純電動汽車的發展現狀面臨問題與核心技術

目(mu)前人們所說的(de)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)多是指(zhi)純電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)，即是一(yi)種采用(yong)單(dan)一(yi)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)作(zuo)為儲能(neng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力源的(de)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)。它利(li)用(yong)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)作(zuo)為儲能(neng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力源，通過電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)向電(dian)(dian)機(ji)提供(gong)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)，驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)運(yun)轉，從(cong)而推(tui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)前進。從(cong)外(wai)形(xing)上看，電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)與日常見到的(de)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)并沒有(you)什么區別，區別主要(yao)在于(yu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力源及(ji)其(qi)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)系(xi)統。即純電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)相當于(yu)傳統汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)，蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)相當于(yu)原來的(de)油(you)箱。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車是(shi)針對內燃(ran)(ran)機(ji)(ji)(ji)車輛提出來(lai)的概(gai)念。謂(wei)之“電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)”，是(shi)因(yin)為它的能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)是(shi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)而不是(shi)汽(qi)油(you)（或柴油(you)）等石(shi)油(you)產品。純電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車是(shi)指(zhi)以(yi)車載(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)為動(dong)(dong)力，用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian) 機(ji)(ji)(ji)驅動(dong)(dong)車輪行駛，符合道(dao)路交通、安全(quan)法(fa)規(gui)各項要(yao)求(qiu)的車輛。一般采用(yong)(yong)高效率充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，或燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)為動(dong)(dong)力源(yuan)(yuan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車無需再用(yong)(yong)內燃(ran)(ran)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，因(yin)此(ci)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車的電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)相當(dang)于傳統汽(qi)車的發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)相當(dang)于原來(lai)的油(you)箱，由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)是(shi)二次能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)，可(ke)以(yi)來(lai)源(yuan)(yuan)于風能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、水(shui)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等多種方式。

純電動汽車-結構

電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車由底盤、車身、蓄電(dian)池組(zu)、電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)、控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器和(he)輔助設施蓄電(dian)池六部分組(zu)成(cheng)。由于電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)具有良好的(de)牽引特性，因此蓄電(dian)池汽(qi)車的(de)傳動(dong)(dong)(dong)系統(tong)不需要離合器和(he)變(bian)速器。車速控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)由控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器通過(guo)調速系統(tong)改(gai)變(bian)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)轉速即可實現(xian)。

純電動汽車-原理

純(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)，顧(gu)名思義，是(shi)由蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)能量使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)驅動車(che)(che)輪前進(jin)；燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池區別于純(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)，由常(chang)見的(de)(de)氫燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池不斷的(de)(de)產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，并儲存在蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池中(zhong)，依(yi)然由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)驅動車(che)(che)輪。混合動力汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)是(shi)為解決純(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)續駛里程短而提(ti)出的(de)(de)一種折中(zhong)方案。它既有發(fa)動機(ji)(ji)，又有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，可單獨由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)驅動或發(fa)動機(ji)(ji)參與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)驅動。系統的(de)(de)復(fu)雜(za)性增(zeng)加，但是(shi)改善(shan)了發(fa)動機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)工(gong)作狀況而具有很高的(de)(de)燃油利用率(lv)，通常(chang)也把它歸(gui)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)。

純電動汽車-分類

就開發的電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)來講(jiang)，可分三類：純電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)（Pure EV）、混(hun)合動(dong)力電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)（Hybrid Electric Vehicle：HEV）和(he)燃料電(dian)池汽車(che)（Fuel Cell Vehicle：FCV）。

純電動汽車-優點

電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車的(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)點(dian)是：它本身不(bu)排放污染大(da)氣的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)害氣體，即使按(an)所(suo)耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang) 換(huan)算為(wei)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)排放，除(chu)硫和(he)微粒外(wai)，其(qi)它污染物也(ye)顯著減(jian)少(shao)，由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)大(da)多(duo)(duo)建于遠離人(ren)口密集的(de)(de)(de)(de)城市，對人(ren)類傷害較少(shao)，而且電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)是固定不(bu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，集中的(de)(de)(de)(de)排放，清除(chu)各種(zhong)有(you)害排放物較容易，也(ye)已有(you)了相關(guan)技術。由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)力可以(yi)從多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)一次能源獲得，如煤、核能、水力等，解除(chu)人(ren)們對石油資源日(ri)見枯竭的(de)(de)(de)(de)擔(dan)心。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車還可以(yi)充(chong)分(fen)利(li)用(yong)(yong)晚間用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)低谷時富余(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，使發電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備日(ri)夜(ye)都能充(chong)分(fen)利(li)用(yong)(yong)，大(da)大(da)提高其(qi)經濟效益。

