簡介
中國(guo)(guo)(guo)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)代(dai)佛教寺(si)廟(miao)建筑。在(zai)河北省正定縣城(cheng)內。創建于東魏興和二年(nian)(nian)（公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)540年(nian)(nian)），名(ming)凈觀寺(si)。唐(tang)(tang)(tang)乾寧五年(nian)(nian)（公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)898年(nian)(nian)）重(zhong)修，更名(ming)為(wei)開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)寺(si)。寺(si)院早年(nian)(nian)毀棄，現(xian)(xian)僅存鐘樓一座和磚(zhuan)塔一座。鐘樓建于唐(tang)(tang)(tang)，明清(qing)重(zhong)修，是現(xian)(xian)存唯一的(de)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)代(dai)鐘樓實例。1988年(nian)(nian)中華(hua)人民共和國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)務院公(gong)(gong)布(bu)為(wei)全國(guo)(guo)(guo)重(zhong)點(dian)(dian)文(wen)物保護(hu)單位。鐘樓的(de)始建年(nian)(nian)代(dai)未(wei)發現(xian)(xian)確(que)切記載，但(dan)從(cong)建筑結構用材及制(zhi)作手法分析，當為(wei)晚 唐(tang)(tang)(tang)遺物。明、清(qing)均進(jin)行過修繕，1988年(nian)(nian)鐘樓被(bei)列為(wei)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)重(zhong)點(dian)(dian)文(wen)物保護(hu)單位。1990年(nian)(nian)進(jin)行落架(jia)復原性重(zhong)修。
建筑特色
與(yu)須彌塔(ta)相對立的鐘樓是二層(ceng)樓閣建筑。高(gao)14米，磚木結構(gou)，一層(ceng)四(si)周為磚墻，門向西開。重檐歇山(shan)頂，平面正方(fang)形(xing)，面闊進深各三間，由上下2個單獨(du)的結構(gou)層(ceng)組成(cheng)，總面積 170平方(fang)米。
鐘(zhong)樓(lou)(lou)，是(shi)一座平(ping)面(mian)(mian)呈正(zheng)方形(xing)，單層(ceng)歇山頂(ding)式二(er)層(ceng)樓(lou)(lou)閣(ge)。進得門來(lai)，屋(wu)內正(zheng)中(zhong)有圓井，與(yu)二(er)樓(lou)(lou)懸(xuan)掛的(de)鐘(zhong)口相(xiang)對，大概(gai)起共(gong)鳴作用(yong)。順北墻有樓(lou)(lou)梯直(zhi)通二(er)樓(lou)(lou)。二(er)樓(lou)(lou)為木(mu)結構，四(si)面(mian)(mian)各(ge)有門與(yu)四(si)周木(mu)欄環臺相(xiang)通，樓(lou)(lou)上通風透光，遮陽避雨，大概(gai)這就保證了銅鐘(zhong)不(bu)銹、木(mu)架(jia)不(bu)朽(xiu)。
銅鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)懸掛于(yu)(yu)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)中心粗大(da)(da)木(mu)架(jia)上(shang)，鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高2.9米，口徑1.56米，鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)口厚15.5厘(li)米。鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)身(shen)無銘文，造型古樸，端莊大(da)(da)方。鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)的鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)與樓(lou)(lou)(lou)一(yi)體，重心在(zai)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)上(shang)，鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)落(luo)則樓(lou)(lou)(lou)毀。偌大(da)(da)一(yi)口銅鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，懸掛在(zai)一(yi)座不起眼的鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)上(shang)，千年不墜(zhui)，可(ke)謂世界奇觀。下(xia)層斗(dou)栱(gong)雄大(da)(da)，建筑(zhu)結構簡練，柱(zhu)(zhu)、枋、斗(dou)栱(gong)制(zhi)作手法(fa)基本保(bao)持唐代建筑(zhu)特點。兩山和(he)(he)后(hou)檐(yan)砌筑(zhu)墻(qiang)體。前檐(yan)明、次間各開雙扇板(ban)(ban)門，明間板(ban)(ban)門大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)兩次間。內外柱(zhu)(zhu)同高，柱(zhu)(zhu)有側腳和(he)(he)生起。四角(jiao)柱(zhu)(zhu)為素平方形柱(zhu)(zhu)礎，其余檐(yan)柱(zhu)(zhu)和(he)(he)內柱(zhu)(zhu)都用(yong)蓮瓣(ban)柱(zhu)(zhu)礎。柱(zhu)(zhu)頭卷殺(sha)，各間柱(zhu)(zhu)頭用(yong)闌(lan)額(e)聯結，無普(pu)柏枋，闌(lan)額(e)至角(jiao)柱(zhu)(zhu)不出頭。檐(yan)柱(zhu)(zhu)12根(gen)，小(xiao)八角(jiao)形。
