概述
磁灶一帶多低山(shan)丘陵,盛產(chan)瓷土(tu),長期歷(li)經(jing)采掘,遺跡累累。有梅溪自西北(bei)向東流至晉(jin)江(jiang)入(ru)泉(quan)州灣,逶延(yan)(yan)曲(qu)折,構成(cheng)“五塢十八曲(qu)”的(de)地勢,南(nan)朝窯址1處(chu),位于下官路村雙溪口小(xiao)山(shan)坡上,遺物散布范(fan)圍約3600平方米,遺址破壞(huai)嚴(yan)重。該窯年代早(zao)到(dao)南(nan)朝晚期,至唐代仍延(yan)(yan)續(xu)燒制(zhi)。唐、五代窯址6處(chu),分布于下灶村虎仔山(shan)、后(hou)山(shan)、老鼠(shu)石,下官路村后(hou)壁山(shan)、狗(gou)仔山(shan),嶺畔村童子山(shan)(2號窯)。范(fan)圍都不大,破壞(huai)較(jiao)嚴(yan)重。
宋(song)、元窯(yao)(yao)(yao)址12處(chu),分布(bu)于嶺畔(pan)村(cun)蜘蛛山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、土(tu)尾庵(an)、童子山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(1號窯(yao)(yao)(yao))、山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)坪,磁灶村(cun)許山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、宮(gong)仔山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、頂山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)尾、大(da)樹威(wei),前埔(pu)村(cun)曾(ceng)竹(zhu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、金交椅山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、溪墘山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)及現屬南安市官橋鎮下(xia)洋村(cun)的(de)斗(dou)溫山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)。窯(yao)(yao)(yao)址多依(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)傍(bang)溪,堆積層較厚(最厚達4.5米),屬多次堆積,窯(yao)(yao)(yao)床(chuang)互有疊(die)壓(ya)。窯(yao)(yao)(yao)址范(fan)圍都(dou)較大(da),遺物較多,如曾(ceng)竹(zhu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)址有8條窯(yao)(yao)(yao)床(chuang)露于地(di)表,遺物散布(bu)范(fan)圍約1.6萬(wan)平方米。清代窯(yao)(yao)(yao)址7處(chu),分布(bu)于下(xia)官路(lu)村(cun)銅鑼山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),洋宅(zhai)村(cun)路(lu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)尾,下(xia)灶村(cun)宮(gong)后山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、寨邊(bian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、窯(yao)(yao)(yao)尾草埔(pu),磁灶村(cun)下(xia)尾湖、甕灶崎。窯(yao)(yao)(yao)址范(fan)圍不(bu)大(da),破壞(huai)嚴重。
歷史
南朝至唐五代時期,產(chan)品為灰(hui)白(bai)胎,質地粗松厚重,施青綠(lv)(lv)、黃(huang)(huang)褐釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you),器形有盤(pan)口(kou)壺(hu)、雙系(xi)(xi)或(huo)四(si)系(xi)(xi)罐、盤(pan)、缽、甕、燈盞(zhan)、缸、釜(fu)等,采(cai)(cai)用托座(zuo)疊燒(shao)(shao)工藝燒(shao)(shao)成。宋元(yuan)是磁(ci)灶(zao)窯(yao)(yao)生(sheng)產(chan)的鼎盛(sheng)時期,產(chan)品種類繁多,胎骨灰(hui)白(bai)而(er)薄(bo),不(bu)甚細密,若瓷若陶,器形有軍持、瓶(ping)、碗、執(zhi)(zhi)壺(hu)、壺(hu)、罐、盤(pan)、碟、燈盞(zhan)、注子、硯(yan)滴、爐(lu)、薰爐(lu)、盆(pen)、洗、盒以(yi)(yi)及(ji)雕塑人物(wu)(wu)等。釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)色(se)(se)主(zhu)要(yao)有青、綠(lv)(lv)、黃(huang)(huang)、黑,部分(fen)器物(wu)(wu)在上釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)前,先(xian)(xian)敷一層化妝(zhuang)土。裝飾技法有模(mo)(mo)印、堆貼(tie)、剔刻、刻劃(hua)、彩繪(hui)等。花(hua)(hua)紋有折枝(zhi)花(hua)(hua)、梅花(hua)(hua)、菊花(hua)(hua)、纏枝(zhi)花(hua)(hua)、蓮(lian)花(hua)(hua)、牡丹、鳳凰、麒麟、孔雀、龍、魚藻、卷云(yun)等。其中綠(lv)(lv)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)和(he)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)下彩器物(wu)(wu)極富特色(se)(se):綠(lv)(lv)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)器多系(xi)(xi)淋色(se)(se)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)二次焙燒(shao)(shao)而(er)成,常見“返銀”現象,且銹入釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you);釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)下彩系(xi)(xi)在胚胎上彩繪(hui)鐵銹褐色(se)(se)花(hua)(hua)紋后(hou),再罩以(yi)(yi)青釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)或(huo)黃(huang)(huang)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you),不(bu)少瓷盆(pen)內題(ti)寫詩(shi)句,如“三(san)月當(dang)濂禁火神,滿(man)頭風碎踏青人。