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基本介紹

遺址(zhi)位(wei)于(yu)(yu)湖北(bei)省十堰市鄖西縣(xian)香口(kou)鄉黃(huang)(huang)云鋪村，是舊石器時代的(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)遺址(zhi)。黃(huang)(huang)龍洞(dong)(dong)(dong)地(di)(di)(di)理坐(zuo)標為(wei) 110°13′04.3″E, 33°07′62.8″N, 海(hai)拔約(yue)601 m. 黃(huang)(huang)龍洞(dong)(dong)(dong)處于(yu)(yu)秦(qin)嶺(ling)(ling)東(dong)段(duan)南(nan)麓(lu)丘陵山(shan)地(di)(di)(di), 發(fa)育于(yu)(yu)古(gu)(gu)生界寒武系中統岳(yue)家(jia)坪組(zu)的(de)(de)石灰(hui)巖地(di)(di)(di)層(ceng), 該組(zu)地(di)(di)(di)層(ceng)在(zai)黃(huang)(huang)龍洞(dong)(dong)(dong)附近表現(xian)為(wei)黑色中-薄(bo)層(ceng)層(ceng)狀(zhuang)泥(ni)質灰(hui)巖和含碳泥(ni)質灰(hui)巖. 該區在(zai)地(di)(di)(di)質構造(zao)上屬(shu)南(nan)秦(qin)嶺(ling)(ling)-印支褶皺帶東(dong)段(duan), 地(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)以中、低山(shan)和盆地(di)(di)(di)為(wei)主, 地(di)(di)(di)勢起(qi)伏(fu)變化大, 山(shan)坡陡峻, 溝壑縱橫. 黃(huang)(huang)龍洞(dong)(dong)(dong)為(wei)大型管狀(zhuang)溶洞(dong)(dong)(dong), 洞(dong)(dong)(dong)穴(xue)平(ping)(ping)面主軸(zhou)近東(dong)北(bei)-西南(nan)向(xiang). 洞(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)原(yuan)(yuan)始寬度(du)約(yue) 27.8 m, 高約(yue)11 m. 現(xian)初步探(tan)明洞(dong)(dong)(dong)穴(xue)水(shui)平(ping)(ping)深(shen)度(du)約(yue)400余米(未(wei)到盡頭), 寬度(du)11~117 m. 洞(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)朝向(xiang)東(dong)北(bei), 洞(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)前有(you)發(fa)源于(yu)(yu)秦(qin)嶺(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)大水(shui)河(漢江(jiang)支流), 洞(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)高出(chu)河水(shui)約(yue)7.8 m. 洞(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)前是順大水(shui)河發(fa)育的(de)(de)狹長平(ping)(ping)川(chuan), 洞(dong)(dong)(dong)穴(xue)后是綿延的(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)龍山(shan)(主峰1277 m). 洞(dong)(dong)(dong)內(nei)原(yuan)(yuan)生堆(dui)積深(shen)厚, 堆(dui)積物(wu)頂部普(pu)遍發(fa)育鈣(gai)板層(ceng). 堆(dui)積物(wu)在(zai)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)處位(wei)置較(jiao)(jiao)低, 向(xiang)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)里逐漸抬(tai)升, 與(yu)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)穴(xue)頂部間距漸小(xiao). 堆(dui)積物(wu)結構簡單, 自然分層(ceng)較(jiao)(jiao)清楚, 自上而下可劃分為(wei)5層(ceng)。

(1) 頂鈣板(ban)層: 乳白色或(huo)棕(zong)黃色, 大(da)多(duo)結構致密(mi)、純凈(jing), 局部不純凈(jing)者(zhe)結構疏松. 在洞內(nei)分(fen)布(bu)比較普遍, 厚(hou)約2~ 28 cm;

