宋(song)莊墓(mu)地(di)位(wei)于河(he)南省鶴壁(bi)市淇縣(xian)西(xi)(xi)崗鄉宋(song)莊村東、方寨村南,淇河(he)西(xi)(xi)岸(an)的(de)一(yi)級(ji)臺地(di)上(shang)。西(xi)(xi)距(ju)衛國故城約十公里,南距(ju)省級(ji)文物保護單位(wei)紂王墓(mu)約一(yi)公里。
2008年12月(yue)16日,淇縣文(wen)物(wu)旅游(you)局文(wen)物(wu)管理所發(fa)現該墓地3座(zuo)古墓葬被(bei)盜(dao),立即采取了保護(hu)措(cuo)施,并向(xiang)河南省文(wen)物(wu)管理局進行報告。河南省文(wen)物(wu)局非常重視,組織專家(jia)對被(bei)盜(dao)墓葬和(he)出土的文(wen)物(wu)進行了鑒定,認為這(zhe)里是東周時期(qi)的一處貴族墓地。
經國家(jia)文物局批(pi)準,由河南省文物考(kao)(kao)古(gu)研究所和淇縣文物旅游(you)局文物管理所組成考(kao)(kao)古(gu)隊,從(cong)2009年2月至11月對(dui)淇縣西崗鄉宋莊村東(dong)被盜古(gu)墓進行了(le)搶救性考(kao)(kao)古(gu)發掘。此次共發掘墓葬10座(zuo), 9座(zuo)為(wei)春秋戰國時期,1座(zuo)為(wei)漢代。發掘領隊為(wei)賈連(lian)敏。
在發掘(jue)M1的同時(shi),我們組(zu)織(zhi)河南省文物保護勘探(tan)中心的專業技術人員,以M1為中心向外圍進(jin)行放(fang)射性(xing)文物鉆探(tan),鉆探(tan)面積10萬平方米,共(gong)發現(xian)東周至宋元時(shi)期墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)104座(zuo)(zuo)。其中東周時(shi)期墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)60余座(zuo)(zuo),平面呈甲字(zi)形,帶墓(mu)道(dao)的墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)7座(zuo)(zuo),形制較大,其中5座(zuo)(zuo)墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)呈一字(zi)形排(pai)列;3×3米以上的土坑豎穴墓(mu)有16座(zuo)(zuo),M6已經(jing)發掘(jue),出土有11件青(qing)銅器。余皆為2×3米以下(xia)的土坑豎穴墓(mu),M7已經(jing)發掘(jue)僅隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)陶器。由(you)于勘探(tan)范圍有限,該墓(mu)地(di)的范圍及墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)數量尚(shang)不(bu)十分(fen)清(qing)楚。
發掘的東周時(shi)期墓葬特別重要。有甲字形和土(tu)坑豎穴墓兩種,均(jun)為東西方向,沒有封土(tu),開(kai)口于③層下,距地表0.7米(mi),深6-9米(mi)。
甲字(zi)形墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang),發(fa)掘6座,其中(zhong)M4、 M3、M1、M5依次由(you)北(bei)(bei)向南(nan)呈(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)字(zi)排(pai)列(lie),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)與(yu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之間(jian)間(jian)隔30-50米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),M1的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)距(ju)淇河岸邊(bian)80余米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);M8、M9位(wei)(wei)(wei)于(yu)(yu)該排(pai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),相距(ju)100-130米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),M8位(wei)(wei)(wei)于(yu)(yu)M5西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)與(yu)其北(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)M9相距(ju)130米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。甲字(zi)形墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)由(you)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)和(he)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室組成(cheng)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)位(wei)(wei)(wei)于(yu)(yu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),長(chang)(chang)30-40米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬3米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)左右,直(zhi)壁(bi)規(gui)整,呈(cheng)(cheng)斜坡狀,底(di)(di)(di)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)車(che)轍(che)痕(hen)跡(ji),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室底(di)(di)(di)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)低于(yu)(yu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)底(di)(di)(di)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室呈(cheng)(cheng)方形,4.5-8.3米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)見(jian)方,M1形制最大(da)(da),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室8.3米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)見(jian)方。填土為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五花土,由(you)四(si)周向中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)傾斜堆積,分層,局部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)夯打痕(hen)跡(ji)明顯。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)壁(bi)近(jin)直(zhi)或稍向內收,呈(cheng)(cheng)斗狀。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室底(di)(di)(di)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)熟土二層臺(tai)、邊(bian)箱(xiang)、棺(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)槨(guo)(guo)、殉(xun)(xun)人(ren)和(he)腰坑。邊(bian)箱(xiang)位(wei)(wei)(wei)于(yu)(yu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室南(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),用來放(fang)置(zhi)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)的(de)(de)器(qi)物箱(xiang)。