純電動汽車的發展現狀面臨問題與核心技術

目(mu)前人們所(suo)說的電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)多(duo)是指純(chun)(chun)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)，即(ji)是一種(zhong)采用單一蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)作(zuo)為儲(chu)能動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力源(yuan)的汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)。它利用蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)作(zuo)為儲(chu)能動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力源(yuan)，通過電(dian)池(chi)向電(dian)機提供電(dian)能，驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機運轉，從而(er)推動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)前進。從外形上看，電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)與日常見到的汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)并沒有什么區別(bie)，區別(bie)主要在(zai)于動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力源(yuan)及其驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)系統。即(ji)純(chun)(chun)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)的電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機相(xiang)當(dang)(dang)于傳統汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)的發動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機，蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)相(xiang)當(dang)(dang)于原來(lai)的油箱。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車是(shi)(shi)(shi)針對內燃(ran)機(ji)(ji)車輛提出來的(de)概念。謂(wei)之“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)”，是(shi)(shi)(shi)因為它的(de)能源是(shi)(shi)(shi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)而不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)汽(qi)油（或柴油）等(deng)石油產(chan)品。純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車是(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)以(yi)車載電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源為動(dong)(dong)(dong)力，用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian) 機(ji)(ji)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)車輪行駛，符合道路交通、安全法規各項要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)車輛。一(yi)般采(cai)用高效(xiao)率充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，或燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為動(dong)(dong)(dong)力源。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車無需再用內燃(ran)機(ji)(ji)，因此，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)相當(dang)于(yu)傳統汽(qi)車的(de)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)相當(dang)于(yu)原來的(de)油箱(xiang)，由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能是(shi)(shi)(shi)二次能源，可以(yi)來源于(yu)風能、水能、熱能、太陽能等(deng)多種方式。

純電動汽車-結構

電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)由底盤、車(che)身、蓄電(dian)池組、電(dian)動(dong)機、控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)和(he)輔助(zhu)設施蓄電(dian)池六部分(fen)組成。由于電(dian)動(dong)機具有良好的牽(qian)引特性，因(yin)此(ci)蓄電(dian)池汽車(che)的傳動(dong)系(xi)統不需要離合器(qi)和(he)變速(su)器(qi)。車(che)速(su)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)由控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)通(tong)過調速(su)系(xi)統改變電(dian)動(dong)機的轉速(su)即可實現。

純電動汽車-原理

純電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車，顧(gu)名思(si)義(yi)，是由蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)能量使電(dian)(dian)機(ji)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)車輪前進；燃料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)區別于純電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車，由常見(jian)的(de)(de)氫燃料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)不(bu)斷的(de)(de)產(chan)生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)能，并儲存在蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)中，依然由電(dian)(dian)機(ji)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)車輪。混合動(dong)(dong)(dong)力汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車是為解決純電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車續駛里(li)程短而(er)提出的(de)(de)一種折中方(fang)案(an)。它(ta)既(ji)有發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)，又有電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，可單(dan)獨由電(dian)(dian)機(ji)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)或(huo)發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)參與電(dian)(dian)機(ji)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。系統(tong)的(de)(de)復雜性增加，但(dan)是改善了發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)工作(zuo)狀況而(er)具有很高的(de)(de)燃油利用率(lv)，通常也把它(ta)歸(gui)入電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車。

純電動汽車-分類

就開發的電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)來講(jiang)，可(ke)分三類：純電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)（Pure EV）、混合動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)（Hybrid Electric Vehicle：HEV）和燃料電(dian)(dian)池汽(qi)車(che)（Fuel Cell Vehicle：FCV）。

純電動汽車-優點

電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)優點(dian)是：它(ta)本(ben)身不(bu)排放(fang)污(wu)染大氣(qi)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)害(hai)氣(qi)體，即(ji)使按所耗電(dian)(dian)量(liang) 換算為發電(dian)(dian)廠的(de)(de)排放(fang)，除硫和(he)微(wei)粒外(wai)，其它(ta)污(wu)染物也顯著減少，由(you)于電(dian)(dian)廠大多建(jian)于遠(yuan)離(li)人口密集的(de)(de)城市，對人類傷(shang)害(hai)較(jiao)少，而且電(dian)(dian)廠是固定不(bu)動的(de)(de)，集中(zhong)的(de)(de)排放(fang)，清除各種(zhong)有(you)(you)害(hai)排放(fang)物較(jiao)容易(yi)，也已(yi)有(you)(you)了相關技(ji)術。由(you)于電(dian)(dian)力可以(yi)從多種(zhong)一次能(neng)源獲得，如煤、核(he)能(neng)、水力等，解除人們(men)對石油資源日見枯竭的(de)(de)擔心。電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)還可以(yi)充分利用晚間用電(dian)(dian)低谷(gu)時富余的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力充電(dian)(dian)，使發電(dian)(dian)設備日夜都能(neng)充分利用，大大提高(gao)其經濟效益。

