宋莊墓地(di)位(wei)于河南省(sheng)鶴壁市淇縣(xian)西崗鄉宋莊村(cun)東、方寨村(cun)南,淇河西岸的(de)一(yi)(yi)級臺地(di)上。西距衛國故城(cheng)約十公(gong)里(li),南距省(sheng)級文物保護單位(wei)紂王墓約一(yi)(yi)公(gong)里(li)。
2008年(nian)12月(yue)16日,淇縣文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)旅游局文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)管理(li)所發現(xian)該墓地(di)(di)3座(zuo)古墓葬被(bei)盜,立即采取了(le)保護措施,并向河(he)(he)南(nan)省文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)管理(li)局進行報告。河(he)(he)南(nan)省文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)局非常重視,組織專家對被(bei)盜墓葬和出土(tu)的文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)進行了(le)鑒定,認為這里是東周時期的一處貴族墓地(di)(di)。
經國家文(wen)(wen)物(wu)局批準,由河(he)南(nan)省文(wen)(wen)物(wu)考(kao)古研究所和(he)淇縣文(wen)(wen)物(wu)旅游局文(wen)(wen)物(wu)管理所組成考(kao)古隊(dui),從(cong)2009年2月至(zhi)11月對淇縣西崗鄉(xiang)宋莊村(cun)東(dong)被(bei)盜古墓(mu)進行(xing)了搶救性考(kao)古發(fa)掘。此次(ci)共(gong)發(fa)掘墓(mu)葬10座, 9座為(wei)春秋戰國時期,1座為(wei)漢(han)代。發(fa)掘領隊(dui)為(wei)賈連敏。
在發(fa)掘M1的(de)(de)同時(shi)(shi),我們組(zu)織河南省文(wen)(wen)物(wu)保護勘(kan)探中(zhong)心的(de)(de)專業技術人員,以(yi)M1為(wei)中(zhong)心向外圍(wei)(wei)(wei)進行放射(she)性文(wen)(wen)物(wu)鉆探,鉆探面積10萬平(ping)方米,共發(fa)現(xian)東周(zhou)至(zhi)宋元時(shi)(shi)期墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)104座。其(qi)中(zhong)東周(zhou)時(shi)(shi)期墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)60余(yu)(yu)座,平(ping)面呈甲字(zi)形,帶(dai)墓(mu)道(dao)的(de)(de)墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)7座,形制較大,其(qi)中(zhong)5座墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)呈一字(zi)形排列;3×3米以(yi)上的(de)(de)土坑(keng)豎(shu)穴(xue)墓(mu)有16座,M6已(yi)經發(fa)掘,出土有11件青(qing)銅器。余(yu)(yu)皆為(wei)2×3米以(yi)下(xia)的(de)(de)土坑(keng)豎(shu)穴(xue)墓(mu),M7已(yi)經發(fa)掘僅隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)陶(tao)器。由(you)于(yu)勘(kan)探范圍(wei)(wei)(wei)有限(xian),該(gai)墓(mu)地的(de)(de)范圍(wei)(wei)(wei)及(ji)墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)數量尚不(bu)十分清楚。
發掘的東(dong)周時期墓葬特(te)別重要。有甲(jia)字形和(he)土坑豎穴墓兩種,均(jun)為東(dong)西方向,沒有封土,開口(kou)于③層(ceng)下,距地表0.7米(mi),深6-9米(mi)。
甲字(zi)形墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang),發掘6座,其中(zhong)(zhong)M4、 M3、M1、M5依(yi)次由(you)北(bei)向南(nan)呈(cheng)一(yi)(yi)字(zi)排(pai)列(lie),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)與墓(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)間(jian)隔30-50米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),M1的(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)距(ju)淇河岸(an)邊(bian)(bian)80余米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);M8、M9位(wei)(wei)于(yu)該(gai)排(pai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)西(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),相距(ju)100-130米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),M8位(wei)(wei)于(yu)M5西(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)與其北(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)M9相距(ju)130米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。甲字(zi)形墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)由(you)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)和(he)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)組成。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)位(wei)(wei)于(yu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),長30-40米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)3米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)左右,直(zhi)壁規整(zheng),呈(cheng)斜坡狀(zhuang),底部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)有(you)(you)車(che)(che)轍痕(hen)(hen)跡,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)底部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)低(di)于(yu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)底。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)呈(cheng)方形,4.5-8.3米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)見(jian)方,M1形制最(zui)大,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)8.3米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)見(jian)方。填土(tu)為(wei)(wei)五花土(tu),由(you)四(si)周(zhou)向中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)傾(qing)斜堆積,分(fen)(fen)(fen)層(ceng)(ceng),局部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)夯打痕(hen)(hen)跡明(ming)顯。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)壁近(jin)直(zhi)或(huo)稍向內(nei)(nei)收,呈(cheng)斗狀(zhuang)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)底部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)有(you)(you)熟土(tu)二層(ceng)(ceng)臺、邊(bian)(bian)箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、棺(guan)(guan)槨(guo)、殉人(ren)(ren)和(he)腰(yao)(yao)坑。