芒果视频下载

基本介紹

遺(yi)址(zhi)位于(yu)(yu)湖北省十堰市(shi)鄖西縣香口(kou)(kou)鄉黃云(yun)鋪(pu)村(cun)，是舊石(shi)器時代的古遺(yi)址(zhi)。黃龍(long)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)地(di)(di)(di)理坐標為 110°13′04.3″E, 33°07′62.8″N, 海拔約(yue)601 m. 黃龍(long)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)處于(yu)(yu)秦嶺(ling)(ling)東(dong)段(duan)南(nan)麓丘(qiu)陵山地(di)(di)(di), 發(fa)(fa)育(yu)于(yu)(yu)古生(sheng)界寒武系中統岳家(jia)坪組的石(shi)灰(hui)巖地(di)(di)(di)層, 該(gai)組地(di)(di)(di)層在黃龍(long)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)附近(jin)表現為黑色中-薄層層狀泥質灰(hui)巖和(he)含碳泥質灰(hui)巖. 該(gai)區在地(di)(di)(di)質構(gou)造上屬南(nan)秦嶺(ling)(ling)-印支褶皺帶東(dong)段(duan), 地(di)(di)(di)貌以(yi)中、低山和(he)盆地(di)(di)(di)為主, 地(di)(di)(di)勢起伏變化(hua)大(da), 山坡(po)陡峻(jun), 溝壑縱橫. 黃龍(long)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)為大(da)型管狀溶洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong), 洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)穴(xue)(xue)平面主軸近(jin)東(dong)北-西南(nan)向. 洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)(kou)原始寬(kuan)度(du)約(yue) 27.8 m, 高(gao)約(yue)11 m. 現初步探明洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)穴(xue)(xue)水平深(shen)度(du)約(yue)400余米(未(wei)到盡(jin)頭), 寬(kuan)度(du)11~117 m. 洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)(kou)朝向東(dong)北, 洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)(kou)前有發(fa)(fa)源(yuan)于(yu)(yu)秦嶺(ling)(ling)的大(da)水河(漢江支流), 洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)(kou)高(gao)出河水約(yue)7.8 m. 洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)(kou)前是順大(da)水河發(fa)(fa)育(yu)的狹長(chang)平川(chuan), 洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)穴(xue)(xue)后是綿延(yan)的黃龍(long)山(主峰(feng)1277 m). 洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)內原生(sheng)堆(dui)積(ji)(ji)深(shen)厚, 堆(dui)積(ji)(ji)物頂部普遍發(fa)(fa)育(yu)鈣板層. 堆(dui)積(ji)(ji)物在洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)(kou)處位置較低, 向洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)里逐漸抬升, 與洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)穴(xue)(xue)頂部間距漸小. 堆(dui)積(ji)(ji)物結構(gou)簡單, 自然分層較清楚(chu), 自上而下可劃分為5層。

(1) 頂鈣(gai)板層(ceng): 乳(ru)白色或棕黃色, 大多結構(gou)致密、純(chun)凈, 局部不純(chun)凈者結構(gou)疏(shu)松(song). 在洞內(nei)分布比較普遍, 厚(hou)約2~ 28 cm;

(2) 粉砂質(zhi)黏土(tu)(tu)-砂礫層: 粉砂質(zhi)黏土(tu)(tu)與砂礫呈“同層異(yi)相”: 靠洞(dong)口的(de)堆積(ji)為含黏土(tu)(tu)基質(zhi)的(de)砂礫, 向洞(dong)內則砂礫逐漸變(bian)(bian)少、礫徑漸小, 在(zai)洞(dong)內深處(chu)(chu)轉變(bian)(bian)為粉砂質(zhi)黏土(tu)(tu). 洞(dong)內地勢較高處(chu)(chu)該層缺失. 無包含物. 厚(hou)1~201 cm;

