【電(dian)動機】電(dian)動機的工(gong)作原理(li) 電動機是如何工作的

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電(dian)動機是一(yi)種旋轉式機器(qi)，它將(jiang)電(dian)能(neng)轉變為機械能(neng)，它主要包括一(yi)個用以產生磁場的電(dian)磁鐵繞組(zu)或分布的定(ding)子繞組(zu)和(he)一(yi)個旋轉電(dian)樞(shu)或轉子，其導(dao)線中(zhong)有(you)電(dian)流(liu)通(tong)過并受磁場的作用而使轉動，這(zhe)些機器(qi)中(zhong)有(you)些類型可作電(dian)動機用，也可作發電(dian)機用。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)換成機(ji)(ji)械能的(de)設備，它是(shi)(shi)利用(yong)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線圈在磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)(chang)中(zhong)(zhong)受(shou)力轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)的(de)現(xian)象制成，分布于(yu)各(ge)個用(yong)戶(hu)處，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)按使用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源不同分為(wei)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)大部分是(shi)(shi)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，可以(yi)是(shi)(shi)同步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)或(huo)者是(shi)(shi)異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)定子磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)(chang)轉(zhuan)速與轉(zhuan)子旋轉(zhuan)轉(zhuan)速不保持同步速）。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要由定子與轉(zhuan)子組成。通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導線在磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)(chang)中(zhong)(zhong)受(shou)力運動(dong)(dong)的(de)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)跟電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)和(he)(he)磁(ci)(ci)感線（磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)(chang)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)）方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)有關。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)工作(zuo)(zuo)原理(li)是(shi)(shi)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)(chang)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)受(shou)力的(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)。

它是將電能轉變為機械能的一種機器。通常電動機的作功部分作旋轉運動，這種電動機稱為轉子電動機；也有作直線運動的，稱為直線電動機。電動機能提供的功率范圍很大，從毫瓦級到萬千瓦級。電動機的使用和控制非常方便，具有自起動 、加速、制動、反轉、掣住等能力，能滿足各種運行要求；電動機的工作效率較高，又沒有煙塵、氣味，不污染環境，噪聲也較小。由于它的一系列優點，所以在工農業生產、交通運輸、國防、商業及家用電器、醫(yi)療電器設(she)備等各方(fang)面廣(guang)泛應用(yong)。

各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)中(zhong)應用(yong)最廣的(de)(de)(de)是交流異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)（又稱(cheng)(cheng)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji) ）。它(ta)使用(yong)方便 、運(yun)行可靠 、價(jia)格低(di)廉 、結構(gou)牢固(gu)，但(dan)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)因(yin)數(shu)較低(di)，調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)也較困難。大(da)容量低(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力機(ji)(ji)常用(yong)同(tong)(tong)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)（見同(tong)(tong)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)）。同(tong)(tong)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)不(bu)但(dan)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)因(yin)數(shu)高，而且其(qi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)與負載大(da)小無關(guan)，只決定(ding)(ding)(ding)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)頻率(lv)(lv)。工作較穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)。在要(yao)求寬范(fan)圍調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)場合多用(yong)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。但(dan)它(ta)有換向器，結構(gou)復(fu)雜，價(jia)格昂貴，維護困難，不(bu)適(shi)于惡劣環(huan)境。20世紀70年代以后，隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)子技(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)發展，交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)技(ji)術漸趨成熟，設備價(jia)格日益(yi)降(jiang)低(di)，已開始得到應用(yong) 。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)在規定(ding)(ding)(ding)工作制式(shi)（連續(xu)(xu)式(shi)、短時(shi)(shi)(shi)運(yun)行制、斷續(xu)(xu)周期運(yun)行制）下所(suo)能(neng)承擔而不(bu)至引起(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)過熱的(de)(de)(de)最大(da)輸(shu)出(chu)機(ji)(ji)械功(gong)率(lv)(lv)稱(cheng)(cheng)為它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)額(e)定(ding)(ding)(ding)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)，使用(yong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)需注(zhu)意(yi)銘(ming)牌上的(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)運(yun)行時(shi)(shi)(shi)需注(zhu)意(yi)使其(qi)負載的(de)(de)(de)特性(xing)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)特性(xing)相匹配，避(bi)免出(chu)現飛車或停轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)方法(fa)很多，能(neng)適(shi)應不(bu)同(tong)(tong)生產機(ji)(ji)械速(su)(su)(su)度變化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求。一(yi)般電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)時(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)輸(shu)出(chu)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)會隨轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)而變化(hua)(hua)。從能(neng)量消耗(hao)的(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)度看，調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)大(da)致(zhi)可分兩(liang)種 ：① 保持輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)不(bu)變 。通過改變調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)裝置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)量消耗(hao)，調(diao)(diao)(diao)節輸(shu)出(chu)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)以調(diao)(diao)(diao)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)。②控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)以調(diao)(diao)(diao)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)。

