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歷史起源

明(ming)末清(qing)初，廣東著名學者(zhe)屈大(da)均《廣東新語》記載：“廣中龍(long)船惟東莞最盛(sheng)，自五(wu)月朔至晦，鄉鄉有(you)之(zhi)。”東莞“五(wu)月時洪(hong)流滂濞，放於百里，鄉人為龍(long)舟(zhou)之(zhi)會(hui)，觀(guan)者(zhe)畫船云(yun)合，首尾相銜，士女如山(shan)，乘潮上(shang)下(xia)，日(ri)已暮而未散。”有(you)如此最盛(sheng)大(da)的龍(long)舟(zhou)活(huo)動，必(bi)有(you)最盛(sheng)大(da)的龍(long)舟(zhou)制作。大(da)汾村紅花廟尚存明(ming)代(dai)制作的“飛龍(long)”龍(long)船頭，即可為證。

出(chu)于對龍的(de)(de)(de)崇拜，歷(li)代在(zai)龍舟(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)制作上(shang)(shang)都相當講(jiang)究。當年隋(sui)煬(yang)帝(di)為下江(jiang)南而(er)造的(de)(de)(de)龍舟(zhou)可(ke)算是歷(li)史上(shang)(shang)最豪(hao)華的(de)(de)(de)“龍舟(zhou)”之一了，據載(zai)該船高四(si)十五(wu)尺(chi)，長二百(bai)尺(chi)，共四(si)層(ceng)，一百(bai)二十間房，簡直可(ke)以媲美當今(jin)的(de)(de)(de)海上(shang)(shang)游(you)輪了。這艘龍舟(zhou)后被燒毀，隋(sui)煬(yang)帝(di)又下令造一艘更大(da)的(de)(de)(de)龍舟(zhou)，被稱為“天(tian)子(zi)之舟(zhou)”。

端午(wu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)一(yi)(yi)般分(fen)為(wei)(wei)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)、龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)身、龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)骨、龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)尾四(si)部分(fen)，外加槳(jiang)和(he)舵(duo)。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)制(zhi)作(zuo)要(yao)求(qiu)很高，要(yao)請專門的(de)(de)木(mu)(mu)工(gong)師傅，擇日開(kai)工(gong)，據傳過(guo)去在(zai)動(dong)工(gong)前還(huan)須齋戒沐浴(yu)、焚香、拜神，一(yi)(yi)點也(ye)(ye)不能(neng)馬虎。木(mu)(mu)料要(yao)選用(yong)(yong)上(shang)等的(de)(de)，且多(duo)(duo)采用(yong)(yong)大木(mu)(mu)料來制(zhi)作(zuo)，如(ru)(ru)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)，一(yi)(yi)般須用(yong)(yong)整塊的(de)(de)檜木(mu)(mu)來雕刻，以(yi)(yi)求(qiu)靈氣十足，至于船(chuan)(chuan)體，則(ze)多(duo)(duo)采用(yong)(yong)樟(zhang)木(mu)(mu)來做(zuo)，因為(wei)(wei)樟(zhang)木(mu)(mu)能(neng)防(fang)蟲防(fang)腐，經久耐用(yong)(yong)。制(zhi)作(zuo)講(jiang)究(jiu)的(de)(de)還(huan)用(yong)(yong)整木(mu)(mu)將龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)尾雕刻出許多(duo)(duo)鱗甲。制(zhi)成的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)再配以(yi)(yi)各(ge)色濃妝，使之更(geng)加栩(xu)栩(xu)如(ru)(ru)生。用(yong)(yong)傳統(tong)材料（樟(zhang)、檜等）和(he)傳統(tong)方(fang)法（接(jie)榫處全用(yong)(yong)木(mu)(mu)針而不用(yong)(yong)鋼釘）制(zhi)作(zuo)一(yi)(yi)艘龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)，花(hua)費(fei)不少。所以(yi)(yi)，從擁(yong)有(you)的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)檔次(ci)就可窺出當地人的(de)(de)經濟實力。一(yi)(yi)些(xie)少數民族也(ye)(ye)有(you)獨(du)木(mu)(mu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)，只(zhi)是(shi)那(nei)樣(yang)的(de)(de)大樹(shu)就更(geng)難找了，也(ye)(ye)較浪費(fei)木(mu)(mu)材。現今(jin)也(ye)(ye)有(you)用(yong)(yong)玻璃(li)纖維材料來做(zuo)的(de)(de)，既環(huan)保(bao)又方(fang)便，但尚不能(neng)普及。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)長度也(ye)(ye)有(you)講(jiang)究(jiu)，廣東人造龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)多(duo)(duo)取好意(yi)頭(tou)的(de)(de)尺寸，譬如(ru)(ru)船(chuan)(chuan)長33.88米(mi)，寓(yu)意(yi)“生生猛(meng)猛(meng)”。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)船(chuan)(chuan)身（龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)卸下）平時多(duo)(duo)是(shi)沉放在(zai)河塘的(de)(de)淤泥中，以(yi)(yi)防(fang)干裂，也(ye)(ye)符合“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)生大澤”的(de)(de)傳聞。每年只(zhi)有(you)到了端午(wu)時節才“請龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)出水”。

