【電動(dong)(dong)機】電動(dong)(dong)機的工作原(yuan)理 電動機是如何工作(zuo)的

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電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)是一(yi)種旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)式機(ji)(ji)器，它將電(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)變為(wei)機(ji)(ji)械能，它主要包括一(yi)個用(yong)(yong)以(yi)產生(sheng)磁場(chang)的電(dian)(dian)磁鐵繞組或(huo)分布(bu)的定子(zi)繞組和一(yi)個旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)樞或(huo)轉(zhuan)子(zi)，其導線中(zhong)有(you)電(dian)(dian)流通過并(bing)受磁場(chang)的作用(yong)(yong)而使轉(zhuan)動(dong)，這些機(ji)(ji)器中(zhong)有(you)些類型可(ke)作電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)用(yong)(yong)，也可(ke)作發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)用(yong)(yong)。

電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)把(ba)電(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)成機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)的設備，它是(shi)利(li)用(yong)通電(dian)線圈在磁場中受力(li)轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的現象制成，分布于各個(ge)用(yong)戶處(chu)，電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)按(an)使用(yong)電(dian)源不同分為(wei)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，電(dian)力(li)系統(tong)中的電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)大部分是(shi)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，可以是(shi)同步(bu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)或者(zhe)是(shi)異步(bu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)（電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)定子(zi)(zi)磁場轉(zhuan)速與(yu)轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)旋轉(zhuan)轉(zhuan)速不保持同步(bu)速）。電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)主要由定子(zi)(zi)與(yu)轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)組成。通電(dian)導線在磁場中受力(li)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的方(fang)向跟電(dian)流(liu)(liu)方(fang)向和磁感(gan)線（磁場方(fang)向）方(fang)向有關。電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)工作(zuo)原理是(shi)磁場對電(dian)流(liu)(liu)受力(li)的作(zuo)用(yong)，使電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。

它是將電能轉變為機械能的一種機器。通常電動機的作功部分作旋轉運動，這種電動機稱為轉子電動機；也有作直線運動的，稱為直線電動機。電動機能提供的功率范圍很大，從毫瓦級到萬千瓦級。電動機的使用和控制非常方便，具有自起動 、加速、制動、反轉、掣住等能力，能滿足各種運行要求；電動機的工作效率較高，又沒有煙塵、氣味，不污染環境，噪聲也較小。由于它的一系列優點，所以在工農業生產、交通運輸、國防、商業及家用電器、醫療電(dian)器(qi)設備(bei)等(deng)各方(fang)面廣泛應用。

各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中應(ying)用(yong)(yong)最廣的(de)(de)(de)(de)是交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)（又稱感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji) ）。它(ta)使用(yong)(yong)方(fang)便 、運(yun)行(xing)(xing)可靠 、價(jia)格(ge)低(di)廉 、結(jie)構(gou)牢固(gu)，但(dan)(dan)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)(yin)數(shu)較(jiao)低(di)，調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)也較(jiao)困難。大(da)(da)容量低(di)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)力(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)常用(yong)(yong)同步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)（見同步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)）。同步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)但(dan)(dan)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)(yin)數(shu)高，而(er)且其轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)與負(fu)載大(da)(da)小(xiao)無關，只決定于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網頻率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)。工(gong)作較(jiao)穩(wen)定。在要(yao)(yao)求寬范(fan)圍調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)場(chang)合多用(yong)(yong)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。但(dan)(dan)它(ta)有換(huan)向器，結(jie)構(gou)復雜，價(jia)格(ge)昂貴，維護(hu)困難，不(bu)適于惡(e)劣(lie)環境(jing)。20世紀70年代(dai)以(yi)后，隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)技術漸趨成熟，設備價(jia)格(ge)日益降低(di)，已開始得(de)到應(ying)用(yong)(yong) 。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在規定工(gong)作制(zhi)式(shi)（連續式(shi)、短時(shi)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)制(zhi)、斷續周(zhou)期運(yun)行(xing)(xing)制(zhi)）下所能(neng)承擔而(er)不(bu)至引起電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)過(guo)熱的(de)(de)(de)(de)最大(da)(da)輸(shu)出(chu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)稱為它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)額(e)定功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)，使用(yong)(yong)時(shi)需注(zhu)意(yi)銘牌(pai)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)規定。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)時(shi)需注(zhu)意(yi)使其負(fu)載的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)性與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)性相匹配，避免出(chu)現飛車(che)或停轉(zhuan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)方(fang)法很多，能(neng)適應(ying)不(bu)同生產機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)速(su)(su)度(du)變(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求。一般(ban)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)時(shi)其輸(shu)出(chu)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)會隨轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)而(er)變(bian)化(hua)。從能(neng)量消耗的(de)(de)(de)(de)角度(du)看，調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)大(da)(da)致(zhi)可分兩種 ：① 保持輸(shu)入(ru)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)不(bu)變(bian) 。通過(guo)改變(bian)調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)裝置的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)量消耗，調(diao)(diao)節輸(shu)出(chu)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)以(yi)調(diao)(diao)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)。②控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)輸(shu)入(ru)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)以(yi)調(diao)(diao)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)。