三相異步電機工作原理

異步電機的(de)工作原理如下:當導體在磁(ci)(ci)場內切割磁(ci)(ci)力線時，在導體內產生感應(ying)(ying)電流，“感應(ying)(ying)電機”的(de)名稱由(you)此(ci)而來。

感應電流(liu)和磁場的聯合作用向電機(ji)轉(zhuan)子施加驅(qu)動力(li)。 三(san)組繞(rao)組問彼(bi)此相(xiang)差(cha)120度，每一(yi)組繞(rao)組都由(you)三(san)相(xiang)交流(liu)電源中的一(yi)相(xiang)供電。

電(dian)動機使用了電(dian)流(liu)的(de)磁效應原(yuan)理，發明這一原(yuan)理的(de)的(de)是(shi)丹麥物理學家奧斯特(te)。

電動機的發展

1831年，美(mei)國物理學家(jia)亨利設計出最初的(de)(de)電(dian)子(zi)式(shi)電(dian)動(dong)機。受(shou)到(dao)亨利的(de)(de)啟發，一位名叫威廉·里奇的(de)(de)人(ren)設計并造出了(le)一臺可(ke)以轉(zhuan)動(dong)的(de)(de)電(dian)動(dong)機。里奇的(de)(de)這架電(dian)動(dong)機類似于我們(men)今(jin)天在實驗室里組裝的(de)(de)直流電(dian)動(dong)機模型。

到了(le)19世紀40年(nian)代(dai)，俄國科學(xue)家雅科比使電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)變得更為(wei)(wei)實用了(le)。他(ta)用電(dian)磁鐵(tie)替代(dai)永久(jiu)磁鐵(tie)進(jin)行工(gong)作。這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)新型電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)當時(shi)被(bei)裝在(zai)一(yi)(yi)艘游艇(ting)上，載著(zhu)幾名乘客駛過(guo)了(le)涅瓦河。此事引(yin)起(qi)了(le)極大(da)的(de)(de)轟動(dong)(dong)(dong)。此后，出生(sheng)于克羅地(di)亞的(de)(de)美國人特斯(si)拉于1888年(nian)，制(zhi)造出了(le)第一(yi)(yi)臺感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)，他(ta)在(zai)各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)中，算(suan)是(shi)被(bei)應(ying)用最廣(guang)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)。感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)會(hui)(hui)將交流電(dian)快速輸入一(yi)(yi)組(zu)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“定子”的(de)(de)外線圈(quan)(quan)，繼而產生(sheng)一(yi)(yi)個旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁場(chang)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸內的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)組(zu)線圈(quan)(quan)則稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子”，它會(hui)(hui)被(bei)定子的(de)(de)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁場(chang)感(gan)應(ying)出電(dian)流，然(ran)后轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子會(hui)(hui)因電(dian)流變化而轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變成電(dian)磁鐵(tie)。