(2) 粉砂(sha)質黏土(tu)-砂(sha)礫(li)層: 粉砂(sha)質黏土(tu)與砂(sha)礫(li)呈“同層異(yi)相”: 靠洞(dong)口的(de)堆積(ji)為含黏土(tu)基質的(de)砂(sha)礫(li), 向洞(dong)內則砂(sha)礫(li)逐漸變(bian)少(shao)、礫(li)徑漸小, 在(zai)洞(dong)內深處(chu)轉變(bian)為粉砂(sha)質黏土(tu). 洞(dong)內地勢較高(gao)處(chu)該層缺失. 無(wu)包含物. 厚1~201 cm;

(3) 紅色粉砂(sha)質黏土(tu)層(ceng): 層(ceng)內間續發(fa)育(yu)2層(ceng)薄鈣(gai)(gai)板, 鈣(gai)(gai)板呈局部、斷續發(fa)育(yu), 棕(zong)黃(huang)色. 鈣(gai)(gai)板層(ceng)下方局部發(fa)育(yu)有孤立的石筍, 與鈣(gai)(gai)板層(ceng)無直接(jie)連(lian)接(jie). 本層(ceng)厚58~101 cm;

(4) 石灰巖(yan)風化(hua)物(wu)堆積層: 結(jie)構較松散, 主要(yao)為石灰巖(yan)風化(hua)角(jiao)礫(li)和風化(hua)殘余黏土基(ji)質等(deng). 無包含(han)物(wu), 厚41~66 cm;

(5) 棕紅(hong)色粉砂質黏土, 結構較緊密, 無包含物, 厚18~26 cm。

2013年(nian)5月 ，被國務院核(he)定公(gong)布(bu)為第七批(pi)全國重點(dian)文物(wu)保護單位(wei)。

景點景觀

動物化石

黃(huang)龍洞出土動物化石1700余件, 經初步(bu)鑒(jian)定為11目50種.

(1)靈長目(mu)﹕碩獼猴(hou)、獼猴(hou)、灰葉猴(hou) (2) 十足目(mu)﹕重石束腹蟹 (3) 無尾目(mu)﹕蛙 (4) 食蟲目(mu)﹕微尾、刺猬(wei) (5) 翼手目(mu)﹕普氏蹄(ti)(ti)(ti)蝠(fu)(fu)、大馬(ma)蹄(ti)(ti)(ti)蝠(fu)(fu)、馬(ma)鐵(tie)菊(ju)頭蝠(fu)(fu)、皮氏菊(ju)頭蝠(fu)(fu)、大耳菊(ju)頭蝠(fu)(fu)、印度假吸吸血蝠(fu)(fu)、鼠(shu)耳蝠(fu)(fu)、白腹管鼻蝠(fu)(fu) (6) 兔形目(mu)：鼠(shu)兔 (7) 嚙(nie)齒目(mu)：苛南(nan)絨鼠(shu)、變異(yi)倉鼠(shu)、灰鼯(wu)鼠(shu)、紅白鼯(wu)鼠(shu)、赤(chi)腹松鼠(shu)、側紋巖松鼠(shu)、毛耳鼯(wu)鼠(shu)、華(hua)(hua)南(nan)豪豬、中(zhong)華(hua)(hua)竹(zhu)鼠(shu) (8) 食肉(rou)目(mu)﹕云豹、最后鬣狗、豺、狼、豬獾、果子貍(li)、大熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)貓巴氏亞種(zhong)、黑熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)、柯氏西藏熊(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)、華(hua)(hua)南(nan)虎(hu)、野(ye)貓 (9) 長鼻目(mu)﹕東方劍(jian)齒象(10) 奇蹄(ti)(ti)(ti)目(mu)﹕中(zhong)國犀(xi)、基氏貝爾格犀(xi)、華(hua)(hua)南(nan)巨貘(11) 偶蹄(ti)(ti)(ti)目(mu)：野(ye)豬、香麝、赤(chi)麂、獐、水鹿、梅花鹿、青羊、羚羊、蘇(su)門羚。

