【電(dian)動機】電(dian)動機的工作原理 電動(dong)機是如何工作的

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電動(dong)機(ji)是(shi)一種(zhong)旋轉(zhuan)式機(ji)器(qi)，它(ta)將電能(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)變(bian)為機(ji)械能(neng)(neng)，它(ta)主(zhu)要包(bao)括(kuo)一個用(yong)以產生磁場(chang)的(de)電磁鐵繞組或(huo)分布的(de)定子繞組和一個旋轉(zhuan)電樞或(huo)轉(zhuan)子，其(qi)導線中有電流通過并受磁場(chang)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)而使轉(zhuan)動(dong)，這(zhe)些機(ji)器(qi)中有些類(lei)型可(ke)作(zuo)電動(dong)機(ji)用(yong)，也可(ke)作(zuo)發電機(ji)用(yong)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)把電(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換成(cheng)(cheng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械能的(de)設備(bei)，它是(shi)利用(yong)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)圈在(zai)磁(ci)場(chang)(chang)中受力(li)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)的(de)現象制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)，分(fen)(fen)布于各個用(yong)戶處，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)按使用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源不同(tong)分(fen)(fen)為直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統中的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)大部分(fen)(fen)是(shi)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，可以(yi)是(shi)同(tong)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)或者是(shi)異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)定子磁(ci)場(chang)(chang)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)與轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)不保持同(tong)步(bu)速(su)）。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)主要由定子與轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子組成(cheng)(cheng)。通電(dian)(dian)(dian)導線(xian)在(zai)磁(ci)場(chang)(chang)中受力(li)運動(dong)(dong)的(de)方向跟(gen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)方向和磁(ci)感(gan)線(xian)（磁(ci)場(chang)(chang)方向）方向有關。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)工作原理是(shi)磁(ci)場(chang)(chang)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)受力(li)的(de)作用(yong)，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)。

它是將電能轉變為機械能的一種機器。通常電動機的作功部分作旋轉運動，這種電動機稱為轉子電動機；也有作直線運動的，稱為直線電動機。電動機能提供的功率范圍很大，從毫瓦級到萬千瓦級。電動機的使用和控制非常方便，具有自起動 、加速、制動、反轉、掣住等能力，能滿足各種運行要求；電動機的工作效率較高，又沒有煙塵、氣味，不污染環境，噪聲也較小。由于它的一系列優點，所以在工農業生產、交通運輸、國防、商業及家用電器、醫療電(dian)器設備等(deng)各方面廣泛應(ying)用。

各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中應(ying)用最廣(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)交流(liu)異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)（又稱(cheng)(cheng)感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji) ）。它使(shi)(shi)用方便 、運(yun)行(xing)可(ke)靠 、價格低(di)(di)廉 、結構牢固，但(dan)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)因數較(jiao)低(di)(di)，調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)(su)也較(jiao)困難。大容量(liang)低(di)(di)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)力機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)常(chang)用同步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)（見(jian)同步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)）。同步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)(bu)但(dan)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)因數高，而且其(qi)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)(su)與(yu)負(fu)(fu)載大小無關，只決定于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網頻率(lv)(lv)。工作較(jiao)穩定。在(zai)要(yao)求寬范圍調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場合多(duo)用直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。但(dan)它有換向器，結構復(fu)雜，價格昂(ang)貴，維護困難，不(bu)(bu)適于惡劣環(huan)境(jing)。20世紀70年代以(yi)后，隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子技(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展，交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)(su)技(ji)術漸趨成熟，設備價格日益降低(di)(di)，已開始得到應(ying)用 。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)規(gui)定工作制(zhi)式（連續式、短(duan)時(shi)(shi)運(yun)行(xing)制(zhi)、斷續周期運(yun)行(xing)制(zhi)）下所能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)承擔而不(bu)(bu)至引(yin)起電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)過熱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最大輸出機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械功(gong)率(lv)(lv)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)額(e)定功(gong)率(lv)(lv)，使(shi)(shi)用時(shi)(shi)需注意銘牌上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)運(yun)行(xing)時(shi)(shi)需注意使(shi)(shi)其(qi)負(fu)(fu)載的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)性與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)性相匹(pi)配，避免出現飛車或停轉(zhuan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)(su)方法很多(duo)，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)適應(ying)不(bu)(bu)同生產(chan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械速(su)(su)(su)(su)度(du)變化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求。一(yi)般電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)(su)時(shi)(shi)其(qi)輸出功(gong)率(lv)(lv)會隨轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)(su)而變化。從能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)消(xiao)耗(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角度(du)看，調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)(su)大致可(ke)分(fen)兩種 ：① 保持輸入功(gong)率(lv)(lv)不(bu)(bu)變 。通過改變調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)(su)裝置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)消(xiao)耗(hao)，調(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)輸出功(gong)率(lv)(lv)以(yi)調(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)(su)。②控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)輸入功(gong)率(lv)(lv)以(yi)調(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)(su)。