美國物(wu)理學家亨(heng)利于(yu)法(fa)(fa)拉(la)第(di)同時作出電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)感應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)偉大(da)(da)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)，1830年(nian)8月，亨(heng)利在實驗中(zhong)(zhong)已經(jing)觀察到了電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)感應(ying)(ying)(ying)現(xian)(xian)(xian)象，這比(bi)法(fa)(fa)拉(la)第(di)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)感應(ying)(ying)(ying)現(xian)(xian)(xian)象早一年(nian)。但是(shi)當時亨(heng)利正在集中(zhong)(zhong)精力制作更(geng)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵，沒有及時發(fa)(fa)(fa)表這一實驗成果，也(ye)沒有及時的(de)(de)去申請(qing)專利，失去了發(fa)(fa)(fa)明權(quan)。可是(shi)亨(heng)利從不計(ji)較個人名利，他(ta)認為(wei)知識應(ying)(ying)(ying)該(gai)為(wei)全世界人類(lei)所共享，從未(wei)與(yu)法(fa)(fa)拉(la)第(di)爭過(guo)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)權(quan)，仍(reng)然專心(xin)致志地獻(xian)身于(yu)科學事業。亨(heng)利的(de)(de)高尚品(pin)德受到世人的(de)(de)稱贊。所以最后，人們(men)還(huan)是(shi)將電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)感應(ying)(ying)(ying)現(xian)(xian)(xian)象的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)歸于(yu)法(fa)(fa)拉(la)第(di)。特別值得一提的(de)(de)是(shi)，亨(heng)利實驗裝置比(bi)法(fa)(fa)拉(la)弟感應(ying)(ying)(ying)線圈更(geng)接近于(yu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)通用的(de)(de)變壓器。

單(dan)相交流(liu)電動機的旋轉原理單(dan)相交流(liu)電動機只有一個繞組，轉子是鼠籠式的。

單相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)不能(neng)產生(sheng)(sheng)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)磁場.要使單相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)能(neng)自動(dong)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)起來(lai)，我(wo)們(men)可在(zai)(zai)定子中加(jia)上一個(ge)起動(dong)繞(rao)組，起動(dong)繞(rao)組與主(zhu)繞(rao)組在(zai)(zai)空間上相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)差(cha)90度(du)，起動(dong)繞(rao)組要串(chuan)接一個(ge)合(he)適(shi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)容，使得與主(zhu)繞(rao)組的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)在(zai)(zai)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)位上近似相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)差(cha)90度(du)，即所謂的(de)(de)分相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)原理。這樣(yang)兩(liang)個(ge)在(zai)(zai)時間上相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)差(cha)90度(du)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)通(tong)入兩(liang)個(ge)在(zai)(zai)空間上相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)差(cha)90度(du)的(de)(de)繞(rao)組，將會在(zai)(zai)空間上產生(sheng)(sheng)（兩(liang)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)）旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)磁場，在(zai)(zai)這個(ge)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)磁場作用下，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子就能(neng)自動(dong)起動(dong)。

電機拆卸前應做哪些詳細檢查和試驗？

（1）在(zai)拆卸(xie)前，要用壓(ya)縮空(kong)氣吹凈電機表(biao)面灰塵(chen)，并將(jiang)表(biao)面污垢擦拭干凈。

（2）選擇電機解體的(de)工(gong)作地點(dian)，清(qing)理現場環境。

（3）熟悉電機結(jie)構特點和檢修(xiu)技術(shu)要求(qiu)。

（4）準備(bei)好解體所需(xu)工具（包(bao)括(kuo)專用工具）和設備(bei)。

（5）為了進一(yi)(yi)步了解電(dian)(dian)機運行中(zhong)的缺陷，有(you)條件時可(ke)在拆卸前做一(yi)(yi)次(ci)檢(jian)查試(shi)驗。為此，將電(dian)(dian)機帶上負(fu)載試(shi)轉，詳細檢(jian)查電(dian)(dian)機各部分溫(wen)度、聲音(yin)、振(zhen)動(dong)等情(qing)況，并測(ce)試(shi)電(dian)(dian)壓、電(dian)(dian)流、轉速(su)等，然后再斷開(kai)負(fu)載，單獨做一(yi)(yi)次(ci)空(kong)載檢(jian)查試(shi)驗，測(ce)出空(kong)載電(dian)(dian)流和空(kong)載損(sun)耗，做好(hao)記錄。

（6）切斷電源，拆除電機外部接線，做(zuo)好記錄(lu)。

（7）選用合(he)適電(dian)(dian)壓的兆歐表測(ce)試(shi)電(dian)(dian)機絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)。為了跟上次檢修時所測(ce)的絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值(zhi)相比較以判斷電(dian)(dian)機絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)變化趨勢和絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)狀態(tai)，應(ying)將不同溫(wen)度(du)下測(ce)出的絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值(zhi)換算到同一溫(wen)度(du)，一般換算至75℃。

