洪(hong)(hong)(hong)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)古(gu)建(jian)筑群位于(yu)湖(hu)南(nan)省(sheng)懷化市洪(hong)(hong)(hong)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)區沅江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)北(bei)岸。北(bei)宋元(yuan)祐(you)五(wu)年(1090年)建(jian)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)寨(zhai),元(yuan)末(mo)時已(yi)成(cheng)為(wei)湘黔間商鎮(zhen)。明(ming)代設(she)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)驛,清(qing)置洪(hong)(hong)(hong)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)鎮(zhen),民國時有(you)“小南(nan)京”之稱。迄今(jin)完(wan)好保存有(you)三百多(duo)棟古(gu)窨子(zi)屋(wu),六十(shi)余座(zuo)廟、堂、祠、院及一些舊報社、學(xue)堂、錢莊(zhuang)、戲(xi)臺、作坊、商鋪(pu)、青石(shi)街巷沖等。明(ming)清(qing)窨子(zi)屋(wu)和會(hui)(hui)館是這里有(you)特色(se)的古(gu)建(jian)筑。窨子(zi)屋(wu)形(xing)似四(si)合(he)院,多(duo)為(wei)二進(jin)二層(ceng),或三進(jin)三層(ceng)。三層(ceng)以上南(nan)北(bei)間有(you)天橋連通,高聳(song)的封(feng)火墻內,屋(wu)頂從四(si)圍適當(dang)向(xiang)內中傾斜,靠方形(xing)小天井采光(guang)通氣。依山(shan)傍水(shui),或處(chu)于(yu)深(shen)巷或吊腳于(yu)岸邊,屋(wu)檐高墻接踵,石(shi)板巷道與石(shi)級碼頭(tou)相連。鎮(zhen)內有(you)山(shan)西、常(chang)德等十(shi)大會(hui)(hui)館,大多(duo)靠近水(shui)碼頭(tou),伸展(zhan)到深(shen)巷高坡。會(hui)(hui)館一般有(you)正(zheng)殿、偏殿,正(zheng)廳(ting)(ting)、客(ke)廳(ting)(ting),客(ke)房、戲(xi)臺等。太平宮(寶慶會(hui)(hui)館)青石(shi)門樓(lou)浮(fu)雕(diao)有(you)岳母(mu)刺字(zi)、八(ba)仙過海(hai)等歷史傳說故事人物。 洪(hong)(hong)(hong)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang),位于(yu)湖(hu)南(nan)省(sheng)西南(nan)部的雪峰山(shan)區,是座(zuo)移民城市,地處(chu)沅、巫兩水(shui)交匯處(chu),商貿起(qi)源于(yu)唐(tang)代草(cao)市,鼎盛于(yu)明(ming)末(mo)清(qing)初,得(de)益于(yu)水(shui)運交通,宋熙寧(ning)八(ba)年(1075)始設(she)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)鋪(pu),是洪(hong)(hong)(hong)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)古(gu)商城的“童年”;宋元(yuan)佑五(wu)年(1090)改(gai)鋪(pu)為(wei)“砦”(同“寨(zhai)”)。
據著名民俗學家林河先生(sheng)考證(zheng),在此之先,成都商(shang)人(ren)發(fa)現并開(kai)辟(pi)了一(yi)條繞開(kai)三(san)峽,取道涪陵、酉(you)陽(yang)、秀山,入酉(you)水(shui)至古黔中郡(今湖南(nan)沅(yuan)陵縣),經沅(yuan)江達洪(hong)江,然(ran)后(hou)改乘苗(miao)船進入貴州(zhou)清水(shui)江之黃平,再換乘馬幫入云南(nan)、緬甸、印度,達西(xi)(xi)域各國的(de)(de)“南(nan)方(fang)絲綢之路”,比川(chuan)人(ren)開(kai)辟(pi)的(de)(de)另一(yi)條“蜀身毒道”更為安全、便(bian)捷。由于這條商(shang)路的(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)成,移民而來的(de)(de)洪(hong)江人(ren)開(kai)始(shi)寄命于商(shang),各地淘(tao)金掘寶者蜂擁(yong)而至,到明末(mo)清初年間,洪(hong)江便(bian)以其優越的(de)(de)水(shui)運交通和“扼(e)西(xi)(xi)南(nan)之咽喉而控(kong)七(qi)省(sheng)”的(de)(de)特殊地位,發(fa)展成大西(xi)(xi)南(nan)商(shang)業(ye)都會,一(yi)大批作坊、店鋪(pu)、客(ke)棧、商(shang)行、寺廟、會館(guan)應運而生(sheng),形(xing)(xing)成了“七(qi)沖、八巷、九(jiu)條街”的(de)(de)市井格局,全國盡有18個省(sheng)、24個州(zhou)府(fu)、80余個縣先后(hou)在洪(hong)江設立會館(guan)和其它商(shang)會組織100余個。