龍(long)(long)(long)舟的(de)(de)結構分為(wei)龍(long)(long)(long)頭、龍(long)(long)(long)尾、龍(long)(long)(long)骨、龍(long)(long)(long)腸、冚板(ban)諸部(bu)分。“傳統(tong)龍(long)(long)(long)”有28.8米長、1.50米寬，“國際龍(long)(long)(long)”只(zhi)有15.8米長、1.05米寬。制作(zuo)龍(long)(long)(long)舟，從開料、選龍(long)(long)(long)骨(底骨)、起水(拗彎(wan)龍(long)(long)(long)骨，呈流線(xian)型)到刨光(guang)、打磨、上色，最后安(an)裝龍(long)(long)(long)頭、安(an)裝尾舵等工序，一件完整的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)舟才(cai)算完成(cheng)，一般需要(yao)六七天。 要(yao)求(qiu)，進一步貫(guan)徹(che)“保護為(wei)主(zhu)、搶(qiang)救第一、合理利用(yong)、傳承(cheng)發展”的(de)(de)工作(zuo)方針(zhen)，認真做好非物質文(wen)化(hua)遺產的(de)(de)保護、管理工作(zuo)，為(wei)弘揚中(zhong)華文(wen)化(hua)，推(tui)動社(she)會主(zhu)義文(wen)化(hua)大發展大繁(fan)榮作(zuo)出新的(de)(de)貢獻。

從良木(mu)到龍舟(zhou)，仍需和(he)(he)數(shu)(shu)百年前一樣(yang)，歷經(jing)數(shu)(shu)十道工(gong)(gong)序，需要6個(ge)工(gong)(gong)人同時(shi)做工(gong)(gong)，花費20天時(shi)間，釘入上百斤鐵(tie)釘，耗去6立方木(mu)材(cai)，無數(shu)(shu)次手(shou)工(gong)(gong)的(de)打(da)磨、撫(fu)平和(he)(he)拼接，方成(cheng)為(wei)龍形(xing)，這種(zhong)民間傳統的(de)手(shou)工(gong)(gong)制作龍舟(zhou)方法一直延(yan)續(xu)至(zhi)今。

發展歷程

中國(guo)是龍(long)(long)(long)之(zhi)鄉(xiang)，也(ye)是龍(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)之(zhi)鄉(xiang)，龍(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)競渡(du)有數千年歷(li)史。龍(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)是龍(long)(long)(long)之(zhi)化身，龍(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)是龍(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)競渡(du)的載體(ti)。龍(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)制(zhi)作不僅(jin)關系(xi)(xi)競渡(du)的比賽，更關系(xi)(xi)到歷(li)史的傳承，傳統文化的發揚(yang)光大。

