富(fu)順文(wen)廟坐北(bei)朝南,背靠神(shen)龜山(shan),面(mian)向沱江,不(bu)僅符合古代風水學的原(yuan)則(ze),還具有皇(huang)宮氣(qi)派。跟全國(guo)絕(jue)大(da)多數文(wen)廟建在(zai)平地上不(bu)同,富(fu)順文(wen)廟從敬一(yi)亭到數仞(ren)宮墻,依(yi)次沿(yan)山(shan)坡修(xiu)下(xia)去,面(mian)闊46米,縱(zong)深(shen)160余(yu)米,占地10余(yu)畝。
富順文廟中保存年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)早的建筑物要(yao)數敬一(yi)亭中那座(zuo)孔子(zi)陰(yin)刻(ke)像石碑。據《富順縣志》記載,該像系(xi)唐(tang)代(dai)畫家吳(wu)道子(zi)所(suo)繪(hui),南宋紹興(xing)十五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)1145年(nian)(nian)(nian))翻刻(ke)而(er)成。
富順(shun)文廟(miao)的(de)(de)(de)格局跟全國絕大(da)(da)多數文廟(miao)一樣,仿(fang)山(shan)東曲阜孔廟(miao)的(de)(de)(de)樣板而建,即通(tong)過“數仞宮墻(qiang)”左右的(de)(de)(de)“禮門”、“義路”或兩旁的(de)(de)(de)“圣(sheng)域”、“賢關”進(jin)入。首先映入眼簾(lian)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)“泮(pan)池(chi)”,跨過橫(heng)臥泮(pan)池(chi)上的(de)(de)(de)“狀(zhuang)元橋”,是(shi)一座(zuo)石(shi)坊建筑(zhu)“欞(ling)星門”,經過欞(ling)星門進(jin)入建筑(zhu)群的(de)(de)(de)第(di)一個(ge)院落,正面(mian)(mian)是(shi)“大(da)(da)成(cheng)門”;從大(da)(da)成(cheng)門再(zai)往(wang)里走,便是(shi)建筑(zhu)群的(de)(de)(de)第(di)二個(ge)院落,正面(mian)(mian)是(shi)整個(ge)建筑(zhu)群的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)殿(dian)“大(da)(da)成(cheng)殿(dian)”,大(da)(da)成(cheng)殿(dian)前(qian)有(you)一個(ge)舉辦祭孔活動的(de)(de)(de)月臺(tai);繞(rao)過大(da)(da)成(cheng)殿(dian),進(jin)入第(di)三個(ge)院落,正面(mian)(mian)是(shi)“崇圣(sheng)祠”,再(zai)往(wang)里走就(jiu)是(shi)后一座(zuo)建筑(zhu)“敬一亭(ting)”了。
整個建筑群(qun)都(dou)凝聚(ju)著博(bo)大精深的(de)儒家學(xue)說,如泮(pan)池、狀元(yuan)橋以(yi)及欞(ling)星門(men)。泮(pan)池就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)學(xue)校的(de)意思,意味著進(jin)入(ru)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)之門(men)也就(jiu)(jiu)進(jin)入(ru)了讀書求(qiu)官(guan)之門(men),如果有幸蟾宮折桂,就(jiu)(jiu)可以(yi)從狀元(yuan)橋上(shang)(shang)通(tong)過。欞(ling)星為(wei)天(tian)上(shang)(shang)文星,意思是(shi)(shi)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)是(shi)(shi)天(tian)上(shang)(shang)文星下凡,經過欞(ling)星門(men)方才算正式進(jin)入(ru)了孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)門(men)下。富順文廟(miao)(miao)(miao)的(de)狀元(yuan)橋為(wei)九(jiu)龍鏤空(kong)石拱(gong)橋,這跟許多文廟(miao)(miao)(miao)的(de)狀元(yuan)橋為(wei)平板橋相比,更具特色;欞(ling)星門(men)由(you)12根沖(chong)天(tian)石柱(zhu)聯排(pai)構成(cheng),高的(de)石柱(zhu)達12.8米(mi),超過曲阜孔(kong)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)欞(ling)星門(men)10.34米(mi)的(de)高度。大成(cheng)殿(dian)門(men)前的(de)九(jiu)龍丹(dan)陛,為(wei)三層鏤空(kong)九(jiu)龍石雕,可為(wei)富順文廟(miao)(miao)(miao)石刻代表。
