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建筑特色

該城(cheng)堡(bao)(bao)建(jian)于明中葉嘉(jia)靖年間(jian)，初建(jian)時(shi)僅有一南門（明代不建(jian)北(bei)(bei)門），清初順治(zhi)年間(jian)新建(jian)北(bei)(bei)門，并在南北(bei)(bei)門增建(jian)二座甕城(cheng)。城(cheng)堡(bao)(bao)墻平面布局(ju)呈方形(xing)(xing)，邊(bian)長(chang)230余(yu)米，黃土(tu)夯(hang)筑，墻外凸出(chu)土(tu)筑馬面，高8約米。兩甕城(cheng)的內城(cheng)門南北(bei)(bei)對峙形(xing)(xing)成一條大街、東西各有小街道三條，沿堡(bao)(bao)墻內周(zhou)圍有“更(geng)道”一周(zhou)。這便形(xing)(xing)成了(le)西古堡(bao)(bao)村總平面呈“國”字形(xing)(xing)的特殊(shu)形(xing)(xing)制。是古蔚州八(ba)百城(cheng)堡(bao)(bao)中比較獨特的一例。

村內(nei)現(xian)存的(de)古民居(ju)院落約180座(zuo)。高大的(de)門樓、精美(mei)的(de)磚、木(mu)雕花彩繪，九連環，四進四出(chu)的(de)四合院無不在述說著當(dang)年(nian)的(de)繁榮。這些民居(ju)大多為磚木(mu)結構，青(qing)(qing)條(tiao)基(ji)石(shi)，白(bai)灰砌青(qing)(qing)磚墻，房(fang)頂起脊(ji)，安制吻獸、覆青(qing)(qing)板(ban)瓦。當(dang)地民風淳樸，周圍(wei)環境優(you)美(mei)、站在堡門樓舉目觀望，四周水田(tian)纏(chan)繞，郁郁蔥蔥、村里青(qing)(qing)磚灰瓦，極盡“小屋平(ping)頭墟里落，炊煙起處是(shi)人間”之古樸美(mei)、整(zheng)座(zuo)西(xi)古堡村，每條(tiao)街巷每片民居(ju)，雖歷(li)經(jing)百年(nian)風雨飄泊(bo)，風采依舊。基(ji)本(ben)保留了明、清時(shi)期(qi)的(de)歷(li)史風貌。

南北甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)內的建(jian)筑(zhu)更是形(xing)式(shi)多樣，布(bu)局巧妙(miao)。工藝(yi)精細(xi)，體現了(le)古代民間(jian)建(jian)筑(zhu)的高超技藝(yi)。兩(liang)座(zuo)(zuo)甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)的內城(cheng)門為(wei)(wei)明代所建(jian)，外(wai)城(cheng)門及甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)內的南甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)建(jian)筑(zhu)復雜，城(cheng)堡墻平面(mian)布(bu)局呈方形(xing)長約百米、黃土(tu)(tu)夯筑(zhu)、墻外(wai)凸出(chu)土(tu)(tu)筑(zhu)馬面(mian)，高8余米。甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)內的建(jian)筑(zhu)共(gong)分(fen)上、下(xia)二(er)部分(fen)。下(xia)層大(da)部分(fen)為(wei)(wei)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)券仿木結(jie)(jie)構(gou)建(jian)筑(zhu)，上層是磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)木結(jie)(jie)構(gou)建(jian)筑(zhu)，甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)中(zhong)部為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)大(da)天(tian)井式(shi)，周圍建(jian)筑(zhu)環(huan)繞，共(gong)有樓閣(ge)74間(jian)。由甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)東北角磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)砌臺階(jie)進入角門，入門后為(wei)(wei)東跨院，院內方磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)墁地，正(zheng)面(mian)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)砌花壘墻，底(di)層正(zheng)南50米處為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)座(zuo)(zuo)卷棚頂(ding)樂樓，兩(liang)側各有一(yi)(yi)間(jian)耳房，也是蔚縣眾(zhong)多戲樓中(zhong)的特殊一(yi)(yi)例(li)。正(zheng)北東為(wei)(wei)馬王廟，西為(wei)(wei)三義殿。院內東下(xia)房為(wei)(wei)僧(seng)尞三間(jian)。下(xia)層為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)小院落(luo)，磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)砌圍墻，正(zheng)南辟一(yi)(yi)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)雕(diao)(diao)小門。上部磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)仿木出(chu)檐(yan)，五踩斗栱，磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)雕(diao)(diao)以華麗精細(xi)見(jian)著，正(zheng)房為(wei)(wei)斗栱券結(jie)(jie)構(gou)房屋。