（8）測試(shi)吸收(shou)(shou)比K。當吸收(shou)(shou)比大于1.33時，表明(ming)電(dian)機絕緣不曾受(shou)潮(chao)或受(shou)潮(chao)程度(du)不嚴重。為了跟以前數據(ju)進行比較，同樣要(yao)將任意溫(wen)度(du)下測得的吸收(shou)(shou)比換算到同一溫(wen)度(du)。

電動機的種類

1.按工作電(dian)(dian)源分類：根據電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)工作電(dian)(dian)源的不同(tong)，可(ke)分為直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)。其中交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)還(huan)分為單相電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)三相電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)。

2.按結(jie)構及工作原理分(fen)類：電動(dong)機(ji)按結(jie)構及工作原理可分(fen)為直(zhi)流電動(dong)機(ji)，異(yi)步(bu)電動(dong)機(ji)和同(tong)步(bu)電動(dong)機(ji)。

同(tong)(tong)步(bu)電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)還可分(fen)為永磁(ci)同(tong)(tong)步(bu)電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、磁(ci)阻(zu)同(tong)(tong)步(bu)電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和磁(ci)滯同(tong)(tong)步(bu)電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

異步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)可分(fen)為(wei)(wei)感應電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)交流換向器(qi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。感應電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)又分(fen)為(wei)(wei)三相異步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、單(dan)相異步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)罩極異步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)等。交流換向器(qi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)又分(fen)為(wei)(wei)單(dan)相串勵(li)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、交直流兩用電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)推(tui)斥電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。

直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)按結(jie)構及工作原理可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)無刷直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)有刷直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。有刷直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)永磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)又(you)(you)分(fen)為(wei)串勵(li)(li)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、并勵(li)(li)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、他勵(li)(li)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)復勵(li)(li)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。永磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)又(you)(you)分(fen)為(wei)稀土永磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、鐵氧體永磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)鋁鎳鈷(gu)永磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。

3.按(an)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)與運行方式(shi)(shi)分類：電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)按(an)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)與運行方式(shi)(shi)可分為電容起(qi)(qi)動(dong)式(shi)(shi)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)異步(bu)電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)、電容運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)式(shi)(shi)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)異步(bu)電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)、電容起(qi)(qi)動(dong)運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)式(shi)(shi)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)異步(bu)電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)和分相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)式(shi)(shi)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)異步(bu)電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)。

4.按用途分類：電動(dong)機按用途可分為(wei)驅動(dong)用電動(dong)機和控(kong)制(zhi)用電動(dong)機。

驅動用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)又(you)分(fen)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)動工具（包(bao)括鉆孔、拋光(guang)、磨光(guang)、開(kai)槽(cao)、切(qie)割、擴孔等(deng)工具）用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、家電(dian)(dian)(dian)（包(bao)括洗衣機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)風扇、電(dian)(dian)(dian)冰箱、空調器(qi)(qi)、錄(lu)音機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、錄(lu)像機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、影碟機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、吸塵(chen)器(qi)(qi)、照相機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)吹風、電(dian)(dian)(dian)動剃須刀等(deng)）用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)及其它通用(yong)小型(xing)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械設備（包(bao)括各種(zhong)小型(xing)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)床、小型(xing)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械、醫療器(qi)(qi)械、電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)儀器(qi)(qi)等(deng)）用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。 控制用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)又(you)分(fen)為步進電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和伺服(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)。

5.按(an)轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)的結構分(fen)類：電(dian)動機按(an)轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)的結構可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)籠型感(gan)應電(dian)動機（舊標準稱(cheng)為(wei)鼠(shu)籠型異(yi)步電(dian)動機）和繞(rao)線(xian)(xian)轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)感(gan)應電(dian)動機（舊標準稱(cheng)為(wei)繞(rao)線(xian)(xian)型異(yi)步電(dian)動機）。

6.按運轉速度(du)分類：電動機(ji)按運轉速度(du)可分為高(gao)速電動機(ji)、低速電動機(ji)、恒速電動機(ji)、調速電動機(ji)。

ａ.低速電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)又分為齒(chi)輪減(jian)速電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)、電(dian)磁減(jian)速電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)、力矩電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)和(he)爪極同步電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)等(deng)。

ｂ.調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機除(chu)可(ke)分為(wei)有級(ji)恒速(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機、無(wu)級(ji)恒速(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機、有級(ji)變(bian)(bian)速(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機和無(wu)極變(bian)(bian)速(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機外，還可(ke)分為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機、直(zhi)流調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機、PWM變(bian)(bian)頻調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機和開關磁(ci)阻調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機。

