簡介
中國(guo)唐(tang)代(dai)佛教寺(si)廟建筑。在河(he)北省正定縣城內。創建于(yu)東魏興和二年(nian)(nian)(nian)（公元540年(nian)(nian)(nian)），名(ming)凈觀寺(si)。唐(tang)乾寧五年(nian)(nian)(nian)（公元898年(nian)(nian)(nian)）重(zhong)修(xiu)，更名(ming)為(wei)開元寺(si)。寺(si)院早年(nian)(nian)(nian)毀(hui)棄，現僅存鐘樓一(yi)座和磚塔一(yi)座。鐘樓建于(yu)唐(tang)，明清重(zhong)修(xiu)，是現存唯一(yi)的(de)唐(tang)代(dai)鐘樓實例。1988年(nian)(nian)(nian)中華人民共(gong)和國(guo)國(guo)務(wu)院公布為(wei)全(quan)國(guo)重(zhong)點文(wen)物保護(hu)單(dan)位(wei)。鐘樓的(de)始建年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)未發(fa)現確切(qie)記載，但從建筑結構用(yong)材(cai)及(ji)制(zhi)作(zuo)手法分析(xi)，當為(wei)晚 唐(tang)遺物。明、清均進行過修(xiu)繕，1988年(nian)(nian)(nian)鐘樓被列為(wei)中國(guo)重(zhong)點文(wen)物保護(hu)單(dan)位(wei)。1990年(nian)(nian)(nian)進行落架復原性(xing)重(zhong)修(xiu)。
建筑特色
與須彌(mi)塔相對立的鐘樓(lou)是二層(ceng)(ceng)樓(lou)閣建(jian)筑(zhu)。高14米，磚(zhuan)木結構，一層(ceng)(ceng)四周為(wei)磚(zhuan)墻(qiang)，門向(xiang)西開。重檐歇山(shan)頂，平面正(zheng)方形(xing)，面闊進深各三間，由上下(xia)2個單獨的結構層(ceng)(ceng)組成，總(zong)面積 170平方米。
鐘(zhong)(zhong)樓(lou)，是一座平面(mian)(mian)呈正方形，單層歇山頂式(shi)二(er)(er)(er)層樓(lou)閣。進得門來，屋(wu)內正中有(you)圓井，與二(er)(er)(er)樓(lou)懸掛的鐘(zhong)(zhong)口相對，大(da)概起共鳴作用(yong)。順北墻(qiang)有(you)樓(lou)梯直通二(er)(er)(er)樓(lou)。二(er)(er)(er)樓(lou)為(wei)木結(jie)構，四面(mian)(mian)各有(you)門與四周木欄環(huan)臺相通，樓(lou)上(shang)通風(feng)透光，遮陽(yang)避雨，大(da)概這就保證了銅鐘(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)銹(xiu)、木架不(bu)朽。
銅鐘(zhong)(zhong)懸掛于(yu)樓中心粗大(da)(da)木架上，鐘(zhong)(zhong)高(gao)2.9米，口(kou)徑1.56米，鐘(zhong)(zhong)口(kou)厚15.5厘米。鐘(zhong)(zhong)身無銘(ming)文，造型古樸，端莊大(da)(da)方(fang)。鐘(zhong)(zhong)樓的(de)鐘(zhong)(zhong)與樓一(yi)體(ti)，重(zhong)心在(zai)(zai)鐘(zhong)(zhong)上，鐘(zhong)(zhong)落則(ze)樓毀。偌大(da)(da)一(yi)口(kou)銅鐘(zhong)(zhong)，懸掛在(zai)(zai)一(yi)座(zuo)不起(qi)眼的(de)鐘(zhong)(zhong)樓上，千年不墜，可(ke)謂世界奇觀。下層斗(dou)栱雄(xiong)大(da)(da)，建(jian)筑(zhu)結構(gou)簡練，柱(zhu)(zhu)、枋、斗(dou)栱制作手(shou)法(fa)基本保(bao)持唐代建(jian)筑(zhu)特點。兩山(shan)和(he)后檐(yan)(yan)(yan)砌(qi)筑(zhu)墻(qiang)體(ti)。前檐(yan)(yan)(yan)明、次間(jian)各(ge)開雙(shuang)扇板門(men)，明間(jian)板門(men)大(da)(da)于(yu)兩次間(jian)。內外柱(zhu)(zhu)同(tong)高(gao)，柱(zhu)(zhu)有(you)側腳和(he)生起(qi)。四角柱(zhu)(zhu)為素平方(fang)形柱(zhu)(zhu)礎(chu)，其(qi)余檐(yan)(yan)(yan)柱(zhu)(zhu)和(he)內柱(zhu)(zhu)都用(yong)蓮(lian)瓣柱(zhu)(zhu)礎(chu)。柱(zhu)(zhu)頭卷殺，各(ge)間(jian)柱(zhu)(zhu)頭用(yong)闌(lan)額聯結，無普柏枋，闌(lan)額至(zhi)角柱(zhu)(zhu)不出(chu)頭。檐(yan)(yan)(yan)柱(zhu)(zhu)12根，小八(ba)角形。
內柱(zhu)(zhu)圓(yuan)形(xing)。內外(wai)柱(zhu)(zhu)用乳栿和草栿相(xiang)聯(lian)。乳栿制(zhi)成月梁(liang)形(xing)，曲(qu)線柔和，制(zhi)作精(jing)細，梁(liang)的斷面比近于1∶2。內外(wai)柱(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)均施斗栱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，外(wai)檐柱(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)斗栱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)五(wu)鋪作雙抄(chao)單(dan)(dan)栱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)偷心造，斗栱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)用材(cai)25.5×17厘米，結構(gou)簡單(dan)(dan)。