有些研究表明(ming)，同樣的原油經(jing)過粗煉，送至(zhi)電(dian)廠(chang)發電(dian)，經(jing)充入(ru)電(dian)池(chi)，再(zai)由(you)電(dian)池(chi)驅動汽(qi)車(che)，其(qi)能量利用(yong)效率比經(jing)過精煉變為汽(qi)油，再(zai)經(jing)汽(qi)油機(ji)驅動汽(qi)車(che)高(gao)，因此有利于節約能源和減少(shao)二(er)氧化碳的排量，正是這些優(you)點，使電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)的研究和應用(yong)成為汽(qi)車(che)工業的一個(ge)"熱點"。

純電動汽車-應用

純(chun)(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)是完(wan)全由二次電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)( 如鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)或鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)等(deng)) 提供動(dong)(dong)(dong)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)。目前(qian)純(chun)(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)轎(jiao)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)和(he)純(chun)(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)客車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)均已(yi)通(tong)過國(guo)家(jia)質檢(jian)中(zhong)心的(de)(de)(de)(de)型式認證(zheng)試驗(yan), 各(ge)項指標(biao)均滿(man)足有(you)關(guan)國(guo)家(jia)標(biao)準和(he)企業標(biao)準的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定。天(tian)津清(qing)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)輛(liang)(liang)有(you)限公(gong)司(si)、深圳雷天(tian)公(gong)司(si)等(deng)單位研(yan)發的(de)(de)(de)(de)純(chun)(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)轎(jiao)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che), 其整(zheng)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力性、經濟性、續駛(shi)里程、噪聲等(deng)指標(biao)已(yi)達到甚至(zhi)超過國(guo)外同級別車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)型, 初步形成了關(guan)鍵技(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)發能(neng)力。目前(qian), 進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)純(chun)(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)示范運行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)城市有(you)若(ruo)干(gan)個(ge), 但是規(gui)模都比較小(xiao)。2005 年(nian)1 月, 天(tian)津市的(de)(de)(de)(de)22 輛(liang)(liang)轎(jiao)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)和(he)1 輛(liang)(liang)公(gong)共汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)示范運行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)通(tong)過了國(guo)家(jia)驗(yan)收。同年(nian)12 月, 武漢市進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)95 輛(liang)(liang)純(chun)(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)小(xiao)型公(gong)共汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)( 另有(you)20 輛(liang)(liang)混合動(dong)(dong)(dong)力公(gong)共汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)和(he)3 輛(liang)(liang)混合動(dong)(dong)(dong)力轎(jiao)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)) 的(de)(de)(de)(de)3 年(nian)示范運行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)也通(tong)過了國(guo)家(jia)驗(yan)收。因為(wei)純(chun)(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)受到續駛(shi)能(neng)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)約束, 純(chun)(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)試驗(yan)主要集中(zhong)在(zai)小(xiao)型公(gong)共汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)上。根據“中(zhong)國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)網”報道, 2006 年(nian)1 月, 湖南省(sheng)株洲市有(you)50 臺小(xiao)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)社區內運行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing), 該(gai)市有(you)若(ruo)干(gan)輛(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)公(gong)共汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)也在(zai)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)中(zhong)。同年(nian)4 月, 浙江省(sheng)杭州(zhou)市啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)示范項目, 6 輛(liang)(liang)轎(jiao)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)和(he)5 輛(liang)(liang)公(gong)共汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)在(zai)市內進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)示范運行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。