跨院西(xi)(xi)(xi)部(bu)下(xia)(xia)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)栱券(quan)(quan)門洞(dong)(dong)，平面呈“亞”形(xing)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)城堡(bao)(bao)主(zhu)街(jie)軸線，券(quan)(quan)頂上(shang)(shang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)觀(guan)音殿(dian)(dian)(dian)，硬山(shan)布(bu)瓦頂，北部(bu)抱廈(sha)一(yi)間，廈(sha)東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)兩(liang)側(ce)(ce)筑(zhu)有(you)懸山(shan)頂鐘(zhong)鼓樓(lou)(lou)二樓(lou)(lou)，建(jian)筑(zhu)東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)小(xiao)巷可通。觀(guan)音殿(dian)(dian)(dian)西(xi)(xi)(xi)側(ce)(ce)又突出一(yi)座磚筑(zhu)小(xiao)城。上(shang)(shang)下(xia)(xia)兩(liang)層，東(dong)北角(jiao)(jiao)有(you)豎井(jing)臺階(jie)相通上(shang)(shang)下(xia)(xia)。中設長方形(xing)小(xiao)天(tian)井(jing)。上(shang)(shang)層四周建(jian)筑(zhu)環繞(rao)，前(qian)砌女兒墻(qiang)，均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)硬山(shan)頂轉角(jiao)(jiao)前(qian)出廊(lang)式，置直欞窗(chuang)，正北為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)地藏殿(dian)(dian)(dian)，東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)各為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)十(shi)(shi)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)閻君，南(nan)(nan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鬼王殿(dian)(dian)(dian)。鬼王殿(dian)(dian)(dian)東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)懸山(shan)頂鐘(zhong)鼓樓(lou)(lou)，下(xia)(xia)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)栱券(quan)(quan)門洞(dong)(dong)，軒木板門二扇。天(tian)井(jing)下(xia)(xia)部(bu)東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)北均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)栱券(quan)(quan)窯洞(dong)(dong)，洞(dong)(dong)外磚仿木出檐，磚雕椽、飛(fei)、斗栱。天(tian)井(jing)南(nan)(nan)側(ce)(ce)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)小(xiao)院，有(you)東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)僧尞(liao)和廂房(fang)，券(quan)(quan)門正南(nan)(nan)堡(bao)(bao)墻(qiang)上(shang)(shang)嵌(qian)一(yi)大形(xing)影壁(bi)，壁(bi)心磚雕二條(tiao)蟠龍，龍體矯健雄猛(meng)，造型優美，十(shi)(shi)分生(sheng)動。

甕城東墻(qiang)開(kai)一(yi)城門(men)，磚(zhuan)券結構(gou)，高8余米，券門(men)洞外部(bu)上鑲一(yi)石匾，陰刻(ke)楷書“永(yong)盛(sheng)門(men)西古堡(bao)”，小款“歲康熙十九年(nian)”。門(men)內石墁(man)路(lu)面，歷(li)史上車轍遺留痕跡，歷(li)歷(li)在目。門(men)外迎面建一(yi)座(zuo)(zuo)磚(zhuan)雕須彌座(zuo)(zuo)影壁(bi)，磨磚(zhuan)對縫(feng)。

北甕城(cheng)平面(mian)形制大小與南(nan)甕城(cheng)大體相當(dang)，內(nei)、外城(cheng)門(men)及內(nei)城(cheng)門(men)門(men)樓保存(cun)較好。其中的(de)廟宇，如“九天閣”等(deng)建筑早(zao)年已毀。

藝術價值

西古堡甕城建(jian)筑布局靈活多變，結構嚴(yan)謹復雜，殿宇高低參差錯落，樓臺掩(yan)映，建(jian)筑景(jing)中(zhong)套(tao)景(jing)，景(jing)中(zhong)借(jie)景(jing)，景(jing)中(zhong)藏(zang)景(jing)，充分顯示了(le)當(dang)時(shi)工(gong)匠高超(chao)的藝(yi)術設計水平。