該動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)群(qun)包含一定數(shu)量的(de)更新世絕滅種動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu), 如(ru)碩獼猴、變異倉鼠、最后鬣狗、大(da)熊(xiong)貓(mao)巴氏(shi)(shi)亞(ya)種、柯氏(shi)(shi)西藏熊(xiong)、東方劍齒象(xiang)、中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)犀、華(hua)南(nan)巨(ju)貘等, 同時(shi)也有較多現(xian)生(sheng)種, 如(ru)云(yun)豹、豺(chai)、狼、豬獾、果子貍、野豬、水(shui)鹿(lu)、梅花鹿(lu)等。 動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)群(qun)組合具備更新世中(zhong)(zhong)、晚(wan)期(qi)的(de)時(shi)代特點, 總體面貌表(biao)現(xian)出大(da)熊(xiong)貓(mao)-劍齒象(xiang)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)群(qun)特征(zheng)(zheng). 動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)群(qun)生(sheng)態反映該遺址(zhi)是以(yi)(yi)熱(re)(re)帶(dai)、亞(ya)熱(re)(re)帶(dai)森(sen)林(lin)(lin)環境景觀為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu), 如(ru)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)群(qun)中(zhong)(zhong)發現(xian)有低地密林(lin)(lin)、熱(re)(re)帶(dai)雨林(lin)(lin)以(yi)(yi)樹(shu)棲生(sheng)活(huo)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)的(de)云(yun)豹、長綠闊(kuo)葉林(lin)(lin)帶(dai)生(sheng)活(huo)的(de)毛耳鼯鼠、及(ji)數(shu)量較多的(de)菊(ju)頭蝠(fu)等. 菊(ju)頭蝠(fu)是典型(xing)的(de)森(sen)林(lin)(lin)性動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu), 并且只在(zai)大(da)片森(sen)林(lin)(lin)環境下適宜生(sheng)存, 因此又被動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)學家稱為(wei)森(sen)林(lin)(lin)環境的(de)標志. 動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)群(qun)中(zhong)(zhong)也有具山地特征(zheng)(zheng)的(de)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)和(he)以(yi)(yi)秦嶺(ling)(ling)(ling)為(wei)分布中(zhong)(zhong)心的(de)區(qu)域性動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu), 前(qian)者(zhe)如(ru)蘇(su)門羚、青羊等. 后者(zhe)如(ru)苛南(nan)絨鼠等. 黃龍洞動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)群(qun)反映出該遺址(zhi)處于(yu)秦嶺(ling)(ling)(ling)南(nan)麓的(de)自然區(qu)位特點, 并且還表(biao)示中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)南(nan)北氣候分界線-秦嶺(ling)(ling)(ling)山區(qu)(高度)在(zai)黃龍洞古遺址(zhi)時(shi)期(qi)已經具有規模。

人類化石

發現的人(ren)(ren)類牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)化石共 5 枚, 分別(bie)為下(xia)(xia)頜(he)(he)左側(ce)第(di)(di)二或(huo)(huo)第(di)(di)三臼(jiu)齒(chi)(chi)、下(xia)(xia)頜(he)(he)右(you)側(ce)第(di)(di)二臼(jiu)齒(chi)(chi)、上(shang)(shang)頜(he)(he)左側(ce)犬(quan)齒(chi)(chi)、下(xia)(xia)頜(he)(he)右(you)側(ce)第(di)(di)一或(huo)(huo)第(di)(di)二門齒(chi)(chi)、上(shang)(shang)頜(he)(he)左側(ce)第(di)(di)三臼(jiu)齒(chi)(chi). 這些牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)呈白色或(huo)(huo)黃褐色, 有一定(ding)程度的石化. 除(chu)左上(shang)(shang)頜(he)(he)第(di)(di)三臼(jiu)齒(chi)(chi)齒(chi)(chi)冠咬合面(mian)磨耗(hao)較輕, 可能(neng)代表(biao)著年輕個(ge)體外, 其余4枚牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)磨耗(hao)均較嚴(yan)重, 屬于壯(zhuang)年以上(shang)(shang)的個(ge)體. 初步觀察顯示下(xia)(xia)頜(he)(he)門齒(chi)(chi)舌側(ce)面(mian)呈明顯的鏟形(xing), 但無常見于直(zhi)立人(ren)(ren)的齒(chi)(chi)結(jie)節(jie)和指狀突(tu). 與(yu)迄今(jin)在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)國境內發現的古(gu)人(ren)(ren)類牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)測(ce)量數據對(dui)比, 黃龍洞(dong)牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)尺寸比以周(zhou)口店為代表(biao)的直(zhi)立人(ren)(ren)牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)要小, 處在(zai)(zai)晚期(qi)智(zhi)人(ren)(ren)牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)尺寸變(bian)異范圍之內. 結(jie)合洞(dong)穴時代、動物(wu)群及(ji)年代測(ce)試結(jie)果綜合分析, 在(zai)(zai)黃龍洞(dong)發現的人(ren)(ren)類牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)代表(biao)著晚期(qi)智(zhi)人(ren)(ren)，建議簡稱“鄖(yun)西人(ren)(ren)”。

