富(fu)順文廟(miao)坐北朝南,背靠神龜山(shan),面向沱江,不僅(jin)符合古代風水學(xue)的原則,還(huan)具有皇宮氣派。跟全國絕大多(duo)數文廟(miao)建在平地上(shang)不同,富(fu)順文廟(miao)從(cong)敬(jing)一亭(ting)到數仞宮墻,依(yi)次沿山(shan)坡(po)修下去(qu),面闊46米,縱深160余米,占(zhan)地10余畝。
富順文(wen)廟中保存年代早的(de)建筑物要數敬一亭(ting)中那座孔子陰刻像石碑(bei)。據《富順縣志》記載,該像系(xi)唐代畫家吳道子所繪,南宋紹興十五年(公(gong)元(yuan)1145年)翻刻而成(cheng)。
富(fu)順文廟(miao)(miao)的(de)格局跟(gen)全(quan)國絕大(da)多數文廟(miao)(miao)一(yi)樣,仿山東曲阜孔(kong)廟(miao)(miao)的(de)樣板而建,即通過“數仞宮墻(qiang)”左右的(de)“禮門(men)”、“義(yi)路(lu)”或兩旁的(de)“圣域”、“賢關”進入。首先映(ying)入眼(yan)簾的(de)是(shi)(shi)“泮池”,跨過橫臥泮池上的(de)“狀元橋”,是(shi)(shi)一(yi)座石坊建筑(zhu)(zhu)“欞(ling)(ling)星(xing)(xing)門(men)”,經過欞(ling)(ling)星(xing)(xing)門(men)進入建筑(zhu)(zhu)群(qun)的(de)第一(yi)個(ge)院落(luo)(luo),正(zheng)面(mian)(mian)(mian)是(shi)(shi)“大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)門(men)”;從大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)門(men)再(zai)往里走,便是(shi)(shi)建筑(zhu)(zhu)群(qun)的(de)第二個(ge)院落(luo)(luo),正(zheng)面(mian)(mian)(mian)是(shi)(shi)整個(ge)建筑(zhu)(zhu)群(qun)的(de)主殿“大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)殿”,大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)殿前有一(yi)個(ge)舉辦祭孔(kong)活動的(de)月臺;繞過大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)殿,進入第三個(ge)院落(luo)(luo),正(zheng)面(mian)(mian)(mian)是(shi)(shi)“崇(chong)圣祠”,再(zai)往里走就是(shi)(shi)后一(yi)座建筑(zhu)(zhu)“敬一(yi)亭”了。
整個建筑群都凝聚著博大精深的(de)(de)儒家(jia)學(xue)(xue)說,如(ru)泮(pan)池、狀(zhuang)元橋以(yi)(yi)及欞(ling)星(xing)(xing)門(men)(men)(men)。泮(pan)池就(jiu)是學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)的(de)(de)意思(si),意味著進(jin)入(ru)(ru)孔(kong)(kong)子之門(men)(men)(men)也就(jiu)進(jin)入(ru)(ru)了讀書求(qiu)官之門(men)(men)(men),如(ru)果有幸蟾宮折桂,就(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)從狀(zhuang)元橋上(shang)(shang)(shang)通過。欞(ling)星(xing)(xing)為(wei)天上(shang)(shang)(shang)文(wen)星(xing)(xing),意思(si)是孔(kong)(kong)子是天上(shang)(shang)(shang)文(wen)星(xing)(xing)下(xia)凡(fan),經過欞(ling)星(xing)(xing)門(men)(men)(men)方才算正式進(jin)入(ru)(ru)了孔(kong)(kong)子門(men)(men)(men)下(xia)。富順文(wen)廟(miao)的(de)(de)狀(zhuang)元橋為(wei)九(jiu)龍鏤(lou)空(kong)石(shi)(shi)拱橋,這跟許多文(wen)廟(miao)的(de)(de)狀(zhuang)元橋為(wei)平板橋相(xiang)比,更具特色;欞(ling)星(xing)(xing)門(men)(men)(men)由(you)12根沖天石(shi)(shi)柱聯排構成,高(gao)的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)柱達12.8米,超(chao)過曲阜(fu)孔(kong)(kong)廟(miao)欞(ling)星(xing)(xing)門(men)(men)(men)10.34米的(de)(de)高(gao)度(du)。大成殿門(men)(men)(men)前(qian)的(de)(de)九(jiu)龍丹(dan)陛,為(wei)三層鏤(lou)空(kong)九(jiu)龍石(shi)(shi)雕,可(ke)為(wei)富順文(wen)廟(miao)石(shi)(shi)刻代(dai)表(biao)。
