一、冷凝管下進上出的原因
冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)管(guan)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)用(yong)(yong)作促成(cheng)(cheng)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)作用(yong)(yong)的實(shi)驗室設備,通常由一(yi)里一(yi)外(wai)兩條玻璃管(guan)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng),是(shi)(shi)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)熱(re)交換(huan)原理使(shi)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)性(xing)氣體冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)卻凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)結為液(ye)體的一(yi)種(zhong)玻璃儀器(qi)。冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)管(guan)在使(shi)用(yong)(yong)時,要注意正確的進(jin)(jin)水方向(xiang),一(yi)般是(shi)(shi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)進(jin)(jin)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)出(chu)(chu),這主(zhu)要是(shi)(shi)為了獲(huo)得(de)更好(hao)的冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)效果(guo),當(dang)水受熱(re)后,若水中有溫(wen)差,水就會(hui)流(liu)動,熱(re)水往(wang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)流(liu),冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)水往(wang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)流(liu),下(xia)(xia)(xia)進(jin)(jin)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)出(chu)(chu)就是(shi)(shi)為了保證下(xia)(xia)(xia)端(duan)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)水的溫(wen)度(du)是(shi)(shi)低的,上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)端(duan)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)水的溫(wen)度(du)是(shi)(shi)高(gao)的,這樣(yang)效果(guo)更好(hao),也不會(hui)使(shi)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)管(guan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)溫(wen)差過大。另外(wai),冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)管(guan)的水下(xia)(xia)(xia)進(jin)(jin)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)出(chu)(chu)還有一(yi)個作用(yong)(yong),就是(shi)(shi)延長熱(re)交換(huan)時間,充分(fen)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)資源(yuan),當(dang)然,這不是(shi)(shi)主(zhu)要的作用(yong)(yong)。
二、冷凝管的種類
1、雙塞冷凝管:雙塞冷凝管含有兩個磨口塞,其磨口塞的錐徑大小有所不同。在使用時,而可以根據自己的需要選擇適合的錐徑。2、回流冷凝管:對于那些極易揮發的液體反應溶劑而言,我們需要在反應器上連一個回流設備,以免反應溶劑的流失,同時也可以保證研材料的充分利用。這樣在冷凝后氣體溶劑就會變成液體溶劑,使得回流和收集更加方便。實驗室可以通過安裝-個長的玻璃管和冷凝回流管來實現這一功能。3、球形冷凝管:球形冷凝管的內管與幾個玻璃球連接,它可以用于有機設備的回流。與此同時,球形冷凝管可以適用于沸點不同的液體。4、空氣冷凝管:直形冷凝管和空氣冷凝管主要用于蒸發物料,包括蒸發和蒸餾。當蒸發的沸點超過140度時,一般使用空氣冷凝管,以免直形冷凝管通水冷卻導致玻璃溫差大而炸裂。5、直形冷凝管:直形冷凝管由兩根直的玻璃管組成,一根在內測,另一根在外側。直的冷凝管主要用于溫度低于140攝氏度的蒸餾過程。在外管上的高處和低處有與之相連的管件,它們分別用于進水和出水。6、蛇形冷凝管:蛇形泠凝管可以用于有機設備的回流,它可以沸點比較低的液體。不同實驗適合使用不同種類的冷凝管,不管是哪種冷凝管,都要注意選擇優質產品,如果您有購買需要的話,可以先來了解一下冷凝管十大品牌。
三、冷凝管的作用
冷凝(ning)管(guan)主(zhu)要起(qi)到的(de)(de)是(shi)冷凝(ning)的(de)(de)作用,用于(yu)蒸餾液(ye)(ye)(ye)體或(huo)有(you)機制(zhi)備中,簡單來說(shuo),就是(shi)把(ba)液(ye)(ye)(ye)體(其實(shi)固體也(ye)可以)因為(wei)受熱(re)而(er)轉化為(wei)的(de)(de)氣(qi)體冷卻回液(ye)(ye)(ye)體。此外,冷凝(ning)管(guan)還可以起(qi)到回流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)作用,有(you)易揮(hui)發的(de)(de)液(ye)(ye)(ye)體反(fan)應物(wu)時,為(wei)避(bi)免反(fan)應物(wu)損耗(hao)和充分(fen)利用原料(liao),要在發生裝置設計冷凝(ning)回流(liu)(liu)裝置,使該物(wu)質(zhi)通過冷凝(ning)后(hou)由氣(qi)態恢復為(wei)液(ye)(ye)(ye)態,從而(er)回流(liu)(liu)并收集。