內(nei)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)圓形。內(nei)外(wai)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)用乳栿(fa)和(he)草栿(fa)相(xiang)聯。乳栿(fa)制成(cheng)月梁形，曲線柔和(he)，制作(zuo)精細，梁的斷面比近(jin)于(yu)1∶2。內(nei)外(wai)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)均施(shi)斗栱(gong)，外(wai)檐柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)斗栱(gong)五鋪作(zuo)雙(shuang)抄(chao)單(dan)栱(gong)偷心(xin)造，斗栱(gong)用材25.5×17厘米，結(jie)構(gou)簡單(dan)。第(di)(di)一(yi)跳(tiao)華(hua)(hua)栱(gong)與(yu)泥道(dao)栱(gong)相(xiang)交，泥道(dao)栱(gong)上(shang)(shang)施(shi) 3層單(dan)材柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)枋，第(di)(di)一(yi)層柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)枋上(shang)(shang)隱(yin)刻泥道(dao)慢栱(gong)，第(di)(di)一(yi)跳(tiao)華(hua)(hua)栱(gong)承(cheng)托乳栿(fa)，乳栿(fa)頭(tou)斫成(cheng)第(di)(di)二跳(tiao)華(hua)(hua)栱(gong)，華(hua)(hua)栱(gong)上(shang)(shang)不用令栱(gong)直接承(cheng)托替木和(he)橑(lao)檐榑(fu)，次間(jian)無補間(jian)鋪作(zuo)，明間(jian)補間(jian)斗栱(gong)隱(yin)刻在第(di)(di)二層柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)枋上(shang)(shang)為(wei)一(yi)斗三升。
內槽斗栱和外檐基(ji)本(ben)相(xiang)同。斗栱上(shang)(shang)(shang)施(shi)峻腳椽(chuan)和遮椽(chuan)板構成長條(tiao)(tiao)形的天 花(hua)，在(zai)天花(hua)板與樓板之間(jian)形成一個(ge)低(di)矮的暗層(ceng)(ceng)。上(shang)(shang)(shang)層(ceng)(ceng)梁架(jia)經后(hou)世多次重修(xiu)已改為明清風格(ge)，柱叉在(zai)下層(ceng)(ceng)柱頭(tou)(tou)斗栱上(shang)(shang)(shang)。檐柱比內柱高，不(bu)施(shi)斗栱，柱頭(tou)(tou)無卷殺，內柱小八(ba)角形，柱上(shang)(shang)(shang)施(shi)斗栱。梁架(jia)七檁六(liu)架(jia)椽(chuan)。上(shang)(shang)(shang)懸(xuan)掛銅(tong)鐘一口，高 2.6米(mi)，徑1.55米(mi)。志(zhi)書稱銅(tong)鐘為唐(tang)物。屋頂灰瓦，瓦條(tiao)(tiao)壘脊，兩端(duan)置鴟尾。1988年鐘樓落架(jia)重修(xiu)，上(shang)(shang)(shang)層(ceng)(ceng)部分(fen)結構按唐(tang)代建筑風格(ge)進行復原。
考證之謎
為了(le)解開當(dang)地(di)流傳的(de)(de)“鐘(zhong)(zhong)墜樓(lou)毀”之謎吧(ba)，中國當(dang)代數學(xue)(xue)泰斗華(hua)羅(luo)庚教授，1952年(nian)春偕兩名外(wai)國數學(xue)(xue)家專程來正定查看鐘(zhong)(zhong)樓(lou)，每天早到晚歸，滾得渾身(shen)泥土,歷時八天多(duo)，從幾何力(li)學(xue)(xue)角度也(ye)(ye)沒計算(suan)(suan)出樓(lou)的(de)(de)受力(li)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)和(he)鐘(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)掛法之間(jian)的(de)(de)關系。華(hua)羅(luo)庚先生(sheng)感慨萬(wan)千，激動地(di)說(shuo)：“這(zhe)個鐘(zhong)(zhong)再重(zhong)一(yi)(yi)點(dian)也(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)，再輕一(yi)(yi)點(dian)也(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)；這(zhe)個樓(lou)的(de)(de)木質(zhi)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)、長短粗細、輻射方向再差一(yi)(yi)點(dian)也(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)。這(zhe)樣(yang)建(jian)起來，這(zhe)樣(yang)掛上(shang)(shang)去，恰(qia)巧鐘(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)重(zhong)量就一(yi)(yi)點(dian)也(ye)(ye)沒有了(le)，但它結(jie)實得好(hao)像打上(shang)(shang)一(yi)(yi)個非常奇妙的(de)(de)釘子。”華(hua)羅(luo)庚先生(sheng)那時說(shuo)，這(zhe)是一(yi)(yi)道世界建(jian)筑史上(shang)(shang)、世界數學(xue)(xue)史上(shang)(shang)，至今未被后人(ren)算(suan)(suan)清揭示(shi)出來的(de)(de)數學(xue)(xue)幾何力(li)學(xue)(xue)題(ti)。又過了(le)五十年(nian)，這(zhe)道樓(lou)與鐘(zhong)(zhong)之間(jian)存在的(de)(de)力(li)學(xue)(xue)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)數學(xue)(xue)題(ti)仍無(wu)人(ren)破解。