純電動汽車-面臨的問題

動汽車(che)的(de)(de)困難(nan)是目前(qian)蓄電(dian)池單位重(zhong)量(liang)儲存的(de)(de)能量(liang)太少，還因電(dian)動車(che)的(de)(de)電(dian)池較(jiao)貴，又沒(mei)形成經濟規模，故購買(mai)價格(ge)(ge)較(jiao)貴，至于使用成本，有些試(shi)用結果比(bi)汽車(che)貴，有些結果僅為汽車(che)的(de)(de)1／3，這(zhe)主要取決于電(dian)池的(de)(de)壽命及當(dang)地的(de)(de)油(you)、電(dian)價格(ge)(ge)。

純電動汽車-現狀

1、發達國家與主要汽車集團的電動汽車現狀

國(guo)外(wai)著(zhu)名汽(qi)車(che)公司都十分重視研(yan)究開(kai)發(fa)電動(dong)汽(qi)車(che), 世界發(fa)達國(guo)家(jia)不惜投入巨資進行研(yan)究開(kai)發(fa), 并制(zhi)定(ding)了一些相關的(de)(de)政策、法規來(lai)推(tui)動(dong)電動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)發(fa)展。

美國目前正在大力(li)研(yan)制和(he)推廣使用燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)和(he)純電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che), 政府能(neng)源部與通用、福特(te)和(he)戴- 克三大汽車(che)(che)制造商聯合開(kai)發燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)。現在, 美國已有7 個州加(jia)入了(le)零排放計(ji)劃, 到規定年限后這些(xie)地區銷售的(de)汽車(che)(che)必須(xu)為零排放, 即只能(neng)為純電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)和(he)燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)。

以美國藍鳥客(ke)車公(gong)司(si)、英(ying)國的(de)FRZAERNASH公(gong)司(si)、日(ri)本(ben)(ben)豐田(tian)、日(ri)本(ben)(ben)本(ben)(ben)田(tian)為(wei)代表的(de)電(dian)動客(ke)車和(he)轎車已經(jing)上(shang)市, 英(ying)國已有數萬輛(liang)電(dian)動汽車在使用;

法國(guo)是世界上推廣應用(yong)純電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)最成(cheng)功的國(guo)家之一, 成(cheng)立(li)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)推廣應用(yong)國(guo)家部際協調委員(yuan)會,巴黎和拉羅舍爾已經建立(li)了比較完善的純電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)站網(wang)基礎設施, 制定了優惠(hui)的支持和激勵使用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)的政策, 且已經初步(bu)形成(cheng)了純電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)運行(xing)體系。

在近(jin)(jin)年的(de)國際(ji)性大型運動(dong)會上, 電動(dong)汽車也成(cheng)為(wei)各國展示其科技實(shi)力和(he)環(huan)保意識的(de)工具(ju)之一。亞特蘭(lan)大奧(ao)運會使(shi)用了美國藍鳥(niao)客(ke)車公(gong)司生產的(de)純電動(dong)客(ke)車作(zuo)為(wei)公(gong)務和(he)電視轉播車, 悉尼(ni)奧(ao)運會購買了英(ying)國FRAZER- NASH 公(gong)司的(de)近(jin)(jin)400 輛電動(dong)客(ke)車作(zuo)為(wei)運動(dong)員接(jie)送車輛。混合(he)動(dong)力電動(dong)汽車領(ling)域,

本豐田(tian)公(gong)司(si)(si)開(kai)發的Prius 和本田(tian)公(gong)司(si)(si)開(kai)發的Insight2 種混(hun)合動(dong)力電動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車已(yi)(yi)開(kai)始批量投(tou)放市場。豐田(tian)公(gong)司(si)(si)的Prius 銷(xiao)售(shou)已(yi)(yi)在(zai)2006 年累計突破150 萬輛, 并于2005 年底(di)在(zai)我(wo)國長春一汽(qi)(qi)進行(xing)了(le)組裝生產和銷(xiao)售(shou)。日產公(gong)司(si)(si)也于2003 年推出Tino 混(hun)合動(dong)力汽(qi)(qi)車, 在(zai)日本國內市場上銷(xiao)售(shou)了(le)100 多輛。