三相異步電機工作原理

異步電(dian)(dian)機的(de)工作(zuo)原理如下(xia):當導體在磁場內切割磁力線時，在導體內產生感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)流，“感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)機”的(de)名(ming)稱由(you)此(ci)而來(lai)。

感應電流(liu)和磁場的(de)聯(lian)合作用向(xiang)電機轉子施加(jia)驅動(dong)力。 三(san)組繞組問彼(bi)此相(xiang)差120度，每一(yi)組繞組都由三(san)相(xiang)交流(liu)電源中的(de)一(yi)相(xiang)供電。

電動(dong)機(ji)使用了(le)電流的磁效應(ying)原理(li)，發明這一原理(li)的的是丹麥(mai)物理(li)學家(jia)奧斯特。

電動機的發展

1831年(nian)，美國物理學家(jia)亨(heng)利設(she)計(ji)出最初的(de)電子式電動機(ji)(ji)。受(shou)到亨(heng)利的(de)啟發(fa)，一位(wei)名叫威廉(lian)·里(li)奇(qi)(qi)的(de)人設(she)計(ji)并造出了一臺(tai)可(ke)以轉(zhuan)動的(de)電動機(ji)(ji)。里(li)奇(qi)(qi)的(de)這架(jia)電動機(ji)(ji)類(lei)似于我們今天在實驗室里(li)組裝的(de)直流電動機(ji)(ji)模型。

到(dao)了(le)19世紀(ji)40年(nian)代，俄國科學家(jia)雅科比使電(dian)動(dong)機變(bian)得更(geng)為(wei)實用(yong)了(le)。他(ta)(ta)用(yong)電(dian)磁鐵替代永久磁鐵進行工作。這種(zhong)新(xin)型(xing)電(dian)動(dong)機當時被裝在(zai)一(yi)(yi)艘游艇上，載著幾名乘客駛過了(le)涅(nie)瓦河。此(ci)(ci)事引起了(le)極大的(de)轟(hong)動(dong)。此(ci)(ci)后，出生于克(ke)羅地亞(ya)的(de)美國人特斯拉于1888年(nian)，制造(zao)出了(le)第一(yi)(yi)臺感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)動(dong)機，他(ta)(ta)在(zai)各種(zhong)電(dian)動(dong)機中，算是被應(ying)用(yong)最廣的(de)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)。感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)動(dong)機會(hui)(hui)(hui)將交流電(dian)快速輸入一(yi)(yi)組稱(cheng)為(wei)“定(ding)子”的(de)外線圈，繼(ji)而(er)產生一(yi)(yi)個旋轉(zhuan)磁場(chang)(chang)。轉(zhuan)軸內(nei)的(de)一(yi)(yi)組線圈則稱(cheng)為(wei)“轉(zhuan)子”，它會(hui)(hui)(hui)被定(ding)子的(de)旋轉(zhuan)磁場(chang)(chang)感(gan)應(ying)出電(dian)流，然后轉(zhuan)子會(hui)(hui)(hui)因電(dian)流變(bian)化(hua)而(er)轉(zhuan)變(bian)成電(dian)磁鐵。