第(di)(di)一(yi)跳(tiao)華栱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)與泥道栱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)相(xiang)交，泥道栱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)上(shang)施 3層(ceng)單(dan)(dan)材(cai)柱(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)枋(fang)，第(di)(di)一(yi)層(ceng)柱(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)枋(fang)上(shang)隱刻泥道慢栱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，第(di)(di)一(yi)跳(tiao)華栱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)承托乳栿，乳栿頭(tou)斫成第(di)(di)二跳(tiao)華栱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，華栱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)上(shang)不用令栱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)直(zhi)接承托替(ti)木(mu)和橑檐榑，次(ci)間(jian)無補間(jian)鋪作，明間(jian)補間(jian)斗栱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)隱刻在第(di)(di)二層(ceng)柱(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)枋(fang)上(shang)為一(yi)斗三升(sheng)。
內槽斗栱(gong)和外檐(yan)基本相同(tong)。斗栱(gong)上(shang)施峻腳椽(chuan)(chuan)和遮(zhe)椽(chuan)(chuan)板(ban)構成長條形(xing)(xing)(xing)的天 花，在(zai)天花板(ban)與樓(lou)板(ban)之間形(xing)(xing)(xing)成一(yi)個低(di)矮的暗層(ceng)。上(shang)層(ceng)梁架(jia)(jia)經后世多次重修已改為明清風格，柱叉(cha)在(zai)下層(ceng)柱頭斗栱(gong)上(shang)。檐(yan)柱比內柱高，不施斗栱(gong)，柱頭無卷殺(sha)，內柱小八角形(xing)(xing)(xing)，柱上(shang)施斗栱(gong)。梁架(jia)(jia)七檁(lin)六架(jia)(jia)椽(chuan)(chuan)。上(shang)懸掛銅鐘(zhong)一(yi)口，高 2.6米(mi)(mi)，徑1.55米(mi)(mi)。志書(shu)稱銅鐘(zhong)為唐(tang)物(wu)。屋頂(ding)灰(hui)瓦，瓦條壘脊(ji)，兩端置鴟尾。1988年(nian)鐘(zhong)樓(lou)落架(jia)(jia)重修，上(shang)層(ceng)部分結構按唐(tang)代(dai)建(jian)筑風格進行(xing)復原。
考證之謎
為了(le)解(jie)開當(dang)地(di)流(liu)傳的(de)(de)(de)“鐘(zhong)墜(zhui)樓毀”之謎(mi)吧，中國(guo)當(dang)代數(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)泰斗華(hua)羅庚(geng)教授，1952年(nian)春(chun)偕兩名外國(guo)數(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)家專(zhuan)程來正定查看鐘(zhong)樓，每天早到(dao)晚歸，滾得(de)渾身泥土,歷時八天多，從幾(ji)何力(li)學(xue)(xue)角度(du)也沒(mei)計算出樓的(de)(de)(de)受力(li)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)和(he)鐘(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)掛法(fa)之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系。華(hua)羅庚(geng)先生感慨萬千，激動(dong)地(di)說(shuo)：“這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)鐘(zhong)再重(zhong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)點(dian)也不行(xing)，再輕一(yi)(yi)(yi)點(dian)也不行(xing)；這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)樓的(de)(de)(de)木質結(jie)(jie)構(gou)、長短(duan)粗(cu)細、輻(fu)射方向再差(cha)一(yi)(yi)(yi)點(dian)也不行(xing)。這(zhe)樣建(jian)起來，這(zhe)樣掛上(shang)去，恰巧(qiao)鐘(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)量就一(yi)(yi)(yi)點(dian)也沒(mei)有了(le)，但它(ta)結(jie)(jie)實得(de)好像(xiang)打(da)上(shang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)非常奇妙的(de)(de)(de)釘子。”華(hua)羅庚(geng)先生那時說(shuo)，這(zhe)是一(yi)(yi)(yi)道(dao)世界建(jian)筑史上(shang)、世界數(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)史上(shang)，至今未被后人(ren)算清揭示出來的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)幾(ji)何力(li)學(xue)(xue)題。又過(guo)了(le)五(wu)十年(nian)，這(zhe)道(dao)樓與鐘(zhong)之間(jian)存在的(de)(de)(de)力(li)學(xue)(xue)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)數(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)題仍無(wu)人(ren)破解(jie)。