石制品

試掘(jue)共發現古人類(lei)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作和(he)使(shi)用(yong)的(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)及(ji)其副產(chan)品22件(jian)(jian)(jian). 這(zhe)些(xie)人工(gong)(gong)(gong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品多(duo)為古人類(lei)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)質(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)所產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)斷塊(kuai)和(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片. 經加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)成型的(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)包括刮削(xue)器(qi)(qi)、砍(kan)砸(za)(za)器(qi)(qi)、手鎬和(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錐. 刮削(xue)器(qi)(qi)共5件(jian)(jian)(jian), 是(shi)數量多(duo)的(de)器(qi)(qi)類(lei), 原(yuan)料選(xuan)用(yong)脈石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)英(ying)(ying)和(he)燧石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi), 系(xi)(xi)將石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片薄(bo)銳(rui)的(de)邊緣(yuan)用(yong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錘打(da)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)鋒利(li)的(de)刃口(kou), 以(yi)供(gong)(gong)刮削(xue)、切割之用(yong). 手鎬3件(jian)(jian)(jian), 原(yuan)料為質(zhi)(zhi)地較粗(cu)的(de)粉砂巖(yan)(yan)、火(huo)山(shan)巖(yan)(yan)和(he)變質(zhi)(zhi)巖(yan)(yan), 原(yuan)坯為卵石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)塊(kuai), 系(xi)(xi)將一端打(da)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)突起而(er)厚鈍的(de)尖(jian)刃, 以(yi)利(li)挖掘(jue). 其中(zhong)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作精良、規(gui)范, 在尖(jian)部(bu)從卵石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)原(yuan)有(you)的(de)弧(hu)面上向一面加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)成可(ke)供(gong)(gong)使(shi)用(yong)的(de)尖(jian)刃, 相對(dui)一端則敲(qiao)打(da)變鈍, 適宜抓握(wo), 持握(wo)手中(zhong)舒適而(er)適用(yong). 石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錐只有(you)1件(jian)(jian)(jian), 用(yong)脈石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)英(ying)(ying)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成, 加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)出(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)兩(liang)條薄(bo)銳(rui)的(de)刃緣(yuan)交(jiao)匯成龜(gui)首狀的(de)短而(er)鈍的(de)尖(jian)刃. 1件(jian)(jian)(jian)砍(kan)砸(za)(za)器(qi)(qi)系(xi)(xi)用(yong)碧(bi)玉裂片制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成, 在多(duo)個(ge)邊緣(yuan)有(you)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)使(shi)用(yong)的(de)痕(hen)(hen)跡, 修整隨意、粗(cu)糙. 此外, 1件(jian)(jian)(jian)原(yuan)型為卵石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錘上出(chu)(chu)(chu)現一個(ge)集中(zhong)分布細碎疤痕(hen)(hen)的(de)凹陷(xian)區域, 顯系(xi)(xi)砸(za)(za)擊生(sheng)產(chan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片和(he)敲(qiao)砸(za)(za)堅果所致; 幾件(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片和(he)斷塊(kuai)上有(you)不規(gui)律(lv)的(de)疤痕(hen)(hen), 應是(shi)未(wei)經加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)而(er)偶爾(er)被作為工(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)使(shi)用(yong)的(de)結(jie)果。