富(fu)順(shun)文(wen)廟(miao)自北周(zhou)武(wu)帝天和二年(nian)(nian)建縣(xian)(xian)(xian)至北宋(song)初年(nian)(nian)(567-960)的近(jin)400年(nian)(nian)間,由于(yu)地處邊(bian)陲,僚(liao)漢(han)雜居,鹽(yan)業雖盛而文(wen)風未開。宋(song)仁宗景祐三(san)年(nian)(nian)(1036),朝(chao)廷選派(pai)太常(chang)博士(shi)(shi)名學(xue)(xue)者(zhe)周(zhou)延俊來富(fu)順(shun)任(ren)(ren)知(zhi)監,努力興教化(hua),辦學(xue)(xue)校,培育士(shi)(shi)子。在(zai)他任(ren)(ren)職(zhi)的第(di)六年(nian)(nian),即(ji)慶(qing)歷(li)二年(nian)(nian)(1042),富(fu)順(shun)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)終于(yu)出了第(di)一(yi)個進士(shi)(shi)-李冕,全縣(xian)(xian)(xian)士(shi)(shi)民(min)無不歡欣(xin)慶(qing)幸。在(zai)周(zhou)延俊的倡(chang)導下(xia),人們集資于(yu)慶(qing)歷(li)四年(nian)(nian)(1044),在(zai)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)城(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)心的南門(men),建成一(yi)座文(wen)廟(miao),主供(gong)孔子,時稱(cheng)"文(wen)宣網廟(miao)"。并在(zai)廟(miao)內(nei)立石(shi)質(zhi)"雁塔(ta)碑",以刻全縣(xian)(xian)(xian)歷(li)次中(zhong)(zhong)試者(zhe)的名字。此后,歷(li)任(ren)(ren)富(fu)順(shun)知(zhi)監,均熱心教育事業,親任(ren)(ren)儒學(xue)(xue)教授,常(chang)在(zai)從政(zheng)之余,來廟(miao)內(nei)為生員(yuan)講(jiang)課,于(yu)是文(wen)風大開。宋(song)代(dai)在(zai)雁塔(ta)刻名的進士(shi)(shi)即(ji)有67人之多。
元代文廟改稱"先圣廟"。至大四年(1311),富順(shun)知州(zhou)任(ren)顯(xian)忠,建(jian)立戟(ji)門(men),安置禮器(qi),補修大成殿,為兩廡里柵欄。英(ying)宗時期,縣(xian)佐(zuo)王(wang)納速(su)建(jian)御書碑亭。
明太祖(zu)朱元璋平定江山,詔天下立(li)學育士,改先圣廟為"先師廟"。明朝洪武六年(nian)(1373)年(nian),知縣鐘鉉重整(zheng)廟壇,興建學校,砌(qi)石泮池。以(yi)后(hou)又經8次修補(bu)和(he)小增建。明成祖(zu)永(yong)樂年(nian)間始稱"文廟"。此(ci)后(hou),文風日(ri)盛,教(jiao)育事業發達,入學中舉者逐(zhu)年(nian)增多。有(you)明一代,赴京會試,中進士者達139人,占四川(chuan)省(sheng)進士總數的十三分之一,因而獲(huo)得"才子甲西蜀",富順才子內江官"的美譽(yu)。
明末清初,蜀中(zhong)大(da)亂(luan)25年(nian)(nian),文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)失修,殘(can)破(po)不(bu)堪。康熙二十(shi)(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(1682)年(nian)(nian),平定三(san)藩后的第一任富(fu)順知(zhi)縣錢紹(shao)隆(long),重新整(zheng)修文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao),修大(da)成殿明倫堂(tang),恢復祭祀(si)和學校。乾隆(long)二十(shi)(shi)九年(nian)(nian)(1764),知(zhi)縣熊葵向集資(zi)修建(jian)文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)外墻,重建(jian)兩廡(wu),并(bing)砌日月壇。至(zhi)道(dao)光(guang)中(zhong)期(qi),文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)雖經(jing)多次修葺,終屬小修小補,其破(po)敗之(zhi)狀與(yu)以出(chu)才子名聞全川的富(fu)順縣頗不(bu)相(xiang)稱。清代立朝到(dao)道(dao)光(guang)中(zhong)期(qi),富(fu)順僅出(chu)了11名進士,民間認(ren)為文(wen)章風水(shui)移動是因對孔(kong)圣不(bu)敬之(zhi)故。