(3) 紅色粉砂質黏土層(ceng)(ceng): 層(ceng)(ceng)內間續發育(yu)2層(ceng)(ceng)薄鈣(gai)板(ban), 鈣(gai)板(ban)呈局(ju)部、斷續發育(yu), 棕黃色. 鈣(gai)板(ban)層(ceng)(ceng)下方局(ju)部發育(yu)有孤立的石筍(sun), 與鈣(gai)板(ban)層(ceng)(ceng)無直接(jie)連接(jie). 本層(ceng)(ceng)厚(hou)58~101 cm;

(4) 石灰巖(yan)風(feng)化物堆積(ji)層(ceng): 結(jie)構較松散(san), 主要為石灰巖(yan)風(feng)化角礫(li)和風(feng)化殘余黏土基質等(deng). 無包(bao)含物, 厚41~66 cm;

(5) 棕紅色粉(fen)砂(sha)質黏土, 結構較緊密, 無包含物, 厚18~26 cm。

2013年5月 ，被(bei)國務(wu)院核定公布為第七(qi)批全(quan)國重點文物保護單位。

景點景觀

動物化石

黃龍洞出土動物化石(shi)1700余件, 經初步鑒定為11目50種(zhong).

(1)靈(ling)長(chang)目﹕碩獼猴(hou)、獼猴(hou)、灰葉(xie)猴(hou) (2) 十(shi)足目﹕重石束腹蟹 (3) 無(wu)尾目﹕蛙 (4) 食蟲目﹕微尾、刺猬 (5) 翼(yi)手目﹕普氏蹄蝠(fu)(fu)、大馬(ma)蹄蝠(fu)(fu)、馬(ma)鐵菊頭(tou)蝠(fu)(fu)、皮氏菊頭(tou)蝠(fu)(fu)、大耳(er)菊頭(tou)蝠(fu)(fu)、印度假吸吸血蝠(fu)(fu)、鼠耳(er)蝠(fu)(fu)、白(bai)腹管(guan)鼻(bi)蝠(fu)(fu) (6) 兔(tu)形(xing)目：鼠兔(tu) (7) 嚙(nie)齒目：苛南絨鼠、變異(yi)倉鼠、灰鼯(wu)(wu)鼠、紅白(bai)鼯(wu)(wu)鼠、赤(chi)腹松鼠、側紋巖松鼠、毛耳(er)鼯(wu)(wu)鼠、華(hua)(hua)南豪豬、中華(hua)(hua)竹鼠 (8) 食肉(rou)目﹕云豹、最后鬣狗(gou)、豺、狼、豬獾(huan)、果子(zi)貍、大熊貓巴氏亞(ya)種、黑熊、柯氏西(xi)藏熊、華(hua)(hua)南虎(hu)、野貓 (9) 長(chang)鼻(bi)目﹕東方劍(jian)齒象(10) 奇(qi)蹄目﹕中國犀、基氏貝爾格(ge)犀、華(hua)(hua)南巨貘(11) 偶蹄目：野豬、香麝、赤(chi)麂、獐、水鹿、梅花鹿、青羊、羚羊、蘇門羚。