美(mei)國物(wu)理學家亨利于(yu)法(fa)拉第同時(shi)作出(chu)電磁(ci)感(gan)(gan)(gan)應(ying)(ying)的偉大發現，1830年8月，亨利在(zai)實驗中已經觀(guan)察(cha)到了(le)電磁(ci)感(gan)(gan)(gan)應(ying)(ying)現象，這比法(fa)拉第發現電磁(ci)感(gan)(gan)(gan)應(ying)(ying)現象早一(yi)年。但是(shi)當時(shi)亨利正在(zai)集中精(jing)力制作更(geng)大的電磁(ci)鐵，沒有及時(shi)發表這一(yi)實驗成果(guo)，也沒有及時(shi)的去申請專利，失去了(le)發明(ming)權。可是(shi)亨利從不計(ji)較個人名(ming)利，他認為(wei)(wei)知(zhi)識應(ying)(ying)該為(wei)(wei)全(quan)世(shi)界(jie)人類所共享，從未與法(fa)拉第爭過發現權，仍然專心(xin)致志地獻身(shen)于(yu)科學事業。亨利的高尚(shang)品德受到世(shi)人的稱贊。所以最后(hou)，人們還(huan)是(shi)將電磁(ci)感(gan)(gan)(gan)應(ying)(ying)現象的發現歸于(yu)法(fa)拉第。特別值得一(yi)提的是(shi)，亨利實驗裝置比法(fa)拉弟感(gan)(gan)(gan)應(ying)(ying)線圈(quan)更(geng)接近于(yu)現代通用的變壓器。

單(dan)相(xiang)交流電動機的旋(xuan)轉原(yuan)理單(dan)相(xiang)交流電動機只有一(yi)個繞組，轉子(zi)是(shi)鼠籠式的。

單相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)不(bu)能產(chan)生旋(xuan)轉磁場(chang).要使(shi)單相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)動機能自動旋(xuan)轉起(qi)(qi)來，我們可在(zai)定子(zi)中加上一個(ge)起(qi)(qi)動繞(rao)組(zu)，起(qi)(qi)動繞(rao)組(zu)與主繞(rao)組(zu)在(zai)空間(jian)(jian)(jian)上相(xiang)差90度(du)，起(qi)(qi)動繞(rao)組(zu)要串(chuan)接一個(ge)合(he)適的(de)電(dian)(dian)容，使(shi)得與主繞(rao)組(zu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)在(zai)相(xiang)位上近似(si)相(xiang)差90度(du)，即所謂的(de)分相(xiang)原理。這樣兩個(ge)在(zai)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)上相(xiang)差90度(du)的(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)通入兩個(ge)在(zai)空間(jian)(jian)(jian)上相(xiang)差90度(du)的(de)繞(rao)組(zu)，將會在(zai)空間(jian)(jian)(jian)上產(chan)生（兩相(xiang)）旋(xuan)轉磁場(chang)，在(zai)這個(ge)旋(xuan)轉磁場(chang)作用下(xia)，轉子(zi)就能自動起(qi)(qi)動。

電機拆卸前應做哪些詳細檢查和試驗？

（1）在拆卸前，要用壓縮空(kong)氣吹(chui)凈(jing)電(dian)機表面灰塵，并將表面污垢擦拭(shi)干凈(jing)。

（2）選(xuan)擇(ze)電機解體的工作地(di)點，清理(li)現場環境。

（3）熟悉(xi)電機結構特點和(he)檢修(xiu)技術(shu)要求。

（4）準備(bei)好解體所需工(gong)具（包括專用工(gong)具）和設備(bei)。

（5）為(wei)了進(jin)一步了解電(dian)機運行中的缺陷，有條(tiao)件時可在拆卸前做一次(ci)檢查(cha)(cha)試(shi)驗(yan)。為(wei)此(ci)，將電(dian)機帶上負(fu)載試(shi)轉(zhuan)，詳(xiang)細檢查(cha)(cha)電(dian)機各部(bu)分(fen)溫度、聲音、振動等情況，并(bing)測試(shi)電(dian)壓(ya)、電(dian)流、轉(zhuan)速等，然后再(zai)斷開負(fu)載，單(dan)獨做一次(ci)空載檢查(cha)(cha)試(shi)驗(yan)，測出空載電(dian)流和空載損耗，做好記錄。

（6）切斷電源，拆除電機外部接線，做好記錄。

（7）選用(yong)合適電壓的兆(zhao)歐表測(ce)試電機絕(jue)緣(yuan)電阻。為(wei)了(le)跟上次檢(jian)修時所(suo)測(ce)的絕(jue)緣(yuan)電阻值相比較(jiao)以(yi)判斷電機絕(jue)緣(yuan)變(bian)化趨(qu)勢和絕(jue)緣(yuan)狀態，應將不(bu)同(tong)溫度下(xia)測(ce)出的絕(jue)緣(yuan)電阻值換算(suan)到(dao)同(tong)一(yi)溫度，一(yi)般換算(suan)至75℃。

（8）測試吸(xi)(xi)收比(bi)(bi)K。當吸(xi)(xi)收比(bi)(bi)大于1.33時，表明電機絕緣不曾受(shou)潮(chao)或(huo)受(shou)潮(chao)程度不嚴重。為了跟以(yi)前數據進行比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)，同樣要將任意溫度下測得的吸(xi)(xi)收比(bi)(bi)換算到同一溫度。

