凌霄(xiao)塔位于正(zheng)定(ding)隆興寺(si)之西大眾街北側原天寧寺(si)內,因巍峨高崇而得(de)名。又因塔身多系(xi)木(mu)(mu)結(jie)構,故俗稱木(mu)(mu)塔。
據清光(guang)緒《正定縣志》記載,天(tian)(tian)寧寺(si)和凌霄塔(ta)(ta)同(tong)時建(jian)于唐懿宗威通年間(公元(yuan)860—874年中)。當時寺(si)院規模(mo)宏(hong)大,富麗(li)堂皇,牌坊、重門(men)、天(tian)(tian)王殿(dian)、前殿(dian)、后(hou)殿(dian)、凌霄塔(ta)(ta)等(deng)主要(yao)建(jian)筑自南而北依(yi)次排(pai)列。暮(mu)鼓(gu)晨鐘,香火鼎盛。民(min)國初年,寺(si)院屢遭(zao)厄難,主要(yao)建(jian)筑獨(du)存凌霄塔(ta)(ta)。
凌霄塔是一座(zuo)磚木(mu)結(jie)構的九層(ceng)(ceng)樓閣式(shi)塔,平面呈(cheng)八角(jiao)形(xing),高41米,矗立于(yu)八角(jiao)形(xing)臺基之上。塔身一至(zhi)四層(ceng)(ceng)是宋代在唐塔殘(can)址(zhi)上重修,全磚結(jie)構,其上各層(ceng)(ceng)則為金代重建(jian),磚木(mu)結(jie)構。每層(ceng)(ceng)正(zheng)面各辟拱形(xing)洞門(men)或直橇窗。四層(ceng)(ceng)至(zhi)九層(ceng)(ceng),斗拱、飛檐皆為木(mu)制。從第五層(ceng)(ceng)開始,各層(ceng)(ceng)高度逐(zhu)層(ceng)(ceng)遞減,外部(bu)輪廓亦(yi)逐(zhu)層(ceng)(ceng)收縮,給(gei)人(ren)以輕盈挺(ting)秀(xiu)之感。
凌霄塔(ta)大的(de)特點,是在塔(ta)身第四層(ceng)中(zhong)心部位(wei)豎立一根直達塔(ta)頂的(de)木(mu)(mu)質通天柱,并(bing)依層(ceng)位(wei)用(yong)放射狀八根扒梁與外搪(tang)相(xiang)連。這樣的(de)結構(gou)國(guo)內(nei)現存僅(jin)此一例,極其可貴(gui)。該(gai)塔(ta)結構(gou)既不同于(yu)一般(ban)木(mu)(mu)塔(ta),也有別(bie)于(yu)一般(ban)磚木(mu)(mu)結構(gou)塔(ta)。
凌霄塔(ta)(ta)(ta)在千余年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)滄(cang)桑巨變(bian)中屢遭(zao)毀損(sun),1866年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)3月22日地(di)震時將鐵質空心(xin)棗狀塔(ta)(ta)(ta)剎震毀,此后,又(you)因(yin)風吹雨打,塔(ta)(ta)(ta)身的(de)(de)(de)八(ba)、九層也相繼坍(tan)塌。為保(bao)(bao)護(hu)這(zhe)座在古代建筑(zhu)史上占有(you)重(zhong)要地(di)位的(de)(de)(de)古塔(ta)(ta)(ta),人民政府組織力量進行了(le)勘察,并在力求(qiu)保(bao)(bao)持原貌的(de)(de)(de)前提下,于(yu)1981年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)落架(jia)重(zhong)修(xiu)。1982年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)2月,在勘察過程中于(yu)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)基下發現地(di)宮(gong)。經清理,出土一批頗有(you)價(jia)值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)物,其(qi)中宋崇(chong)寧(ning)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)1103年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))和金皇(huang)(huang)統六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)1146年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))的(de)(de)(de)兩方刻有(you)銘文(wen)的(de)(de)(de)石舍利函為斷定該(gai)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)創建的(de)(de)(de)確切年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代提供了(le)依據。據兩方石函銘文(wen)記載(zai),該(gai)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)原名(ming)慧光塔(ta)(ta)(ta),始(shi)建于(yu)唐代宗(公元(yuan)(yuan)762—799年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),至宋慶歷五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)1045年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))大修(xiu),金皇(huang)(huang)統五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)1145年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))重(zhong)修(xiu)。文(wen)物資料對縣志(zhi)記載(zai)予(yu)以訂補(bu)匡正。該(gai)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)為全(quan)國重(zhong)點文(wen)物保(bao)(bao)護(hu)單位。