有些(xie)研究(jiu)表明，同樣的(de)(de)原油經(jing)(jing)(jing)過粗煉，送至(zhi)電廠發電，經(jing)(jing)(jing)充入電池，再(zai)(zai)由電池驅(qu)動汽(qi)車(che)，其(qi)能(neng)(neng)量利用(yong)效率比經(jing)(jing)(jing)過精煉變為汽(qi)油，再(zai)(zai)經(jing)(jing)(jing)汽(qi)油機驅(qu)動汽(qi)車(che)高，因(yin)此(ci)有利于(yu)節約能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)和減少二氧化碳的(de)(de)排(pai)量，正是這些(xie)優點，使電動汽(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)研究(jiu)和應用(yong)成(cheng)為汽(qi)車(che)工業的(de)(de)一個"熱點"。

純電動汽車-應用

純(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)是(shi)完全由二次電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池( 如鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池、鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池、鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池或鋰(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池等) 提(ti)供動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)的(de)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)。目(mu)(mu)前純(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)轎(jiao)(jiao)車(che)(che)(che)和(he)(he)純(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)客車(che)(che)(che)均已通過(guo)國家(jia)質檢中心的(de)型(xing)(xing)式認證試驗(yan), 各項指(zhi)標(biao)(biao)均滿足有(you)(you)(you)(you)關國家(jia)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)和(he)(he)企業標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)的(de)規定。天(tian)(tian)津清源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)輛(liang)(liang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)限公(gong)司、深圳雷(lei)天(tian)(tian)公(gong)司等單位研發(fa)的(de)純(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)轎(jiao)(jiao)車(che)(che)(che), 其整車(che)(che)(che)的(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)性、經濟性、續駛里程、噪(zao)聲等指(zhi)標(biao)(biao)已達到甚至超過(guo)國外同級別車(che)(che)(che)型(xing)(xing), 初步形(xing)成(cheng)了關鍵技術的(de)研發(fa)能力(li)(li)。目(mu)(mu)前, 進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)純(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)示(shi)(shi)范(fan)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)城市有(you)(you)(you)(you)若(ruo)干個, 但是(shi)規模(mo)都比較小(xiao)(xiao)。2005 年1 月(yue), 天(tian)(tian)津市的(de)22 輛(liang)(liang)轎(jiao)(jiao)車(che)(che)(che)和(he)(he)1 輛(liang)(liang)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)的(de)示(shi)(shi)范(fan)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)通過(guo)了國家(jia)驗(yan)收。同年12 月(yue), 武漢市進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)95 輛(liang)(liang)純(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)小(xiao)(xiao)型(xing)(xing)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)( 另有(you)(you)(you)(you)20 輛(liang)(liang)混合動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)和(he)(he)3 輛(liang)(liang)混合動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)轎(jiao)(jiao)車(che)(che)(che)) 的(de)3 年示(shi)(shi)范(fan)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)也通過(guo)了國家(jia)驗(yan)收。因為純(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)受到續駛能力(li)(li)的(de)約束, 純(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)試驗(yan)主要集(ji)中在小(xiao)(xiao)型(xing)(xing)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)上。根據(ju)“中國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)網”報道(dao), 2006 年1 月(yue), 湖南省(sheng)(sheng)株洲市有(you)(you)(you)(you)50 臺(tai)小(xiao)(xiao)型(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)社區內運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing), 該(gai)市有(you)(you)(you)(you)若(ruo)干輛(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)也在運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)中。同年4 月(yue), 浙江省(sheng)(sheng)杭州市啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)示(shi)(shi)范(fan)項目(mu)(mu), 6 輛(liang)(liang)轎(jiao)(jiao)車(che)(che)(che)和(he)(he)5 輛(liang)(liang)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)在市內進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)示(shi)(shi)范(fan)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。

純電動汽車-面臨的問題

動汽(qi)車的(de)(de)困難是目前蓄(xu)電池單位重(zhong)量儲存的(de)(de)能量太少，還因電動車的(de)(de)電池較(jiao)(jiao)貴，又沒形成(cheng)經濟(ji)規(gui)模，故購買價(jia)格(ge)較(jiao)(jiao)貴，至于使用(yong)成(cheng)本，有些試(shi)用(yong)結果比(bi)汽(qi)車貴，有些結果僅為汽(qi)車的(de)(de)1／3，這(zhe)主要(yao)取決于電池的(de)(de)壽命及當地(di)的(de)(de)油、電價(jia)格(ge)。