邊(bian)(bian)箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)位(wei)(wei)于(yu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)南(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),用來放(fang)置隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)物箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。用木(mu)(mu)(mu)質材料加工(gong)而(er)成,已經(jing)朽為(wei)(wei)灰痕(hen)(hen),沒有(you)(you)盜擾(rao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)灰痕(hen)(hen)清晰,一(yi)(yi)般為(wei)(wei)東(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)長,南(nan)北(bei)寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan),殘(can)(can)(can)存(cun)(cun)(cun)高(gao)度不(bu)等,頂部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)用木(mu)(mu)(mu)板蓋合(he),箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)內(nei)(nei)邊(bian)(bian)及(ji)底部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)有(you)(you)鋪(pu)席痕(hen)(hen)跡。有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)邊(bian)(bian)箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)內(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)則另入一(yi)(yi)個漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)(mu)小(xiao)箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。如(ru)M5邊(bian)(bian)箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)內(nei)(nei)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)放(fang)置排(pai)列(lie)有(you)(you)規律,東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)犧牲,保(bao)存(cun)(cun)(cun)大量動(dong)物骨骼(ge)(ge)(ge)。中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)偏北(bei)放(fang)置樂器(qi)(qi),有(you)(you)編鐘(zhong)、石磬。西(xi)(xi)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)偏南(nan)放(fang)置陶器(qi)(qi),為(wei)(wei)鬲、罐、豆陶器(qi)(qi)組合(he)。西(xi)(xi)北(bei)角放(fang)置骨貝。從中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)往(wang)西(xi)(xi)依(yi)次為(wei)(wei)青銅(tong)鼎、壺(hu)、豆、盤(pan)、匜等。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主葬(zang)(zang)(zang)具為(wei)(wei)木(mu)(mu)(mu)質棺(guan)(guan)槨(guo),位(wei)(wei)于(yu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),與邊(bian)(bian)箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)緊挨,均為(wei)(wei)木(mu)(mu)(mu)質單棺(guan)(guan)單槨(guo),殘(can)(can)(can)存(cun)(cun)(cun)灰痕(hen)(hen),有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)棺(guan)(guan)為(wei)(wei)紅漆(qi)黑彩,如(ru)M5槨(guo)東(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)長2.62米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、南(nan)北(bei)寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)1.62米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、高(gao)1.1米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。棺(guan)(guan)東(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)長2.1米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、南(nan)北(bei)寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)1.32米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、殘(can)(can)(can)高(gao)0.1米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。棺(guan)(guan)上(shang)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布有(you)(you)規律的(de)(de)(de)(de)玉(yu)(yu)牌和(he)小(xiao)銅(tong)管,據此(ci)推測當時棺(guan)(guan)上(shang)有(you)(you)帷帳。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主骨骼(ge)(ge)(ge)均保(bao)存(cun)(cun)(cun)較差,如(ru)M5骨骼(ge)(ge)(ge)已朽不(bu)見(jian),僅(jin)見(jian)一(yi)(yi)顆牙齒,證明(ming)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主頭向西(xi)(xi)。身上(shang)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)玉(yu)(yu)虎、玉(yu)(yu)魚、玉(yu)(yu)環、玉(yu)(yu)璜等佩飾,棺(guan)(guan)內(nei)(nei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主身上(shang)鋪(pu)有(you)(you)朱砂。棺(guan)(guan)槨(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)兵器(qi)(qi)、車(che)(che)馬飾件、骨貝。腰(yao)(yao)坑位(wei)(wei)于(yu)棺(guan)(guan)槨(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)下(xia),多(duo)為(wei)(wei)圓形淺坑,殘(can)(can)(can)存(cun)(cun)(cun)狗骨。殉人(ren)(ren)多(duo)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布在棺(guan)(guan)槨(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、西(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)三面。殉人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)數量依(yi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規模大小(xiao)、墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主的(de)(de)(de)(de)身份高(gao)低(di)而(er)不(bu)同(tong),M1最(zui)多(duo)有(you)(you)5具,其中(zhong)(zhong)1具葬(zang)(zang)(zang)在槨(guo)下(xia),M4僅(jin)殉葬(zang)(zang)(zang)1具。葬(zang)(zang)(zang)具均為(wei)(wei)木(mu)(mu)(mu)質單棺(guan)(guan),但(dan)是尺寸大小(xiao)不(bu)一(yi)(yi),骨骼(ge)(ge)(ge)保(bao)存(cun)(cun)(cun)一(yi)(yi)般,有(you)(you)側身曲(qu)肢(zhi)和(he)仰身直(zhi)肢(zhi)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)式(shi),有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin),有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)沒有(you)(you)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)。說(shuo)明(ming)殉人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)身份也(ye)不(bu)相同(tong)。