歐(ou)洲(zhou)各大(da)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車廠商(shang)爭(zheng)先(xian)恐后(hou)地推出了本(ben)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)研(yan)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混合動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車, 甚至德(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)博世(BOSCH) 等(deng)(deng)著名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)零部(bu)(bu)件公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)也積極與(yu)大(da)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)聯手開(kai)(kai)(kai)發(fa)混合動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車技術。美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)已有(you)近20 個城市(shi)試驗(yan)使用(yong)混合動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)交車,瑞典(dian)、法國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、德(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、意大(da)利(li)、比利(li)時(shi)等(deng)(deng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)計劃在(zai)9 個歐(ou)洲(zhou)城市(shi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)通混合動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車線路(lu)。燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車斬露頭(tou)角, 國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)外(wai)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)界紛紛組成(cheng)強大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)跨國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)聯盟(meng), 以期達到優勢(shi)互補(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。如日(ri)本(ben)豐田與(yu)美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)通用(yong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si), 日(ri)本(ben)東芝公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)與(yu)美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si), 德(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)BMW公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)與(yu)西門子公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si), 雷諾汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)與(yu)意大(da)利(li)De Nora 公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)分別組成(cheng)聯盟(meng)開(kai)(kai)(kai)發(fa)燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車; 本(ben)也已投(tou)資數億美(mei)元開(kai)(kai)(kai)發(fa)燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車。其中(zhong), 以加(jia)拿大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巴(ba)拉德(de)、美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)福特、德(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戴(dai)姆勒(le)- 克萊斯勒(le)聯(XCELLSIS)最具代表性, 該聯盟(meng)投(tou)資10億加(jia)元開(kai)(kai)(kai)發(fa)生產電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車用(yong)燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)系統。在(zai)燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)發(fa)熱潮中(zhong), 幾乎所有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)外(wai)大(da)型(xing)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)集團全(quan)部(bu)(bu)介入(ru), 投(tou)入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總(zong)額超過百億美(mei)元。但(dan)是(shi)(shi), 由于(yu)燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)和壽命問題, 使得這一項目(mu)目(mu)前進(jin)展(zhan)緩(huan)慢。在(zai)燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)示(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)運行方面(mian), 世界各國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)也都不(bu)約而同地把注意力(li)(li)集中(zhong)在(zai)大(da)客車上, 如歐(ou)盟(meng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)CUTE 示(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)項目(mu)、UNDP/GEF 燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)商(shang)業(ye)(ye)化示(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)項目(mu)、美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)加(jia)州的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)CAHFC 示(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)項目(mu)和日(ri)本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)JHFC計劃等(deng)(deng)。與(yu)此同時(shi), 部(bu)(bu)分國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家政府(fu)為(wei)促(cu)進(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan), 通過財稅手段調整汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車發(fa)展(zhan)結構(gou)。像美(mei)、日(ri)等(deng)(deng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)政府(fu)對(dui)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)車產品給予(yu)10%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鼓勵(li)性補(bu)貼, 荷(he)蘭政府(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)補(bu)貼更是(shi)(shi)高達30%。并對(dui)傳(chuan)統汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車開(kai)(kai)(kai)征燃料(liao)(liao)稅, 如歐(ou)洲(zhou)部(bu)(bu)分國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家燃料(liao)(liao)稅高達200~300%,最低的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)也有(you)34%。

2、中國電動汽車現狀

中(zhong)國(guo)電動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)雖然沒有歐美(mei)等(deng)國(guo)家(jia)起(qi)步早, 但國(guo)家(jia)從(cong)維護能(neng)源安全, 改善大(da)(da)氣(qi)環境, 提高汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)工業競(jing)爭(zheng)力(li), 實現我國(guo)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)工業的(de)跨越式發(fa)(fa)(fa)展的(de)戰略高度考慮, 從(cong)“八五(wu)”開始(shi)到現在(zai), 電動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)研究一直是(shi)國(guo)家(jia)計(ji)劃項目, 并在(zai)2001 年設立了“電動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)重大(da)(da)科技專項”。通過(guo)(guo)組織企業、高等(deng)院校和科研機構, 集中(zhong)各方面力(li)量進行(xing)聯合(he)攻關, 現正處于研發(fa)(fa)(fa)勢頭(tou)強(qiang)勁(jing)階段(duan), 部分技術已(yi)(yi)經(jing)趕上(shang)甚至(zhi)超過(guo)(guo)世界(jie)先進水(shui)平。“電動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)重大(da)(da)科技專項”實施以來, 已(yi)(yi)成功開發(fa)(fa)(fa)出燃(ran)料電池汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)樣車(che)(che)(che), 累計(ji)運(yun)行(xing)數千公(gong)(gong)里; 混合(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)客車(che)(che)(che)已(yi)(yi)在(zai)武漢(han)等(deng)地公(gong)(gong)交(jiao)線路上(shang)試驗運(yun)行(xing)超過(guo)(guo)百萬公(gong)(gong)里; 純電動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)已(yi)(yi)通過(guo)(guo)國(guo)家(jia)有關認證試驗。