四、冷凝管的使用方法
使(shi)用冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)管(guan)(guan)(guan)前先(xian)(xian)進(jin)行(xing)洗凈(jing),然(ran)(ran)后(hou)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)或回流(liu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)其他實驗室儀器。1、蒸(zheng)餾(liu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)管(guan)(guan)(guan):(1)將冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)管(guan)(guan)(guan)上(shang)(shang)端擴大處,用打(da)好洞(dong)的(de)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)塞(sai)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)于(yu)(yu)燒(shao)瓶(ping)(ping)的(de)支管(guan)(guan)(guan)上(shang)(shang),蒸(zheng)餾(liu)燒(shao)瓶(ping)(ping)中(zhong)加入(ru)(ru)待蒸(zheng)餾(liu)的(de)物(wu)質,然(ran)(ran)后(hou)在冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)水(shui)進(jin)口(kou)(kou)(下口(kou)(kou))處用橡(xiang)膠(jiao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)水(shui)源(yuan)。(2)另一根橡(xiang)膠(jiao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)于(yu)(yu)上(shang)(shang)口(kou)(kou),便于(yu)(yu)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)卻(que)(que)(que)廢水(shui)流(liu)出。冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)管(guan)(guan)(guan)下端連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)(jie)受瓶(ping)(ping),通(tong)常用彎(wan)形接(jie)(jie)(jie)管(guan)(guan)(guan)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)(jie)受瓶(ping)(ping),可(ke)使(shi)蒸(zheng)餾(liu)液(ye)垂直流(liu)出。(3)全部裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)好后(hou),固定于(yu)(yu)架子上(shang)(shang),先(xian)(xian)開冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)卻(que)(que)(que)水(shui)源(yuan),然(ran)(ran)后(hou)進(jin)行(xing)加熱(re)(re)(re)使(shi)蒸(zheng)餾(liu)物(wu)至沸騰,蒸(zheng)氣沿內芯(xin)管(guan)(guan)(guan)遇到(dao)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)卻(que)(que)(que)水(shui)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)卻(que)(que)(que)的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)壁(bi)即冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)為液(ye)滴,流(liu)入(ru)(ru)接(jie)(jie)(jie)受瓶(ping)(ping)中(zhong),即得純凈(jing)物(wu)質。2、回流(liu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)管(guan)(guan)(guan):(1)將冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)管(guan)(guan)(guan)通(tong)過橡(xiang)膠(jiao)塞(sai)直接(jie)(jie)(jie)插在三(san)角(jiao)燒(shao)瓶(ping)(ping)上(shang)(shang),三(san)角(jiao)燒(shao)瓶(ping)(ping)內裝(zhuang)(zhuang)入(ru)(ru)被蒸(zheng)餾(liu)物(wu)及溶(rong)劑。(2)在進(jin)行(xing)加熱(re)(re)(re)前,先(xian)(xian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)通(tong)水(shui)源(yuan),再加熱(re)(re)(re)至沸騰,蒸(zheng)氣上(shang)(shang)升(sheng)遇冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)卻(que)(que)(que)水(shui)后(hou)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)卻(que)(que)(que)的(de)液(ye)滴,仍(reng)舊回復(fu)滴入(ru)(ru)三(san)角(jiao)燒(shao)瓶(ping)(ping)內,這樣少(shao)量的(de)溶(rong)劑多次與被溶(rong)解物(wu)質接(jie)(jie)(jie)觸(chu),既不至于(yu)(yu)揮發(fa)損失,又起到(dao)充分溶(rong)解的(de)作(zuo)用。