道(dao)光十六年(nian)(1836),富順(shun)知縣(xian)鄧仁坤(kun)決定重建文廟,并與(yu)當時(shi)(shi)富順(shun)縣(xian)第一(yi)大(da)財主(zhu)、貢生肖(xiao)永(yong)升商議。肖(xiao)永(yong)升當即(ji)表示(shi):為(wei)(wei)了保住富順(shun)“文章風水(shui)”,愿盡儒生之(zhi)責,獨肩(jian)重建文廟之(zhi)任。于(yu)是(shi)雇(gu)工請匠,立(li)即(ji)拆除文廟,特派專人前(qian)(qian)往(wang)山東曲阜縣(xian),通過(guo)任澤區令的(de)富順(shun)進(jin)士張震,取回建筑(zhu)(zhu)文廟的(de)規制(zhi)圖紙。又從(cong)雷波、馬邊運回巨木,從(cong)江西(xi)景德鎮定制(zhi)琉璃瓦,共(gong)費資三(san)萬六千,歷時(shi)(shi)四(si)年(nian),于(yu)道(dao)光二(er)十年(nian)(1840)建成。自崇圣祠、大(da)成殿(dian)(dian)、月(yue)(yue)臺(tai)、兩廡、戟門(men)(men)(men)、更衣(yi)祭(ji)(ji)器(qi)所(suo)、下至欞(ling)星門(men)(men)(men)、名(ming)宦鄉賢祠、禮(li)門(men)(men)(men)、義路(lu)、泮(pan)池(chi)、橋(qiao)欄、宮(gong)墻、外賢關、圣域門(men)(men)(men)皆高廣(guang)堅致,逾舊數(shu)(shu)倍。共(gong)占地10余畝(mu),建筑(zhu)(zhu)占地3000多平(ping)方米(mi)。廟正面為(wei)(wei)一(yi)帶紅(hong)墻,上(shang)塑“數(shu)(shu)仞宮(gong)墻”4個大(da)字(zi)。左(zuo)右(you)有(you)(you)2門(men)(men)(men),曰“圣域”、“賢關”,非祭(ji)(ji)祀(si)不開。進(jin)門(men)(men)(men)為(wei)(wei)泮(pan)池(chi),池(chi)上(shang)架橋(qiao)三(san)座;中為(wei)(wei)九(jiu)龍(long)橋(qiao),不通行,左(zuo)右(you)便(bian)橋(qiao),為(wei)(wei)祭(ji)(ji)祀(si)過(guo)道(dao)。池(chi)左(zuo)右(you)有(you)(you)2門(men)(men)(men),曰“禮(li)門(men)(men)(men)”、“義路(lu)”,為(wei)(wei)平(ping)日出入(ru)之(zhi)門(men)(men)(men),分別(bie)立(li)有(you)(you)“文官(guan)下轎(jiao)”、“武(wu)官(guan)下馬”石(shi)碑。池(chi)后(hou)(hou)為(wei)(wei)石(shi)坊(fang)“欞(ling)星門(men)(men)(men)”,有(you)(you)3孔通入(ru),坊(fang)寬22.4米(mi),高12.65米(mi)。再拾級(ji)為(wei)(wei)“明(ming)倫堂”-即(ji)戟門(men)(men)(men),左(zuo)右(you)為(wei)(wei)“更衣(yi)祭(ji)(ji)器(qi)所(suo)”,戟門(men)(men)(men)后(hou)(hou)有(you)(you)廣(guang)場,場后(hou)(hou)有(you)(you)“日月(yue)(yue)壇(tan)”,中為(wei)(wei)九(jiu)龍(long)鏤(lou)空浮雕,左(zuo)右(you)有(you)(you)石(shi)梯登臺(tai)。臺(tai)后(hou)(hou)為(wei)(wei)文廟主(zhu)體建筑(zhu)(zhu)“大(da)成殿(dian)(dian)”,殿(dian)(dian)高35米(mi),為(wei)(wei)明(ming)清時(shi)(shi)期典型斗拱結構,畫棟飛檐(yan),精巧華美(mei),脊龍(long)昂首,躍然欲飛,琉璃金碧,映日生輝,壯麗凝重,古(gu)色古(gu)香。殿(dian)(dian)后(hou)(hou)有(you)(you)一(yi)院落為(wei)(wei)“泮(pan)宮(gong)”(“泮(pan)宮(gong)丹桂是(shi)富順(shun)八(ba)景之(zhi)一(yi))。再往(wang)后(hou)(hou),是(shi)”崇圣殿(dian)(dian)“,左(zuo)右(you)有(you)(you)”龍(long)池(chi)“、”風穴(xue)“,清泉常滿(man),大(da)旱不涸。壁間在乾(qian)隆時(shi)(shi)鐫(juan)有(you)(you)石(shi)刻(ke)(ke)”龍(long)池(chi)“、”鳳(feng)穴(xue)“,筆力遒勁,近代罕見(jian)。崇圣殿(dian)(dian)隆起的(de)坎上(shang)建筑(zhu)(zhu)是(shi)孔子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)”寢(qin)宮(gong)“。寢(qin)宮(gong)較小(xiao),只有(you)(you)三(san)楹中供(gong)木刻(ke)(ke)”空子(zi)(zi)神位“(宋代以前(qian)(qian)為(wei)(wei)石(shi)刻(ke)(ke)),情(qing)地金書孔子(zi)(zi)像,系唐(tang)吳道(dao)子(zi)(zi)所(suo)畫,從(cong)曲阜拓回。左(zuo)右(you)廊(lang)廡,先后(hou)(hou)曾作(zuo)生員學舍、縣(xian)教諭署(shu)及名(ming)宦鄉賢祠。