純電動汽車-發展

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)首要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)關鍵，汽(qi)(qi)車(che)動(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)難在 “低(di)成(cheng)本要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)”、“高(gao)容量要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)”及(ji)“高(gao)安全(quan)(quan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)”等三(san)個要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)上。要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)想在較大(da)(da)范圍(wei)內應用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)依靠先進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)經過10多(duo)年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)篩(shai)選，現在普遍看好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氫鎳(nie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，鐵(tie)(tie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，鋰(li)離子和(he)鋰(li)聚合物電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。氫鎳(nie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)單位重(zhong)量儲存能(neng)量比鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)多(duo)一(yi)倍(bei)，其它性(xing)(xing)能(neng)也(ye)都(dou)優于鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。但目前價格(ge)為鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)4-5倍(bei)，正在大(da)(da)力(li)攻關讓它降下來。鐵(tie)(tie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)采(cai)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)豐富、價格(ge)低(di)廉(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鐵(tie)(tie)元素材(cai)料(liao)，成(cheng)本得到大(da)(da)幅度降低(di)，也(ye)有(you)廠家采(cai)用(yong)。鋰(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)最輕、化(hua)學特性(xing)(xing)十分活潑的(de)(de)(de)(de)金屬，鋰(li)離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)單位重(zhong)量儲能(neng)為鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)3倍(bei)，鋰(li)聚合物電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為4倍(bei)，而(er)且鋰(li)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)較豐富，價格(ge)也(ye)不很貴(gui)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)很有(you)希望(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)在鎳(nie)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和(he)鋰(li)離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產業(ye)化(hua)開發(fa)(fa)方面均(jun)(jun)取得了(le)快速(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)其他有(you)關的(de)(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)，近(jin)年(nian)都(dou)有(you)巨大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)步，如：交流感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機及(ji)其控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，稀土永磁無(wu)刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機及(ji)其控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和(he)整車(che)能(neng)量管理(li)系統，智能(neng)及(ji)快速(su)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技術(shu)，低(di)阻力(li)輪胎，輕量和(he)低(di)風阻車(che)身，制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)能(neng)量回收等等，這些(xie)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)步使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)日見完善和(he)走(zou)向實用(yong)化(hua)。我國(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)(da)城市的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)氣(qi)污染已(yi)(yi)不能(neng)忽視，汽(qi)(qi)車(che)排放是(shi)(shi)(shi)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)污染源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)之一(yi)，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)已(yi)(yi)有(you)10個城市被列入全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)大(da)(da)氣(qi)污染最嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)20個城市之中(zhong)。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)現今人(ren)(ren)均(jun)(jun)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)是(shi)(shi)(shi)每1000人(ren)(ren)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)10輛(liang)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)，但石油(you)(you)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)不足，每年(nian)已(yi)(yi)進(jin)口幾千萬(wan)噸石油(you)(you)，隨著經濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，假如中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)均(jun)(jun)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)持(chi)(chi)有(you)量達到現在全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)水平(ping)---每1000人(ren)(ren)有(you)110輛(liang)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)持(chi)(chi)有(you)量將(jiang)成(cheng)10倍(bei)地增(zeng)加，石油(you)(you)進(jin)口就成(cheng)為大(da)(da)問題。因此在中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)研究發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)不是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)個臨時的(de)(de)(de)(de)短期(qi)措(cuo)施，而(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)意義(yi)重(zhong)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)、長(chang)遠的(de)(de)(de)(de)戰略考慮(lv)。

經歷了(le)長期(qi)發展，純(chun)電動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)技術(shu)逐步成熟(shu)，并(bing)在(zai)(zai)美、日(ri)、歐等國家得(de)到商業化的推廣應用(yong)。目前世界上有近4萬輛純(chun)電動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)在(zai)(zai)運(yun)(yun)行，其中法國8000輛，美國7000輛，在(zai)(zai)日(ri)本(ben)7400輛。主要(yao)用(yong)在(zai)(zai)公(gong)共運(yun)(yun)輸系統。

