推土機的結構(gou)與工作原理(li)（二(er)）

2、行星齒輪式動力換擋變速器

TY220推土機行(xing)星(xing)(xing)齒(chi)輪式動力換(huan)擋變速(su)器的結構(gou)圖(tu)，該變速(su)器主要由四(si)個行(xing)星(xing)(xing)排(pai)和(he)一個旋轉閉鎖離(li)合器構(gou)成。圖(tu)3中標的“I”“II”“III”、“IV”是四(si)個行(xing)星(xing)(xing)排(pai)，“V”是旋轉閉鎖離(li)合器。“I”“II”和(he)“IV”行(xing)星(xing)(xing)排(pai)都是固定(ding)齒(chi)圈，用行(xing)星(xing)(xing)架(jia)同向旋轉進行(xing)輸出(chu)的。

“II”行(xing)星(xing)(xing)(xing)排(pai)的行(xing)星(xing)(xing)(xing)架(jia)上(shang)多裝一個(ge)行(xing)星(xing)(xing)(xing)輪，若將齒(chi)圈C用(yong)離合(he)器(qi)固(gu)定，當太陽(yang)輪A右轉時，行(xing)星(xing)(xing)(xing)齒(chi)輪B左轉，行(xing)星(xing)(xing)(xing)齒(chi)輪E右轉，行(xing)星(xing)(xing)(xing)架(jia)D左轉，則形成(cheng)了以太陽(yang)輪輸入、行(xing)星(xing)(xing)(xing)架(jia)反向(xiang)旋轉輸出的行(xing)星(xing)(xing)(xing)齒(chi)輪減(jian)速機構。TY220型推土機變速器(qi)即利用(yong)第II行(xing)星(xing)(xing)(xing)排(pai)作為(wei)倒擋使用(yong)。離合(he)器(qi)有5個(ge)。第1至第4離合(he)器(qi)的油(you)缸體(ti)都由螺栓連(lian)接在(zai)端蓋上(shang)，它們是(shi)不運動的。當油(you)缸體(ti)和活(huo)塞之間布(bu)滿壓(ya)力(li)油(you)時，壓(ya)力(li)油(you)在(zai)油(you)超(chao)過計劃的密封下，建立油(you)壓(ya)并推活(huo)塞壓(ya)緊摩(mo)擦片，則可將齒(chi)圈固(gu)定。

第5號旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)閉鎖離合(he)器的(de)結構比(bi)較特殊(shu)，它(ta)沒有行星機構，其工作(zuo)時是(shi)整體旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)的(de)。向旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)油(you)(you)(you)缸中(zhong)供(gong)(gong)油(you)(you)(you)時，需先向中(zhong)央軸(zhou)供(gong)(gong)油(you)(you)(you)。工作(zuo)時，壓力(li)(li)油(you)(you)(you)通過第5離合(he)器固(gu)定不動(dong)的(de)殼(ke)體19中(zhong)的(de)油(you)(you)(you)道(dao)，進入旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)油(you)(you)(you)缸，推動(dong)活塞工作(zuo)。為防止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)泄漏，要用(yong)旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)密封環進行密封。工作(zuo)完的(de)油(you)(you)(you)液，因為旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)油(you)(you)(you)缸不停地旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)，離心力(li)(li)向外甩(shuai)出(chu)，無法經供(gong)(gong)油(you)(you)(you)道(dao)排(pai)出(chu)，會(hui)增加摩擦(ca)片的(de)磨損。為解(jie)決此(ci)題(ti)(ti)目，在旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)油(you)(you)(you)道(dao)排(pai)出(chu)，會(hui)增加摩擦(ca)片的(de)磨損。為解(jie)決此(ci)題(ti)(ti)目，在旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)油(you)(you)(you)缸體上增加一個鋼球止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)回閥，在壓力(li)(li)油(you)(you)(you)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)下，它(ta)密封油(you)(you)(you)孔以(yi)(yi)建立油(you)(you)(you)壓，休(xiu)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)供(gong)(gong)油(you)(you)(you)時，它(ta)會(hui)甩(shuai)開，開放回油(you)(you)(you)孔以(yi)(yi)回油(you)(you)(you)。