純電動汽車-現狀

1、發達國家與主要汽車集團的電動汽車現狀

國外(wai)著名汽(qi)車公司都十分重視研(yan)究(jiu)開(kai)發(fa)電動汽(qi)車, 世界(jie)發(fa)達(da)國家(jia)不惜投入(ru)巨資進行研(yan)究(jiu)開(kai)發(fa), 并制定(ding)了一些(xie)相(xiang)關的政策(ce)、法(fa)規來推動電動汽(qi)車的發(fa)展。

美國(guo)目前正在(zai)大(da)力(li)研(yan)制和推(tui)廣(guang)使用(yong)燃(ran)料電(dian)池電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車和純(chun)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車, 政(zheng)府能(neng)源部與通用(yong)、福特和戴- 克三大(da)汽(qi)(qi)車制造商聯合開發燃(ran)料電(dian)池電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車。現在(zai), 美國(guo)已(yi)有7 個州加入了(le)零(ling)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)計劃, 到規定年限(xian)后這些(xie)地區銷售的汽(qi)(qi)車必須為(wei)零(ling)排(pai)(pai)放(fang), 即只能(neng)為(wei)純(chun)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車和燃(ran)料電(dian)池電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車。

以美(mei)國藍(lan)鳥(niao)客(ke)車公司、英國的FRZAERNASH公司、日(ri)本豐(feng)田、日(ri)本本田為代表(biao)的電動客(ke)車和轎車已經上(shang)市, 英國已有數萬(wan)輛電動汽車在使用;

法國是世界上推廣(guang)應用(yong)純電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)最成功的(de)(de)國家之一, 成立了(le)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)推廣(guang)應用(yong)國家部際(ji)協(xie)調(diao)委員會,巴(ba)黎(li)和(he)拉羅舍爾已(yi)經(jing)建(jian)立了(le)比(bi)較完善(shan)的(de)(de)純電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)充電(dian)站網基礎設(she)施, 制定了(le)優惠的(de)(de)支持和(he)激勵(li)使(shi)用(yong)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)政策(ce), 且已(yi)經(jing)初步形成了(le)純電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)運行(xing)體系(xi)。

在近年(nian)的(de)國(guo)際性(xing)大(da)型運動(dong)(dong)會(hui)上, 電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車也(ye)成為(wei)各國(guo)展示其(qi)科技實(shi)力和環(huan)保意識(shi)的(de)工具(ju)之一(yi)。亞特蘭大(da)奧(ao)運會(hui)使(shi)用(yong)了(le)(le)美國(guo)藍鳥客車公司(si)生產的(de)純(chun)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)客車作(zuo)為(wei)公務和電(dian)視(shi)轉播車, 悉尼奧(ao)運會(hui)購買了(le)(le)英國(guo)FRAZER- NASH 公司(si)的(de)近400 輛電(dian)動(dong)(dong)客車作(zuo)為(wei)運動(dong)(dong)員接送車輛。混合動(dong)(dong)力電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車領(ling)域,

本(ben)(ben)豐(feng)田(tian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)開發的(de)Prius 和本(ben)(ben)田(tian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)開發的(de)Insight2 種混合(he)動(dong)力電動(dong)汽車已(yi)開始批量投(tou)放市(shi)場。豐(feng)田(tian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)的(de)Prius 銷售(shou)已(yi)在2006 年累計突破150 萬輛(liang), 并于2005 年底在我國長春一(yi)汽進行了(le)組裝(zhuang)生產和銷售(shou)。日(ri)產公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)也于2003 年推出(chu)Tino 混合(he)動(dong)力汽車, 在日(ri)本(ben)(ben)國內市(shi)場上銷售(shou)了(le)100 多輛(liang)。