純電動汽車-核心技術

發展電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)必須解決好4個方面(mian)的關(guan)鍵技術：電(dian)池技術、電(dian)機(ji)驅(qu)動及其控制技術、電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)整(zheng)車(che)技術以及能量管理技術。

1、電池技術

電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車的動(dong)(dong)力源(yuan)泉，也是一(yi)直制約(yue)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車發展的關鍵因(yin)素(su)。電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車用(yong)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的主要(yao)性能指標是比(bi)能量(E)、能量密度(du)(Ed)、比(bi)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(P)、循環壽命(ming)(L)和成(cheng)本(C)等。要(yao)使電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車能與燃(ran)油(you)汽車相(xiang)競爭，關鍵就是要(yao)開發出比(bi)能量高(gao)(gao)、比(bi)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)大、使用(yong)壽命(ming)長(chang)的高(gao)(gao)效(xiao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。

到目(mu)前為止，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)經過了(le)3代(dai)的(de)發展(zhan)，已取得了(le)突(tu)破性的(de)進展(zhan)。第1代(dai)是(shi)鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，目(mu)前主要(yao)是(shi)閥控(kong)鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(VRLA)，由于其(qi)比(bi)(bi)(bi)能(neng)量(liang)較高、價格低和能(neng)高倍(bei)率(lv)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，因此(ci)是(shi)目(mu)前惟一能(neng)大(da)(da)批量(liang)生產的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。第2代(dai)是(shi)堿(jian)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，主要(yao)有鎳(nie)鎘(ge)(NJ-Cd)、鎳(nie)氫(qing)(Ni-MH)、鈉硫(Na/S)、鋰離(li)子(zi)(Li-ion)和鋅空氣(Zn/Air)等多種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，其(qi)比(bi)(bi)(bi)能(neng)量(liang)和比(bi)(bi)(bi)功(gong)率(lv)都(dou)(dou)比(bi)(bi)(bi)鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)高，因此(ci)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)提高了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車的(de)動(dong)(dong)力性能(neng)和續駛里程(cheng)，但(dan)其(qi)價格卻比(bi)(bi)(bi)鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)高。第3代(dai)是(shi)以燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)為主的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)直接將燃(ran)料的(de)化(hua)學能(neng)轉變為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，能(neng)量(liang)轉變效率(lv)高，比(bi)(bi)(bi)能(neng)量(liang)和比(bi)(bi)(bi)功(gong)率(lv)都(dou)(dou)高，并(bing)且可以控(kong)制(zhi)反應過程(cheng)，能(neng)量(liang)轉化(hua)過程(cheng)可以連續進行，因此(ci)是(shi)理(li)想(xiang)的(de)汽車用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，但(dan)目(mu)前還處于研制(zhi)階段，一些關鍵技術還有待(dai)突(tu)破問(wen)。

2、 電力驅動及其控制技術

電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)與驅動(dong)系統是電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車的關(guan)鍵部件(jian)，要使電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車有良好的使用(yong)性(xing)能，驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)應具有調速范圍寬、轉速高、啟動(dong)轉矩大、體積小(xiao)(xiao)、質(zhi)量小(xiao)(xiao)、效率高且有動(dong)態(tai)制(zhi)動(dong)強和(he)能量回饋等特性(xing)。目前，電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車用(yong)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要有直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(DCM)、感應電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(IM)、永(yong)磁無刷電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(PMBLM)和(he)開關(guan)磁阻電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(SRM)4類。

近(jin)幾年來，由感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車幾乎都采用矢量控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)直接轉矩控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。由于直接轉矩的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)手段直接、結構簡單(dan)、控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)能優良和(he)動(dong)(dong)態(tai)響(xiang)應迅(xun)速(su)，因此非常(chang)(chang)適(shi)合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。美國以及(ji)歐洲研(yan)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車多采用這種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。永磁無(wu)刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)可以分(fen)為由方波(bo)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)刷直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)系統(BLDCM)和(he)由正(zheng)弦(xian)波(bo)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)刷直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)系統(PMSM)，它(ta)們都具(ju)有(you)(you)較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)率密(mi)度(du)，其控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)方式與感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)基(ji)本(ben)相同(tong)，因此在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車上得(de)到了廣泛(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應用。PMSM類電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)具(ju)有(you)(you)較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能量密(mi)度(du)和(he)效率，其體積小、慣性(xing)低、響(xiang)應快，非常(chang)(chang)適(shi)應于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)系統，有(you)(you)極好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應用前(qian)(qian)景。目前(qian)(qian)，由日本(ben)研(yan)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車主要采用這種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