富(fu)順(shun)文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)自北周武(wu)帝天和二年(nian)建縣(xian)(xian)至北宋初年(nian)(567-960)的(de)近400年(nian)間,由(you)于(yu)地處邊(bian)陲,僚漢雜居,鹽(yan)業雖盛而文(wen)(wen)風(feng)未開(kai)。宋仁(ren)宗景祐三年(nian)(1036),朝(chao)廷選派太常(chang)博士名(ming)學者周延俊來富(fu)順(shun)任知(zhi)監,努(nu)力(li)興(xing)教化,辦學校,培育士子。在(zai)(zai)他任職的(de)第(di)六年(nian),即(ji)慶歷(li)二年(nian)(1042),富(fu)順(shun)縣(xian)(xian)終于(yu)出(chu)了第(di)一個進士-李冕(mian),全縣(xian)(xian)士民無不歡欣慶幸。在(zai)(zai)周延俊的(de)倡導下(xia),人們集資于(yu)慶歷(li)四年(nian)(1044),在(zai)(zai)縣(xian)(xian)城中(zhong)心的(de)南門,建成一座文(wen)(wen)廟(miao),主(zhu)供(gong)孔子,時稱"文(wen)(wen)宣(xuan)網(wang)廟(miao)"。并在(zai)(zai)廟(miao)內立石質"雁(yan)塔碑",以刻(ke)全縣(xian)(xian)歷(li)次中(zhong)試者的(de)名(ming)字(zi)。此后,歷(li)任富(fu)順(shun)知(zhi)監,均熱(re)心教育事業,親任儒學教授,常(chang)在(zai)(zai)從政之余,來廟(miao)內為生員講(jiang)課,于(yu)是文(wen)(wen)風(feng)大(da)開(kai)。宋代在(zai)(zai)雁(yan)塔刻(ke)名(ming)的(de)進士即(ji)有67人之多。
元(yuan)代(dai)文廟(miao)改稱"先圣廟(miao)"。至大(da)(da)四(si)年(1311),富(fu)順知州任顯忠(zhong),建立(li)戟門,安置禮(li)器,補修(xiu)大(da)(da)成(cheng)殿,為兩(liang)廡里柵(zha)欄。英宗時期,縣(xian)佐王(wang)納速建御書碑亭。
明(ming)太祖朱元(yuan)璋(zhang)平定(ding)江山,詔天下立學(xue)育(yu)士,改(gai)先圣廟(miao)為"先師廟(miao)"。明(ming)朝洪(hong)武六年(1373)年,知縣鐘鉉重整廟(miao)壇(tan),興建學(xue)校,砌石泮(pan)池。以(yi)后又(you)經8次(ci)修(xiu)補和小增(zeng)建。明(ming)成祖永樂年間始稱"文廟(miao)"。此后,文風日盛(sheng),教育(yu)事業發達,入學(xue)中舉者逐(zhu)年增(zeng)多。有(you)明(ming)一(yi)代,赴京(jing)會試,中進士者達139人,占四川省進士總(zong)數的十三(san)分(fen)之一(yi),因而獲得"才(cai)(cai)子(zi)甲西蜀",富順才(cai)(cai)子(zi)內江官"的美譽。
明(ming)末清初,蜀中大亂25年,文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)失修,殘破(po)不堪(kan)。康(kang)熙二十(shi)一(yi)年(1682)年,平定三藩后的(de)第一(yi)任富(fu)(fu)順知(zhi)(zhi)縣錢紹隆,重(zhong)新整修文(wen)廟(miao)(miao),修大成殿明(ming)倫(lun)堂,恢復祭祀(si)和學校。乾(qian)隆二十(shi)九年(1764),知(zhi)(zhi)縣熊葵向集(ji)資修建文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)外墻,重(zhong)建兩廡,并砌日月壇。至道光(guang)中期,文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)雖經多(duo)次修葺,終(zhong)屬小(xiao)修小(xiao)補,其破(po)敗之狀(zhuang)與以(yi)出才子名(ming)聞全川的(de)富(fu)(fu)順縣頗不相稱。清代立(li)朝到道光(guang)中期,富(fu)(fu)順僅(jin)出了11名(ming)進(jin)士,民間(jian)認為(wei)文(wen)章風水移(yi)動是因對孔(kong)圣不敬(jing)之故。
道光(guang)十(shi)六年(1836),富(fu)順知(zhi)縣鄧仁坤決(jue)定重(zhong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao),并與(yu)當時(shi)富(fu)順縣第一(yi)大財主、貢生(sheng)(sheng)肖永(yong)(yong)升(sheng)商議。肖永(yong)(yong)升(sheng)當即(ji)表示:為(wei)(wei)(wei)了保住富(fu)順“文(wen)(wen)章(zhang)風水(shui)”,愿盡儒生(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)責,獨(du)肩重(zhong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)之(zhi)任。于是雇工請(qing)匠,立(li)(li)即(ji)拆除文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao),特派專人前(qian)往山東(dong)曲(qu)阜(fu)縣,通(tong)過任澤區令的富(fu)順進(jin)士(shi)張震(zhen),取回建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)的規制(zhi)圖紙。