該動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)群(qun)(qun)(qun)包含(han)一(yi)定數(shu)量的(de)更新(xin)世(shi)(shi)絕滅種(zhong)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu), 如(ru)碩(shuo)獼猴、變異倉鼠、最后鬣狗(gou)、大(da)熊貓巴氏亞(ya)種(zhong)、柯氏西藏熊、東方劍(jian)齒(chi)(chi)象、中(zhong)國(guo)犀、華南(nan)(nan)(nan)巨(ju)貘等(deng)(deng), 同(tong)時(shi)也(ye)有較多(duo)現(xian)生(sheng)種(zhong), 如(ru)云豹、豺(chai)、狼(lang)、豬獾、果(guo)子(zi)貍、野豬、水鹿(lu)、梅花(hua)鹿(lu)等(deng)(deng)。 動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)群(qun)(qun)(qun)組合具(ju)(ju)備更新(xin)世(shi)(shi)中(zhong)、晚期(qi)的(de)時(shi)代特點, 總體面貌表現(xian)出(chu)(chu)大(da)熊貓-劍(jian)齒(chi)(chi)象動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)群(qun)(qun)(qun)特征(zheng). 動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)群(qun)(qun)(qun)生(sheng)態反(fan)映(ying)該遺址是(shi)以熱(re)(re)帶(dai)、亞(ya)熱(re)(re)帶(dai)森(sen)林(lin)環(huan)境景觀為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu), 如(ru)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)群(qun)(qun)(qun)中(zhong)發現(xian)有低地(di)(di)密(mi)林(lin)、熱(re)(re)帶(dai)雨林(lin)以樹棲生(sheng)活為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)的(de)云豹、長綠闊葉林(lin)帶(dai)生(sheng)活的(de)毛耳鼯(wu)鼠、及數(shu)量較多(duo)的(de)菊頭蝠等(deng)(deng). 菊頭蝠是(shi)典型的(de)森(sen)林(lin)性(xing)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu), 并(bing)且只在大(da)片森(sen)林(lin)環(huan)境下適宜生(sheng)存, 因此又被(bei)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)學家稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)森(sen)林(lin)環(huan)境的(de)標志. 動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)群(qun)(qun)(qun)中(zhong)也(ye)有具(ju)(ju)山地(di)(di)特征(zheng)的(de)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)和以秦嶺為(wei)(wei)(wei)分(fen)布中(zhong)心的(de)區域性(xing)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu), 前者(zhe)如(ru)蘇門羚、青羊等(deng)(deng). 后者(zhe)如(ru)苛南(nan)(nan)(nan)絨(rong)鼠等(deng)(deng). 黃龍洞動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)群(qun)(qun)(qun)反(fan)映(ying)出(chu)(chu)該遺址處于秦嶺南(nan)(nan)(nan)麓的(de)自然區位特點, 并(bing)且還表示中(zhong)國(guo)南(nan)(nan)(nan)北氣候分(fen)界線-秦嶺山區(高度)在黃龍洞古遺址時(shi)期(qi)已經具(ju)(ju)有規模。

人類化石

發現的(de)人類(lei)牙(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)化石共 5 枚(mei), 分別為(wei)下頜(he)左側(ce)第(di)二(er)(er)或(huo)(huo)第(di)三(san)(san)臼齒(chi)(chi)、下頜(he)右(you)側(ce)第(di)二(er)(er)臼齒(chi)(chi)、上(shang)(shang)頜(he)左側(ce)犬(quan)齒(chi)(chi)、下頜(he)右(you)側(ce)第(di)一(yi)或(huo)(huo)第(di)二(er)(er)門(men)齒(chi)(chi)、上(shang)(shang)頜(he)左側(ce)第(di)三(san)(san)臼齒(chi)(chi). 這些牙(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)呈(cheng)白色(se)或(huo)(huo)黃褐色(se), 有一(yi)定程度的(de)石化. 除左上(shang)(shang)頜(he)第(di)三(san)(san)臼齒(chi)(chi)齒(chi)(chi)冠咬(yao)合面(mian)磨耗較(jiao)輕, 可能(neng)代(dai)表(biao)著年(nian)(nian)輕個體(ti)(ti)外, 其余4枚(mei)牙(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)磨耗均較(jiao)嚴重, 屬于(yu)壯年(nian)(nian)以上(shang)(shang)的(de)個體(ti)(ti). 初步觀(guan)察顯示下頜(he)門(men)齒(chi)(chi)舌側(ce)面(mian)呈(cheng)明顯的(de)鏟形, 但無(wu)常(chang)見于(yu)直立(li)人的(de)齒(chi)(chi)結節和(he)指狀突. 與迄今(jin)在(zai)中國(guo)境內發現的(de)古(gu)人類(lei)牙(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)測量數據(ju)對比, 黃龍洞(dong)(dong)牙(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)尺寸比以周(zhou)口店為(wei)代(dai)表(biao)的(de)直立(li)人牙(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)要小, 處在(zai)晚期(qi)智(zhi)人牙(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)尺寸變異(yi)范圍(wei)之(zhi)內. 結合洞(dong)(dong)穴時(shi)代(dai)、動物群及(ji)年(nian)(nian)代(dai)測試結果綜(zong)合分析(xi), 在(zai)黃龍洞(dong)(dong)發現的(de)人類(lei)牙(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)代(dai)表(biao)著晚期(qi)智(zhi)人，建議簡稱“鄖西人”。