光(guang)緒二十(shi)二年(nian)(1896),縣(xian)人張世芳將先世所捐(juan)學田(tian)2處,改捐(juan)作維修文廟之業田(tian)。光(guang)緒33年(nian)(1907),詔生孔(kong)子大(da)(da)祀。于是改崇圣寺及宮墻為黃瓦(原(yuan)只有大(da)(da)成殿、大(da)(da)成門準(zhun)用黃瓦。
抗日戰爭時期中,日本飛機炸毀大成(cheng)殿(dian)一角(jiao)及(ji)西廊廡(wu),后雖經(jing)修復,但技藝低下,終不復原。解放后,曾于1958年(nian)前后,對文廟(miao)(miao)粉(fen)飾一。1980年(nian)7月(yue),富順(shun)文廟(miao)(miao)列為(wei)四川省文物(wu)保(bao)護(hu)單(dan)位后,省府(fu)又撥(bo)專(zhuan)款,予以(yi)修葺、粉(fen)飾,現(xian)在(zai)基(ji)本保(bao)持原貌,并增(zeng)添服務設(she)施,長年(nian)開放,供人民游覽(lan)憑(ping)吊,2001年(nian)又被(bei)列為(wei)國(guo)家重(zhong)點文物(wu)保(bao)護(hu)單(dan)位。
富順文廟(miao)有(you)(you)“五(wu)絕(jue)”。一是欞星門由3組石坊組成(cheng),中(zhong)間一組石柱(zhu)高(gao)(gao)達12.65米,為各地(di)文廟(miao)所罕見。二是大(da)(da)成(cheng)殿面(mian)積532平(ping)方米,共用大(da)(da)圓柱(zhu)50根(gen),殿高(gao)(gao)30米,整個梁枋、檐(yan)板(ban)都(dou)是精雕的(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)鳳(feng)麟獅、蟲(chong)魚花鳥。三是孔子石刻像奇(qi)。此(ci)像不(bu)著冕旒,線(xian)條(tiao)簡(jian)潔明朗,衣(yi)著飄逸自(zi)然、形象逼真,是稀世(shi)珍品。四是龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)世(shi)界。文廟(miao)內有(you)(you)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)小小各具形態的(de)(de)(de)雕龍(long)(long)(long)300多條(tiao),有(you)(you)浮騰在20余(yu)米高(gao)(gao)空的(de)(de)(de)巨龍(long)(long)(long),有(you)(you)蜿(wan)蜒于泮池“狀(zhuang)元(yuan)橋”上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)九龍(long)(long)(long),大(da)(da)成(cheng)殿屋脊上(shang)有(you)(you)飛龍(long)(long)(long)。五(wu)是崇(chong)(chong)圣(sheng)祠上(shang)裸體男陶人之(zhi)“謎(mi)”。在1986年翻修富順文廟(miao)崇(chong)(chong)圣(sheng)祠屋面(mian)時(shi),發(fa)現正脊梁三重琉璃亭塔式(shi)寶鼎中(zhong)有(you)(you)一尊古(gu)銅色裸體男陶像,其身(shen)高(gao)(gao)25厘米,肩寬10厘米,右手(shou)向上(shang)舉過(guo)頭頂,左(zuo)手(shou)自(zi)然垂(chui)下,五(wu)官清晰,下身(shen)男性特征(zheng)明顯,制作細膩,造型生動,給在封建意(yi)識濃厚的(de)(de)(de)北(bei)宋時(shi)代興建的(de)(de)(de)富順文廟(miao)披上(shang)了(le)神秘(mi)色彩。這(zhe)個被列為“巴蜀之(zhi)謎(mi)”的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)現,引起(qi)學(xue)術界和新聞(wen)媒(mei)體的(de)(de)(de)極大(da)(da)關(guan)注(zhu)和震驚,新華(hua)社(she)、中(zhong)央電(dian)(dian)視(shi)臺(tai)、《四川日報(bao)》、《華(hua)西都(dou)市(shi)報(bao)》、四川電(dian)(dian)視(shi)臺(tai)和各省市(shi)電(dian)(dian)視(shi)臺(tai)、各大(da)(da)晚報(bao)以及海外媒(mei)體、互聯網等紛(fen)(fen)紛(fen)(fen)加(jia)以報(bao)道(dao)。不(bu)少專家學(xue)者(zhe)對(dui)此(ci)十分感興趣,有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)人迷惑不(bu)解,有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)進行探索研究(jiu),紛(fen)(fen)紛(fen)(fen)發(fa)表文章,欲解這(zhe)個謎(mi)團。