xing)(xing)，噴(pen)施間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)隔時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為二(er)周(zhou)。經(jing)二(er)到三次葉(xie)(xie)(xie)面(mian)(mian)肥(fei)施用(yong)后，可(ke)(ke)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)改(gai)善幼(you)(you)苗(miao)(miao)黃化(hua)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)片(pian)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)長狀況。

4：漆樹幼苗的移植造林

漆(qi)(qi)(qi)樹(shu)(shu)幼(you)(you)(you)苗(miao)當(dang)年(nian)生(sheng)長(chang)高度可(ke)達50-100厘米以(yi)上，當(dang)年(nian)秋季進入落(luo)葉休(xiu)眠期后，即可(ke)進行移植(zhi)(zhi)造林。造林地宜(yi)選在向陽，通(tong)(tong)風，土(tu)層深厚，排水通(tong)(tong)暢的(de)(de)山坡，丘陵(ling)地帶。漆(qi)(qi)(qi)樹(shu)(shu)幼(you)(you)(you)苗(miao)造林畝均用量(liang)(liang)80株以(yi)上，株行距以(yi)2.5米×3米較(jiao)為合適.栽(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)穴的(de)(de)規格尺寸可(ke)按50公分見方開(kai)挖.開(kai)挖完好的(de)(de)栽(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)穴可(ke)以(yi)施(shi)放一定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)基肥對于漆(qi)(qi)(qi)樹(shu)(shu)幼(you)(you)(you)苗(miao)的(de)(de)早(zao)(zao)期生(sheng)長(chang)與抗性增強有極(ji)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)幫助.一般漆(qi)(qi)(qi)樹(shu)(shu)成林約需(xu)三到四年(nian)時(shi)間(jian)不提倡過早(zao)(zao)割(ge)(ge)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)根據漆(qi)(qi)(qi)樹(shu)(shu)品種的(de)(de)不同割(ge)(ge)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)間(jian)早(zao)(zao)晚有所差(cha)別.一般以(yi)第四年(nian)為初割(ge)(ge)期且(qie)注(zhu)意割(ge)(ge)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)深度與割(ge)(ge)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)量(liang)(liang)不宜(yi)過大(da)(da).早(zao)(zao)期割(ge)(ge)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)操作不當(dang)會(hui)影響(xiang)樹(shu)(shu)勢的(de)(de)恢(hui)復(fu)生(sheng)長(chang)與高產(chan)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding).