純電動汽車的發展現狀面臨問題與核心技術

目(mu)前人們所(suo)說的(de)(de)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)多是指純(chun)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)，即(ji)是一(yi)種采用單(dan)一(yi)蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)作為(wei)儲能(neng)(neng)動(dong)(dong)力源的(de)(de)汽(qi)車(che)(che)。它利用蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)作為(wei)儲能(neng)(neng)動(dong)(dong)力源，通過電(dian)池(chi)(chi)向電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)提供電(dian)能(neng)(neng)，驅動(dong)(dong)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)運轉，從而推動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)前進。從外形上看，電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)與日常見(jian)到的(de)(de)汽(qi)車(che)(che)并沒有什么(me)區(qu)別，區(qu)別主要(yao)在于(yu)動(dong)(dong)力源及其驅動(dong)(dong)系統(tong)。即(ji)純(chun)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)相當于(yu)傳統(tong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)相當于(yu)原(yuan)來的(de)(de)油(you)箱。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)是(shi)(shi)(shi)針對內燃機車(che)(che)輛(liang)(liang)提出來(lai)的概念(nian)。謂之“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)”，是(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)為(wei)它(ta)的能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源是(shi)(shi)(shi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)而不是(shi)(shi)(shi)汽油(you)（或柴(chai)油(you)）等石油(you)產品。純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)是(shi)(shi)(shi)指以車(che)(che)載電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源為(wei)動(dong)(dong)力(li)，用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian) 機驅動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)輪行(xing)駛，符合道路交通、安全法規各項要(yao)求的車(che)(che)輛(liang)(liang)。一般采用高效率充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，或燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)為(wei)動(dong)(dong)力(li)源。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)無需再用內燃機，因(yin)此，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機相當于(yu)傳統(tong)汽車(che)(che)的發動(dong)(dong)機，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)相當于(yu)原(yuan)來(lai)的油(you)箱，由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)二次能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源，可以來(lai)源于(yu)風能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等多種方式(shi)。

純電動汽車-結構

電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車由(you)底盤、車身、蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池組(zu)、電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機、控制器(qi)和(he)輔助設施(shi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池六部(bu)分組(zu)成。由(you)于電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機具(ju)有良(liang)好的牽引特性，因此蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池汽(qi)車的傳動(dong)(dong)(dong)系統(tong)不需(xu)要離合(he)器(qi)和(he)變速(su)器(qi)。車速(su)控制由(you)控制器(qi)通過(guo)調速(su)系統(tong)改變電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機的轉速(su)即可實現。

純電動汽車-原理

純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車，顧名思(si)義，是由蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)能量使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)車輪(lun)前進；燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)區別(bie)于(yu)純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車，由常(chang)見的(de)氫燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)不斷(duan)的(de)產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，并儲(chu)存在蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)中，依然(ran)由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)車輪(lun)。混合動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力汽車是為(wei)解決(jue)純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車續駛里程短而(er)提出的(de)一種(zhong)折中方案。它既有發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)，又有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)，可單獨由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)或發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)參(can)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。系統的(de)復雜性增加，但是改善了發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)工(gong)作狀(zhuang)況而(er)具有很高(gao)的(de)燃油利用率(lv)，通常(chang)也把(ba)它歸入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車。

純電動汽車-分類

就開發的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)來(lai)講，可分三類：純(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)（Pure EV）、混(hun)合動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)（Hybrid Electric Vehicle：HEV）和燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池汽車(che)（Fuel Cell Vehicle：FCV）。

純電動汽車-優點

電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車的優(you)點是：它本身不排(pai)放污(wu)染大氣的有害(hai)氣體，即使按所耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang) 換(huan)算為發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠的排(pai)放，除(chu)硫和微粒外，其它污(wu)染物(wu)也(ye)顯著減(jian)少，由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠大多建(jian)于遠離人(ren)口密集的城市，對人(ren)類傷害(hai)較(jiao)少，而且(qie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠是固(gu)定不動(dong)的，集中的排(pai)放，清除(chu)各種(zhong)有害(hai)排(pai)放物(wu)較(jiao)容易，也(ye)已(yi)有了相關技術(shu)。由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)可以從多種(zhong)一次能(neng)(neng)源獲得，如煤、核能(neng)(neng)、水力(li)等，解(jie)除(chu)人(ren)們對石油資源日見枯(ku)竭的擔(dan)心。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車還可以充分(fen)利用晚間用電(dian)(dian)(dian)低谷(gu)時富(fu)余的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，使發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備日夜都能(neng)(neng)充分(fen)利用，大大提高其經(jing)濟效益(yi)。

有些研(yan)究(jiu)表明，同樣的原油經(jing)過粗煉(lian)，送(song)至電(dian)廠發(fa)電(dian)，經(jing)充入電(dian)池(chi)，再由電(dian)池(chi)驅動汽(qi)車，其能(neng)量(liang)利用(yong)效率比經(jing)過精煉(lian)變為(wei)汽(qi)油，再經(jing)汽(qi)油機驅動汽(qi)車高，因此有利于節約(yue)能(neng)源(yuan)和減(jian)少二氧化碳的排量(liang)，正是這些優點(dian)，使電(dian)動汽(qi)車的研(yan)究(jiu)和應用(yong)成為(wei)汽(qi)車工(gong)業的一個(ge)"熱點(dian)"。

純電動汽車-應用

純(chun)(chun)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)是(shi)完全由二次電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)( 如(ru)鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、鎳氫電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)或鋰(li)離子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)等(deng)) 提供動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)。目前純(chun)(chun)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)轎車(che)(che)(che)(che)和純(chun)(chun)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)客車(che)(che)(che)(che)均(jun)已通(tong)過(guo)(guo)國家質檢中(zhong)(zhong)心的(de)(de)型(xing)(xing)式認證試驗(yan), 各項指(zhi)標(biao)均(jun)滿(man)足有關(guan)國家標(biao)準和企業標(biao)準的(de)(de)規定。天津清源電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)輛(liang)(liang)有限公司(si)(si)、深圳(zhen)雷天公司(si)(si)等(deng)單位研發的(de)(de)純(chun)(chun)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)轎車(che)(che)(che)(che), 其整車(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)性、經濟性、續駛里(li)程、噪聲等(deng)指(zhi)標(biao)已達到甚至超過(guo)(guo)國外同級(ji)別車(che)(che)(che)(che)型(xing)(xing), 初步形(xing)成了(le)關(guan)鍵(jian)技術的(de)(de)研發能力(li)(li)(li)。目前, 進(jin)行(xing)純(chun)(chun)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)示(shi)(shi)(shi)范運(yun)(yun)行(xing)的(de)(de)城市(shi)有若干個, 但是(shi)規模都比較小。2005 年1 月, 天津市(shi)的(de)(de)22 輛(liang)(liang)轎車(che)(che)(che)(che)和1 輛(liang)(liang)公共(gong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)示(shi)(shi)(shi)范運(yun)(yun)行(xing)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)了(le)國家驗(yan)收。同年12 月, 武(wu)漢市(shi)進(jin)行(xing)的(de)(de)95 輛(liang)(liang)純(chun)(chun)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)小型(xing)(xing)公共(gong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)( 另(ling)有20 輛(liang)(liang)混合動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)公共(gong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)和3 輛(liang)(liang)混合動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)轎車(che)(che)(che)(che)) 的(de)(de)3 年示(shi)(shi)(shi)范運(yun)(yun)行(xing)也通(tong)過(guo)(guo)了(le)國家驗(yan)收。因為純(chun)(chun)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)受到續駛能力(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)約束, 純(chun)(chun)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)試驗(yan)主(zhu)要集中(zhong)(zhong)在小型(xing)(xing)公共(gong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)上(shang)。根據“中(zhong)(zhong)國電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)網”報道, 2006 年1 月, 湖南省(sheng)株洲市(shi)有50 臺小型(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)進(jin)行(xing)社區內(nei)運(yun)(yun)行(xing), 該(gai)市(shi)有若干輛(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)公共(gong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)也在運(yun)(yun)行(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)。同年4 月, 浙江省(sheng)杭州市(shi)啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)了(le)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)示(shi)(shi)(shi)范項目, 6 輛(liang)(liang)轎車(che)(che)(che)(che)和5 輛(liang)(liang)公共(gong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)在市(shi)內(nei)進(jin)行(xing)示(shi)(shi)(shi)范運(yun)(yun)行(xing)。

純電動汽車-面臨的問題

動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車的(de)困難是目(mu)前蓄電(dian)池單(dan)位重量儲存的(de)能量太少，還因電(dian)動(dong)車的(de)電(dian)池較貴，又沒形成經濟規模，故購買價格較貴，至于使(shi)用(yong)成本，有些試用(yong)結果(guo)比汽(qi)(qi)車貴，有些結果(guo)僅(jin)為汽(qi)(qi)車的(de)1／3，這主要取決于電(dian)池的(de)壽命及當地的(de)油、電(dian)價格。

純電動汽車-現狀

1、發達國家與主要汽車集團的電動汽車現狀

國外著名汽(qi)(qi)車(che)公司都十分(fen)重(zhong)視研(yan)究開(kai)發(fa)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che), 世界發(fa)達國家不惜(xi)投入巨資進行研(yan)究開(kai)發(fa), 并制定了(le)一些相關的政策、法規(gui)來推動(dong)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)的發(fa)展。

美(mei)國目前正(zheng)在(zai)大(da)力(li)研(yan)制和推廣使用燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)和純電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che), 政府(fu)能源部與通用、福(fu)特(te)和戴- 克三大(da)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)制造商聯合(he)開(kai)發燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)。現在(zai), 美(mei)國已有7 個(ge)州加入了(le)零排放(fang)(fang)計(ji)劃, 到規定年限(xian)后這(zhe)些地區(qu)銷售的汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)必須為(wei)零排放(fang)(fang), 即只能為(wei)純電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)和燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)。

以(yi)美國(guo)藍鳥客(ke)車公司、英(ying)國(guo)的(de)FRZAERNASH公司、日本豐田、日本本田為(wei)代表的(de)電動(dong)客(ke)車和轎車已(yi)經上市(shi), 英(ying)國(guo)已(yi)有(you)數萬輛電動(dong)汽車在使用;

法國(guo)是世(shi)界(jie)上推(tui)廣(guang)應(ying)用(yong)純(chun)(chun)電動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)最成(cheng)功的國(guo)家之一(yi), 成(cheng)立了(le)電動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)推(tui)廣(guang)應(ying)用(yong)國(guo)家部際協調委員會,巴黎(li)和拉羅舍爾已(yi)經(jing)(jing)建立了(le)比較完善的純(chun)(chun)電動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)充電站網(wang)基礎設施, 制(zhi)定了(le)優惠(hui)的支持和激勵使用(yong)電動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)的政策(ce), 且已(yi)經(jing)(jing)初步形成(cheng)了(le)純(chun)(chun)電動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)運(yun)行(xing)體(ti)系。

在(zai)近年的(de)(de)國際(ji)性大型運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)會上, 電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)也(ye)成為各國展示其科技實力和(he)(he)環保意識的(de)(de)工具(ju)之(zhi)一。亞(ya)特蘭大奧運(yun)會使用(yong)了美國藍鳥客(ke)車(che)公司(si)生(sheng)產的(de)(de)純(chun)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)客(ke)車(che)作(zuo)(zuo)為公務(wu)和(he)(he)電(dian)視轉播車(che), 悉(xi)尼(ni)奧運(yun)會購(gou)買了英國FRAZER- NASH 公司(si)的(de)(de)近400 輛電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)客(ke)車(che)作(zuo)(zuo)為運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)員接送車(che)輛。混合動(dong)(dong)(dong)力電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)領域(yu),

本(ben)豐(feng)田(tian)(tian)公(gong)司開發的Prius 和本(ben)田(tian)(tian)公(gong)司開發的Insight2 種混合(he)動力電動汽(qi)車(che)(che)已(yi)開始批(pi)量投(tou)放市場。豐(feng)田(tian)(tian)公(gong)司的Prius 銷(xiao)售(shou)(shou)已(yi)在2006 年(nian)累計突破150 萬輛, 并于(yu)2005 年(nian)底在我國(guo)長春一汽(qi)進(jin)行了組裝生產(chan)和銷(xiao)售(shou)(shou)。日產(chan)公(gong)司也于(yu)2003 年(nian)推(tui)出Tino 混合(he)動力汽(qi)車(che)(che), 在日本(ben)國(guo)內市場上(shang)銷(xiao)售(shou)(shou)了100 多輛。

歐洲各大(da)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)廠商(shang)爭先(xian)恐后(hou)地推(tui)出了本(ben)(ben)公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)研(yan)制的(de)(de)混(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che), 甚至德國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)博世(BOSCH) 等著名的(de)(de)零(ling)部(bu)件(jian)公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)也積極(ji)與(yu)大(da)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)聯手(shou)開發(fa)混(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)技術(shu)。美(mei)(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)已(yi)有近20 個(ge)城市試驗使用混(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)公(gong)交車(che)(che)(che)(che),瑞(rui)典、法(fa)國(guo)(guo)(guo)、德國(guo)(guo)(guo)、意(yi)(yi)大(da)利、比利時(shi)等國(guo)(guo)(guo)計劃在9 個(ge)歐洲城市開通混(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)公(gong)共(gong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)線路。燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)斬露頭角, 國(guo)(guo)(guo)外企(qi)(qi)業(ye)界紛(fen)紛(fen)組(zu)成強大(da)的(de)(de)跨(kua)國(guo)(guo)(guo)聯盟(meng), 以(yi)期(qi)達到優勢互補的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。如(ru)日本(ben)(ben)豐田與(yu)美(mei)(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)通用公(gong)司(si)(si)(si), 日本(ben)(ben)東(dong)芝公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)與(yu)美(mei)(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)公(gong)司(si)(si)(si), 德國(guo)(guo)(guo)BMW公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)與(yu)西門子公(gong)司(si)(si)(si), 雷諾(nuo)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)與(yu)意(yi)(yi)大(da)利De Nora 公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)分別組(zu)成聯盟(meng)開發(fa)燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che); 本(ben)(ben)也已(yi)投資數億(yi)(yi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)元開發(fa)燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)。其中(zhong)(zhong), 以(yi)加(jia)拿大(da)的(de)(de)巴拉德、美(mei)(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)福特、德國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)戴(dai)姆勒- 克萊(lai)斯勒聯(XCELLSIS)最具代表性(xing)(xing), 該聯盟(meng)投資10億(yi)(yi)加(jia)元開發(fa)生產(chan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)用燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力系統。在燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)研(yan)發(fa)熱潮中(zhong)(zhong), 幾乎所有的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)外大(da)型企(qi)(qi)業(ye)集團全部(bu)介入, 投入的(de)(de)總額超過百億(yi)(yi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)元。但是, 由于燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)成本(ben)(ben)和壽命問題, 使得這一(yi)項目目前進展緩慢。在燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)示范(fan)(fan)運行方面, 世界各國(guo)(guo)(guo)也都(dou)不約而同地把注意(yi)(yi)力集中(zhong)(zhong)在大(da)客車(che)(che)(che)(che)上(shang), 如(ru)歐盟(meng)的(de)(de)CUTE 示范(fan)(fan)項目、UNDP/GEF 燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)商(shang)業(ye)化示范(fan)(fan)項目、美(mei)(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)加(jia)州的(de)(de)CAHFC 示范(fan)(fan)項目和日本(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)JHFC計劃等。與(yu)此同時(shi), 部(bu)分國(guo)(guo)(guo)家政府為促進電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)發(fa)展, 通過財稅手(shou)段調整汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)發(fa)展結構。像美(mei)(mei)(mei)、日等國(guo)(guo)(guo)政府對(dui)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)產(chan)品給予(yu)10%的(de)(de)鼓(gu)勵性(xing)(xing)補貼, 荷蘭政府的(de)(de)補貼更(geng)是高(gao)達30%。并對(dui)傳統汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)開征燃料(liao)(liao)稅, 如(ru)歐洲部(bu)分國(guo)(guo)(guo)家燃料(liao)(liao)稅高(gao)達200~300%,最低(di)的(de)(de)美(mei)(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)也有34%。

2、中國電動汽車現狀

中(zhong)國(guo)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)雖然沒(mei)有歐美等(deng)國(guo)家起步早, 但國(guo)家從(cong)維護能(neng)源安全, 改善大氣環境(jing), 提高(gao)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)工業(ye)競(jing)爭(zheng)力(li), 實現(xian)(xian)我國(guo)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)工業(ye)的(de)跨越式(shi)發(fa)展的(de)戰略高(gao)度(du)考慮, 從(cong)“八(ba)五”開(kai)始到現(xian)(xian)在, 電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)研究(jiu)一直是(shi)國(guo)家計劃項目, 并在2001 年(nian)設立了(le)“電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)重(zhong)大科(ke)技(ji)專(zhuan)項”。通(tong)過(guo)(guo)組(zu)織(zhi)企業(ye)、高(gao)等(deng)院(yuan)校和科(ke)研機構(gou), 集中(zhong)各(ge)方(fang)面力(li)量進行聯(lian)合攻關, 現(xian)(xian)正處于研發(fa)勢(shi)頭強勁(jing)階段, 部分技(ji)術已經趕(gan)上甚至超(chao)過(guo)(guo)世界(jie)先進水平。“電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)重(zhong)大科(ke)技(ji)專(zhuan)項”實施以來, 已成功開(kai)發(fa)出(chu)燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)樣車(che)(che)(che), 累計運行數千公(gong)里(li); 混合動(dong)力(li)客車(che)(che)(che)已在武(wu)漢等(deng)地公(gong)交線路上試(shi)驗運行超(chao)過(guo)(guo)百萬公(gong)里(li); 純電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)已通(tong)過(guo)(guo)國(guo)家有關認證試(shi)驗。

純電動汽車-發展

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首要(yao)(yao)關(guan)鍵，汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)動(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)難在 “低(di)(di)(di)成本要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)”、“高容量(liang)(liang)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)”及(ji)(ji)“高安全要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)”等(deng)(deng)三個(ge)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)上。要(yao)(yao)想(xiang)在較大(da)范圍內應用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)，要(yao)(yao)依靠(kao)先(xian)進的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)經過10多(duo)年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)篩選(xuan)，現(xian)在普(pu)遍看好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)鎳電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，鐵電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，鋰(li)離(li)(li)子和(he)鋰(li)聚(ju)合物電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。氫(qing)鎳電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)單位重(zhong)量(liang)(liang)儲存能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)比鉛(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)多(duo)一倍(bei)，其它性能(neng)(neng)也都(dou)優(you)于鉛(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。但目前價(jia)(jia)格為(wei)鉛(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)4-5倍(bei)，正(zheng)在大(da)力(li)攻關(guan)讓它降下來。鐵電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)豐富(fu)、價(jia)(jia)格低(di)(di)(di)廉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鐵元(yuan)素(su)材(cai)料，成本得到大(da)幅度降低(di)(di)(di)，也有廠(chang)家采(cai)用(yong)(yong)。鋰(li)是最(zui)(zui)輕、化學特(te)性十分活潑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)屬，鋰(li)離(li)(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)單位重(zhong)量(liang)(liang)儲能(neng)(neng)為(wei)鉛(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)3倍(bei)，鋰(li)聚(ju)合物電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)為(wei)4倍(bei)，而且鋰(li)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)較豐富(fu)，價(jia)(jia)格也不(bu)很(hen)貴，是很(hen)有希(xi)望的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)在鎳氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)和(he)鋰(li)離(li)(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產業化開發(fa)(fa)方面均(jun)取(qu)得了快(kuai)(kuai)速(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)其他(ta)有關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術，近年(nian)都(dou)有巨大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進步(bu)，如：交流(liu)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機及(ji)(ji)其控制(zhi)，稀土永磁無刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機及(ji)(ji)其控制(zhi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)和(he)整車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)系(xi)統，智能(neng)(neng)及(ji)(ji)快(kuai)(kuai)速(su)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)術，低(di)(di)(di)阻力(li)輪胎，輕量(liang)(liang)和(he)低(di)(di)(di)風阻車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)身(shen)，制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)回(hui)收等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)，這(zhe)些技(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進步(bu)使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)日(ri)見完善和(he)走向實用(yong)(yong)化。我國(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)城市的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)氣(qi)污染(ran)已(yi)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)忽(hu)視，汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)排(pai)放是主要(yao)(yao)污染(ran)源(yuan)(yuan)之一，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)已(yi)有10個(ge)城市被列入全球大(da)氣(qi)污染(ran)最(zui)(zui)嚴(yan)重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)20個(ge)城市之中(zhong)。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)現(xian)今人均(jun)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)是每1000人平均(jun)10輛汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)，但石油資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)不(bu)足，每年(nian)已(yi)進口幾千(qian)萬噸石油，隨著經濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，假(jia)如中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人均(jun)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)持有量(liang)(liang)達到現(xian)在全球水(shui)平---每1000人有110輛汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)持有量(liang)(liang)將成10倍(bei)地增(zeng)加，石油進口就成為(wei)大(da)問題(ti)。因此在中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)研(yan)究發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)不(bu)是一個(ge)臨時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)短期措施，而是意義(yi)重(zhong)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、長遠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰略考慮。

