富(fu)順文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟坐北(bei)朝南,背靠神龜山(shan),面向(xiang)沱江(jiang),不僅符合古代風(feng)水學的原(yuan)則,還(huan)具(ju)有皇宮氣派。跟全(quan)國絕大(da)多數文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟建(jian)在(zai)平(ping)地(di)上(shang)不同,富(fu)順文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟從(cong)敬一亭到數仞宮墻(qiang),依次沿(yan)山(shan)坡(po)修下(xia)去,面闊46米(mi),縱深160余米(mi),占地(di)10余畝(mu)。
富(fu)順(shun)文廟中保存年(nian)代早的建筑(zhu)物要數(shu)敬(jing)一亭中那座孔子陰刻像(xiang)石碑(bei)。據《富(fu)順(shun)縣志(zhi)》記載,該像(xiang)系唐代畫家吳道子所繪(hui),南宋紹興十五年(nian)(公元1145年(nian))翻刻而(er)成(cheng)。
富順文廟的(de)(de)(de)格局跟全國(guo)絕大(da)多數文廟一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)樣,仿山東(dong)曲阜孔廟的(de)(de)(de)樣板而建(jian)(jian)(jian),即通過“數仞(ren)宮墻”左右的(de)(de)(de)“禮門”、“義路”或兩旁的(de)(de)(de)“圣域”、“賢關(guan)”進入。首先(xian)映(ying)入眼簾的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)“泮(pan)池”,跨過橫臥泮(pan)池上的(de)(de)(de)“狀(zhuang)元橋”,是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)座石(shi)坊建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)“欞星門”,經過欞星門進入建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群(qun)的(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)院落,正面是(shi)“大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)門”;從(cong)大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)門再往(wang)里走,便是(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群(qun)的(de)(de)(de)第二個(ge)院落,正面是(shi)整(zheng)個(ge)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群(qun)的(de)(de)(de)主殿“大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)殿”,大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)殿前(qian)有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)舉辦祭孔活動的(de)(de)(de)月臺;繞過大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)殿,進入第三個(ge)院落,正面是(shi)“崇圣祠”,再往(wang)里走就(jiu)是(shi)后(hou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)座建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)“敬一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)亭”了(le)。
整個建(jian)筑群都凝聚著博大(da)精深(shen)的(de)(de)(de)儒(ru)家學(xue)說,如(ru)泮(pan)池(chi)、狀元橋(qiao)(qiao)以及欞星(xing)(xing)(xing)門(men)(men)。泮(pan)池(chi)就是(shi)學(xue)校的(de)(de)(de)意思,意味著進入(ru)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子之(zhi)門(men)(men)也(ye)就進入(ru)了讀書求(qiu)官之(zhi)門(men)(men),如(ru)果有幸蟾宮折桂,就可以從(cong)狀元橋(qiao)(qiao)上通過。欞星(xing)(xing)(xing)為天上文(wen)(wen)星(xing)(xing)(xing),意思是(shi)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子是(shi)天上文(wen)(wen)星(xing)(xing)(xing)下(xia)凡,經過欞星(xing)(xing)(xing)門(men)(men)方(fang)才算正式進入(ru)了孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)子門(men)(men)下(xia)。富順(shun)文(wen)(wen)廟的(de)(de)(de)狀元橋(qiao)(qiao)為九龍(long)鏤空石(shi)(shi)拱橋(qiao)(qiao),這跟許多文(wen)(wen)廟的(de)(de)(de)狀元橋(qiao)(qiao)為平(ping)板橋(qiao)(qiao)相比,更(geng)具(ju)特色(se);欞星(xing)(xing)(xing)門(men)(men)由12根(gen)沖天石(shi)(shi)柱聯排構成(cheng),高的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)柱達12.8米,超過曲阜孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)廟欞星(xing)(xing)(xing)門(men)(men)10.34米的(de)(de)(de)高度。大(da)成(cheng)殿門(men)(men)前的(de)(de)(de)九龍(long)丹陛,為三層鏤空九龍(long)石(shi)(shi)雕(diao),可為富順(shun)文(wen)(wen)廟石(shi)(shi)刻代表。