1933年春四月(yue)，中國著名建(jian)筑學(xue)家梁(liang)思成教授(shou)，冒著兵(bing)荒馬亂的(de)危(wei)險，考察了正(zheng)(zheng)定的(de)古建(jian)筑，他(ta)稱(cheng)鐘(zhong)樓(lou)是他(ta)此行的(de)意外收獲。“文化大革命”開始以后(hou)的(de)1966年，受到批(pi)判的(de)梁(liang)思成先生還(huan)十(shi)分關心鐘(zhong)樓(lou)的(de)保護，他(ta)于5月(yue)16日上午急電正(zheng)(zheng)定文保所，讓把鐘(zhong)樓(lou)的(de)唐代(dai)板門拆下來保護好。
鐘樓的始建年(nian)(nian)代未發現(xian)確切記載，但從(cong)建筑結構用材(cai)及制(zhi)作手法分析，當為(wei)晚唐遺物(wu)。明、清均進行過修繕，1988年(nian)(nian)鐘樓被列為(wei)中國重(zhong)點文物(wu)保護單位(wei)。1990年(nian)(nian)進行落(luo)架復原性重(zhong)修。
相關傳說
鐘落船開
銅(tong)鐘(zhong)(zhong)和法(fa)船殿建在(zai)一(yi)(yi)起，這(zhe)里(li)有(you)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)鐘(zhong)(zhong)落船開的(de)傳說。正定開元寺(si)的(de)銅(tong)鐘(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)從滹沱河上游(you)沖下(xia)來的(de)，是(shi)“公(gong)公(gong)”鐘(zhong)(zhong)，“婆(po)婆(po)”鐘(zhong)(zhong)還在(zai)山上，一(yi)(yi)遇(yu)(yu)山洪(hong)，婆(po)婆(po)鐘(zhong)(zhong)就(jiu)報警，公(gong)公(gong)鐘(zhong)(zhong)便發生(sheng)(sheng)共(gong)鳴，正定的(de)百姓趕緊聚眾抗洪(hong)，確(que)保一(yi)(yi)方平安。如(ru)遇(yu)(yu)大水，鐘(zhong)(zhong)就(jiu)落地(di)，船便開出，人(ren)們(men)就(jiu)乘船逃生(sheng)(sheng)。雖(sui)然(ran)鐘(zhong)(zhong)聲(sheng)悠揚，聲(sheng)震四方，但(dan)鐘(zhong)(zhong)響(xiang)鐘(zhong)(zhong)落都與災害相連，所(suo)以人(ren)們(men)想聽(ting)又怕聽(ting)。
幸運鐘
經常到(dao)(dao)正(zheng)定(ding)，或在(zai)正(zheng)定(ding)居(ju)住(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)，都(dou)知(zhi)道開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)寺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)樓，現在(zai)叫幸(xing)運鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。“開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)寺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)多(duo)厚(hou)？”去(qu)過開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)寺后(hou)有(you)人(ren)可能(neng)會(hui)問(wen)。“一拃(zha)。（張開(kai)(kai)大(da)拇(mu)指和中指（或小指）量長(chang)度(du)）”所有(you)人(ren)都(dou)會(hui)這(zhe)(zhe)么回答。但這(zhe)(zhe)一拃(zha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寬度(du)是(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)定(ding)數(shu)，每個(ge)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一拃(zha)是(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)一樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，為什(shen)么得(de)到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)答案會(hui)一樣(yang)呢(ni)？這(zhe)(zhe)原(yuan)因得(de)從鑄(zhu)造這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)說起，在(zai)以前，滹沱河是(shi)常年(nian)流水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)像現在(zai)，一眼望去(qu)都(dou)是(shi)砂子。