影響蓄電池(chi)壽命的因(yin)素(su) 教(jiao)你正(zheng)確使用和維護蓄電池(chi)
影響蓄電池壽命的因素
1、影響蓄電池內阻的因素主要有:
1)蓄電池(chi)使用的(de)(de)(de)時間:隨(sui)著使用時間的(de)(de)(de)增加,使電解液失水、極板(ban)與連(lian)接條的(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)蝕(shi)、極板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)硫酸化、極板(ban)變(bian)形及活性(xing)物質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)脫落等因素,造(zao)成蓄電池(chi)容量減(jian)小,蓄電池(chi)內(nei)阻(zu)變(bian)大(da)。
2)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)荷(he)量:由于注入蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)解液深度、電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)表面反(fan)應物(wu)質的(de)厚度、電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)表面的(de)孔隙率等(deng)不(bu)同(tong),而(er)使蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)內阻相差較大,從而(er)電(dian)(dian)荷(he)量也相差較大。
3)溫度:環境(jing)溫度的(de)變(bian)化(hua),例如上升(sheng),這時(shi)反應(ying)物(wu)(wu)質的(de)擴散加快、電荷(he)傳(chuan)遞、電極動(dong)力學過程和物(wu)(wu)質轉移更容易進行,因而(er)蓄電池(chi)內阻減小。反之,就會增加。
4)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)型號:不同(tong)(tong)(tong)生產(chan)廠、不同(tong)(tong)(tong)種類(lei)、不同(tong)(tong)(tong)型號的(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池,由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液、隔膜的(de)材料(liao)配方不同(tong)(tong)(tong),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)結構不同(tong)(tong)(tong)、裝配工藝不同(tong)(tong)(tong)而使蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池內阻產(chan)生差異。
5)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)信(xin)號(hao)頻率:目前許多(duo)蓄電(dian)池內阻(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang),實際上測(ce)(ce)的是蓄電(dian)池的阻(zu)(zu)抗,內中包括了容抗,而(er)容抗大小(xiao)和(he)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)信(xin)號(hao)頻率有(you)關(guan),使(shi)蓄電(dian)池內阻(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)結果(guo)不具(ju)有(you)客觀性(xing)。要具(ju)有(you)客觀性(xing),應(ying)根(gen)據測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)信(xin)號(hao)電(dian)流和(he)電(dian)壓的相(xiang)位關(guan)系(xi),用解析的方(fang)法去(qu)除蓄電(dian)池電(dian)容對測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)結果(guo)的影響,使(shi)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)率結果(guo)與信(xin)號(hao)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)頻率無關(guan),即在(zai)任(ren)何測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)信(xin)號(hao)頻率下,內阻(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)結果(guo)具(ju)有(you)唯一(yi)性(xing)。
6)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)間(jian)和(he)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)大(da)小:在采用(yong)較(jiao)大(da)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)情況下,在施加(jia)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)信號和(he)關(guan)閉(bi)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)信號的(de)瞬間(jian),由于(yu)極(ji)化(hua)(hua)的(de)建立和(he)穩定是(shi)個變化(hua)(hua)過程,不同的(de)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)流(liu),不同的(de)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)時(shi)間(jian),極(ji)化(hua)(hua)是(shi)不同的(de),使蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池內阻測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)結果不具(ju)有客(ke)觀(guan)性。要具(ju)有客(ke)觀(guan)性,應(ying)盡量(liang)(liang)(liang)用(yong)較(jiao)小的(de)信號電(dian)(dian)流(liu)進行內阻測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang),根據實驗(yan),測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)小于(yu)或等于(yu)0.05C10,(其中C10為10小時(shi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)率下蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)。)
2、過度充電的影響
長期過充電(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態下,正極(ji)(ji)因(yin)析氧反應(ying),水(shui)被消耗,h+增加(jia),從而導致(zhi)正極(ji)(ji)附近酸度增加(jia),板柵腐蝕(shi)(shi)加(jia)速,使板柵變(bian)薄加(jia)速電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的腐蝕(shi)(shi),使電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量降低;同時因(yin)水(shui)損(sun)耗加(jia)劇,將使蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)有干涸的危險,從而影響蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命。
3、過度放電的影響
蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)過(guo)度放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)主要(yao)發(fa)生(sheng)在(zai)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源停電(dian)(dian)(dian)后,蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)長時(shi)間為負載供電(dian)(dian)(dian)。當(dang)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)被(bei)過(guo)度放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)到其電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)過(guo)低甚至為零時(shi),會導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)內(nei)部(bu)有大(da)(da)量的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)酸鉛被(bei)吸附到蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)陰極(ji)表面,在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)陰極(ji)造成“硫(liu)酸鹽化(hua)”。硫(liu)酸鉛是(shi)一種絕緣體,它的(de)(de)(de)形成必將對蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)充、放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)能(neng)產(chan)生(sheng)很大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)負面影(ying)響(xiang),因(yin)此在(zai)陰極(ji)上形成的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)酸鹽越多,蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)阻(zu)越大(da)(da),電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)充、放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)能(neng)就(jiu)(jiu)越差,蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)使用壽命(ming)就(jiu)(jiu)越短。
蓄電池使用和維護需遵循的原則
1、密(mi)封電(dian)池可允許的運(yun)行范圍為15度(du)-50度,但5度-35度(du)之內使用可延長電池壽命。在(zai)零下15度以下電池化學(xue)成(cheng)分將發(fa)生變(bian)化而(er)不能充電。在(zai)20度到25度(du)范圍(wei)內使(shi)用將獲得(de)最高壽命.電池在(zai)低(di)溫運(yun)(yun)行(xing)將(jiang)獲(huo)得長壽命但(dan)較低(di)容量,在(zai)高溫運(yun)(yun)行(xing)將(jiang)獲(huo)得較高容量但(dan)短(duan)壽命。
2、電池壽(shou)命和溫(wen)度(du)的關(guan)系可參(can)考(kao)如下規(gui)則,溫(wen)度(du)超過攝氏25度后,每(mei)高8.3度電(dian)池壽命將(jiang)減一(yi)半。
3、免維護電池的設(she)計浮(fu)充(chong)電壓(ya)為2.3V/節。12V的電池為13.8V。在120節電池串(chuan)聯的(de)情況下,溫度高(gao)于攝(she)氏25度后,溫(wen)度每升(sheng)高一度浮充電壓應下調3MV。同樣溫度每(mei)升(sheng)高一度為避(bi)免充電不(bu)足(zu)電壓應上調3MV。放電終止電壓(ya)在滿負荷(<30分鐘)情況下為(wei)1.67V每節(jie)。在低放電(dian)率(lv)情況下(小電(dian)流長時間(jian)放電(dian))要升高至(zhi)1.7V-1.8V每節。
4、放電結(jie)束后電池若在72小時(shi)內沒有再次充電。硫酸(suan)鹽將附著在極(ji)板(ban)上絕緣充電,而損壞電池。
5、電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在(zai)浮充或均充時,電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內部產(chan)生的氣(qi)體在(zai)負(fu)極板電(dian)(dian)(dian)解成(cheng)水,從而保持電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的容(rong)量且不(bu)必外加(jia)水。但電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)極板的腐蝕(shi)將減低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容(rong)量。
6、電池隔板壽命(ming)在環(huan)境溫度(du)為(wei)30-40度時僅為5-6個月。長時(shi)間存放的電池每6個月必須(xu)充電一次。電池必須(xu)存放在干燥涼爽的環境。在20度(du)的(de)環(huan)境(jing)下免維護電池的(de)自放電率(lv)為3-4%每個(ge)月,并隨溫度(du)變(bian)化。
7、免維護(hu)電池都(dou)配有(you)安全閥(fa)(fa),當電池內部(bu)氣(qi)壓(ya)升高(gao)到(dao)一定程度時安全閥(fa)(fa)可自(zi)動(dong)排(pai)除過剩(sheng)氣(qi)體,在內部(bu)氣(qi)壓(ya)恢復(fu)(fu)時安全閥(fa)(fa)會自(zi)動(dong)恢復(fu)(fu)。
8、電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的周期壽命(充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)次數壽命)取決于(yu)放電(dian)(dian)率,放電(dian)(dian)深度(du)(du),和恢復性充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的方(fang)式,其(qi)中最重要(yao)的因素(su)是放電(dian)(dian)深度(du)(du)。在(zai)放電(dian)(dian)率和時間一定(ding)時,放電(dian)(dian)深度(du)(du)越(yue)淺(qian),電(dian)(dian)池(chi)周期壽命越(yue)長(chang)。免(mian)維護(hu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)25度100%深(shen)放(fang)電情(qing)況下周期壽命約為200次(ci)。
9、電(dian)池(chi)在到達壽命時(shi)表(biao)現為容量衰減(jian),內部短路,外(wai)殼變(bian)形(xing),極板(ban)腐(fu)蝕,開路電(dian)壓(ya)降低。
10、電池壽(shou)命(ming)結束為容量不(bu)足標稱(cheng)容量AH的80%。標稱(cheng)容(rong)量(liang)和實際(ji)后備時(shi)間(jian)非線性關(guan)系,容(rong)量(liang)減低20%相應(ying)后備時間會減低很多。一些UPS廠家定義(yi)電(dian)池的(de)(de)壽命(ming)終(zhong)止為(wei)容量降至標稱容量的(de)(de)50-60%。
11、絕對(dui)禁止不同容量(liang)和(he)不同廠家的電(dian)池(chi)混用,否則(ze)會降低電(dian)池(chi)壽命。
12、若兩組(zu)電(dian)池并聯使用,應保證電(dian)池連線,匯流排阻抗相同。
13、免維護電(dian)池意味(wei)著(zhu)可以(yi)不用加(jia)液(ye)(ye),但定期檢查外(wai)殼有無裂縫,電(dian)解液(ye)(ye)有無滲漏(lou)等仍為必(bi)要的。