TY220型(xing)推(tui)土機變速器(qi)(qi)，在(zai)結構上很多特點(dian)，利用(yong)(yong)這(zhe)些特點(dian)，可使(shi)維(wei)修更為(wei)(wei)(wei)輕(qing)易進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)。如第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)1至第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)4離(li)(li)合(he)(he)器(qi)(qi)的摩擦片和(he)光(guang)盤都(dou)是通(tong)用(yong)(yong)的；第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)2至第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)4行(xing)(xing)星(xing)排(pai)的活塞(sai)和(he)密封(feng)環(huan)相(xiang)同，行(xing)(xing)星(xing)排(pai)離(li)(li)合(he)(he)器(qi)(qi)導向(xiang)銷(xiao)相(xiang)同，光(guang)盤分離(li)(li)彈簧(huang)相(xiang)同，離(li)(li)合(he)(he)器(qi)(qi)活塞(sai)分離(li)(li)彈簧(huang)相(xiang)同；第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)1至第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)3行(xing)(xing)星(xing)排(pai)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)統一個(ge)行(xing)(xing)星(xing)架；第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)4行(xing)(xing)星(xing)排(pai)的行(xing)(xing)星(xing)架利用(yong)(yong)外齒圈(quan)插(cha)入第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)3行(xing)(xing)星(xing)排(pai)齒圈(quan)中，并用(yong)(yong)彈簧(huang)卡圈(quan)防止軸向(xiang)竄動等等。TY320和(he)TY220型(xing)推(tui)土機系列產(chan)品有(you)完全相(xiang)似的變速器(qi)(qi)，只是放大了幾(ji)何尺(chi)寸。TY160型(xing)推(tui)土機變速器(qi)(qi)，離(li)(li)合(he)(he)器(qi)(qi)的排(pai)列方式不同，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)1離(li)(li)合(he)(he)器(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)前進(jin)(jin)擋(dang)(dang)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)2離(li)(li)合(he)(he)器(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)撤退(tui)退(tui)卻擋(dang)(dang)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)3旋轉閉鎖離(li)(li)合(he)(he)器(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)I擋(dang)(dang)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)4離(li)(li)合(he)(he)器(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)III擋(dang)(dang)，第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)5離(li)(li)合(he)(he)器(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)II擋(dang)(dang)。安們有(you)相(xiang)同的使(shi)用(yong)(yong)維(wei)修特點(dian)。

3、轉向離合器和轉向制動器

變速器(qi)的(de)(de)動(dong)力(li)傳(chuan)(chuan)入中心傳(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)后，就從縱向(xiang)(xiang)傳(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)變為橫(heng)向(xiang)(xiang)傳(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)，由橫(heng)軸(zhou)分外(wai)傳(chuan)(chuan)給(gei)左、右兩個(ge)轉向(xiang)(xiang)離合器(qi)。圖(tu)4是(shi)TY220型(xing)推(tui)土機的(de)(de)中心傳(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)及轉向(xiang)(xiang)離合器(qi)結構圖(tu)。該機的(de)(de)轉向(xiang)(xiang)離合器(qi)是(shi)彈簧(huang)(huang)壓(ya)(ya)緊、液壓(ya)(ya)分離、常嚙合、溫式(shi)摩(mo)擦(ca)(ca)片(pian)結構型(xing)式(shi)。它(ta)包括外(wai)鼓(gu)1、內鼓(gu)5、壓(ya)(ya)盤2、外(wai)摩(mo)擦(ca)(ca)片(pian)3、內齒(chi)(chi)處4、活(huo)塞(sai)15、螺栓13、套筒14與活(huo)塞(sai)15連接成一(yi)(yi)個(ge)整體，大(da)、小彈簧(huang)(huang)支(zhi)撐在內鼓(gu)5上(shang)，彈簧(huang)(huang)的(de)(de)安(an)裝(zhuang)負荷(he)推(tui)動(dong)活(huo)塞(sai)15向(xiang)(xiang)右移動(dong)，帶動(dong)壓(ya)(ya)板(ban)2將摩(mo)擦(ca)(ca)片(pian)3和齒(chi)(chi)片(pian)4壓(ya)(ya)緊在一(yi)(yi)起，實現接合傳(chuan)(chuan)力(li)。彈簧(huang)(huang)共(gong)8組，總安(an)裝(zhuang)負荷(he)3.2T，有足夠的(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)壓(ya)(ya)緊摩(mo)擦(ca)(ca)片(pian)以傳(chuan)(chuan)遞(di)力(li)矩。