歐洲各(ge)大(da)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)廠商(shang)爭(zheng)先恐后地(di)推(tui)出了本(ben)(ben)公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)研制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che), 甚至德(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)博世(BOSCH) 等(deng)著名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)零(ling)部件(jian)公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)也積(ji)極與(yu)大(da)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)聯(lian)(lian)手開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)混(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)技術。美國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)已有(you)(you)(you)近20 個城市試驗使(shi)用混(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)公(gong)交車(che)(che)(che),瑞典、法國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、德(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、意(yi)大(da)利(li)、比利(li)時(shi)等(deng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)計劃在(zai)9 個歐洲城市開(kai)(kai)通(tong)混(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)公(gong)共汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)線路。燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)斬露頭角(jiao), 國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)外企(qi)業界紛紛組成(cheng)強大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)跨國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)聯(lian)(lian)盟(meng), 以(yi)期達(da)(da)到(dao)優勢互(hu)補的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。如日本(ben)(ben)豐(feng)田與(yu)美國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)通(tong)用公(gong)司(si)(si)(si), 日本(ben)(ben)東芝公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)與(yu)美國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)公(gong)司(si)(si)(si), 德(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)BMW公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)與(yu)西門子公(gong)司(si)(si)(si), 雷諾汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)與(yu)意(yi)大(da)利(li)De Nora 公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)分(fen)別組成(cheng)聯(lian)(lian)盟(meng)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che); 本(ben)(ben)也已投資數億美元開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)。其中, 以(yi)加拿大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巴拉德(de)、美國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)福特、德(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戴姆勒- 克(ke)萊斯勒聯(lian)(lian)(XCELLSIS)最(zui)具(ju)代(dai)表性(xing), 該聯(lian)(lian)盟(meng)投資10億加元開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)生產電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)用燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力系統(tong)(tong)。在(zai)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研發(fa)(fa)熱潮(chao)中, 幾乎所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)外大(da)型企(qi)業集團全部介入, 投入的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總額(e)超過百(bai)億美元。但是, 由于燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)和壽命問(wen)題, 使(shi)得這一項(xiang)目目前進(jin)展緩慢(man)。在(zai)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)示(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)運行方面, 世界各(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)也都不約而同(tong)地(di)把(ba)注意(yi)力集中在(zai)大(da)客(ke)車(che)(che)(che)上, 如歐盟(meng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)CUTE 示(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)項(xiang)目、UNDP/GEF 燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)商(shang)業化示(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)項(xiang)目、美國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)加州的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)CAHFC 示(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)項(xiang)目和日本(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)JHFC計劃等(deng)。與(yu)此(ci)同(tong)時(shi), 部分(fen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)政(zheng)府為促進(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展, 通(tong)過財稅手段調整汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)發(fa)(fa)展結構。像美、日等(deng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)政(zheng)府對(dui)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)產品給予(yu)10%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鼓勵性(xing)補貼(tie), 荷(he)蘭政(zheng)府的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)補貼(tie)更是高達(da)(da)30%。并對(dui)傳統(tong)(tong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)開(kai)(kai)征燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)稅, 如歐洲部分(fen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)稅高達(da)(da)200~300%,最(zui)低的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)也有(you)(you)(you)34%。

2、中國電動汽車現狀

中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)電動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)雖然(ran)沒有歐美等國(guo)(guo)家(jia)起步早, 但國(guo)(guo)家(jia)從維護能源安全(quan), 改善大氣環境, 提高(gao)(gao)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)工業(ye)(ye)競爭力(li), 實(shi)(shi)現我國(guo)(guo)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)工業(ye)(ye)的(de)跨越(yue)式發(fa)展的(de)戰(zhan)略高(gao)(gao)度考慮, 從“八五”開始到現在(zai), 電動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)研究一直是國(guo)(guo)家(jia)計劃項目, 并在(zai)2001 年設立了“電動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)重大科技(ji)專項”。通(tong)過(guo)組(zu)織企業(ye)(ye)、高(gao)(gao)等院校和科研機構, 集中(zhong)各方面(mian)力(li)量進行(xing)聯(lian)合(he)攻關(guan), 現正處于(yu)研發(fa)勢(shi)頭強勁(jing)階段, 部(bu)分技(ji)術已經(jing)趕(gan)上甚至超過(guo)世(shi)界先進水平。“電動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)重大科技(ji)專項”實(shi)(shi)施以(yi)來(lai), 已成功(gong)開發(fa)出燃(ran)料電池汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)樣(yang)車(che)(che), 累(lei)計運(yun)行(xing)數千公里(li)(li); 混合(he)動(dong)力(li)客車(che)(che)已在(zai)武漢等地公交(jiao)線路(lu)上試驗運(yun)行(xing)超過(guo)百萬公里(li)(li); 純電動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)已通(tong)過(guo)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)有關(guan)認(ren)證試驗。