富順(shun)(shun)文(wen)廟(miao)自北(bei)周(zhou)武帝天和二(er)年(nian)(nian)建(jian)縣至北(bei)宋初年(nian)(nian)(567-960)的(de)近400年(nian)(nian)間,由于(yu)(yu)(yu)地處邊(bian)陲,僚(liao)漢雜居,鹽業(ye)雖盛而文(wen)風未開。宋仁宗景祐三年(nian)(nian)(1036),朝廷選派太常(chang)博士(shi)(shi)名學者周(zhou)延(yan)(yan)俊來富順(shun)(shun)任(ren)(ren)知監,努力興教(jiao)化(hua),辦學校,培育士(shi)(shi)子。在(zai)(zai)他任(ren)(ren)職的(de)第(di)六(liu)年(nian)(nian),即(ji)慶(qing)歷(li)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(1042),富順(shun)(shun)縣終于(yu)(yu)(yu)出了第(di)一個進士(shi)(shi)-李冕,全縣士(shi)(shi)民無不(bu)歡欣慶(qing)幸(xing)。在(zai)(zai)周(zhou)延(yan)(yan)俊的(de)倡導下,人們集資于(yu)(yu)(yu)慶(qing)歷(li)四年(nian)(nian)(1044),在(zai)(zai)縣城(cheng)中心(xin)的(de)南門,建(jian)成(cheng)一座文(wen)廟(miao),主供孔子,時稱"文(wen)宣網(wang)廟(miao)"。并在(zai)(zai)廟(miao)內立石質"雁塔(ta)(ta)碑",以刻(ke)全縣歷(li)次(ci)中試(shi)者的(de)名字。此后,歷(li)任(ren)(ren)富順(shun)(shun)知監,均熱(re)心(xin)教(jiao)育事業(ye),親任(ren)(ren)儒學教(jiao)授,常(chang)在(zai)(zai)從政(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)余(yu),來廟(miao)內為生員(yuan)講課,于(yu)(yu)(yu)是文(wen)風大開。宋代在(zai)(zai)雁塔(ta)(ta)刻(ke)名的(de)進士(shi)(shi)即(ji)有67人之(zhi)(zhi)多。
元代文廟(miao)改稱"先圣(sheng)廟(miao)"。至大(da)四年(1311),富順(shun)知州任顯忠,建(jian)立戟門,安(an)置禮器,補修大(da)成殿,為兩廡里柵欄。英(ying)宗時期,縣佐(zuo)王納速(su)建(jian)御(yu)書(shu)碑亭。
明太祖朱元(yuan)璋平(ping)定(ding)江山,詔天下立(li)學(xue)育(yu)士,改(gai)先(xian)圣廟(miao)為"先(xian)師廟(miao)"。明朝洪武(wu)六年(nian)(1373)年(nian),知(zhi)縣鐘(zhong)鉉(xuan)重(zhong)整廟(miao)壇,興建學(xue)校,砌石(shi)泮池。以后(hou)又經(jing)8次修補和小增建。明成祖永樂年(nian)間始稱"文(wen)廟(miao)"。此(ci)后(hou),文(wen)風日盛,教育(yu)事(shi)業發(fa)達(da)(da),入(ru)學(xue)中舉者逐年(nian)增多。有明一(yi)代(dai),赴京會(hui)試,中進士者達(da)(da)139人,占四(si)川省進士總數的十(shi)三分之一(yi),因而獲得"才子甲西蜀",富(fu)順才子內江官"的美譽。
明末(mo)清初,蜀中(zhong)大(da)亂25年,文廟失修(xiu),殘破(po)不(bu)堪。康熙二(er)十一年(1682)年,平定三藩后的(de)(de)第一任富順(shun)知縣錢紹(shao)隆,重(zhong)新整修(xiu)文廟,修(xiu)大(da)成殿明倫堂,恢復祭祀和學校。乾隆二(er)十九(jiu)年(1764),知縣熊(xiong)葵(kui)向集資修(xiu)建文廟外墻,重(zhong)建兩(liang)廡(wu),并(bing)砌日月壇。至道光(guang)中(zhong)期,文廟雖(sui)經多(duo)次修(xiu)葺(qi),終屬小修(xiu)小補(bu),其破(po)敗之狀與以出(chu)才子名聞全川的(de)(de)富順(shun)縣頗不(bu)相稱。清代立朝到道光(guang)中(zhong)期,富順(shun)僅出(chu)了11名進(jin)士,民間認(ren)為文章風水移動是因對孔圣不(bu)敬(jing)之故(gu)。