土坑豎穴(xue)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),分布較散,無規律,發(fa)掘(jue)M6、M7、M10三座。依據墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)尺寸的(de)大小可分為兩種。一是墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)在(zai)3.5-5米(mi)(mi)見方的(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang),平(ping)面(mian)近方形(xing),填土為五花土,分層(ceng)(ceng)明顯,局部(bu)經過夯打(da),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)壁近直,較規整,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)結(jie)構和甲(jia)字形(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)基本一致,有(you)熟(shu)土二(er)層(ceng)(ceng)臺(tai)、邊箱、棺槨、殉人、腰坑,M6、M10已經發(fa)掘(jue);二(er)是3米(mi)(mi)以下墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang),僅發(fa)掘(jue)M7,長方形(xing),東西方向,3×2米(mi)(mi),土坑豎穴(xue),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)壁近直,有(you)熟(shu)土二(er)層(ceng)(ceng)臺(tai),臺(tai)上隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)陶器及犧(xi)牲,葬(zang)(zang)具(ju)為木質單(dan)棺單(dan)槨,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主骨骼保存(cun)較差,頭向西,平(ping)底。
隨(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)品,除M1和(he)M3被(bei)盜嚴重,殘存(cun)少量(liang)隨(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)品外,其它墓葬(zang)(zang)隨(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)品完整豐富。甲字形墓和(he)墓室(shi)在4-5米(mi)(mi)見方(fang)的土坑豎(shu)(shu)穴墓,隨(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)有(you)青(qing)銅(tong)禮器(qi)(qi)(qi)鼎、敦、壺(hu)、缶、豆(dou)(dou)、盤、匜(yi)等(deng);樂器(qi)(qi)(qi)青(qing)銅(tong)編(bian)鐘、石磬;兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)銅(tong)劍、戈、矛、鏃(zu)等(deng);玉(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)虎、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)魚(yu)(yu)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)環(huan)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)璜(huang)(huang)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)牌等(deng);鉛器(qi)(qi)(qi)缶、編(bian)鐘等(deng);陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)為鬲、罐、豆(dou)(dou)、壺(hu)組(zu)(zu)合(he)。還有(you)銅(tong)車馬飾(shi)(shi)件(jian)(jian)、貝、珍(zhen)(zhen)珠、銅(tong)魚(yu)(yu)等(deng)。各墓隨(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)品的數量(liang)因(yin)墓主的身份不(bu)同(tong)而多寡不(bu)一,如M5,沒有(you)被(bei)盜擾,隨(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)品組(zu)(zu)合(he)保存(cun)較完整,器(qi)(qi)(qi)物大部分保存(cun)完好(hao),共(gong)出土文物175件(jian)(jian)套。其中青(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)鼎7、壺(hu)2、豆(dou)(dou)4、盤2、匜(yi)1、勺1、盒1、環(huan)2、小管飾(shi)(shi)16、車飾(shi)(shi)1、蓮(lian)花瓣飾(shi)(shi)3、編(bian)鐘7件(jian)(jian),共(gong)47件(jian)(jian)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)虎、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)魚(yu)(yu)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)環(huan)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)璜(huang)(huang)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)牌等(deng)共(gong)81件(jian)(jian)。陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)鬲、豆(dou)(dou)、罐共(gong)34件(jian)(jian)。石磬10件(jian)(jian)。珍(zhen)(zhen)珠1粒。鉛魚(yu)(yu)30件(jian)(jian)。貝幣(bi)200多枚(mei)。M6隨(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)品青(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)鼎2、敦2、盤1、匜(yi)1、盒1、車飾(shi)(shi)4件(jian)(jian),共(gong)11件(jian)(jian),陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)鬲、豆(dou)(dou)、罐共(gong)22件(jian)(jian)。3米(mi)(mi)以下土坑豎(shu)(shu)穴墓僅隨(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)犧牲,陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)組(zu)(zu)合(he)也是鬲、罐、豆(dou)(dou)。
墓葬的(de)年代,從M4出土青(qing)銅器(qi)鼎、敦(dun)、盤、匜(yi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)合及(ji)陶器(qi)鬲、豆、罐組(zu)(zu)(zu)合,到M9出土的(de)青(qing)銅器(qi)鼎、豆、壺、缶、盤、匜(yi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)合及(ji)陶器(qi)鬲、豆、壺組(zu)(zu)(zu)合以及(ji)器(qi)物(wu)本身的(de)特征來看(kan),應為春秋(qiu)至(zhi)戰(zhan)國時期。
淇縣(xian)歷(li)史悠(you)久,文化(hua)(hua)燦爛(lan),是河南省首(shou)批歷(li)史文化(hua)(hua)名(ming)城,古(gu)稱朝(chao)歌,曾為(wei)春秋(qiu)時(shi)期(qi)衛國國都,該墓地(di)距衛國故城十公里。通過發掘為(wei)研(yan)究東周時(shi)期(qi)該地(di)區的歷(li)史、政治、經濟(ji)、文化(hua)(hua)、葬制、葬俗(su)提供了重要線索(suo)和(he)實物資料(liao)。