純電動汽車-發展

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)發展的(de)(de)首要(yao)(yao)關鍵，汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)難在 “低成本(ben)要(yao)(yao)求”、“高(gao)(gao)容量(liang)要(yao)(yao)求”及(ji)(ji)“高(gao)(gao)安全(quan)要(yao)(yao)求”等(deng)(deng)三(san)個要(yao)(yao)求上(shang)。要(yao)(yao)想在較大(da)(da)范圍(wei)內應用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)，要(yao)(yao)依靠先進的(de)(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)經(jing)過10多年的(de)(de)篩選，現(xian)在普遍看好的(de)(de)氫(qing)鎳(nie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，鐵(tie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，鋰離子和(he)鋰聚合(he)物(wu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。氫(qing)鎳(nie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)單(dan)位重(zhong)量(liang)儲存能量(liang)比鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)多一倍(bei)，其它性能也都(dou)優于(yu)鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。但目前價格(ge)為鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)4-5倍(bei)，正在大(da)(da)力攻(gong)關讓(rang)它降下來。鐵(tie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)采(cai)用(yong)的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)資(zi)源(yuan)豐(feng)富(fu)、價格(ge)低廉的(de)(de)鐵(tie)元素材料(liao)，成本(ben)得(de)到(dao)大(da)(da)幅度降低，也有(you)(you)廠家采(cai)用(yong)。鋰是(shi)(shi)(shi)最輕、化(hua)學(xue)特性十分活(huo)潑的(de)(de)金屬，鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)單(dan)位重(zhong)量(liang)儲能為鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)3倍(bei)，鋰聚合(he)物(wu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)為4倍(bei)，而且鋰資(zi)源(yuan)較豐(feng)富(fu)，價格(ge)也不(bu)(bu)很貴，是(shi)(shi)(shi)很有(you)(you)希望(wang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)在鎳(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)和(he)鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)產業化(hua)開發方面均(jun)(jun)取(qu)得(de)了快(kuai)速的(de)(de)發展。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)其他有(you)(you)關的(de)(de)技術，近(jin)年都(dou)有(you)(you)巨大(da)(da)的(de)(de)進步，如：交流感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機及(ji)(ji)其控制，稀土永磁無刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機及(ji)(ji)其控制，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)和(he)整車(che)(che)(che)能量(liang)管理系統，智能及(ji)(ji)快(kuai)速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技術，低阻(zu)力輪胎，輕量(liang)和(he)低風阻(zu)車(che)(che)(che)身，制動能量(liang)回收等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)，這些技術的(de)(de)進步使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)日見完善和(he)走向(xiang)實用(yong)化(hua)。我國(guo)大(da)(da)城市(shi)的(de)(de)大(da)(da)氣污(wu)(wu)染已不(bu)(bu)能忽視，汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)排放是(shi)(shi)(shi)主要(yao)(yao)污(wu)(wu)染源(yuan)之一，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)已有(you)(you)10個城市(shi)被列(lie)入全(quan)球大(da)(da)氣污(wu)(wu)染最嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)20個城市(shi)之中(zhong)(zhong)。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)現(xian)今人(ren)均(jun)(jun)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)是(shi)(shi)(shi)每(mei)1000人(ren)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)10輛(liang)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)，但石油(you)(you)資(zi)源(yuan)不(bu)(bu)足，每(mei)年已進口(kou)幾(ji)千萬噸石油(you)(you)，隨著經(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)發展，假如中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)人(ren)均(jun)(jun)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)持有(you)(you)量(liang)達到(dao)現(xian)在全(quan)球水平(ping)---每(mei)1000人(ren)有(you)(you)110輛(liang)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)持有(you)(you)量(liang)將成10倍(bei)地(di)增加，石油(you)(you)進口(kou)就(jiu)成為大(da)(da)問題(ti)。因(yin)此在中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)研(yan)究(jiu)發展電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一個臨時(shi)的(de)(de)短期措施，而是(shi)(shi)(shi)意義重(zhong)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)、長遠(yuan)的(de)(de)戰略考慮(lv)。

經歷了長期發展，純(chun)電(dian)動汽車技(ji)術(shu)逐步成熟，并(bing)在(zai)美、日(ri)、歐等國家得到(dao)商業(ye)化的推廣應(ying)用。目前(qian)世(shi)界上有近4萬輛純(chun)電(dian)動汽車在(zai)運行，其中法(fa)國8000輛，美國7000輛，在(zai)日(ri)本7400輛。主要用在(zai)公共運輸系(xi)統。