當推(tui)(tui)土機需要(yao)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(如拉(la)(la)動(dong)(dong)(dong)左(zuo)(zuo)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)拉(la)(la)桿)時(shi)(shi)，淮壓油充入轉(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)離合器活塞(sai)15和(he)輪轂(gu)6之間的油腔，油壓力推(tui)(tui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)活塞(sai)，帶動(dong)(dong)(dong)壓盤向(xiang)(xiang)左(zuo)(zuo)移動(dong)(dong)(dong)，摩擦(ca)片和(he)齒(chi)片松開(kai)，不再傳遞(di)力矩(ju)，推(tui)(tui)土機左(zuo)(zuo)側(ce)失去(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力，在右側(ce)履帶的推(tui)(tui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)下(xia)(xia)向(xiang)(xiang)左(zuo)(zuo)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)結束時(shi)(shi)，松開(kai)拉(la)(la)桿，液壓油在活塞(sai)推(tui)(tui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)下(xia)(xia)回流，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)離合器重(zhong)新接合傳力，推(tui)(tui)土機恢復直線行駛。

TY220型推土(tu)機(ji)(ji)轉向制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)器是液壓助力(li)、浮動(dong)(dong)濕式(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)帶(dai)(dai)式(shi)。它包括安(an)裝在轉向離合器外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)鼓上的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)帶(dai)(dai)15、助力(li)活塞8、連桿10、浮動(dong)(dong)桿11、連桿14等零件(jian)。因為浮念頭(tou)構的(de)優(you)勝機(ji)(ji)能(neng)，不論離合器外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)鼓是正轉仍(reng)是反(fan)轉，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)時(shi)都(dou)很(hen)平穩，不會產生制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)沖擊(ji)。當(dang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)帶(dai)(dai)1.5上的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)帶(dai)(dai)襯(chen)片(pian)16磨損后(hou)，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)帶(dai)(dai)和外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)鼓之間(jian)間(jian)隙(xi)(xi)變大，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)跳板行(xing)程(cheng)增加，當(dang)行(xing)程(cheng)增大到一定限度時(shi)，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)變得不可靠。因此(ci)，要不斷地調(diao)整制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)帶(dai)(dai)間(jian)隙(xi)(xi)。推土(tu)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)踏板尺(chi)度行(xing)程(cheng)和極限行(xing)程(cheng)如表所示。制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)帶(dai)(dai)間(jian)隙(xi)(xi)調(diao)整的(de)方(fang)法：拆去(qu)調(diao)節螺(luo)(luo)栓的(de)護蓋后(hou)，將調(diao)節螺(luo)(luo)栓口右旋，扭(niu)緊制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)帶(dai)(dai)以抱住外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)鼓(扭(niu)緊力(li)矩約90N·m)然后(hou)擰松(song)螺(luo)(luo)栓(TY160型擰松(song)15/6圈(quan)(quan)，TY320型擰松(song)11/6圈(quan)(quan))，使制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)帶(dai)(dai)和外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)鼓間(jian)泛起0.3mm尺(chi)度間(jian)隙(xi)(xi)，調(diao)整完成(cheng)。

TY320型、TY160型和(he)TY220型推土機系列產品有相似(si)的(de)(de)轉向離合器和(he)制動器，它們有相同(tong)的(de)(de)使用和(he)維修特點。