道(dao)光(guang)十六年(nian)(1836),富(fu)順(shun)知縣(xian)鄧仁坤決定重建(jian)(jian)(jian)文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao),并(bing)與當時(shi)富(fu)順(shun)縣(xian)第(di)一大(da)(da)財主(zhu)、貢(gong)生(sheng)肖(xiao)永升(sheng)商(shang)議。肖(xiao)永升(sheng)當即表(biao)示(shi):為(wei)(wei)了保住富(fu)順(shun)“文(wen)章風水”,愿盡(jin)儒生(sheng)之(zhi)責,獨肩重建(jian)(jian)(jian)文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)之(zhi)任。于是雇工請匠,立即拆除文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao),特派專(zhuan)人前往山東曲(qu)阜(fu)(fu)縣(xian),通過任澤(ze)區令的(de)富(fu)順(shun)進(jin)士張(zhang)震,取回(hui)(hui)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)的(de)規制(zhi)圖紙(zhi)。又(you)從雷波、馬(ma)邊運回(hui)(hui)巨(ju)木(mu),從江(jiang)西景(jing)德鎮定制(zhi)琉璃瓦,共費資三萬六千,歷(li)時(shi)四(si)年(nian),于道(dao)光(guang)二十年(nian)(1840)建(jian)(jian)(jian)成(cheng)。自崇(chong)圣(sheng)祠(ci)、大(da)(da)成(cheng)殿(dian)(dian)、月臺(tai)、兩廡(wu)、戟門(men)(men)(men)(men)、更衣祭器(qi)所(suo)(suo)、下至欞星(xing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)、名(ming)(ming)宦鄉賢(xian)祠(ci)、禮(li)門(men)(men)(men)(men)、義(yi)路、泮(pan)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、橋(qiao)欄、宮(gong)(gong)墻(qiang)、外賢(xian)關、圣(sheng)域(yu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)皆高廣堅致(zhi),逾舊數倍。共占地(di)(di)10余畝,建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)占地(di)(di)3000多平(ping)方米。廟(miao)(miao)(miao)正面為(wei)(wei)一帶紅墻(qiang),上塑“數仞宮(gong)(gong)墻(qiang)”4個大(da)(da)字。左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)有2門(men)(men)(men)(men),曰(yue)“圣(sheng)域(yu)”、“賢(xian)關”,非祭祀不(bu)開(kai)。進(jin)門(men)(men)(men)(men)為(wei)(wei)泮(pan)池(chi)(chi)(chi),池(chi)(chi)(chi)上架橋(qiao)三座;中(zhong)為(wei)(wei)九(jiu)龍橋(qiao),不(bu)通行,左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)便橋(qiao),為(wei)(wei)祭祀過道(dao)。池(chi)(chi)(chi)左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)有2門(men)(men)(men)(men),曰(yue)“禮(li)門(men)(men)(men)(men)”、“義(yi)路”,為(wei)(wei)平(ping)日出入之(zhi)門(men)(men)(men)(men),分別(bie)立有“文(wen)官下轎”、“武官下馬(ma)”石(shi)(shi)碑。池(chi)(chi)(chi)后為(wei)(wei)石(shi)(shi)坊“欞星(xing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)”,有3孔(kong)通入,坊寬22.4米,高12.65米。再拾級為(wei)(wei)“明倫堂”-即戟門(men)(men)(men)(men),左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)為(wei)(wei)“更衣祭器(qi)所(suo)(suo)”,戟門(men)(men)(men)(men)后有廣場,場后有“日月壇”,中(zhong)為(wei)(wei)九(jiu)龍鏤空浮雕,左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)有石(shi)(shi)梯登臺(tai)。臺(tai)后為(wei)(wei)文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)主(zhu)體建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)“大(da)(da)成(cheng)殿(dian)(dian)”,殿(dian)(dian)高35米,為(wei)(wei)明清(qing)時(shi)期典型斗拱結(jie)構,畫棟飛(fei)檐,精巧華美,脊龍昂首,躍然欲飛(fei),琉璃金碧,映日生(sheng)輝,壯麗凝重,古(gu)色古(gu)香。殿(dian)(dian)后有一院落為(wei)(wei)“泮(pan)宮(gong)(gong)”(“泮(pan)宮(gong)(gong)丹桂是富(fu)順(shun)八(ba)景(jing)之(zhi)一)。再往后,是”崇(chong)圣(sheng)殿(dian)(dian)“,左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)有”龍池(chi)(chi)(chi)“、”風穴(xue)“,清(qing)泉常滿,大(da)(da)旱(han)不(bu)涸(he)。壁間在乾(qian)隆時(shi)鐫有石(shi)(shi)刻(ke)”龍池(chi)(chi)(chi)“、”鳳穴(xue)“,筆力遒勁,近代(dai)罕見(jian)。