三相異步電機工作原理

異(yi)步電(dian)機的工作原理(li)如下:當導(dao)體在(zai)磁(ci)場內切割磁(ci)力線時，在(zai)導(dao)體內產生感應電(dian)流，“感應電(dian)機”的名稱由此(ci)而來。

感應(ying)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)和(he)磁(ci)場的聯(lian)合(he)作用向電(dian)機(ji)轉子施加驅動力。 三組繞組問彼此相(xiang)差120度，每一(yi)組繞組都由三相(xiang)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)源中的一(yi)相(xiang)供電(dian)。

電(dian)動機使用(yong)了電(dian)流的磁(ci)效應原理，發明(ming)這一原理的的是丹麥物理學家奧斯特。

電動機的發展

1831年，美國物(wu)理學家亨(heng)利設計出(chu)最初的(de)電子式電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)。受到亨(heng)利的(de)啟發，一(yi)(yi)位名叫威廉·里(li)奇的(de)人設計并造出(chu)了一(yi)(yi)臺可以轉動(dong)(dong)的(de)電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)。里(li)奇的(de)這架電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)類(lei)似于我們今天在(zai)實驗室(shi)里(li)組裝的(de)直流(liu)電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)模型。

到了(le)19世紀40年代(dai)，俄(e)國科學家雅科比使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機變得更(geng)為(wei)(wei)實用了(le)。他用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵替代(dai)永久磁(ci)(ci)鐵進行工作。這種新型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機當時被(bei)(bei)裝在(zai)一(yi)艘(sou)游(you)艇上，載著幾名乘(cheng)客駛(shi)過了(le)涅瓦河。此事引起了(le)極大的轟動(dong)(dong)(dong)。此后，出(chu)生于克羅地亞(ya)的美國人特斯拉于1888年，制造出(chu)了(le)第一(yi)臺(tai)感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機，他在(zai)各(ge)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機中，算是被(bei)(bei)應(ying)用最(zui)廣的一(yi)種。感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機會(hui)將交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)快速輸入一(yi)組稱為(wei)(wei)“定子(zi)(zi)”的外線圈(quan)，繼而產(chan)生一(yi)個旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸內的一(yi)組線圈(quan)則稱為(wei)(wei)“轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)”，它(ta)會(hui)被(bei)(bei)定子(zi)(zi)的旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)感應(ying)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，然后轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)會(hui)因電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流變化而轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵。

美國物理學家亨(heng)利(li)于(yu)法(fa)(fa)拉第(di)同(tong)時作(zuo)出電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)感應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)偉大發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)，1830年8月(yue)，亨(heng)利(li)在(zai)實(shi)驗(yan)中已(yi)經觀(guan)察(cha)到了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)感應(ying)(ying)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)，這(zhe)比(bi)法(fa)(fa)拉第(di)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)感應(ying)(ying)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)早(zao)一年。但是(shi)當(dang)時亨(heng)利(li)正(zheng)在(zai)集中精力(li)制作(zuo)更大的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)鐵(tie)，沒(mei)有(you)及(ji)時發(fa)(fa)表(biao)這(zhe)一實(shi)驗(yan)成果(guo)，也沒(mei)有(you)及(ji)時的(de)(de)(de)去申請(qing)專利(li)，失去了(le)(le)發(fa)(fa)明權。可是(shi)亨(heng)利(li)從(cong)(cong)不計較個人(ren)名(ming)利(li)，他認為知(zhi)識應(ying)(ying)該為全(quan)世界(jie)人(ren)類(lei)所(suo)共(gong)享，從(cong)(cong)未與法(fa)(fa)拉第(di)爭過發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)權，仍然專心致志(zhi)地(di)獻身于(yu)科學事業。亨(heng)利(li)的(de)(de)(de)高尚品德(de)受到世人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)稱(cheng)贊。所(suo)以最后，人(ren)們還是(shi)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)感應(ying)(ying)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)歸(gui)于(yu)法(fa)(fa)拉第(di)。特(te)別值得一提的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)，亨(heng)利(li)實(shi)驗(yan)裝置比(bi)法(fa)(fa)拉弟感應(ying)(ying)線圈更接近于(yu)現(xian)(xian)代通用的(de)(de)(de)變壓(ya)器。