用木(mu)(mu)質材料加工而成(cheng),已(yi)經(jing)朽為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)灰(hui)痕(hen),沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)盜擾的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)灰(hui)痕(hen)清(qing)晰,一(yi)般為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)長(chang)(chang),南(nan)北(bei)(bei)寬,殘存(cun)(cun)高度不(bu)等,頂部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)用木(mu)(mu)板蓋合(he),箱(xiang)內邊(bian)及(ji)底(di)(di)(di)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)鋪(pu)席痕(hen)跡(ji)。有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)邊(bian)箱(xiang)內的(de)(de)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)則另入一(yi)個漆(qi)(qi)木(mu)(mu)小(xiao)(xiao)箱(xiang)。如(ru)(ru)M5邊(bian)箱(xiang)內隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)放(fang)置(zhi)排(pai)列(lie)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)規(gui)律,東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)犧牲,保存(cun)(cun)大(da)(da)量動物骨(gu)(gu)(gu)骼(ge)。中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)偏北(bei)(bei)放(fang)置(zhi)樂器(qi),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)編(bian)鐘、石磬。西(xi)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)偏南(nan)放(fang)置(zhi)陶器(qi),為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鬲、罐、豆陶器(qi)組合(he)。西(xi)北(bei)(bei)角放(fang)置(zhi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)貝。從(cong)中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)往西(xi)依次為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)青(qing)銅(tong)鼎、壺、豆、盤、匜等。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)具為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)木(mu)(mu)質棺(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)槨(guo)(guo),位(wei)(wei)(wei)于(yu)(yu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),與(yu)邊(bian)箱(xiang)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)緊挨,均為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)木(mu)(mu)質單棺(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)單槨(guo)(guo),殘存(cun)(cun)灰(hui)痕(hen),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)棺(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)紅漆(qi)(qi)黑(hei)彩,如(ru)(ru)M5槨(guo)(guo)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)長(chang)(chang)2.62米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、南(nan)北(bei)(bei)寬1.62米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、高1.1米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。棺(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)長(chang)(chang)2.1米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、南(nan)北(bei)(bei)寬1.32米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、殘高0.1米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。棺(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)上(shang)分布(bu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)規(gui)律的(de)(de)玉(yu)牌和(he)小(xiao)(xiao)銅(tong)管,據(ju)此推(tui)測當時(shi)棺(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)帷帳。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主骨(gu)(gu)(gu)骼(ge)均保存(cun)(cun)較差,如(ru)(ru)M5骨(gu)(gu)(gu)骼(ge)已(yi)朽不(bu)見(jian),僅見(jian)一(yi)顆牙齒,證明墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主頭向西(xi)。身上(shang)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)玉(yu)虎、玉(yu)魚、玉(yu)環、玉(yu)璜等佩飾(shi),棺(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)內墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主身上(shang)鋪(pu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)朱砂。棺(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)槨(guo)(guo)之間(jian)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)兵器(qi)、車(che)馬飾(shi)件、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)貝。腰坑位(wei)(wei)(wei)于(yu)(yu)棺(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)槨(guo)(guo)之下,多為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)圓形淺坑,殘存(cun)(cun)狗(gou)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)。殉(xun)(xun)人(ren)多分布(bu)在棺(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)槨(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)三面。殉(xun)(xun)人(ren)的(de)(de)數量依墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)的(de)(de)規(gui)模大(da)(da)小(xiao)(xiao)、墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主的(de)(de)身份(fen)高低而不(bu)同,M1最多有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)5具,其中(zhong)1具葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)在槨(guo)(guo)下,M4僅殉(xun)(xun)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)1具。葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)具均為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)木(mu)(mu)質單棺(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),但(dan)是尺(chi)寸大(da)(da)小(xiao)(xiao)不(bu)一(yi),骨(gu)(gu)(gu)骼(ge)保存(cun)(cun)一(yi)般,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)側身曲肢(zhi)和(he)仰身直(zhi)肢(zhi)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)式,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)。說明殉(xun)(xun)人(ren)的(de)(de)身份(fen)也不(bu)相同。