純電動汽車-核心技術

發展電(dian)動汽車(che)(che)必須解決(jue)好4個方面(mian)的關鍵技(ji)術(shu)：電(dian)池技(ji)術(shu)、電(dian)機驅動及其控制技(ji)術(shu)、電(dian)動汽車(che)(che)整車(che)(che)技(ji)術(shu)以及能量管(guan)理技(ji)術(shu)。

1、電池技術

電池(chi)是電動汽(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)動力(li)源(yuan)泉，也是一直制約電動汽(qi)車(che)(che)發展的(de)關(guan)鍵因素。電動汽(qi)車(che)(che)用(yong)電池(chi)的(de)主要(yao)(yao)性能指標是比(bi)能量(E)、能量密度(Ed)、比(bi)功率(P)、循環壽命(L)和成本(C)等(deng)。要(yao)(yao)使電動汽(qi)車(che)(che)能與燃油(you)汽(qi)車(che)(che)相競(jing)爭，關(guan)鍵就是要(yao)(yao)開發出比(bi)能量高(gao)、比(bi)功率大、使用(yong)壽命長的(de)高(gao)效電池(chi)。

到目前為止，電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)經過了3代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)發展，已取得了突破性的(de)(de)進(jin)展。第1代(dai)(dai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，目前主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)閥(fa)控鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(VRLA)，由于其比(bi)(bi)能(neng)量較高、價格(ge)低(di)和(he)能(neng)高倍率(lv)放電(dian)(dian)，因此(ci)是(shi)(shi)(shi)目前惟一能(neng)大批量生(sheng)產的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)。第2代(dai)(dai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)堿(jian)性電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)有鎳(nie)鎘(NJ-Cd)、鎳(nie)氫(Ni-MH)、鈉硫(Na/S)、鋰離子(Li-ion)和(he)鋅空(kong)氣(Zn/Air)等多(duo)種電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，其比(bi)(bi)能(neng)量和(he)比(bi)(bi)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)都比(bi)(bi)鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)高，因此(ci)大大提高了電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)力(li)性能(neng)和(he)續駛里程(cheng)，但(dan)其價格(ge)卻比(bi)(bi)鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)高。第3代(dai)(dai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)以燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)為主(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)。燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)直接將燃料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)化(hua)學(xue)能(neng)轉變為電(dian)(dian)能(neng)，能(neng)量轉變效率(lv)高，比(bi)(bi)能(neng)量和(he)比(bi)(bi)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)都高，并(bing)且可以控制反應過程(cheng)，能(neng)量轉化(hua)過程(cheng)可以連(lian)續進(jin)行，因此(ci)是(shi)(shi)(shi)理想的(de)(de)汽(qi)車(che)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，但(dan)目前還處(chu)于研(yan)制階(jie)段，一些關鍵技術還有待突破問。

2、 電力驅動及其控制技術

電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)與驅(qu)(qu)動系(xi)統是電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車的關鍵部件，要(yao)使電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車有良(liang)好的使用性(xing)能，驅(qu)(qu)動電(dian)(dian)機(ji)應具(ju)有調速范圍(wei)寬、轉(zhuan)速高、啟動轉(zhuan)矩大、體積小(xiao)、質量小(xiao)、效率高且有動態制動強和(he)能量回饋(kui)等特性(xing)。目前，電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車用電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)主(zhu)要(yao)有直流電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(DCM)、感應電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(IM)、永磁無刷電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(PMBLM)和(he)開關磁阻電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(SRM)4類。

近幾年來，由(you)感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)幾乎都采(cai)用(yong)(yong)矢量控制和(he)直接轉矩(ju)控制。由(you)于(yu)(yu)直接轉矩(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控制手段直接、結構簡單、控制性能(neng)優良和(he)動(dong)(dong)態響應(ying)迅速，因(yin)此(ci)非常適合電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控制。美國(guo)以(yi)及歐洲研(yan)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)多采(cai)用(yong)(yong)這(zhe)種電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。永磁無(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可以(yi)分為由(you)方波驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)刷(shua)直流電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)系統(tong)(BLDCM)和(he)由(you)正弦波驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)刷(shua)直流電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)系統(tong)(PMSM)，它們都具有較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)率密度，其控制方式與感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)基本相(xiang)同，因(yin)此(ci)在電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)上(shang)得(de)到了廣泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)。PMSM類電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)具有較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)量密度和(he)效率，其體積小、慣性低、響應(ying)快，非常適應(ying)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)系統(tong)，有極(ji)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)前(qian)景。目(mu)前(qian)，由(you)日本研(yan)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)主要采(cai)用(yong)(yong)這(zhe)種電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