1933年(nian)春四月，中國(guo)著名建(jian)筑學家(jia)梁(liang)思成教授(shou)，冒著兵荒(huang)馬亂的(de)(de)危險(xian)，考察了(le)正定的(de)(de)古建(jian)筑，他(ta)稱鐘樓是他(ta)此行的(de)(de)意(yi)外收獲(huo)。“文(wen)化大革命”開始以后的(de)(de)1966年(nian)，受到批判的(de)(de)梁(liang)思成先生還(huan)十分關(guan)心鐘樓的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)護，他(ta)于5月16日上(shang)午急電正定文(wen)保(bao)(bao)所，讓把(ba)鐘樓的(de)(de)唐代板門拆下(xia)來(lai)保(bao)(bao)護好。
鐘樓的(de)始建年代未(wei)發現(xian)確切記(ji)載(zai)，但從建筑結構用材及制作手法分析，當(dang)為(wei)晚唐遺物。明、清均進行(xing)(xing)過(guo)修(xiu)繕，1988年鐘樓被(bei)列為(wei)中(zhong)國重點(dian)文物保護單位。1990年進行(xing)(xing)落架(jia)復原性重修(xiu)。
相關傳說
鐘落船開
銅鐘(zhong)和法船(chuan)殿建在一起，這里有一個鐘(zhong)落(luo)船(chuan)開的傳(chuan)說。正(zheng)定開元寺的銅鐘(zhong)是從(cong)滹(hu)沱河(he)上(shang)游(you)沖下(xia)來的，是“公(gong)(gong)公(gong)(gong)”鐘(zhong)，“婆婆”鐘(zhong)還在山上(shang)，一遇山洪，婆婆鐘(zhong)就(jiu)(jiu)報(bao)警，公(gong)(gong)公(gong)(gong)鐘(zhong)便發生共鳴，正(zheng)定的百姓趕(gan)緊聚眾抗洪，確(que)保一方(fang)平安。如遇大水，鐘(zhong)就(jiu)(jiu)落(luo)地，船(chuan)便開出，人(ren)們就(jiu)(jiu)乘船(chuan)逃(tao)生。雖然鐘(zhong)聲(sheng)悠揚，聲(sheng)震四方(fang)，但鐘(zhong)響鐘(zhong)落(luo)都與災害相(xiang)連，所以(yi)人(ren)們想聽又怕聽。
幸運鐘
經(jing)常(chang)(chang)到正定(ding)，或(huo)在正定(ding)居住的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，都(dou)(dou)(dou)知(zhi)道(dao)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)寺的(de)(de)(de)(de)鐘(zhong)(zhong)樓，現在叫幸(xing)運鐘(zhong)(zhong)。“開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)寺的(de)(de)(de)(de)鐘(zhong)(zhong)有(you)多厚(hou)(hou)？”去(qu)(qu)過開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)寺后(hou)有(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)可能會問。“一(yi)(yi)拃。（張開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)大(da)拇指和中指（或(huo)小指）量長度）”所有(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)都(dou)(dou)(dou)會這(zhe)(zhe)么回(hui)答。但(dan)這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)拃的(de)(de)(de)(de)寬度是(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)定(ding)數，每個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)拃是(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，為(wei)什么得到的(de)(de)(de)(de)答案會一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)呢(ni)？這(zhe)(zhe)原因(yin)得從鑄造(zao)這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)鐘(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)說起，在以前，滹(hu)沱河是(shi)常(chang)(chang)年(nian)流(liu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)像現在，一(yi)(yi)眼望去(qu)(qu)都(dou)(dou)(dou)是(shi)砂子。