【電動(dong)機(ji)】電動(dong)機(ji)的工作原(yuan)理 電動(dong)機是如何工(gong)作的

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電(dian)動機是一種旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)式機器，它(ta)將電(dian)能轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變為機械能，它(ta)主要包(bao)括(kuo)一個用(yong)以產(chan)生(sheng)磁(ci)場的(de)電(dian)磁(ci)鐵(tie)繞組(zu)(zu)或分布的(de)定子(zi)繞組(zu)(zu)和一個旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)樞或轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)，其導線中(zhong)有電(dian)流通過并受(shou)磁(ci)場的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)而使轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動，這些(xie)機器中(zhong)有些(xie)類型(xing)可作(zuo)電(dian)動機用(yong)，也可作(zuo)發電(dian)機用(yong)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)機(ji)(ji)械能的(de)設(she)備，它是(shi)(shi)利(li)用通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線圈在(zai)磁場中受力轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)的(de)現象制成(cheng)，分布于各個(ge)用戶處，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)按使用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源不(bu)(bu)同(tong)分為直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統中的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)大(da)部(bu)分是(shi)(shi)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，可以是(shi)(shi)同(tong)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)或者是(shi)(shi)異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)定子(zi)磁場轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速與轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速不(bu)(bu)保持同(tong)步(bu)速）。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)主要由定子(zi)與轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)組成(cheng)。通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導線在(zai)磁場中受力運動(dong)的(de)方向(xiang)跟電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)方向(xiang)和(he)磁感(gan)線（磁場方向(xiang)）方向(xiang)有關。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)工作原理是(shi)(shi)磁場對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)受力的(de)作用，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)。

它是將電能轉變為機械能的一種機器。通常電動機的作功部分作旋轉運動，這種電動機稱為轉子電動機；也有作直線運動的，稱為直線電動機。電動機能提供的功率范圍很大，從毫瓦級到萬千瓦級。電動機的使用和控制非常方便，具有自起動 、加速、制動、反轉、掣住等能力，能滿足各種運行要求；電動機的工作效率較高，又沒有煙塵、氣味，不污染環境，噪聲也較小。由于它的一系列優點，所以在工農業生產、交通運輸、國防、商業及家用電器、醫療電器設備等各方面廣(guang)泛應(ying)用。

各種電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中應(ying)用(yong)(yong)最(zui)廣的(de)(de)是交流異步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)（又稱感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji) ）。它使(shi)用(yong)(yong)方便(bian) 、運(yun)(yun)行(xing)可靠 、價(jia)格(ge)低廉 、結構牢(lao)固，但功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)因數較(jiao)低，調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)也較(jiao)困(kun)難。大容量低轉速(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)動(dong)力(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)常(chang)用(yong)(yong)同步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)（見(jian)同步電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)）。同步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)(bu)但功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)因數高，而(er)且其(qi)(qi)轉速(su)(su)(su)與負載(zai)大小無關，只決(jue)定(ding)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)頻率(lv)。工作較(jiao)穩定(ding)。在要求寬(kuan)范圍調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)場合多(duo)用(yong)(yong)直流電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。但它有(you)換向器，結構復雜(za)，價(jia)格(ge)昂貴，維護困(kun)難，不(bu)(bu)適(shi)于(yu)惡劣環(huan)境。20世紀70年代以后，隨著電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)技術的(de)(de)發展(zhan)，交流電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)技術漸趨成熟，設(she)備(bei)價(jia)格(ge)日益降(jiang)低，已開(kai)始(shi)得到應(ying)用(yong)(yong) 。電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在規定(ding)工作制(zhi)(zhi)式（連續式、短時(shi)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)、斷續周(zhou)期運(yun)(yun)行(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)）下(xia)所能(neng)(neng)承擔而(er)不(bu)(bu)至(zhi)引起(qi)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)過熱(re)的(de)(de)最(zui)大輸(shu)出機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)稱為它的(de)(de)額定(ding)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)，使(shi)用(yong)(yong)時(shi)需注意銘牌上的(de)(de)規定(ding)。電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)時(shi)需注意使(shi)其(qi)(qi)負載(zai)的(de)(de)特(te)性(xing)與電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)特(te)性(xing)相(xiang)匹配，避免出現(xian)飛車或停轉。電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)方法很多(duo)，能(neng)(neng)適(shi)應(ying)不(bu)(bu)同生產(chan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)速(su)(su)(su)度(du)變化(hua)的(de)(de)要求。一(yi)般電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)時(shi)其(qi)(qi)輸(shu)出功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)會隨轉速(su)(su)(su)而(er)變化(hua)。從能(neng)(neng)量消(xiao)耗的(de)(de)角度(du)看，調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)大致可分(fen)兩種 ：① 保持(chi)輸(shu)入(ru)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)不(bu)(bu)變 。通過改變調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)裝(zhuang)置的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量消(xiao)耗，調(diao)(diao)節(jie)輸(shu)出功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)以調(diao)(diao)節(jie)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)轉速(su)(su)(su)。②控制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)輸(shu)入(ru)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)以調(diao)(diao)節(jie)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)轉速(su)(su)(su)。