石制品

試(shi)掘共發現古人類制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)和(he)(he)(he)使用的(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器及(ji)其(qi)(qi)副(fu)產品(pin)22件(jian)(jian). 這(zhe)些(xie)人工(gong)(gong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)多(duo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)古人類制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)質工(gong)(gong)具(ju)所產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)斷塊(kuai)(kuai)和(he)(he)(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片. 經加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器包括刮(gua)(gua)削(xue)器、砍砸(za)器、手鎬(hao)和(he)(he)(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錐. 刮(gua)(gua)削(xue)器共5件(jian)(jian), 是(shi)數(shu)量多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)器類, 原料(liao)選用脈石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)英(ying)和(he)(he)(he)燧石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi), 系將石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片薄銳(rui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)邊(bian)緣(yuan)用石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錘打制(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)(chu)鋒利(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)刃口, 以供刮(gua)(gua)削(xue)、切割之用. 手鎬(hao)3件(jian)(jian), 原料(liao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)質地較粗的(de)(de)(de)(de)粉(fen)砂巖、火山巖和(he)(he)(he)變質巖, 原坯(pi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)卵石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)塊(kuai)(kuai), 系將一(yi)(yi)端打制(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)(chu)突起(qi)而厚(hou)鈍的(de)(de)(de)(de)尖(jian)刃, 以利(li)挖掘. 其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)2件(jian)(jian)制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)精良、規范, 在尖(jian)部從卵石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)原有的(de)(de)(de)(de)弧面上(shang)向一(yi)(yi)面加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)可供使用的(de)(de)(de)(de)尖(jian)刃, 相對一(yi)(yi)端則(ze)敲打變鈍, 適(shi)宜抓(zhua)握(wo), 持握(wo)手中(zhong)舒適(shi)而適(shi)用. 石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錐只(zhi)有1件(jian)(jian), 用脈石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)英(ying)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng), 加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩條(tiao)薄銳(rui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)刃緣(yuan)交匯成(cheng)(cheng)龜首狀的(de)(de)(de)(de)短(duan)而鈍的(de)(de)(de)(de)尖(jian)刃. 1件(jian)(jian)砍砸(za)器系用碧(bi)玉裂片制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng), 在多(duo)個邊(bian)緣(yuan)有加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)(he)使用的(de)(de)(de)(de)痕跡, 修整隨意、粗糙. 此(ci)外, 1件(jian)(jian)原型為(wei)(wei)(wei)卵石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錘上(shang)出(chu)(chu)現一(yi)(yi)個集中(zhong)分布細碎疤痕的(de)(de)(de)(de)凹陷區域, 顯系砸(za)擊生產石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片和(he)(he)(he)敲砸(za)堅果(guo)所致; 幾件(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片和(he)(he)(he)斷塊(kuai)(kuai)上(shang)有不(bu)規律的(de)(de)(de)(de)疤痕, 應(ying)是(shi)未經加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)而偶(ou)爾(er)被(bei)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)使用的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)果(guo)。