每年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)夏天雨水(shui)(shui)(shui)季(ji)節，滹(hu)沱河都(dou)(dou)(dou)發水(shui)(shui)(shui)，大(da)水(shui)(shui)(shui)從上游鋪天蓋地滾滾而下，一(yi)(yi)到正定(ding)段(duan)決堤，為(wei)了防(fang)止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)患，就鑄造(zao)了鐘(zhong)(zhong)，這(zhe)(zhe)鐘(zhong)(zhong)本是(shi)一(yi)(yi)對，是(shi)用(yong)來報警用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。一(yi)(yi)口(kou)(kou)在開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)寺，一(yi)(yi)口(kou)(kou)在井(jing)陘的(de)(de)(de)(de)山中。那(nei)時兩口(kou)(kou)鐘(zhong)(zhong)都(dou)(dou)(dou)有(you)專人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)看(kan)守(shou)，當山洪爆(bao)發的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候，負責井(jing)陘的(de)(de)(de)(de)看(kan)鐘(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)就敲鐘(zhong)(zhong)，開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)寺鐘(zhong)(zhong)隨(sui)即也就響了，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們就知(zhi)道(dao)洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)快要(yao)來了，于是(shi)就組織人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)看(kan)守(shou)河堤。現在井(jing)陘山中的(de)(de)(de)(de)那(nei)口(kou)(kou)鐘(zhong)(zhong)已經(jing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)見了，只(zhi)留下了開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)寺這(zhe)(zhe)口(kou)(kou)鐘(zhong)(zhong)。所以這(zhe)(zhe)鐘(zhong)(zhong)鑄造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)別精細。致于看(kan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)出厚(hou)(hou)度，那(nei)是(shi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)沿的(de)(de)(de)(de)坡度流(liu)線過渡特(te)別好。無論誰去(qu)(qu)用(yong)手量，一(yi)(yi)拃下去(qu)(qu)都(dou)(dou)(dou)認為(wei)到了邊。這(zhe)(zhe)就是(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們為(wei)什么都(dou)(dou)(dou)說鐘(zhong)(zhong)有(you)一(yi)(yi)拃厚(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)。
背景介紹
開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)寺鐘(zhong)(zhong)樓坐(zuo)落在開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)寺內(nei)(nei)(nei)，開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)寺在河北(bei)正(zheng)定(ding)古城(cheng)大(da)十字街以南路西(xi)(xi)，始建(jian)于(yu)東魏興和二年（公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)540年），原名(ming)凈觀(guan)寺，隋開(kai)(kai)皇十一(yi)年（公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)591年）改(gai)名(ming)解慧寺，唐開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年間改(gai)額開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)寺。寺內(nei)(nei)(nei)現存鐘(zhong)(zhong)樓、磚(zhuan)塔和法(fa)船(chuan)殿遺址。坐(zuo)北(bei)面(mian)南的(de)法(fa)船(chuan)殿為寺內(nei)(nei)(nei)正(zheng)殿，正(zheng)中塑有法(fa)船(chuan)，船(chuan)上塑有慈航普渡的(de)神像。正(zheng)殿西(xi)(xi)側是磚(zhuan)塔，東側即是鐘(zhong)(zhong)樓。這種塔樓對(dui)峙的(de)平面(mian)布局國內(nei)(nei)(nei)僅此一(yi)例。塔稱須彌(mi)塔，四角九級，全(quan)部磚(zhuan)砌(qi)，塔高(gao)40.82米，始建(jian)于(yu)唐貞觀(guan)十年（公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)636年）。
斌斌有禮 