三相異步電機工作原理

異步電(dian)機的工(gong)作(zuo)原(yuan)理如(ru)下:當導體在磁(ci)場內(nei)切割(ge)磁(ci)力(li)線時，在導體內(nei)產生(sheng)感(gan)(gan)應電(dian)流，“感(gan)(gan)應電(dian)機”的名(ming)稱由此而來。

感(gan)應電流和磁場的(de)(de)聯合(he)作用向電機轉(zhuan)子施加驅(qu)動(dong)力。 三組(zu)繞組(zu)問(wen)彼(bi)此相差120度，每一組(zu)繞組(zu)都由(you)三相交流電源中(zhong)的(de)(de)一相供(gong)電。

電(dian)動機使用了電(dian)流的(de)磁效應原理，發明這(zhe)一原理的(de)的(de)是丹麥物(wu)理學家奧斯(si)特(te)。

電動機的發展

1831年，美國物(wu)理學(xue)家亨利設(she)計(ji)出(chu)最初的電(dian)(dian)子式電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機。受到(dao)亨利的啟發，一位名叫(jiao)威廉·里奇(qi)的人設(she)計(ji)并造出(chu)了(le)一臺可(ke)以(yi)轉動(dong)的電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機。里奇(qi)的這架電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機類似于(yu)我們今天在實驗室里組裝的直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機模型。

到(dao)了(le)19世(shi)紀(ji)40年(nian)(nian)代，俄國科學家(jia)雅科比使電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)變得更為實用(yong)(yong)(yong)了(le)。他(ta)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電磁(ci)鐵替代永久磁(ci)鐵進行工作。這種新型電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)當(dang)時(shi)被裝在一(yi)(yi)艘游艇上(shang)，載(zai)著幾名乘客駛過了(le)涅(nie)瓦河(he)。此事引起了(le)極大的(de)轟動(dong)(dong)。此后，出(chu)生于克(ke)羅(luo)地亞的(de)美(mei)國人特斯(si)拉于1888年(nian)(nian)，制造出(chu)了(le)第一(yi)(yi)臺感應(ying)(ying)電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)，他(ta)在各種電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)中，算是被應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)最廣的(de)一(yi)(yi)種。感應(ying)(ying)電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)會(hui)將(jiang)交(jiao)流電快速輸入一(yi)(yi)組(zu)稱(cheng)為“定(ding)子”的(de)外線圈(quan)，繼而產(chan)生一(yi)(yi)個(ge)旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)場(chang)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)軸內的(de)一(yi)(yi)組(zu)線圈(quan)則(ze)稱(cheng)為“轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子”，它會(hui)被定(ding)子的(de)旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)場(chang)感應(ying)(ying)出(chu)電流，然(ran)后轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子會(hui)因電流變化而轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)變成電磁(ci)鐵。