目前該遺址出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)工石(shi)(shi)制(zhi)品(pin)還很少, 因而(er)難(nan)窺古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)全貌. 從有限的(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料來看, 古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)此采(cai)用了(le)兩種(zhong)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)剝離石(shi)(shi)片、生產石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi), 即錘擊(ji)法和(he)砸擊(ji)法. 前者(zhe)在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)舊石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)時代(dai)被廣泛(fan)采(cai)用, 而(er)后(hou)者(zhe)多(duo)(duo)出(chu)現在(zai)(zai)北方的(de)(de)(de)(de)遺址中(zhong). 該地點石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)加工多(duo)(duo)簡單、粗(cu)糙(cao), 采(cai)用礫(li)石(shi)(shi)作原料者(zhe)占較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)比例, 一些石(shi)(shi)制(zhi)品(pin)粗(cu)大, 顯(xian)示南方礫(li)石(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)制(zhi)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鮮明(ming)特(te)點; 但加工成型的(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)多(duo)(duo)為個體較小、以石(shi)(shi)片作毛坯的(de)(de)(de)(de)刮削器(qi)(qi), 加之砸擊(ji)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)采(cai)用, 使(shi)該遺址的(de)(de)(de)(de)文化(hua)(hua)面貌又兼有中(zhong)國(guo)北方的(de)(de)(de)(de)舊石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)文化(hua)(hua)風(feng)格, 顯(xian)示一種(zhong)交融、過渡的(de)(de)(de)(de)屬性. 石(shi)(shi)錘、石(shi)(shi)片、斷塊的(de)(de)(de)(de)存在(zai)(zai)表明(ming)古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)類在(zai)(zai)遺址中(zhong)從事(shi)過制(zhi)作石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)活動(dong), 而(er)部分伴生動(dong)物化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)上出(chu)現鋒利(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)刃口切割留(liu)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)痕, 說明(ming)古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)曾在(zai)(zai)洞中(zhong)使(shi)用石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi), 消費過動(dong)物食(shi)物資(zi)源, 進(jin)而(er)證明(ming)黃龍洞是一處史前人(ren)(ren)(ren)類生產、生活和(he)消費的(de)(de)(de)(de)場(chang)所(suo)(suo), 即所(suo)(suo)謂洞穴之家。

歷史沿革

宋人(ren)(ren)樂史在其地(di)理名著《太(tai)平寰宇記(ji)·山(shan)(shan)南西道·商州·上津(jin)縣(xian)載(zai)：“千人(ren)(ren)穴在縣(xian)東七十里，穴口高闊三丈(zhang)，深二百步，可容千人(ren)(ren)，中有石暗凝若乳，味甘治疾，常有石燕、鳥群，飛出入其中。”這是目(mu)前已知(zhi)古籍中最(zui)早記(ji)載(zai)黃龍洞(dong)(dong)的。明(ming)代《鄖臺志(zhi)》載(zai)：“黃龍山(shan)(shan)，山(shan)(shan)下有洞(dong)(dong)，禱雨(yu)多應”。

2004年5月, 在為配(pei)合高(gao)速公路建(jian)設(she)進行(xing)的文物(wu)(wu)調查中(zhong), 本文第一作者(zhe)在湖北(bei)省鄖西縣(xian)黃龍洞發現(xian)(xian)了哺乳動物(wu)(wu)化(hua)石(shi)(shi). 在6~8月和11~12月兩(liang)次試(shi)掘中(zhong), 共有(you)(you)5枚人(ren)類牙(ya)齒(chi)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)、20余(yu)件石(shi)(shi)制(zhi)品(pin)和大量(liang)動物(wu)(wu)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)被(bei)發掘出土. 初步動物(wu)(wu)群分析、石(shi)(shi)制(zhi)品(pin)研究和年代(dai)測定顯示這是一處更新世晚(wan)期(qi)古人(ren)類遺址, 對研究中(zhong)國(guo)及東(dong)亞地區(qu)更新世晚(wan)期(qi)人(ren)類演化(hua)和現(xian)(xian)代(dai)智(zhi)人(ren)起源(yuan)具有(you)(you)非常重要的價值。