土(tu)(tu)坑(keng)豎穴(xue)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),分布較(jiao)散,無規律,發(fa)掘(jue)M6、M7、M10三(san)座。依據(ju)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)尺寸的(de)大小可分為兩種。一(yi)是墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)在3.5-5米見(jian)方的(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang),平(ping)面近方形,填土(tu)(tu)為五花土(tu)(tu),分層(ceng)明顯,局部(bu)經過(guo)夯打,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)壁(bi)近直,較(jiao)規整,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)結構和甲(jia)字形墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)基(ji)本一(yi)致,有(you)熟土(tu)(tu)二層(ceng)臺(tai)、邊箱、棺(guan)槨、殉人、腰坑(keng),M6、M10已(yi)經發(fa)掘(jue);二是3米以下墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang),僅發(fa)掘(jue)M7,長方形,東西方向,3×2米,土(tu)(tu)坑(keng)豎穴(xue),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)壁(bi)近直,有(you)熟土(tu)(tu)二層(ceng)臺(tai),臺(tai)上隨葬(zang)陶(tao)器及(ji)犧牲,葬(zang)具為木質單(dan)棺(guan)單(dan)槨,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主骨骼(ge)保存較(jiao)差,頭向西,平(ping)底。
隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品,除M1和(he)(he)M3被(bei)(bei)盜嚴重,殘存(cun)(cun)少量(liang)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品外,其它墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品完整(zheng)豐富。甲(jia)字形墓(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)墓(mu)(mu)室在4-5米(mi)見方的土坑豎穴墓(mu)(mu),隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)有(you)(you)青銅禮器(qi)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)、敦、壺(hu)、缶、豆(dou)、盤、匜等(deng)(deng);樂(le)器(qi)青銅編鐘、石(shi)磬(qing);兵(bing)器(qi)銅劍(jian)、戈、矛、鏃等(deng)(deng);玉(yu)(yu)器(qi)有(you)(you)玉(yu)(yu)虎、玉(yu)(yu)魚、玉(yu)(yu)環、玉(yu)(yu)璜(huang)、玉(yu)(yu)牌(pai)等(deng)(deng);鉛(qian)器(qi)缶、編鐘等(deng)(deng);陶(tao)器(qi)為鬲、罐、豆(dou)、壺(hu)組合。還有(you)(you)銅車馬(ma)飾(shi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、貝、珍珠(zhu)、銅魚等(deng)(deng)。各(ge)墓(mu)(mu)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品的數(shu)量(liang)因墓(mu)(mu)主的身份不同而(er)多(duo)寡不一(yi),如M5,沒有(you)(you)被(bei)(bei)盜擾(rao),隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品組合保存(cun)(cun)較完整(zheng),器(qi)物(wu)大部(bu)分保存(cun)(cun)完好,共出土文物(wu)175件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)套。其中青銅器(qi)有(you)(you)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)7、壺(hu)2、豆(dou)4、盤2、匜1、勺1、盒1、環2、小管(guan)飾(shi)16、車飾(shi)1、蓮花瓣飾(shi)3、編鐘7件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),共47件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。玉(yu)(yu)器(qi)有(you)(you)玉(yu)(yu)虎、玉(yu)(yu)魚、玉(yu)(yu)環、玉(yu)(yu)璜(huang)、玉(yu)(yu)牌(pai)等(deng)(deng)共81件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。陶(tao)器(qi)鬲、豆(dou)、罐共34件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。石(shi)磬(qing)10件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。珍珠(zhu)1粒。鉛(qian)魚30件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。貝幣200多(duo)枚。M6隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品青銅器(qi)有(you)(you)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)2、敦2、盤1、匜1、盒1、車飾(shi)4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),共11件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),陶(tao)器(qi)鬲、豆(dou)、罐共22件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。3米(mi)以下土坑豎穴墓(mu)(mu)僅隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)陶(tao)器(qi)和(he)(he)犧牲,陶(tao)器(qi)組合也是鬲、罐、豆(dou)。
墓葬的年代(dai),從(cong)M4出(chu)土(tu)青銅器鼎、敦、盤(pan)、匜組(zu)合及(ji)陶器鬲(li)、豆、罐(guan)組(zu)合,到M9出(chu)土(tu)的青銅器鼎、豆、壺、缶、盤(pan)、匜組(zu)合及(ji)陶器鬲(li)、豆、壺組(zu)合以及(ji)器物本身的特征來看,應為春(chun)秋至戰(zhan)國(guo)時期。
淇縣歷史悠久,文(wen)(wen)化(hua)燦爛,是河南省首(shou)批歷史文(wen)(wen)化(hua)名城(cheng),古稱朝歌(ge),曾為春(chun)秋時(shi)期衛(wei)國國都,該(gai)墓地距衛(wei)國故城(cheng)十公里。通過發掘為研究東周(zhou)時(shi)期該(gai)地區的歷史、政治(zhi)、經濟、文(wen)(wen)化(hua)、葬制、葬俗提供了重(zhong)要(yao)線索和實物資(zi)料。