開(kai)關磁阻電動機(SRM)具有簡(jian)單可(ke)靠、可(ke)在(zai)(zai)較(jiao)寬轉速(su)和轉矩范圍內高效運(yun)行、控制靈活、可(ke)四象限(xian)(xian)運(yun)行、響應速(su)度快和成本較(jiao)低等優點。實際(ji)應用發現SRM存在(zai)(zai)轉矩波動大、噪聲大、需要位(wei)置(zhi)檢(jian)測器等缺(que)點，應用受到(dao)了限(xian)(xian)制。

隨著電動機及(ji)驅(qu)動系(xi)統(tong)的發(fa)展，控(kong)制系(xi)統(tong)趨于智能(neng)(neng)化和數字化。變結(jie)構控(kong)制、模糊控(kong)制、神(shen)經網絡、自適應控(kong)制、專家控(kong)制、遺傳算法等非線性智能(neng)(neng)控(kong)制技術，都將各自或結(jie)合應用于電動汽車的電動機控(kong)制系(xi)統(tong)。

3、 電動汽車整車技術

電(dian)動(dong)汽車是高(gao)(gao)科(ke)技(ji)綜合(he)性產品，除電(dian)池(chi)(chi)、電(dian)動(dong)機外，車體本(ben)身也(ye)包(bao)含(han)很多高(gao)(gao)新技(ji)術，有些節能(neng)措施比提高(gao)(gao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)儲能(neng)能(neng)力(li)(li)還易于實現。采(cai)用輕質(zhi)材料如鎂、鋁、優(you)質(zhi)鋼(gang)材及復(fu)合(he)材料，優(you)化結構，可(ke)(ke)使(shi)汽車自(zi)身質(zhi)量減(jian)輕30%-50%；實現制(zhi)動(dong)、下坡和怠(dai)速時的能(neng)量回(hui)收；采(cai)用高(gao)(gao)彈滯(zhi)材料制(zhi)成的高(gao)(gao)氣壓子午線(xian)輪胎，可(ke)(ke)使(shi)汽車的滾(gun)動(dong)阻力(li)(li)減(jian)少50%；汽車車身特別是汽車底部更加流線(xian)型化，可(ke)(ke)使(shi)汽車的空(kong)氣阻力(li)(li)減(jian)少50%。

4、 能量管理技術

蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)是電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的儲能動(dong)(dong)力源(yuan)。電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)要獲得非常(chang)好的動(dong)(dong)力特性(xing)(xing)，必須(xu)具有(you)比能量(liang)高、使(shi)用(yong)壽命長、比功(gong)率大(da)的蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)作為動(dong)(dong)力源(yuan)。而要使(shi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)具有(you)良好的工作性(xing)(xing)能，就必須(xu)對蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)進行系統(tong)管理(li)。

能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)系統是電動(dong)汽(qi)車的(de)(de)(de)智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)核心。一輛設計優良(liang)的(de)(de)(de)電動(dong)汽(qi)車，除了有(you)良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)機械性(xing)能(neng)(neng)、電驅動(dong)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)、選擇適當的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)源(即電池(chi)(chi))外(wai)，還應該有(you)一套協(xie)調各個功(gong)能(neng)(neng)部分工(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)系統，它的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)是檢測單個電池(chi)(chi)或電池(chi)(chi)組(zu)的(de)(de)(de)荷(he)電狀態，并根據各種傳感信息，包(bao)括力、加減速命令(ling)、行駛路況、蓄(xu)電池(chi)(chi)工(gong)況、環境溫度等，合理(li)地調配(pei)和(he)使用(yong)(yong)有(you)限的(de)(de)(de)車載能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)；它還能(neng)(neng)夠根據電池(chi)(chi)組(zu)的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)情況和(he)充放電歷史選擇最佳(jia)充電方式，以(yi)盡可能(neng)(neng)延長電池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)壽命。