開關磁阻電動機(SRM)具有(you)簡單可靠(kao)、可在(zai)(zai)較(jiao)寬(kuan)轉(zhuan)速和轉(zhuan)矩(ju)范(fan)圍內高(gao)效運(yun)行、控制靈活、可四象限運(yun)行、響應速度快和成本較(jiao)低等優點。實際應用發現SRM存在(zai)(zai)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)波動大、噪聲大、需(xu)要位置(zhi)檢測(ce)器等缺點，應用受到了限制。

隨(sui)著(zhu)電(dian)動機及(ji)驅動系(xi)統的發展，控(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)統趨于智能化(hua)和數字化(hua)。變結(jie)構控(kong)制(zhi)、模糊控(kong)制(zhi)、神經網絡、自適應(ying)控(kong)制(zhi)、專家控(kong)制(zhi)、遺傳算(suan)法等非線性(xing)智能控(kong)制(zhi)技術，都將各(ge)自或結(jie)合應(ying)用于電(dian)動汽(qi)車的電(dian)動機控(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)統。

3、 電動汽車整車技術

電動汽(qi)車是高(gao)科技(ji)綜合性(xing)產品(pin)，除電池、電動機外，車體本(ben)身(shen)也包含很多高(gao)新技(ji)術，有些(xie)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)措施比提高(gao)電池儲能(neng)(neng)能(neng)(neng)力(li)還易于實(shi)現(xian)。采用輕(qing)質(zhi)材料(liao)如鎂、鋁、優質(zhi)鋼材及復(fu)合材料(liao)，優化(hua)結構，可使(shi)汽(qi)車自身(shen)質(zhi)量減(jian)輕(qing)30%-50%；實(shi)現(xian)制動、下(xia)坡(po)和怠速時(shi)的(de)能(neng)(neng)量回收；采用高(gao)彈滯材料(liao)制成的(de)高(gao)氣壓子午(wu)線輪(lun)胎，可使(shi)汽(qi)車的(de)滾動阻力(li)減(jian)少(shao)50%；汽(qi)車車身(shen)特別(bie)是汽(qi)車底部更加流線型(xing)化(hua)，可使(shi)汽(qi)車的(de)空(kong)氣阻力(li)減(jian)少(shao)50%。

4、 能量管理技術

蓄電池是電動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)儲能動力(li)源。電動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)要獲得非常好的(de)動力(li)特(te)性(xing)，必(bi)(bi)須(xu)具(ju)有比能量高、使用壽命長、比功率大的(de)蓄電池作為動力(li)源。而要使電動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)具(ju)有良好的(de)工作性(xing)能，就必(bi)(bi)須(xu)對(dui)蓄電池進行系統(tong)管理。

能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量管(guan)理(li)(li)系統是電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)智能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)核心。一輛設計(ji)優良(liang)的(de)(de)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)，除了有(you)良(liang)好的(de)(de)機械性能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、電(dian)驅動(dong)性能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、選(xuan)擇適當的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量源(即(ji)電(dian)池(chi))外，還應該有(you)一套協調(diao)(diao)各(ge)個功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)部分(fen)工作的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量管(guan)理(li)(li)系統，它的(de)(de)作用是檢(jian)測單個電(dian)池(chi)或電(dian)池(chi)組的(de)(de)荷電(dian)狀態，并根據各(ge)種(zhong)傳(chuan)感信(xin)息(xi)，包(bao)括力(li)、加(jia)減速命(ming)(ming)令(ling)、行駛(shi)路(lu)況、蓄電(dian)池(chi)工況、環(huan)境溫度(du)等，合理(li)(li)地調(diao)(diao)配和使用有(you)限(xian)的(de)(de)車(che)載能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量；它還能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)根據電(dian)池(chi)組的(de)(de)使用情(qing)況和充放電(dian)歷史選(xuan)擇最佳充電(dian)方(fang)式，以盡可能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)延(yan)長電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)。