經歷了長期發展，純電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)技術(shu)逐步成熟，并在(zai)美(mei)、日(ri)、歐(ou)等國家得到商業化(hua)的推廣應(ying)用(yong)。目前世界上有近4萬輛(liang)(liang)純電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)在(zai)運行，其中(zhong)法國8000輛(liang)(liang)，美(mei)國7000輛(liang)(liang)，在(zai)日(ri)本7400輛(liang)(liang)。主要用(yong)在(zai)公共(gong)運輸系統。

純電動汽車-核心技術

發展電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車必須解決好4個方面的關鍵技術：電(dian)(dian)池技術、電(dian)(dian)機驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)及其控制(zhi)技術、電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車整車技術以及能量管理技術。

1、電池技術

電池是(shi)電動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)的(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力源泉，也是(shi)一直制約(yue)電動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)發展(zhan)的(de)關(guan)鍵(jian)(jian)因(yin)素。電動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)用電池的(de)主要性能(neng)指標是(shi)比能(neng)量(liang)(liang)(E)、能(neng)量(liang)(liang)密度(du)(Ed)、比功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(P)、循環壽(shou)命(L)和成本(C)等。要使(shi)(shi)電動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)能(neng)與燃油汽車(che)(che)相(xiang)競爭，關(guan)鍵(jian)(jian)就是(shi)要開發出比能(neng)量(liang)(liang)高、比功(gong)(gong)率(lv)大、使(shi)(shi)用壽(shou)命長的(de)高效(xiao)電池。

到目前(qian)為止，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)經過(guo)了3代的(de)發展，已取得(de)了突破性的(de)進展。第(di)(di)1代是(shi)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，目前(qian)主要(yao)是(shi)閥控(kong)(kong)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(VRLA)，由于其比(bi)(bi)(bi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)較高(gao)、價格(ge)(ge)低和(he)(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)高(gao)倍率放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，因此(ci)是(shi)目前(qian)惟(wei)一能(neng)(neng)(neng)大(da)批量(liang)生產的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。第(di)(di)2代是(shi)堿性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，主要(yao)有鎳(nie)鎘(NJ-Cd)、鎳(nie)氫(Ni-MH)、鈉(na)硫(Na/S)、鋰離子(Li-ion)和(he)(he)鋅空氣(Zn/Air)等(deng)多種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，其比(bi)(bi)(bi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)和(he)(he)比(bi)(bi)(bi)功率都比(bi)(bi)(bi)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)高(gao)，因此(ci)大(da)大(da)提高(gao)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)的(de)動(dong)(dong)力(li)性能(neng)(neng)(neng)和(he)(he)續駛(shi)里程，但其價格(ge)(ge)卻比(bi)(bi)(bi)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)高(gao)。第(di)(di)3代是(shi)以燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為主的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)直(zhi)接將燃料(liao)的(de)化學能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)變為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)轉(zhuan)變效(xiao)率高(gao)，比(bi)(bi)(bi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)和(he)(he)比(bi)(bi)(bi)功率都高(gao)，并且可以控(kong)(kong)制反應過(guo)程，能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)轉(zhuan)化過(guo)程可以連續進行，因此(ci)是(shi)理想的(de)汽車(che)(che)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，但目前(qian)還處于研制階段，一些關鍵技術還有待突破問。

2、 電力驅動及其控制技術

電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機與驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)系統(tong)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)的關鍵(jian)部件，要使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)有良好的使(shi)用性(xing)能，驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機應(ying)具有調速范圍寬、轉速高(gao)、啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)轉矩大、體積小、質量(liang)小、效率(lv)高(gao)且(qie)有動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)態制動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)強(qiang)和能量(liang)回(hui)饋等(deng)特性(xing)。目前，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機主要有直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(DCM)、感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(IM)、永磁無(wu)刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(PMBLM)和開關磁阻電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(SRM)4類。

近幾年(nian)來(lai)，由感應(ying)(ying)(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)幾乎都采用矢(shi)量控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)直接(jie)轉矩控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。由于(yu)直接(jie)轉矩的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)手(shou)段直接(jie)、結構簡單(dan)、控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)性能優(you)良和(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)態(tai)響(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)迅速，因此非(fei)常適合電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。美國以及歐洲(zhou)研制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)多采用這種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。永(yong)磁無刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可以分(fen)為由方(fang)波驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)無刷直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)系統(BLDCM)和(he)由正弦波驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)無刷直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)系統(PMSM)，它們都具(ju)有較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)功率密度，其控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)式與(yu)感應(ying)(ying)(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)基本(ben)相同，因此在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)上得(de)到了廣泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用。PMSM類電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)具(ju)有較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)能量密度和(he)效率，其體積小、慣性低、響(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)快，非(fei)常適應(ying)(ying)(ying)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)系統，有極好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用前(qian)景。目前(qian)，由日本(ben)研制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)主要采用這種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