桃花(hua)(hua)也笑風塵客,不(bu)插一枝(zhi)空(kong)過春。”“七十有叁春,年來尚當(dang)先(xian)(xian)。山(shan)河無寸(cun)草,天地是何人。”器物(wu)(wu)的制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作,一般采(cai)(cai)用輪制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),也有相當(dang)部分(fen)模(mo)(mo)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),其中瓶(ping)、軍持、執(zhi)(zhi)壺(hu)均分(fen)段(duan)模(mo)(mo)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),然后(hou)粘接而(er)成。從發(fa)掘清理(li)的窯(yao)(yao)跡看,宋元(yuan)窯(yao)(yao)爐(lu)是龍窯(yao)(yao)結構(gou),采(cai)(cai)用匣(xia)缽、托座(zuo)等窯(yao)(yao)具裝燒(shao)(shao)。為了追求產(chan)品的質量和(he)數量,當(dang)時磁(ci)灶(zao)窯(yao)(yao)場進行(xing)一定分(fen)工,不(bu)同作坊分(fen)別生(sheng)產(chan)某一專門(men)品種,如金(jin)交椅窯(yao)(yao)主(zhu)要(yao)燒(shao)(shao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)執(zhi)(zhi)壺(hu),溪墘山(shan)窯(yao)(yao)燒(shao)(shao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)碗,童子山(shan)1號窯(yao)(yao)燒(shao)(shao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小碟,曾(ceng)竹(zhu)山(shan)窯(yao)(yao)燒(shao)(shao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小口(kou)瓶(ping),斗溫山(shan)窯(yao)(yao)燒(shao)(shao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小口(kou)罐。這從一個側面反映當(dang)時商品生(sheng)產(chan)的專業(ye)分(fen)工和(he)競爭意識。
清代(dai)產品有青釉缸(gang)、瓷(ci)缽、壺(hu)等瓷(ci)器和(he)甕、缸(gang)之類粗陶器。最有代(dai)表性的是金(jin)交椅山窯址,2002年(nian)、2003年(nian)進(jin)行(xing)全面發掘,面積約1550平(ping)方米,揭露、清理龍窯遺跡(ji)4座(zuo),作(zuo)坊(fang)遺跡(ji)1處(chu),根(gen)據地(di)層和(he)遺跡(ji)的相(xiang)互關系以及(ji)出(chu)(chu)土陶瓷(ci)器分析,年(nian)代(dai)為五代(dai)至南宋時期,出(chu)(chu)土有青瓷(ci)和(he)醬黑器,器形有碗(wan)、盤、碟、瓶、壺(hu)、罐、爐、燈(deng)、水注(zhu)、執壺(hu)等。
出土
磁灶(zao)窯(yao)(yao)于1956年(nian)發現,以后歷經多次調查(cha)。1973年(nian)2至3月,福(fu)建(jian)(jian)省博(bo)(bo)物(wu)館(guan)等單位對(dui)窯(yao)(yao)址進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)局部試(shi)(shi)掘:蜘蛛山(shan)宋、元(yuan)窯(yao)(yao)址試(shi)(shi)掘面積35平方米(mi);童(tong)子山(shan)五代、宋初窯(yao)(yao)址試(shi)(shi)掘面積15平方米(mi)。1980年(nian),泉州海外交通史博(bo)(bo)物(wu)館(guan)對(dui)窯(yao)(yao)址進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)全面調查(cha),并對(dui)其中的(de)(de)溪口山(shan)、蜘蛛山(shan)、土尾庵(an)、童(tong)子山(shan)窯(yao)(yao)址進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)局部試(shi)(shi)掘。1995年(nian)10月,福(fu)建(jian)(jian)省博(bo)(bo)物(wu)館(guan)對(dui)土尾庵(an)宋、元(yuan)窯(yao)(yao)址又(you)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)搶救性發掘,揭露(lu)龍窯(yao)(yao)基址一段,出土大批(pi)瓷器和窯(yao)(yao)具。歷次調查(cha)和發掘材(cai)料,揭示(shi)了磁灶(zao)窯(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)發展歷史狀(zhuang)況(kuang)。
磁灶生產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)瓷器(qi)(qi)在日本和東南亞各地均有發現:日本的(de)(de)橫濱、長野(ye)、福岡、京都等地出土(tu)(tu)有磁灶童子山所產(chan)(chan)黃釉(you)下鐵繪(hui)花紋(wen)盆,蜘蛛(zhu)(zhu)山窯所產(chan)(chan)綠(lv)(lv)釉(you)剔花器(qi)(qi)、龜形(xing)硯滴(di)等。菲律賓曾發現磁灶土(tu)(tu)尾庵所燒制的(de)(de)雙龍搶珠(zhu)、纏枝牡丹花紋(wen)飾、綠(lv)(lv)釉(you)軍持和黑釉(you)軍持、印紋(wen)碟(die)、黑釉(you)碟(die)、黑釉(you)刻(ke)花爐、燈盞等,蜘蛛(zhu)(zhu)山窯的(de)(de)印紋(wen)碟(die)、軍持、綠(lv)(lv)釉(you)龜形(xing)硯滴(di)等。
榮耀
1961年(nian),福建省(sheng)人民委員會公(gong)布為省(sheng)級文物保護(hu)單位。