東(dong)莞市是(shi)典型的水(shui)鄉(xiang)，從(cong)明代起(qi)就是(shi)廣(guang)東(dong)主要競(jing)渡(du)的地區(qu)，其歷史悠(you)久。現在(zai)，中堂鎮已(yi)被中國龍(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)協會(hui)授(shou)予“中國龍(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)之鄉(xiang)”。龍(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)競(jing)技越(yue)來越(yue)受到當(dang)地民(min)眾的歡迎，龍(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)需求(qiu)量(liang)也(ye)不(bu)斷增加。隨(sui)著龍(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)制作工藝(yi)水(shui)平的提高，龍(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)競(jing)渡(du)更加得到了發(fa)揚和傳承。

習性習俗

龍(long)舟作為民俗文(wen)化中的(de)(de)重要組成部(bu)分是中華民族(zu)的(de)(de)一(yi)個文(wen)化符號。中堂有(you)(you)規模的(de)(de)賽龍(long)舟已(yi)有(you)(you)一(yi)百五(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)年(nian)歷史。每踏(ta)進農歷五(wu)(wu)(wu)月(yue)，中堂鎮江面(mian)上(shang)就會歡呼聲(sheng)震(zhen)天、鑼鼓聲(sheng)動(dong)地。中堂龍(long)舟景既(ji)有(you)(you)“趁景”(即自(zi)由競渡(du))，也有(you)(you)錦標賽；分別有(you)(you)五(wu)(wu)(wu)月(yue)初(chu)(chu)(chu)二的(de)(de)斗朗(lang)，初(chu)(chu)(chu)四的(de)(de)槎窖，初(chu)(chu)(chu)六的(de)(de)潢(huang)涌、江南，初(chu)(chu)(chu)八的(de)(de)馬瀝，五(wu)(wu)(wu)月(yue)十(shi)三的(de)(de)中堂等上(shang)規模的(de)(de)景點，它們從(cong)農歷五(wu)(wu)(wu)月(yue)初(chu)(chu)(chu)二到五(wu)(wu)(wu)月(yue)十(shi)三吸引(yin)大批的(de)(de)觀眾前去觀看(kan)，是一(yi)項很好的(de)(de)全民健身運動(dong)。

在國(guo)務(wu)院公布(bu)的“第二批國(guo)家級非物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)文化(hua)遺(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)名(ming)錄”和(he)“第一批國(guo)家級非物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)文化(hua)遺(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)擴展項(xiang)目名(ming)錄”中(zhong)，東莞市(shi)龍(long)舟(zhou)制作(zuo)技藝(yi)入選。在本次公布(bu)的兩(liang)批非物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)文化(hua)遺(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)中(zhong)，龍(long)舟(zhou)制作(zuo)技藝(yi)是東莞唯(wei)一上榜項(xiang)目。

傳承現狀

1、建立(li)保護(hu)(hu)區(qu)。在(zai)東(dong)莞(guan)市中堂鎮的斗朗(lang)、東(dong)向設保護(hu)(hu)區(qu)。

2、對中堂(tang)龍(long)舟制作進行(xing)普查挖掘、整理，工藝流(liu)程編寫(xie)存檔等。

3、對龍(long)舟(zhou)制(zhi)作工藝進(jin)行保護，把龍(long)舟(zhou)制(zhi)作過程(cheng)、工藝、材料、流程(cheng)、工序進(jin)行拍攝(she)記(ji)錄。

4、對龍舟制(zhi)作傳(chuan)承人(ren)的保(bao)護，對老(lao)師傅進(jin)行登記、建(jian)檔，建(jian)立傳(chuan)承人(ren)生活保(bao)障機制(zhi)和傳(chuan)承人(ren)培養制(zhi)度。