單相交流電(dian)動機的旋(xuan)轉原理單相交流電(dian)動機只有一(yi)個(ge)繞(rao)組，轉子是鼠籠式的。

單相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)不能產生旋(xuan)轉磁(ci)(ci)場(chang).要(yao)使單相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)能自動(dong)旋(xuan)轉起(qi)來，我們可在(zai)(zai)(zai)定子中加上(shang)(shang)(shang)一(yi)個(ge)起(qi)動(dong)繞(rao)組(zu)，起(qi)動(dong)繞(rao)組(zu)與(yu)主繞(rao)組(zu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)空間(jian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)相(xiang)(xiang)差90度，起(qi)動(dong)繞(rao)組(zu)要(yao)串(chuan)接一(yi)個(ge)合適的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)，使得與(yu)主繞(rao)組(zu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)相(xiang)(xiang)位上(shang)(shang)(shang)近(jin)似相(xiang)(xiang)差90度，即所(suo)謂的(de)(de)分相(xiang)(xiang)原(yuan)理。這樣(yang)兩個(ge)在(zai)(zai)(zai)時間(jian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)相(xiang)(xiang)差90度的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)通入兩個(ge)在(zai)(zai)(zai)空間(jian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)相(xiang)(xiang)差90度的(de)(de)繞(rao)組(zu)，將會(hui)在(zai)(zai)(zai)空間(jian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)產生（兩相(xiang)(xiang)）旋(xuan)轉磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)這個(ge)旋(xuan)轉磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)作用下，轉子就能自動(dong)起(qi)動(dong)。

電機拆卸前應做哪些詳細檢查和試驗？

（1）在拆卸前，要用壓縮空氣(qi)吹凈(jing)(jing)電機表面(mian)灰塵，并(bing)將(jiang)表面(mian)污垢擦(ca)拭干(gan)凈(jing)(jing)。

（2）選擇電機(ji)解(jie)體的工作地(di)點，清理現(xian)場環境。

（3）熟悉(xi)電機結構特點和檢(jian)修技術要求。

（4）準備好解體所需工(gong)具（包括專(zhuan)用工(gong)具）和設備。

（5）為了進(jin)一(yi)步了解電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)運行中的缺陷(xian)，有條件時可在拆卸(xie)前(qian)做(zuo)(zuo)一(yi)次檢(jian)查(cha)試驗(yan)。為此(ci)，將電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)帶上(shang)負(fu)載試轉(zhuan)，詳細檢(jian)查(cha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)各部分溫度、聲音、振動(dong)等(deng)情況，并(bing)測(ce)試電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、電(dian)(dian)(dian)流、轉(zhuan)速等(deng)，然后再斷(duan)開負(fu)載，單獨做(zuo)(zuo)一(yi)次空(kong)載檢(jian)查(cha)試驗(yan)，測(ce)出空(kong)載電(dian)(dian)(dian)流和空(kong)載損(sun)耗，做(zuo)(zuo)好記錄。

（6）切斷電(dian)源(yuan)，拆除電(dian)機外部(bu)接線，做好記錄。

（7）選用合適電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)兆歐表測(ce)試(shi)電(dian)機絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)阻。為了(le)跟(gen)上次檢修時所測(ce)的(de)絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)阻值相比較(jiao)以(yi)判斷電(dian)機絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)變(bian)化(hua)趨勢和絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)狀態(tai)，應將(jiang)不同溫度(du)下(xia)測(ce)出的(de)絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)阻值換算(suan)到(dao)同一(yi)溫度(du)，一(yi)般換算(suan)至(zhi)75℃。

（8）測試(shi)吸收比K。當吸收比大于(yu)1.33時(shi)，表明電(dian)機絕緣不曾受潮或受潮程度(du)不嚴重。為了跟(gen)以(yi)前數據進行比較，同(tong)樣要將任意溫度(du)下測得的吸收比換算到同(tong)一溫度(du)。

電動機的種類

1.按工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)源分類：根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的不同(tong)，可分為直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)和交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)。其中(zhong)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)還分為單相電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)和三相電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