目(mu)前該(gai)遺(yi)址出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)制品(pin)還很少, 因而(er)(er)難窺(kui)古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)技(ji)(ji)術全貌. 從有限(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)材料(liao)來(lai)看, 古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)在此采(cai)用了兩種技(ji)(ji)術剝(bo)離石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)、生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi), 即錘擊(ji)(ji)法(fa)和砸擊(ji)(ji)法(fa). 前者(zhe)在中(zhong)國舊(jiu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時代被廣泛采(cai)用, 而(er)(er)后(hou)者(zhe)多出現在北方的(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)址中(zhong). 該(gai)地點石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)加工(gong)(gong)多簡單、粗糙, 采(cai)用礫石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)作原料(liao)者(zhe)占較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)比例, 一(yi)(yi)些(xie)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)制品(pin)粗大, 顯(xian)示南方礫石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)制品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鮮明特點; 但加工(gong)(gong)成型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)多為個體較小、以(yi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)作毛(mao)坯的(de)(de)(de)(de)刮削器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi), 加之砸擊(ji)(ji)技(ji)(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)采(cai)用, 使該(gai)遺(yi)址的(de)(de)(de)(de)文化(hua)面貌又兼有中(zhong)國北方的(de)(de)(de)(de)舊(jiu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)文化(hua)風(feng)格, 顯(xian)示一(yi)(yi)種交融、過(guo)渡的(de)(de)(de)(de)屬性(xing). 石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錘、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)、斷(duan)塊的(de)(de)(de)(de)存(cun)在表明古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)在遺(yi)址中(zhong)從事過(guo)制作石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)活動(dong)(dong), 而(er)(er)部分伴(ban)生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物化(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)出現鋒利(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)刃口切割(ge)留下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)條痕(hen), 說明古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)曾在洞(dong)(dong)中(zhong)使用石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi), 消費過(guo)動(dong)(dong)物食物資源, 進(jin)而(er)(er)證(zheng)明黃龍洞(dong)(dong)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)處史前人(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)、生(sheng)(sheng)活和消費的(de)(de)(de)(de)場所(suo), 即所(suo)謂洞(dong)(dong)穴之家。

歷史沿革

宋人(ren)樂(le)史在其(qi)(qi)地理(li)名著《太平寰宇記·山南(nan)西道·商州·上津縣載：“千(qian)人(ren)穴在縣東七(qi)十里，穴口高闊三丈，深二百步，可(ke)容千(qian)人(ren)，中(zhong)有石(shi)暗凝若乳，味甘治疾，常有石(shi)燕、鳥群，飛出入其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)。”這是目前已知古籍(ji)中(zhong)最早記載黃龍洞的。明代《鄖臺志》載：“黃龍山，山下有洞，禱(dao)雨多(duo)應”。

2004年5月(yue), 在(zai)為配合高速公(gong)路建(jian)設(she)進行的(de)文物(wu)調查中, 本文第一作者在(zai)湖北(bei)省鄖西(xi)縣(xian)黃龍洞(dong)發現(xian)了哺乳(ru)動物(wu)化(hua)石(shi). 在(zai)6~8月(yue)和11~12月(yue)兩(liang)次試(shi)掘中, 共有(you)5枚人(ren)(ren)類(lei)牙(ya)齒化(hua)石(shi)、20余件石(shi)制品和大量(liang)動物(wu)化(hua)石(shi)被發掘出土. 初步動物(wu)群分析(xi)、石(shi)制品研究(jiu)和年代(dai)測定顯示這是一處(chu)更(geng)新(xin)世晚期(qi)古(gu)人(ren)(ren)類(lei)遺址, 對研究(jiu)中國及(ji)東亞地區更(geng)新(xin)世晚期(qi)人(ren)(ren)類(lei)演(yan)化(hua)和現(xian)代(dai)智人(ren)(ren)起源具有(you)非(fei)常重要的(de)價值。