電動機的種類

1.按工(gong)作電(dian)源(yuan)分類(lei)：根據電(dian)動機工(gong)作電(dian)源(yuan)的(de)不同(tong)，可分為(wei)直流電(dian)動機和交流電(dian)動機。其中交流電(dian)動機還分為(wei)單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)動機和三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)動機。

2.按(an)結構及工作原理(li)分(fen)類：電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)按(an)結構及工作原理(li)可(ke)分(fen)為直流(liu)電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)，異步(bu)(bu)電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和同步(bu)(bu)電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。

同(tong)步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)還可(ke)分為永磁同(tong)步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、磁阻(zu)同(tong)步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)磁滯(zhi)同(tong)步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。

異步(bu)(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)分(fen)為感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)交流換向(xiang)器電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)又分(fen)為三相異步(bu)(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、單(dan)相異步(bu)(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)罩極異步(bu)(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等。交流換向(xiang)器電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)又分(fen)為單(dan)相串勵電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、交直(zhi)流兩用電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)推斥電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)按結構及工作(zuo)原理可分為(wei)(wei)無刷直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)和有刷直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)。有刷直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)可分為(wei)(wei)永磁直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)又(you)分為(wei)(wei)串勵直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)、并(bing)勵直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)、他(ta)勵直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)和復勵直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)。永磁直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)又(you)分為(wei)(wei)稀土(tu)永磁直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)、鐵氧體(ti)永磁直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)和鋁鎳鈷永磁直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)。

3.按起(qi)動(dong)(dong)與運(yun)行(xing)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)分類(lei)：電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機按起(qi)動(dong)(dong)與運(yun)行(xing)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)可分為(wei)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)式(shi)單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)異(yi)步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機、電(dian)容(rong)(rong)運(yun)轉(zhuan)式(shi)單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)異(yi)步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機、電(dian)容(rong)(rong)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)運(yun)轉(zhuan)式(shi)單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)異(yi)步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機和分相(xiang)(xiang)式(shi)單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)異(yi)步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機。

4.按用(yong)途分(fen)類：電動機(ji)按用(yong)途可分(fen)為驅動用(yong)電動機(ji)和(he)控制用(yong)電動機(ji)。

驅動(dong)(dong)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)又分(fen)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)工具（包括(kuo)鉆孔(kong)、拋光、磨(mo)光、開槽、切割、擴孔(kong)等(deng)工具）用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)、家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（包括(kuo)洗(xi)衣機(ji)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)風(feng)扇、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)冰(bing)箱(xiang)、空調器(qi)、錄音機(ji)、錄像(xiang)機(ji)、影碟機(ji)、吸(xi)塵器(qi)、照相機(ji)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)吹風(feng)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)剃須刀等(deng)）用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)及其它通用小(xiao)型機(ji)械(xie)設備（包括(kuo)各種小(xiao)型機(ji)床(chuang)、小(xiao)型機(ji)械(xie)、醫療器(qi)械(xie)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子儀(yi)器(qi)等(deng)）用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)。 控制用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)又分(fen)為步進電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)和伺服電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)等(deng)。

5.按轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的結(jie)構分(fen)類(lei)：電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機按轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的結(jie)構可(ke)分(fen)為籠型(xing)感應電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機（舊標(biao)準稱(cheng)為鼠(shu)籠型(xing)異(yi)步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機）和繞(rao)線轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)感應電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機（舊標(biao)準稱(cheng)為繞(rao)線型(xing)異(yi)步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機）。

6.按(an)(an)運轉速(su)度分類：電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)按(an)(an)運轉速(su)度可分為高速(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)、低(di)速(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)、恒(heng)速(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)、調速(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)。

ａ.低速電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)又分為齒輪減(jian)速電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)、電(dian)(dian)磁減(jian)速電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)、力(li)矩電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)和爪(zhua)極同步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)等。

ｂ.調速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)除可(ke)分為(wei)有級恒(heng)速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、無級恒(heng)速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、有級變速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)無極變速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)外，還可(ke)分為(wei)電(dian)(dian)磁調速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、直(zhi)流調速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、PWM變頻調速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)開(kai)關(guan)磁阻調速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

伺服電動機

用作自(zi)動(dong)控制裝置中執行(xing)(xing)元件的微特電機(ji)。又稱執行(xing)(xing)電動(dong)機(ji)。其功能是將電信(xin)號(hao)轉(zhuan)換成轉(zhuan)軸的角位移(yi)或角速(su)度(du)。