開(kai)關(guan)磁阻電(dian)動機(SRM)具有簡(jian)單可(ke)靠、可(ke)在(zai)較寬轉速和轉矩范(fan)圍(wei)內(nei)高效運行、控制靈(ling)活、可(ke)四象限運行、響應(ying)速度快和成本(ben)較低等(deng)優點。實際應(ying)用發(fa)現SRM存在(zai)轉矩波動大、噪聲(sheng)大、需要位置檢測器等(deng)缺點，應(ying)用受到了限制。

隨著電動(dong)機(ji)及驅(qu)動(dong)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)發展，控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)趨(qu)于智能化和數字(zi)化。變結構控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)、模糊控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)、神經網絡、自適(shi)應控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)、專家(jia)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)、遺傳(chuan)算(suan)法等非線性智能控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)術，都(dou)將各自或結合應用于電動(dong)汽車的(de)(de)電動(dong)機(ji)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)。

3、 電動汽車整車技術

電動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)是高(gao)(gao)科技(ji)綜合性(xing)產品，除(chu)電池、電動(dong)機外(wai)，車(che)體本(ben)身(shen)也包(bao)含很多高(gao)(gao)新技(ji)術，有些節能(neng)措施(shi)比提高(gao)(gao)電池儲能(neng)能(neng)力(li)還易于實現。采用輕質材(cai)料如鎂、鋁、優質鋼材(cai)及復合材(cai)料，優化(hua)結構，可使汽(qi)車(che)自身(shen)質量減輕30%-50%；實現制動(dong)、下坡和(he)怠速時的(de)能(neng)量回收；采用高(gao)(gao)彈滯材(cai)料制成的(de)高(gao)(gao)氣壓子午線輪胎，可使汽(qi)車(che)的(de)滾動(dong)阻力(li)減少50%；汽(qi)車(che)車(che)身(shen)特(te)別是汽(qi)車(che)底部更(geng)加(jia)流(liu)線型化(hua)，可使汽(qi)車(che)的(de)空氣阻力(li)減少50%。

4、 能量管理技術

蓄(xu)電(dian)池是(shi)電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)的(de)儲能動(dong)力源。電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)要獲(huo)得非(fei)常好(hao)的(de)動(dong)力特性，必(bi)須具(ju)有比(bi)(bi)能量(liang)高、使用壽命長、比(bi)(bi)功(gong)率大的(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)池作為動(dong)力源。而要使電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)具(ju)有良(liang)好(hao)的(de)工作性能，就必(bi)須對蓄(xu)電(dian)池進行系(xi)統管理。

能量管理(li)系統是電(dian)(dian)動汽車的(de)(de)(de)智能核心(xin)。一(yi)輛設計優良(liang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)動汽車，除了有(you)(you)良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)機械性(xing)能、電(dian)(dian)驅動性(xing)能、選擇適當的(de)(de)(de)能量源(即電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi))外，還(huan)應該有(you)(you)一(yi)套協調(diao)(diao)各個(ge)功(gong)能部(bu)分(fen)工作的(de)(de)(de)能量管理(li)系統，它的(de)(de)(de)作用是檢(jian)測單(dan)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)或電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組的(de)(de)(de)荷電(dian)(dian)狀態，并(bing)根據各種傳感信息，包括力、加減(jian)速命(ming)令(ling)、行駛路況、蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)工況、環境溫度等，合理(li)地調(diao)(diao)配和(he)使用有(you)(you)限的(de)(de)(de)車載能量；它還(huan)能夠根據電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組的(de)(de)(de)使用情況和(he)充放電(dian)(dian)歷史(shi)選擇最佳充電(dian)(dian)方式(shi)，以盡可能延長電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)壽命(ming)。