2.按結構(gou)(gou)及(ji)工(gong)作原理分類：電(dian)動(dong)機按結構(gou)(gou)及(ji)工(gong)作原理可分為直流電(dian)動(dong)機，異步電(dian)動(dong)機和同(tong)步電(dian)動(dong)機。

同步電(dian)(dian)動機還可分為永磁(ci)同步電(dian)(dian)動機、磁(ci)阻同步電(dian)(dian)動機和磁(ci)滯同步電(dian)(dian)動機。

異(yi)步(bu)(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)可分為(wei)感(gan)應電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)和交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)換向(xiang)器(qi)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)。感(gan)應電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)又分為(wei)三相異(yi)步(bu)(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)、單相異(yi)步(bu)(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)和罩(zhao)極異(yi)步(bu)(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)等。交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)換向(xiang)器(qi)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)又分為(wei)單相串(chuan)勵電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)、交(jiao)(jiao)直流(liu)兩用電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)和推斥電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)。

直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)按結構及工作原理可分(fen)為(wei)無刷直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)有刷直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。有刷直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)可分(fen)為(wei)永(yong)磁直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)又分(fen)為(wei)串勵(li)直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、并勵(li)直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、他勵(li)直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)復勵(li)直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。永(yong)磁直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)又分(fen)為(wei)稀土永(yong)磁直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、鐵氧(yang)體永(yong)磁直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)鋁鎳(nie)鈷永(yong)磁直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

3.按起動(dong)與運行方式(shi)(shi)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)：電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機按起動(dong)與運行方式(shi)(shi)可分(fen)(fen)為電(dian)(dian)容起動(dong)式(shi)(shi)單相(xiang)異步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機、電(dian)(dian)容運轉式(shi)(shi)單相(xiang)異步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機、電(dian)(dian)容起動(dong)運轉式(shi)(shi)單相(xiang)異步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機和分(fen)(fen)相(xiang)式(shi)(shi)單相(xiang)異步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機。

4.按用途(tu)分類：電動(dong)機(ji)按用途(tu)可分為驅動(dong)用電動(dong)機(ji)和控(kong)制用電動(dong)機(ji)。

驅動用(yong)電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)又(you)分為電(dian)(dian)動工具（包括鉆(zhan)孔、拋光、磨光、開槽(cao)、切割、擴(kuo)孔等工具）用(yong)電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)、家電(dian)(dian)（包括洗衣機(ji)、電(dian)(dian)風扇、電(dian)(dian)冰箱、空調器(qi)、錄音機(ji)、錄像機(ji)、影碟機(ji)、吸塵(chen)器(qi)、照相機(ji)、電(dian)(dian)吹風、電(dian)(dian)動剃須刀等）用(yong)電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)及其它通(tong)用(yong)小(xiao)型(xing)(xing)機(ji)械設備(bei)（包括各種小(xiao)型(xing)(xing)機(ji)床、小(xiao)型(xing)(xing)機(ji)械、醫療器(qi)械、電(dian)(dian)子儀器(qi)等）用(yong)電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)。 控制用(yong)電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)又(you)分為步進電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)和伺(si)服電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)等。

5.按轉子(zi)的(de)結構(gou)(gou)分類：電動(dong)機按轉子(zi)的(de)結構(gou)(gou)可分為籠(long)型感(gan)應電動(dong)機（舊(jiu)標準(zhun)稱為鼠籠(long)型異步電動(dong)機）和繞(rao)線(xian)(xian)轉子(zi)感(gan)應電動(dong)機（舊(jiu)標準(zhun)稱為繞(rao)線(xian)(xian)型異步電動(dong)機）。

6.按運轉(zhuan)速(su)度分類：電動(dong)機(ji)按運轉(zhuan)速(su)度可(ke)分為高速(su)電動(dong)機(ji)、低速(su)電動(dong)機(ji)、恒速(su)電動(dong)機(ji)、調速(su)電動(dong)機(ji)。

ａ.低速(su)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機又分為齒輪減(jian)速(su)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機、電(dian)磁減(jian)速(su)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機、力(li)矩電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機和(he)爪極同(tong)步電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機等。

ｂ.調(diao)速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)除(chu)可分為(wei)有級恒速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、無(wu)(wu)級恒速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、有級變(bian)(bian)速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和無(wu)(wu)極變(bian)(bian)速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)外，還(huan)可分為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁調(diao)速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、直流調(diao)速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、PWM變(bian)(bian)頻調(diao)速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和開關磁阻調(diao)速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。