每年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)夏天(tian)雨水(shui)(shui)(shui)季(ji)節，滹沱河都(dou)發水(shui)(shui)(shui)，大(da)水(shui)(shui)(shui)從上游鋪天(tian)蓋地滾滾而下，一到(dao)(dao)正(zheng)定(ding)段決(jue)堤，為了防止水(shui)(shui)(shui)患，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)鑄(zhu)造了鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，這(zhe)(zhe)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)本是(shi)一對，是(shi)用來(lai)報警用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。一口(kou)在(zai)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)寺，一口(kou)在(zai)井(jing)陘(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)中。那(nei)(nei)時(shi)兩口(kou)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)都(dou)有(you)專人(ren)看(kan)(kan)守(shou)，當山(shan)洪(hong)爆發的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候，負責井(jing)陘(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)看(kan)(kan)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)敲鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)寺鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)隨(sui)即(ji)也就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)響了，人(ren)們就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)知(zhi)道洪(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)快要(yao)來(lai)了，于(yu)是(shi)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)組(zu)織(zhi)人(ren)看(kan)(kan)守(shou)河堤。現在(zai)井(jing)陘(xing)山(shan)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)那(nei)(nei)口(kou)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)已(yi)經不(bu)(bu)(bu)見了，只(zhi)留下了開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)寺這(zhe)(zhe)口(kou)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。所以這(zhe)(zhe)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鑄(zhu)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)別精細。致于(yu)看(kan)(kan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)出厚(hou)度(du)，那(nei)(nei)是(shi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)沿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)坡度(du)流線過渡特(te)別好。無(wu)論誰去(qu)用手(shou)量，一拃(zha)下去(qu)都(dou)認(ren)為到(dao)(dao)了邊。這(zhe)(zhe)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)人(ren)們為什(shen)么都(dou)說鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)一拃(zha)厚(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因。
背景介紹
開元(yuan)寺鐘樓(lou)坐(zuo)落在(zai)開元(yuan)寺內，開元(yuan)寺在(zai)河北(bei)正定古城大(da)十字街(jie)以南(nan)路西，始建(jian)于東魏興和二(er)年(nian)(nian)（公(gong)元(yuan)540年(nian)(nian)），原名凈(jing)觀寺，隋開皇十一年(nian)(nian)（公(gong)元(yuan)591年(nian)(nian)）改名解慧寺，唐(tang)開元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)間改額開元(yuan)寺。寺內現存(cun)鐘樓(lou)、磚(zhuan)塔和法(fa)船(chuan)殿(dian)遺址。坐(zuo)北(bei)面南(nan)的法(fa)船(chuan)殿(dian)為寺內正殿(dian)，正中塑(su)有(you)法(fa)船(chuan)，船(chuan)上(shang)塑(su)有(you)慈航(hang)普(pu)渡的神像。正殿(dian)西側(ce)是(shi)(shi)磚(zhuan)塔，東側(ce)即是(shi)(shi)鐘樓(lou)。這種塔樓(lou)對峙的平面布(bu)局國內僅(jin)此一例(li)。塔稱須彌塔，四角九(jiu)級，全部磚(zhuan)砌，塔高40.82米，始建(jian)于唐(tang)貞觀十年(nian)(nian)（公(gong)元(yuan)636年(nian)(nian)）。
斌斌有禮 