又從雷波(bo)、馬邊運回巨木(mu),從江西(xi)景德鎮定制(zhi)琉璃(li)瓦,共費資三(san)萬六千,歷(li)時(shi)四年,于道光(guang)二十(shi)年(1840)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)成。自崇圣(sheng)祠(ci)、大成殿、月臺(tai)、兩廡、戟門(men)(men)、更衣(yi)祭(ji)器所、下至欞星門(men)(men)、名宦(huan)鄉賢(xian)(xian)祠(ci)、禮門(men)(men)、義(yi)(yi)路、泮(pan)池(chi)(chi)、橋(qiao)欄、宮(gong)(gong)墻(qiang)(qiang)、外賢(xian)(xian)關、圣(sheng)域門(men)(men)皆高廣(guang)(guang)堅致,逾舊數倍(bei)。共占(zhan)地10余畝,建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)占(zhan)地3000多平(ping)方米。廟(miao)(miao)正面(mian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)帶紅墻(qiang)(qiang),上塑“數仞宮(gong)(gong)墻(qiang)(qiang)”4個大字(zi)。左右(you)有(you)(you)(you)2門(men)(men),曰“圣(sheng)域”、“賢(xian)(xian)關”,非祭(ji)祀不開(kai)。進(jin)門(men)(men)為(wei)(wei)(wei)泮(pan)池(chi)(chi),池(chi)(chi)上架(jia)橋(qiao)三(san)座;中為(wei)(wei)(wei)九龍(long)橋(qiao),不通(tong)行,左右(you)便橋(qiao),為(wei)(wei)(wei)祭(ji)祀過道。池(chi)(chi)左右(you)有(you)(you)(you)2門(men)(men),曰“禮門(men)(men)”、“義(yi)(yi)路”,為(wei)(wei)(wei)平(ping)日(ri)出(chu)入(ru)之(zhi)門(men)(men),分別立(li)(li)有(you)(you)(you)“文(wen)(wen)官下轎”、“武官下馬”石(shi)碑。池(chi)(chi)后為(wei)(wei)(wei)石(shi)坊(fang)“欞星門(men)(men)”,有(you)(you)(you)3孔通(tong)入(ru),坊(fang)寬22.4米,高12.65米。再(zai)拾級為(wei)(wei)(wei)“明(ming)倫堂”-即(ji)戟門(men)(men),左右(you)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“更衣(yi)祭(ji)器所”,戟門(men)(men)后有(you)(you)(you)廣(guang)(guang)場,場后有(you)(you)(you)“日(ri)月壇”,中為(wei)(wei)(wei)九龍(long)鏤空浮雕,左右(you)有(you)(you)(you)石(shi)梯(ti)登臺(tai)。臺(tai)后為(wei)(wei)(wei)文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)主體建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)“大成殿”,殿高35米,為(wei)(wei)(wei)明(ming)清(qing)時(shi)期典型斗拱結構,畫棟飛檐,精巧華美,脊龍(long)昂首,躍(yue)然欲飛,琉璃(li)金(jin)碧,映(ying)日(ri)生(sheng)(sheng)輝,壯麗凝重(zhong),古色古香。殿后有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)院落為(wei)(wei)(wei)“泮(pan)宮(gong)(gong)”(“泮(pan)宮(gong)(gong)丹桂是富(fu)順八景之(zhi)一(yi))。再(zai)往后,是”崇圣(sheng)殿“,左右(you)有(you)(you)(you)”龍(long)池(chi)(chi)“、”風穴“,清(qing)泉常滿,大旱不涸。壁間在乾隆(long)時(shi)鐫有(you)(you)(you)石(shi)刻(ke)”龍(long)池(chi)(chi)“、”鳳穴“,筆力遒勁(jing),近代(dai)罕見。崇圣(sheng)殿隆(long)起(qi)的坎(kan)上建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)是孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)”寢(qin)宮(gong)(gong)“。寢(qin)宮(gong)(gong)較小,只有(you)(you)(you)三(san)楹中供木(mu)刻(ke)”空子(zi)(zi)(zi)神(shen)位“(宋代(dai)以(yi)前(qian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)石(shi)刻(ke)),情地金(jin)書(shu)孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)像,系唐吳(wu)道子(zi)(zi)(zi)所畫,從曲(qu)阜(fu)拓回。左右(you)廊廡,先(xian)后曾作生(sheng)(sheng)員學舍、縣教諭署(shu)及(ji)名宦(huan)鄉賢(xian)(xian)祠(ci)。