伺服電動機

用作自動控(kong)制裝置中執(zhi)行元件的微特電(dian)機。又稱執(zhi)行電(dian)動機。其(qi)功能是將電(dian)信號(hao)轉換成轉軸的角(jiao)(jiao)位(wei)移或角(jiao)(jiao)速度。

伺(si)服(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)分(fen)交(jiao)(jiao)、直(zhi)流(liu)兩類。交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)伺(si)服(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)的(de)工作(zuo)原理(li)與交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)。在定(ding)(ding)子(zi)上有兩個(ge)相(xiang)空間位(wei)移90°電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)角(jiao)度(du)的(de)勵磁繞(rao)組Wf和控(kong)制繞(rao)組WcoWf接一恒定(ding)(ding)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，利用施加(jia)到Wc上的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)或相(xiang)位(wei)的(de)變化，達到控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)運行(xing)的(de)目的(de)。交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)伺(si)服(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)具(ju)有運行(xing)穩定(ding)(ding)、可控(kong)性好、響應快速、靈敏度(du)高以及機(ji)(ji)械特性和調節特性的(de)非線性度(du)指標(biao)嚴格（要(yao)求分(fen)別小(xiao)于(yu)10％～15％和小(xiao)于(yu)15％～25％）等特點(dian)。直(zhi)流(liu)伺(si)服(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)的(de)工作(zuo)原理(li)與一般直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)。

電(dian)動(dong)機轉(zhuan)速n為(wei)(wei)n＝E／K1j＝（Ua－IaRa）／K1j式(shi)中(zhong)E為(wei)(wei)電(dian)樞(shu)反電(dian)動(dong)勢；K為(wei)(wei)常(chang)數；j為(wei)(wei)每極磁(ci)通；Ua，Ia為(wei)(wei)電(dian)樞(shu)電(dian)壓(ya)和電(dian)樞(shu)電(dian)流；Ra為(wei)(wei)電(dian)樞(shu)電(dian)阻。改變Ua或(huo)改變φ，均可控制直(zhi)流伺(si)服電(dian)動(dong)機的(de)轉(zhuan)速，但一(yi)般(ban)采(cai)用控制電(dian)樞(shu)電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)方(fang)法。在(zai)永磁(ci)式(shi)直(zhi)流伺(si)服電(dian)動(dong)機中(zhong)，勵磁(ci)繞組被(bei)永久磁(ci)鐵所取代，磁(ci)通φ恒(heng)定。

直流(liu)伺服電動機具有良好的線性調(diao)節(jie)特性及(ji)快速(su)的時間響應。

伺服(fu)電動機一般分為直流伺服(fu)和交流伺服(fu)，對于直流伺服(fu)馬達優點是：

優點：精確的速(su)度(du)控(kong)制(zhi)，轉(zhuan)矩(ju)速(su)度(du)特性很硬，原理簡單、使用方便(bian)，價格優勢；

缺(que)點：電(dian)刷(shua)換(huan)向，速(su)度(du)限制，附加阻力，產生(sheng)磨損微粒（對于無塵(chen)室）。

對于交流伺服馬達

優(you)點：良好的速度(du)(du)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)特(te)性，在整個速度(du)(du)區(qu)內可實現平滑控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)，幾乎無(wu)振蕩(dang)；高(gao)效(xiao)率，90%以上，不發熱(re)；高(gao)速控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)；高(gao)精(jing)確位(wei)置(zhi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)（取決于何種編碼器(qi)）；額定運行區(qu)域內，實現恒力矩；低噪音；沒有電刷的磨損，免維護；不產生磨損顆粒、沒有火花，適用于無(wu)塵間、易(yi)暴(bao)環境慣量低；

缺點：控制(zhi)較復雜，驅動器參數(shu)(shu)需(xu)要現場調整PID參數(shu)(shu)整定(ding)，需(xu)要更多(duo)的連線

直流伺服電動機的應用

直流(liu)伺(si)服(fu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的特(te)性較交流(liu)伺(si)服(fu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)硬。通常(chang)應用于功率稍大的系統中，如隨動系統中的位(wei)置控制等。

交流伺服電動機的應用

交(jiao)流伺(si)服電機的輸出功率一般為0.1-100W，電源(yuan)頻率分(fen)50Hz、400Hz等多(duo)種(zhong)。它的應用很廣(guang)泛，如用在各種(zhong)自動(dong)控制、自動(dong)記錄等系統(tong)中。