美(mei)國物理學家亨(heng)利(li)于(yu)法(fa)(fa)拉(la)第同時(shi)作(zuo)出電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)感(gan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)偉(wei)大(da)發現(xian)(xian)，1830年8月，亨(heng)利(li)在實驗中(zhong)已經(jing)觀(guan)察(cha)到了電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)感(gan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)現(xian)(xian)象，這(zhe)比(bi)法(fa)(fa)拉(la)第發現(xian)(xian)電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)感(gan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)現(xian)(xian)象早一年。但是(shi)(shi)(shi)當時(shi)亨(heng)利(li)正(zheng)在集中(zhong)精力制作(zuo)更(geng)大(da)的(de)電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵，沒有及(ji)(ji)時(shi)發表(biao)這(zhe)一實驗成果(guo)，也沒有及(ji)(ji)時(shi)的(de)去申請專(zhuan)利(li)，失去了發明權。可是(shi)(shi)(shi)亨(heng)利(li)從(cong)不計(ji)較個人(ren)名利(li)，他認為(wei)知(zhi)識(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)該為(wei)全世界人(ren)類所共享，從(cong)未與(yu)法(fa)(fa)拉(la)第爭過(guo)發現(xian)(xian)權，仍然專(zhuan)心(xin)致志地獻身于(yu)科學事(shi)業。亨(heng)利(li)的(de)高尚品(pin)德(de)受到世人(ren)的(de)稱贊。所以最后，人(ren)們(men)還(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)將電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)感(gan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)現(xian)(xian)象的(de)發現(xian)(xian)歸(gui)于(yu)法(fa)(fa)拉(la)第。特別值得(de)一提(ti)的(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)，亨(heng)利(li)實驗裝置比(bi)法(fa)(fa)拉(la)弟感(gan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)線圈更(geng)接(jie)近于(yu)現(xian)(xian)代通用(yong)的(de)變壓器。

單相(xiang)交流電動機的(de)旋轉原理單相(xiang)交流電動機只(zhi)有一個繞組，轉子是鼠籠式的(de)。

單相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)不能(neng)產生(sheng)旋轉(zhuan)磁場.要使單相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機能(neng)自動(dong)(dong)旋轉(zhuan)起(qi)來，我(wo)們可在(zai)定(ding)子中加上一個(ge)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)繞組，起(qi)動(dong)(dong)繞組與主(zhu)繞組在(zai)空間(jian)(jian)(jian)上相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)差90度(du)(du)，起(qi)動(dong)(dong)繞組要串接(jie)一個(ge)合適(shi)的(de)(de)電(dian)容，使得與主(zhu)繞組的(de)(de)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)在(zai)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)位上近(jin)似相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)差90度(du)(du)，即所謂的(de)(de)分相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)原(yuan)理。這(zhe)樣兩(liang)個(ge)在(zai)時間(jian)(jian)(jian)上相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)差90度(du)(du)的(de)(de)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)通入兩(liang)個(ge)在(zai)空間(jian)(jian)(jian)上相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)差90度(du)(du)的(de)(de)繞組，將會在(zai)空間(jian)(jian)(jian)上產生(sheng)（兩(liang)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)）旋轉(zhuan)磁場，在(zai)這(zhe)個(ge)旋轉(zhuan)磁場作用(yong)下，轉(zhuan)子就能(neng)自動(dong)(dong)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)。

電機拆卸前應做哪些詳細檢查和試驗？

（1）在拆卸前，要用(yong)壓縮空氣吹凈電(dian)機(ji)表(biao)面(mian)灰(hui)塵，并將表(biao)面(mian)污垢擦拭干(gan)凈。

（2）選擇電機解體的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)地點，清(qing)理現場(chang)環境。

（3）熟悉電機結構特點和檢修技(ji)術要(yao)求。

（4）準(zhun)備好解體所(suo)需(xu)工具（包括(kuo)專用(yong)工具）和設(she)備。

（5）為了進一步了解(jie)電(dian)機運行中的(de)缺陷，有條(tiao)件時(shi)可在(zai)拆卸前做一次檢(jian)查試驗。為此，將電(dian)機帶上負(fu)載試轉(zhuan)，詳細檢(jian)查電(dian)機各部(bu)分溫度、聲音、振動等情況(kuang)，并測(ce)試電(dian)壓(ya)、電(dian)流、轉(zhuan)速等，然后再斷開(kai)負(fu)載，單獨做一次空載檢(jian)查試驗，測(ce)出空載電(dian)流和空載損耗，做好記錄。

（6）切斷電源(yuan)，拆除電機外部接線，做(zuo)好記錄。

（7）選用合適電(dian)(dian)壓的(de)兆歐表測試電(dian)(dian)機絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)。為(wei)了跟(gen)上次檢修時所測的(de)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值相(xiang)比較以判(pan)斷電(dian)(dian)機絕(jue)緣(yuan)變(bian)化趨勢和絕(jue)緣(yuan)狀態(tai)，應將(jiang)不同溫度下測出的(de)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值換算到同一溫度，一般換算至75℃。

（8）測(ce)試吸收比K。當(dang)吸收比大(da)于1.33時(shi)，表明電機(ji)絕緣(yuan)不曾受潮(chao)或受潮(chao)程度(du)(du)不嚴重。為(wei)了(le)跟以前數據進行比較，同(tong)樣要(yao)將任意(yi)溫度(du)(du)下測(ce)得的吸收比換(huan)算到同(tong)一溫度(du)(du)。