光(guang)緒二十(shi)二年(1896),縣人張世芳將先世所捐學田2處,改捐作(zuo)維修文廟之(zhi)業(ye)田。光(guang)緒33年(1907),詔生孔(kong)子大(da)祀。于是(shi)改崇圣寺(si)及(ji)宮墻為黃(huang)瓦(原只有大(da)成(cheng)殿、大(da)成(cheng)門準用黃(huang)瓦。
抗日(ri)戰爭時期中,日(ri)本飛機炸(zha)毀大成殿一角及西廊(lang)廡,后雖(sui)經修復,但技(ji)藝低下,終不復原。解放后,曾于1958年前后,對文(wen)廟(miao)粉飾一。1980年7月,富順(shun)文(wen)廟(miao)列(lie)(lie)為四川(chuan)省文(wen)物(wu)保護(hu)(hu)單(dan)位后,省府又撥專款,予(yu)以(yi)修葺、粉飾,現在(zai)基本保持(chi)原貌,并增添服(fu)務設施,長年開放,供人(ren)民游覽憑吊(diao),2001年又被列(lie)(lie)為國家重點文(wen)物(wu)保護(hu)(hu)單(dan)位。
富順(shun)文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“五絕(jue)”。一是(shi)(shi)(shi)欞星門由3組(zu)石(shi)(shi)坊(fang)組(zu)成(cheng),中間(jian)一組(zu)石(shi)(shi)柱(zhu)高(gao)達12.65米(mi)(mi),為(wei)各地文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)所罕見。二是(shi)(shi)(shi)大成(cheng)殿(dian)面(mian)積(ji)532平(ping)方米(mi)(mi),共(gong)用(yong)大圓(yuan)柱(zhu)50根,殿(dian)高(gao)30米(mi)(mi),整(zheng)個(ge)梁枋、檐板都是(shi)(shi)(shi)精雕(diao)的(de)龍鳳麟獅(shi)、蟲魚花(hua)鳥。三是(shi)(shi)(shi)孔子石(shi)(shi)刻像奇。此像不(bu)(bu)著冕旒,線條簡潔明朗,衣(yi)著飄逸自然(ran)、形象逼(bi)真,是(shi)(shi)(shi)稀(xi)世(shi)(shi)珍品。四是(shi)(shi)(shi)龍的(de)世(shi)(shi)界。文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)內(nei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)大大小小各具形態(tai)的(de)雕(diao)龍300多(duo)條,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)浮騰在(zai)20余(yu)米(mi)(mi)高(gao)空的(de)巨龍,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)蜿蜒于(yu)泮(pan)池“狀(zhuang)元橋”上(shang)(shang)的(de)九龍,大成(cheng)殿(dian)屋脊(ji)上(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)飛龍。五是(shi)(shi)(shi)崇(chong)(chong)圣祠(ci)(ci)上(shang)(shang)裸體男陶人之(zhi)“謎(mi)”。在(zai)1986年(nian)翻修(xiu)富順(shun)文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)崇(chong)(chong)圣祠(ci)(ci)屋面(mian)時(shi),發現正(zheng)脊(ji)梁三重琉璃亭塔式寶鼎中有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一尊古銅色裸體男陶像,其身(shen)高(gao)25厘米(mi)(mi),肩寬(kuan)10厘米(mi)(mi),右手(shou)向(xiang)上(shang)(shang)舉過頭頂,左手(shou)自然(ran)垂(chui)下(xia),五官清晰,下(xia)身(shen)男性特征明顯,制作細膩,造(zao)型生(sheng)動,給在(zai)封建意識濃厚(hou)的(de)北宋(song)時(shi)代興建的(de)富順(shun)文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)披上(shang)(shang)了神秘(mi)色彩。這個(ge)被列為(wei)“巴蜀之(zhi)謎(mi)”的(de)發現,引起學(xue)術界和新聞(wen)媒體的(de)極大關注和震驚,新華社、中央電(dian)(dian)視臺(tai)、《四川日(ri)報(bao)(bao)》、《華西都市報(bao)(bao)》、四川電(dian)(dian)視臺(tai)和各省市電(dian)(dian)視臺(tai)、各大晚報(bao)(bao)以(yi)及(ji)海外媒體、互聯網等紛(fen)紛(fen)加以(yi)報(bao)(bao)道。不(bu)(bu)少專(zhuan)家(jia)學(xue)者對此十(shi)分感興趣(qu),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)人迷惑不(bu)(bu)解,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)進行探索研(yan)究,紛(fen)紛(fen)發表文(wen)(wen)章,欲解這個(ge)謎(mi)團。