崇(chong)圣(sheng)殿(dian)(dian)隆起的(de)坎上建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)是孔(kong)子(zi)之(zhi)”寢宮(gong)(gong)“。寢宮(gong)(gong)較(jiao)小(xiao),只(zhi)有三楹中(zhong)供木(mu)刻(ke)”空子(zi)神位“(宋代(dai)以前為(wei)(wei)石(shi)(shi)刻(ke)),情(qing)地(di)(di)金書(shu)孔(kong)子(zi)像(xiang),系唐(tang)吳道(dao)子(zi)所(suo)(suo)畫,從曲(qu)阜(fu)(fu)拓回(hui)(hui)。左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)廊(lang)廡(wu),先(xian)后曾作生(sheng)員學舍、縣(xian)教諭署及(ji)名(ming)(ming)宦鄉賢(xian)祠(ci)。
光緒二(er)十二(er)年(nian)(nian)(1896),縣人張(zhang)世芳將先世所捐學田(tian)2處(chu),改(gai)捐作維修(xiu)文廟之業田(tian)。光緒33年(nian)(nian)(1907),詔生孔子大祀。于是改(gai)崇圣(sheng)寺及(ji)宮墻為(wei)黃(huang)(huang)瓦(wa)(原只(zhi)有大成(cheng)殿、大成(cheng)門(men)準用黃(huang)(huang)瓦(wa)。
抗日戰(zhan)爭時期中,日本飛機炸毀大成殿一(yi)角及西廊廡,后(hou)雖經(jing)修復,但技藝(yi)低下,終(zhong)不復原。解放(fang)后(hou),曾于1958年(nian)前后(hou),對文廟粉飾一(yi)。1980年(nian)7月,富順文廟列為四川省文物(wu)保護單位后(hou),省府又撥專款,予以(yi)修葺、粉飾,現在(zai)基(ji)本保持原貌,并(bing)增添服務設施(shi),長年(nian)開(kai)放(fang),供人(ren)民游覽(lan)憑(ping)吊,2001年(nian)又被列為國家重點(dian)文物(wu)保護單位。
富順文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟有“五(wu)(wu)(wu)絕”。一是(shi)(shi)欞(ling)星門(men)由3組石坊組成(cheng),中間(jian)一組石柱(zhu)高(gao)達12.65米(mi)(mi),為各(ge)(ge)地文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟所罕見。二是(shi)(shi)大(da)成(cheng)殿(dian)面積(ji)532平方米(mi)(mi),共用大(da)圓(yuan)柱(zhu)50根,殿(dian)高(gao)30米(mi)(mi),整個(ge)梁枋、檐(yan)板都(dou)是(shi)(shi)精雕(diao)的龍鳳麟(lin)獅(shi)、蟲(chong)魚花鳥。三是(shi)(shi)孔子石刻(ke)像(xiang)(xiang)奇。此像(xiang)(xiang)不(bu)著(zhu)冕旒(liu),線條簡潔明朗(lang),衣著(zhu)飄逸自然、形象逼真,是(shi)(shi)稀世珍品。四(si)是(shi)(shi)龍的世界(jie)。文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟內有大(da)大(da)小小各(ge)(ge)具形態的雕(diao)龍300多條,有浮(fu)騰在20余米(mi)(mi)高(gao)空的巨龍,有蜿蜒于泮(pan)池“狀元(yuan)橋”上(shang)的九龍,大(da)成(cheng)殿(dian)屋脊(ji)上(shang)有飛(fei)龍。五(wu)(wu)(wu)是(shi)(shi)崇圣(sheng)祠上(shang)裸體(ti)(ti)男(nan)陶(tao)人之“謎”。在1986年翻修(xiu)富順文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟崇圣(sheng)祠屋面時(shi),發現(xian)正脊(ji)梁三重(zhong)琉璃亭(ting)塔式寶鼎中有一尊古銅(tong)色裸體(ti)(ti)男(nan)陶(tao)像(xiang)(xiang),其(qi)身高(gao)25厘(li)米(mi)(mi),肩寬10厘(li)米(mi)(mi),右手(shou)向(xiang)上(shang)舉(ju)過頭頂(ding),左(zuo)手(shou)自然垂下,五(wu)(wu)(wu)官清晰,下身男(nan)性特征明顯,制作細(xi)膩,造型生動,給在封建(jian)意識濃(nong)厚的北宋時(shi)代興建(jian)的富順文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟披上(shang)了神秘色彩(cai)。這(zhe)個(ge)被(bei)列為“巴(ba)蜀(shu)之謎”的發現(xian),引起學術界(jie)和(he)新(xin)聞媒體(ti)(ti)的極大(da)關注和(he)震驚,新(xin)華社(she)、中央電(dian)視臺(tai)、《四(si)川日報(bao)》、《華西都(dou)市報(bao)》、四(si)川電(dian)視臺(tai)和(he)各(ge)(ge)省市電(dian)視臺(tai)、各(ge)(ge)大(da)晚(wan)報(bao)以(yi)及海外媒體(ti)(ti)、互(hu)聯網等(deng)紛紛加以(yi)報(bao)道。不(bu)少(shao)專家學者(zhe)對此十分(fen)感興趣,有的人迷惑不(bu)解,有的進行探索(suo)研究,紛紛發表(biao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)章(zhang),欲解這(zhe)個(ge)謎團。