電動機的種類

1.按工(gong)(gong)作電(dian)源(yuan)分(fen)類：根據電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)作電(dian)源(yuan)的不同，可分(fen)為直流電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)和交(jiao)流電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)。其中(zhong)交(jiao)流電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)還分(fen)為單相(xiang)電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)和三相(xiang)電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)。

2.按(an)結(jie)構及工作(zuo)原理分類：電動(dong)機(ji)按(an)結(jie)構及工作(zuo)原理可分為直流電動(dong)機(ji)，異步(bu)電動(dong)機(ji)和同步(bu)電動(dong)機(ji)。

同步(bu)電動(dong)機(ji)還可分為永(yong)磁同步(bu)電動(dong)機(ji)、磁阻同步(bu)電動(dong)機(ji)和磁滯同步(bu)電動(dong)機(ji)。

異步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)可(ke)分(fen)為感應電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)和交(jiao)流換向器(qi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)。感應電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)又(you)分(fen)為三相(xiang)異步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)、單(dan)相(xiang)異步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)和罩極異步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)等。交(jiao)流換向器(qi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)又(you)分(fen)為單(dan)相(xiang)串勵(li)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)、交(jiao)直流兩用電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)和推斥電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)。

直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)按結構及工(gong)作原理可分為(wei)無刷直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)有刷直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。有刷直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)可分為(wei)永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)又(you)(you)分為(wei)串(chuan)勵(li)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、并勵(li)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、他勵(li)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)復勵(li)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)又(you)(you)分為(wei)稀土永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、鐵(tie)氧(yang)體永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)鋁鎳鈷永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。

3.按起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)與運行方(fang)式分類：電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)按起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)與運行方(fang)式可分為電(dian)(dian)容起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)式單(dan)(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)、電(dian)(dian)容運轉(zhuan)式單(dan)(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)、電(dian)(dian)容起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)運轉(zhuan)式單(dan)(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)和(he)分相(xiang)(xiang)式單(dan)(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)。

4.按用(yong)途(tu)分(fen)類(lei)：電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)按用(yong)途(tu)可分(fen)為驅動(dong)用(yong)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)和(he)控制用(yong)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)。

驅動(dong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)又(you)(you)分為電(dian)動(dong)工(gong)具（包(bao)括(kuo)鉆孔、拋光(guang)(guang)、磨光(guang)(guang)、開槽、切割、擴(kuo)孔等(deng)工(gong)具）用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、家(jia)電(dian)（包(bao)括(kuo)洗衣機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、電(dian)風(feng)(feng)扇、電(dian)冰箱、空調器(qi)、錄音機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、錄像機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、影碟機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、吸塵器(qi)、照相機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、電(dian)吹風(feng)(feng)、電(dian)動(dong)剃須刀等(deng)）用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)及(ji)其(qi)它通用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)小型(xing)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械設備（包(bao)括(kuo)各種小型(xing)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)床、小型(xing)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械、醫療器(qi)械、電(dian)子儀器(qi)等(deng)）用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。 控(kong)制用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)又(you)(you)分為步進電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和伺服(fu)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)。

5.按轉(zhuan)子(zi)的(de)結構分(fen)類：電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)按轉(zhuan)子(zi)的(de)結構可分(fen)為籠型感應(ying)電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)（舊標(biao)準稱(cheng)為鼠籠型異(yi)步電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)）和(he)繞(rao)線轉(zhuan)子(zi)感應(ying)電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)（舊標(biao)準稱(cheng)為繞(rao)線型異(yi)步電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)）。

6.按運(yun)轉(zhuan)速(su)度(du)分類：電動機(ji)(ji)按運(yun)轉(zhuan)速(su)度(du)可(ke)分為高(gao)速(su)電動機(ji)(ji)、低速(su)電動機(ji)(ji)、恒(heng)速(su)電動機(ji)(ji)、調速(su)電動機(ji)(ji)。

ａ.低(di)速(su)(su)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)又分為齒輪減(jian)速(su)(su)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、電(dian)磁減(jian)速(su)(su)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、力矩電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)爪極同(tong)步電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)。