伺服電動機

用作自(zi)動控制裝置(zhi)中執行元件的(de)微特電機。又稱(cheng)執行電動機。其功能(neng)是將電信號轉換成轉軸(zhou)的(de)角位移或角速度(du)。

伺(si)服(fu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)分(fen)交(jiao)(jiao)、直流(liu)(liu)(liu)兩類。交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)伺(si)服(fu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)原理與(yu)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)感應電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)相(xiang)同。在(zai)定子上有兩個相(xiang)空(kong)間位(wei)移90°電(dian)(dian)角度(du)的(de)(de)(de)勵(li)磁繞組(zu)Wf和控(kong)(kong)制繞組(zu)WcoWf接一(yi)恒定交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓，利用施加到Wc上的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓或(huo)相(xiang)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)，達(da)到控(kong)(kong)制電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)運(yun)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)。交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)伺(si)服(fu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)具有運(yun)行(xing)穩定、可控(kong)(kong)性(xing)好、響應快(kuai)速、靈(ling)敏度(du)高以及機(ji)械特性(xing)和調節特性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)非線性(xing)度(du)指標嚴格（要求分(fen)別小于10％～15％和小于15％～25％）等(deng)特點。直流(liu)(liu)(liu)伺(si)服(fu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)原理與(yu)一(yi)般(ban)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)相(xiang)同。

電(dian)(dian)動機轉速(su)n為n＝E／K1j＝（Ua－IaRa）／K1j式中E為電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)(shu)反電(dian)(dian)動勢；K為常數；j為每極磁通(tong)；Ua，Ia為電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和(he)電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)流；Ra為電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)阻。改(gai)變Ua或改(gai)變φ，均可控制直流伺(si)服電(dian)(dian)動機的轉速(su)，但一般采用控制電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的方(fang)法。在永磁式直流伺(si)服電(dian)(dian)動機中，勵(li)磁繞組被永久(jiu)磁鐵所(suo)取(qu)代，磁通(tong)φ恒定(ding)。

直(zhi)流(liu)伺服電動機具有良好的線(xian)性(xing)調節特性(xing)及快速(su)的時(shi)間響應。

伺(si)服電動機(ji)一(yi)般(ban)分為直流(liu)伺(si)服和交(jiao)流(liu)伺(si)服，對于直流(liu)伺(si)服馬達(da)優點是(shi)：

優(you)點(dian)：精確的(de)速度控(kong)制(zhi)，轉矩速度特(te)性很硬，原理簡單、使(shi)用方便，價格優(you)勢；

缺點(dian)：電刷換向，速度限制，附加阻力(li)，產生磨損微粒（對(dui)于無塵室）。

對于交流伺服馬達

優點：良好的(de)速度控(kong)(kong)制特(te)性，在整個速度區內(nei)可實現(xian)平滑控(kong)(kong)制，幾乎無振蕩；高(gao)效率，90%以上，不發熱；高(gao)速控(kong)(kong)制；高(gao)精確位(wei)置(zhi)控(kong)(kong)制（取決于(yu)何種編碼器）；額定(ding)運行區域內(nei)，實現(xian)恒力矩；低(di)噪音；沒有電(dian)刷的(de)磨(mo)損，免維護(hu)；不產生磨(mo)損顆粒(li)、沒有火花，適用于(yu)無塵間、易暴(bao)環境慣量低(di)；

缺點：控制較復雜，驅動(dong)器參(can)數需要(yao)現場調整PID參(can)數整定，需要(yao)更多的連線

直流伺服電動機的應用

直流伺服電機的(de)(de)特性較交流伺服電機硬(ying)。通常應用于功率稍大的(de)(de)系統中(zhong)(zhong)，如隨(sui)動系統中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)位置控制等。

交流伺服電動機的應用

交(jiao)流伺服電機的(de)輸出功(gong)率(lv)一(yi)般為0.1-100W，電源頻率(lv)分50Hz、400Hz等(deng)多(duo)種。它的(de)應用(yong)很廣泛(fan)，如用(yong)在各種自(zi)(zi)動控制、自(zi)(zi)動記錄(lu)等(deng)系統中。