洪(hong)江(jiang)古建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群位(wei)于(yu)湖(hu)南(nan)省西南(nan)部的(de)(de)(de)懷(huai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)市洪(hong)江(jiang)區中心(xin)位(wei)置,地(di)處沅、巫兩(liang)水交(jiao)匯處,現完(wan)好(hao)地(di)保(bao)存明、清、民國時期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)寺廟、作(zuo)坊、商(shang)(shang)行(xing)(xing)、會(hui)(hui)館、錢莊、店(dian)鋪、煙館、報館、 學堂等建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)380余棟,總面(mian)積近(jin)20萬平方米。其(qi)中以商(shang)(shang)行(xing)(xing)、會(hui)(hui)館為(wei)代表的(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)號建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu),規模大,氣勢(shi)雄(xiong),具(ju)有(you)濃厚的(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)道文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)氛圍,其(qi)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)形式(shi)與(yu)云南(nan)的(de)(de)(de)“一(yi)顆印式(shi)”民居(ju)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)較為(wei)相似(si),但又具(ju)有(you)自(zi)身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)“商(shang)(shang)業”特征,為(wei)商(shang)(shang)居(ju)合用(yong),通(tong)高大、馬頭(tou)墻,四周由青(qing)磚(zhuan)砌成的(de)(de)(de)“封火墻”圍護;其(qi)營造(zao)法(fa)式(shi)自(zi)由靈(ling)活,融入自(zi)然均依(yi)山就(jiu)勢(shi)而建(jian)(jian),且大多飛檐翹角,雕(diao)龍刻鳳(feng),歷(li)史(shi)、文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)和藝術價值,被專家譽為(wei)“中國資本主義(yi)萌芽(ya)時期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)活化(hua)(hua)(hua)石”。
調研中,單霽(ji)翔局長對洪(hong)江古建(jian)筑群(qun)的起(qi)源、發展和興衰情(qing)況(kuang)及(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護利用工(gong)作(zuo)進行(xing)了全方(fang)位的了解,并實地(di)認(ren)真(zhen)考察了18處(chu)重(zhong)要(yao)“國(guo)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)”建(jian)筑的保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護利用情(qing)況(kuang)及(ji)整個古建(jian)筑群(qun)的保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)存狀(zhuang)況(kuang)。最后,單霽(ji)翔局長指出:洪(hong)江古建(jian)筑群(qun)建(jian)筑特(te)色鮮明,由(you)于(yu)歷史上水(shui)運(yun)交(jiao)通便利帶(dai)來的商(shang)業貿(mao)易(yi)輝煌,以(yi)及(ji)隨著(zhu)水(shui)運(yun)交(jiao)通迅(xun)速衰敗和地(di)方(fang)黨委、政府(fu)對文物保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護的重(zhong)視,得(de)以(yi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)存至(zhi)今,較為完整,特(te)色鮮明,并著(zhu)重(zhong)強調要(yao)進一(yi)步加大保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護力度,在保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護范圍(wei)和建(jian)筑控地(di)帶(dai)內絕(jue)不(bu)能(neng)大拆大建(jian),要(yao)盡快完成保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護規劃和維(wei)修方(fang)案的編(bian)制,首先做(zuo)好18處(chu)重(zhong)要(yao)“國(guo)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)”建(jian)筑的保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護利用和維(wei)修工(gong)作(zuo),要(yao)讓地(di)方(fang)民眾(zhong)得(de)到(dao)好處(chu)、實惠,為建(jian)設和諧社會服好務。