伺(si)(si)服(fu)電(dian)動(dong)機分交(jiao)(jiao)、直流(liu)兩(liang)類。交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)伺(si)(si)服(fu)電(dian)動(dong)機的(de)(de)工作(zuo)原(yuan)理(li)與(yu)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)感(gan)應電(dian)動(dong)機相(xiang)同。在定(ding)子上(shang)有兩(liang)個(ge)相(xiang)空間位移(yi)90°電(dian)角度(du)的(de)(de)勵(li)磁繞組Wf和(he)(he)控(kong)制繞組WcoWf接一恒定(ding)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)壓，利(li)用施加到Wc上(shang)的(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)壓或相(xiang)位的(de)(de)變化，達到控(kong)制電(dian)動(dong)機運(yun)行(xing)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)伺(si)(si)服(fu)電(dian)動(dong)機具有運(yun)行(xing)穩定(ding)、可控(kong)性(xing)好、響應快速、靈敏度(du)高(gao)以及機械特(te)性(xing)和(he)(he)調節特(te)性(xing)的(de)(de)非(fei)線性(xing)度(du)指標嚴格（要求分別小于10％～15％和(he)(he)小于15％～25％）等特(te)點(dian)。直流(liu)伺(si)(si)服(fu)電(dian)動(dong)機的(de)(de)工作(zuo)原(yuan)理(li)與(yu)一般直流(liu)電(dian)動(dong)機相(xiang)同。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機轉速n為(wei)(wei)(wei)n＝E／K1j＝（Ua－IaRa）／K1j式中E為(wei)(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)反(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢；K為(wei)(wei)(wei)常數；j為(wei)(wei)(wei)每極磁(ci)通；Ua，Ia為(wei)(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)；Ra為(wei)(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻。改變Ua或改變φ，均(jun)可控(kong)(kong)制直(zhi)流(liu)伺服電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機的(de)轉速，但一般采用控(kong)(kong)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)方法。在永磁(ci)式直(zhi)流(liu)伺服電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機中，勵磁(ci)繞組被永久磁(ci)鐵(tie)所(suo)取代，磁(ci)通φ恒(heng)定。

直流(liu)伺服(fu)電動機具有良好(hao)的線性(xing)調節特性(xing)及快速的時間響應。

伺(si)服電(dian)動機一般分為直流(liu)(liu)伺(si)服和交流(liu)(liu)伺(si)服，對(dui)于直流(liu)(liu)伺(si)服馬達(da)優(you)點是(shi)：

優點：精確的速(su)度(du)控制，轉(zhuan)矩速(su)度(du)特性很硬，原理簡單、使用方(fang)便(bian)，價(jia)格優勢；

缺點：電刷換向，速度限制，附加阻(zu)力(li)，產生磨損微粒（對(dui)于無塵室(shi)）。

對于交流伺服馬達

優點：良好的速度(du)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)特性，在(zai)整個速度(du)區(qu)內可(ke)實(shi)現平滑(hua)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)，幾乎無振蕩；高效(xiao)率，90%以上，不發熱(re)；高速控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)；高精確(que)位置控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)（取決(jue)于何種(zhong)編碼(ma)器）；額定運行(xing)區(qu)域(yu)內，實(shi)現恒力矩(ju)；低噪音；沒(mei)(mei)有電(dian)刷(shua)的磨損(sun)，免維護；不產(chan)生(sheng)磨損(sun)顆(ke)粒(li)、沒(mei)(mei)有火(huo)花，適用于無塵(chen)間、易暴環境慣(guan)量(liang)低；

缺點：控制較復雜，驅動器參數(shu)需(xu)要現場調整PID參數(shu)整定，需(xu)要更(geng)多的(de)連線

直流伺服電動機的應用

直流伺(si)(si)服(fu)電(dian)機(ji)的特(te)性較交流伺(si)(si)服(fu)電(dian)機(ji)硬。通常應用于功率稍(shao)大的系統(tong)中(zhong)，如隨動(dong)系統(tong)中(zhong)的位(wei)置控制等。

交流伺服電動機的應用

交流伺服電機(ji)的輸出功率(lv)(lv)一般為0.1-100W，電源頻率(lv)(lv)分50Hz、400Hz等多(duo)種(zhong)。它(ta)的應用很廣泛，如用在各(ge)種(zhong)自動控(kong)制、自動記錄(lu)等系統中。