世界各大(da)汽(qi)車(che)制造商的(de)(de)研究(jiu)機構都在進行(xing)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)車(che)載(zai)電(dian)池能(neng)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)系統(tong)的(de)(de)研究(jiu)與開發。電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)電(dian)池當(dang)前存(cun)有多少電(dian)能(neng)，還能(neng)行(xing)駛(shi)多少公里，是電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)行(xing)駛(shi)中(zhong)必須知道的(de)(de)重要參數，也(ye)是電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)系統(tong)應(ying)該完成的(de)(de)重要功能(neng)。應(ying)用電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)車(che)載(zai)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)系統(tong)，可以(yi)更(geng)加(jia)準確(que)(que)地(di)設計電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)電(dian)能(neng)儲(chu)存(cun)系統(tong)，確(que)(que)定(ding)一個最佳(jia)的(de)(de)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)存(cun)儲(chu)及管(guan)理(li)(li)結構，并且可以(yi)提高電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)本身的(de)(de)性能(neng)。

在電動(dong)汽車上實現能量(liang)管理的(de)難(nan)點(dian)，在于(yu)如何根據(ju)所采集的(de)每塊電池(chi)的(de)電壓、溫度和充放電電流的(de)歷史(shi)數據(ju)，來建立一個(ge)確定每塊電池(chi)還剩余多少能量(liang)的(de)較精確的(de)數學模型。

純電動汽車-研發歷史

一(yi)百多年來，電(dian)動汽車在汽車發展史中經歷了(le)三次(ci)重(zhong)大機遇：

第一次發(fa)生在(zai)(zai)一百余年前。由于當(dang)時(shi)電(dian)池和(he)電(dian)機的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)較內燃機成(cheng)熟，而且(qie)石油(you)的(de)運用還沒有(you)普及，使電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)在(zai)(zai)早(zao)期的(de)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)領域中(zhong)占有(you)舉足輕重的(de)位置(zhi)。第一輛(liang)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)（3輪）由法國人古斯塔(ta)夫?土維（Gustave Trouve）在(zai)(zai)1881年制造出來，此后三四十年間(jian)，電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)在(zai)(zai)當(dang)時(shi)的(de)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)發(fa)展(zhan)中(zhong)占據(ju)著重要位置(zhi)。例如，世(shi)界(jie)上首輛(liang)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)速(su)超過(guo)100公里(li)／小時(shi)的(de)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)就(jiu)是電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)。那是在(zai)(zai)1899年，由比(bi)利時(shi)工程師卡米樂?熱(re)納(na)茨（Camille Jenatzy）設計的(de)名(ming)為“從(cong)不(bu)滿意”（La Jamais Contente）的(de)鋁制車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)身(shen)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)，現在(zai)(zai)保存在(zai)(zai)法國貢批(pi)尼（Compiegne）博物館中(zhong)。據(ju)統(tong)計，到1890年在(zai)(zai)全世(shi)界(jie)4200輛(liang)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)中(zhong)，有(you)38％為電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)，40％為蒸汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)，22％為內燃機汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)。到了1911年，就(jiu)已經有(you)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)出租汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)在(zai)(zai)巴(ba)黎和(he)倫敦的(de)街頭上運營(ying)，到了1912年在(zai)(zai)美國更(geng)有(you)至(zhi)少3.4萬(wan)輛(liang)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)運行。

第(di)(di)二次(ci)是(shi)在70年(nian)代(dai)石(shi)油(you)危機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)爆發(fa)時(shi).由于石(shi)油(you)的(de)(de)(de)大量開采和(he)內燃(ran)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)種種優越性，電動汽車(che)漸(jian)漸(jian)被人(ren)們忽視。直到上世(shi)(shi)紀70年(nian)代(dai)石(shi)油(you)危機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)爆發(fa)，給世(shi)(shi)界各國(guo)政(zheng)界一次(ci)不小的(de)(de)(de)打(da)擊，開始考(kao)慮替(ti)代(dai)石(shi)油(you)的(de)(de)(de)其他能(neng)源，包(bao)括風能(neng)、太陽(yang)能(neng)、電能(neng)等可再生能(neng)源。因此從政(zheng)治經濟方面考(kao)慮，才又(you)給了電動汽車(che)第(di)(di)二次(ci)機(ji)遇，又(you)一次(ci)被人(ren)矚目。

第三次機遇開始于若干年前，世界上除了已存在的能源問題之外，環境保護問題也逐漸成為了各個方面所關心重大課題，內燃機汽車的排放污染，給全球的環境以災難性的影響，因此開發生產零污染交通工具成為各國所追求的目標，電動汽車的無（低）污染優點，使其成為當代汽車發展的主要方向。