世(shi)界(jie)各(ge)大汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)制造商的(de)(de)研究機構都在進(jin)行電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)車(che)(che)載(zai)電(dian)池能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)系統(tong)的(de)(de)研究與開發。電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)電(dian)池當前存有多少電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，還能(neng)(neng)(neng)行駛(shi)多少公里，是電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)行駛(shi)中必(bi)須知道的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)參(can)數(shu)，也是電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)系統(tong)應(ying)該完成的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)。應(ying)用電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)車(che)(che)載(zai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)系統(tong)，可(ke)(ke)以更加(jia)準(zhun)確(que)地設計電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)儲存系統(tong)，確(que)定一個最佳的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)存儲及管(guan)(guan)理(li)結構，并且可(ke)(ke)以提高電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)本身(shen)的(de)(de)性能(neng)(neng)(neng)。

在(zai)電(dian)(dian)動汽車上(shang)實現能(neng)量(liang)(liang)管理的(de)(de)難點(dian)，在(zai)于如何根據(ju)(ju)所采集的(de)(de)每塊電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓、溫度(du)和充放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)歷史數(shu)據(ju)(ju)，來建立一個確定每塊電(dian)(dian)池還(huan)剩余(yu)多少能(neng)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)較精(jing)確的(de)(de)數(shu)學模型(xing)。

純電動汽車-研發歷史

一百多(duo)年來，電(dian)動汽車在汽車發(fa)展史(shi)中經歷了三(san)次重大機遇：

第一次發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)一百(bai)余年前。由(you)(you)于當時(shi)電池和電機(ji)的(de)發(fa)(fa)展較(jiao)內(nei)燃(ran)機(ji)成熟(shu)，而且石油的(de)運(yun)用還沒有普及(ji)，使(shi)電動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)在(zai)(zai)(zai)早期的(de)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)領(ling)域中(zhong)占(zhan)有舉足輕重(zhong)的(de)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)。第一輛電動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)（3輪）由(you)(you)法國人古斯塔夫?土維（Gustave Trouve）在(zai)(zai)(zai)1881年制造出來(lai)，此(ci)后三四十(shi)年間，電動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)在(zai)(zai)(zai)當時(shi)的(de)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)發(fa)(fa)展中(zhong)占(zhan)據(ju)著重(zhong)要位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)。例(li)如，世界上(shang)首輛車(che)(che)速超過(guo)100公里／小時(shi)的(de)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)就是電動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)。那是在(zai)(zai)(zai)1899年，由(you)(you)比(bi)利時(shi)工(gong)程師卡(ka)米樂?熱納(na)茨（Camille Jenatzy）設計的(de)名為(wei)“從(cong)不滿意”（La Jamais Contente）的(de)鋁(lv)制車(che)(che)身(shen)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)，現在(zai)(zai)(zai)保存在(zai)(zai)(zai)法國貢(gong)批尼（Compiegne）博物館中(zhong)。據(ju)統計，到1890年在(zai)(zai)(zai)全世界4200輛汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)中(zhong)，有38％為(wei)電動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)，40％為(wei)蒸汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)，22％為(wei)內(nei)燃(ran)機(ji)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)。到了(le)1911年，就已經有電動(dong)(dong)(dong)出租汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)在(zai)(zai)(zai)巴黎和倫敦(dun)的(de)街頭上(shang)運(yun)營，到了(le)1912年在(zai)(zai)(zai)美國更(geng)有至少3.4萬輛電動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)運(yun)行。

第二(er)次(ci)(ci)是在(zai)70年(nian)代(dai)石油(you)危機的爆(bao)發(fa)時.由于(yu)石油(you)的大(da)量開采(cai)和內燃機的種種優(you)越性，電(dian)動汽車漸漸被(bei)人(ren)們忽(hu)視。直(zhi)到上世(shi)紀70年(nian)代(dai)石油(you)危機的爆(bao)發(fa)，給世(shi)界(jie)各國(guo)政(zheng)界(jie)一次(ci)(ci)不小的打(da)擊，開始考(kao)慮替代(dai)石油(you)的其(qi)他能源，包括(kuo)風能、太陽能、電(dian)能等(deng)可再生(sheng)能源。因(yin)此從政(zheng)治經濟方面考(kao)慮，才又給了電(dian)動汽車第二(er)次(ci)(ci)機遇，又一次(ci)(ci)被(bei)人(ren)矚目。

第三次機遇開始于若干年前，世界上除了已存在的能源問題之外，環境保護問題也逐漸成為了各個方面所關心重大課題，內燃機汽車的排放污染，給全球的環境以災難性的影響，因此開發生產零污染交通工具成為各國所追求的目標，電動汽車的無（低）污染優點，使其成為當代汽車發展的主要方向。