ｂ.調(diao)速(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)除可分為有級恒速(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)、無級恒速(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)、有級變速(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)和(he)無極變速(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)外，還(huan)可分為電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)調(diao)速(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)、直流調(diao)速(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)、PWM變頻調(diao)速(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)和(he)開關(guan)磁(ci)阻調(diao)速(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)。

伺服電動機

用作自動控制(zhi)裝置(zhi)中執行元件的微特電機。又稱執行電動機。其功(gong)能(neng)是將電信號(hao)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換成轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸的角位(wei)移或角速(su)度(du)。

伺服電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)分(fen)交(jiao)、直流(liu)(liu)(liu)兩(liang)類。交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)伺服電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)的工作原理(li)與(yu)(yu)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)相同。在定子上有兩(liang)個相空間位移90°電(dian)(dian)角度的勵磁繞(rao)組Wf和控(kong)制(zhi)繞(rao)組WcoWf接一恒定交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，利用(yong)施加(jia)到(dao)Wc上的交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)或相位的變化，達(da)到(dao)控(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)運行的目的。交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)伺服電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)具(ju)有運行穩定、可控(kong)性(xing)(xing)好(hao)、響應(ying)快(kuai)速、靈敏度高(gao)以及機(ji)(ji)械特性(xing)(xing)和調節(jie)特性(xing)(xing)的非線性(xing)(xing)度指標嚴格（要求分(fen)別小于(yu)10％～15％和小于(yu)15％～25％）等特點。直流(liu)(liu)(liu)伺服電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)的工作原理(li)與(yu)(yu)一般直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)相同。

電(dian)動(dong)機轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速n為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)n＝E／K1j＝（Ua－IaRa）／K1j式中(zhong)E為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)電(dian)樞(shu)(shu)反電(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)；K為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)常數；j為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)每(mei)極磁(ci)(ci)通；Ua，Ia為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)電(dian)樞(shu)(shu)電(dian)壓和電(dian)樞(shu)(shu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)；Ra為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)電(dian)樞(shu)(shu)電(dian)阻。改(gai)變Ua或改(gai)變φ，均(jun)可控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)伺服電(dian)動(dong)機的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速，但一般采(cai)用控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)樞(shu)(shu)電(dian)壓的方(fang)法(fa)。在永磁(ci)(ci)式直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)伺服電(dian)動(dong)機中(zhong)，勵磁(ci)(ci)繞組被永久磁(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)所取代，磁(ci)(ci)通φ恒定(ding)。

直(zhi)流伺服(fu)電(dian)動機具(ju)有良好的線性調節特性及快速(su)的時間響應。

伺(si)(si)服(fu)電動(dong)機一般分為(wei)直(zhi)流伺(si)(si)服(fu)和交(jiao)流伺(si)(si)服(fu)，對于直(zhi)流伺(si)(si)服(fu)馬達(da)優點是：

優點：精(jing)確的速度控制，轉矩(ju)速度特性很硬，原理簡單、使用方(fang)便，價(jia)格優勢；

缺點：電刷換向，速度限制，附加阻力，產生磨損微粒（對于(yu)無塵(chen)室）。

對于交流伺服馬達

優點：良(liang)好的速(su)度控制特性(xing)，在整個速(su)度區(qu)內可實(shi)現(xian)平滑控制，幾乎(hu)無(wu)振蕩；高效率，90%以上，不發熱；高速(su)控制；高精(jing)確(que)位置控制（取決于何(he)種編碼器）；額定運行區(qu)域內，實(shi)現(xian)恒力矩；低噪(zao)音(yin)；沒有(you)電刷的磨損，免(mian)維護；不產生磨損顆粒(li)、沒有(you)火花，適(shi)用于無(wu)塵間、易(yi)暴環境慣量低；

缺點(dian)：控制(zhi)較復雜，驅動(dong)器參(can)(can)數需要(yao)現場調整(zheng)PID參(can)(can)數整(zheng)定，需要(yao)更(geng)多(duo)的連(lian)線

直流伺服電動機的應用

直流伺服(fu)電(dian)機(ji)的特性(xing)較交流伺服(fu)電(dian)機(ji)硬。通常應用于功率稍大的系統(tong)中，如隨動系統(tong)中的位(wei)置控制等。

交流伺服電動機的應用

交流伺服電(dian)機的(de)輸出功率一般為0.1-100W，電(dian)源頻率分50Hz、400Hz等(deng)多種(zhong)。它的(de)應用很廣泛，如用在各(ge)種(zhong)自動(dong)控制、自動(dong)記錄等(deng)系統中。