世(shi)界各大汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)制造商的(de)研究機構(gou)都(dou)在進行電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)車(che)(che)(che)載(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池能(neng)量(liang)管理(li)(li)系(xi)統的(de)研究與開(kai)發。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池當前(qian)存有多少(shao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，還能(neng)行駛(shi)多少(shao)公里(li)，是電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)行駛(shi)中必(bi)須知道的(de)重(zhong)要參數，也是電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)能(neng)量(liang)管理(li)(li)系(xi)統應該完成的(de)重(zhong)要功能(neng)。應用電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)車(che)(che)(che)載(zai)能(neng)量(liang)管理(li)(li)系(xi)統，可以更加準確地設計電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)儲存系(xi)統，確定一(yi)個最佳的(de)能(neng)量(liang)存儲及管理(li)(li)結(jie)構(gou)，并且可以提高電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)本身(shen)的(de)性能(neng)。

在(zai)電動汽車上(shang)實(shi)現能(neng)量管(guan)理的(de)難點，在(zai)于如何根(gen)據(ju)所采集的(de)每塊電池(chi)的(de)電壓、溫度(du)和充放電電流的(de)歷史數(shu)據(ju)，來建立一(yi)個確(que)定每塊電池(chi)還剩余多(duo)少能(neng)量的(de)較精確(que)的(de)數(shu)學(xue)模型。

純電動汽車-研發歷史

一百多(duo)年來，電動汽車在(zai)汽車發(fa)展史中經歷(li)了三次重大機遇：

第一次發(fa)(fa)生在(zai)(zai)(zai)一百(bai)余年(nian)前(qian)。由于當時(shi)電(dian)(dian)池和電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)較內燃機(ji)成熟，而且石油的(de)(de)運(yun)用還沒有(you)普(pu)及，使電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)在(zai)(zai)(zai)早期的(de)(de)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)領域中占有(you)舉足輕重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)位置。第一輛電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)（3輪(lun)）由法(fa)國人古斯塔(ta)夫?土(tu)維（Gustave Trouve）在(zai)(zai)(zai)1881年(nian)制造出來，此后(hou)三四十年(nian)間(jian)，電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)在(zai)(zai)(zai)當時(shi)的(de)(de)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)中占據著重(zhong)(zhong)要位置。例如，世界上(shang)首(shou)輛車(che)(che)(che)速超過100公里／小時(shi)的(de)(de)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)就是電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)。那(nei)是在(zai)(zai)(zai)1899年(nian)，由比利時(shi)工程師卡(ka)米(mi)樂?熱納茨（Camille Jenatzy）設計的(de)(de)名為“從不(bu)滿(man)意”（La Jamais Contente）的(de)(de)鋁制車(che)(che)(che)身汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)，現在(zai)(zai)(zai)保存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)法(fa)國貢批尼（Compiegne）博物館中。據統計，到(dao)(dao)1890年(nian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)全世界4200輛汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)中，有(you)38％為電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)，40％為蒸汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)，22％為內燃機(ji)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)。到(dao)(dao)了(le)1911年(nian)，就已經有(you)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)出租汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)在(zai)(zai)(zai)巴黎和倫敦(dun)的(de)(de)街頭上(shang)運(yun)營，到(dao)(dao)了(le)1912年(nian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)美(mei)國更有(you)至少3.4萬(wan)輛電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)運(yun)行(xing)。

第二(er)次是在70年代(dai)石油危機(ji)的(de)爆發(fa)時(shi).由(you)于(yu)石油的(de)大量(liang)開采和內燃機(ji)的(de)種(zhong)種(zhong)優(you)越(yue)性，電動汽(qi)車(che)漸漸被(bei)人們忽視。直到(dao)上世紀(ji)70年代(dai)石油危機(ji)的(de)爆發(fa)，給世界(jie)各國政界(jie)一次不小的(de)打擊(ji)，開始考慮(lv)替代(dai)石油的(de)其他能(neng)源，包括風能(neng)、太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)、電能(neng)等(deng)可再生能(neng)源。因此從政治經濟方面(mian)考慮(lv)，才又(you)給了電動汽(qi)車(che)第二(er)次機(ji)遇，又(you)一次被(bei)人矚目。

第三次機遇開始于若干年前，世界上除了已存在的能源問題之外，環境保護問題也逐漸成為了各個方面所關心重大課題，內燃機汽車的排放污染，給全球的環境以災難性的影響，因此開發生產零污染交通工具成為各國所追求的目標，電動汽車的無（低）污染優點，使其成為當代汽車發展的主要方向。