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歷史起源

明末清初，廣東(dong)(dong)著名學者屈(qu)大(da)均《廣東(dong)(dong)新語》記載：“廣中龍(long)船(chuan)惟東(dong)(dong)莞最盛，自五月(yue)朔至晦(hui)，鄉鄉有(you)之(zhi)(zhi)。”東(dong)(dong)莞“五月(yue)時洪流滂濞，放於百里，鄉人為龍(long)舟(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)會，觀者畫船(chuan)云合(he)，首尾相銜，士(shi)女如山，乘(cheng)潮(chao)上(shang)下，日已暮而(er)未散。”有(you)如此最盛大(da)的(de)龍(long)舟(zhou)活動，必有(you)最盛大(da)的(de)龍(long)舟(zhou)制作。大(da)汾村紅花廟(miao)尚(shang)存明代(dai)制作的(de)“飛龍(long)”龍(long)船(chuan)頭，即可為證。

出于對龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)崇(chong)拜(bai)，歷代在龍(long)(long)(long)舟的(de)(de)制作上都相當(dang)(dang)講究。當(dang)(dang)年(nian)隋煬帝為下(xia)江(jiang)南(nan)而造的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)舟可算是歷史(shi)上最豪華(hua)的(de)(de)“龍(long)(long)(long)舟”之(zhi)一了(le)，據(ju)載該(gai)船高四十(shi)五尺(chi)，長二(er)百尺(chi)，共四層(ceng)，一百二(er)十(shi)間房(fang)，簡直(zhi)可以媲美(mei)當(dang)(dang)今的(de)(de)海上游輪了(le)。這艘(sou)龍(long)(long)(long)舟后被(bei)(bei)燒(shao)毀，隋煬帝又下(xia)令造一艘(sou)更大的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)舟，被(bei)(bei)稱為“天(tian)子(zi)之(zhi)舟”。

端(duan)午龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)一般分(fen)(fen)為(wei)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)、龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)身(shen)、龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)骨(gu)、龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)尾(wei)四部(bu)分(fen)(fen)，外加槳和(he)舵(duo)。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)制作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)要求(qiu)很高，要請專門的(de)木(mu)(mu)(mu)工(gong)(gong)師(shi)傅，擇日開(kai)工(gong)(gong)，據傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)過去在動工(gong)(gong)前(qian)還須(xu)齋戒沐浴、焚香(xiang)、拜(bai)神(shen)，一點也(ye)不能(neng)馬虎(hu)。木(mu)(mu)(mu)料要選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)上等(deng)的(de)，且(qie)多(duo)(duo)采用(yong)(yong)大木(mu)(mu)(mu)料來(lai)(lai)制作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，如龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)，一般須(xu)用(yong)(yong)整塊的(de)檜木(mu)(mu)(mu)來(lai)(lai)雕刻(ke)，以(yi)求(qiu)靈氣(qi)十(shi)足(zu)，至于(yu)船體(ti)，則多(duo)(duo)采用(yong)(yong)樟(zhang)木(mu)(mu)(mu)來(lai)(lai)做，因為(wei)樟(zhang)木(mu)(mu)(mu)能(neng)防(fang)蟲防(fang)腐(fu)，經(jing)久(jiu)耐用(yong)(yong)。制作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)講究的(de)還用(yong)(yong)整木(mu)(mu)(mu)將龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)尾(wei)雕刻(ke)出(chu)許多(duo)(duo)鱗甲。制成的(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)再配(pei)以(yi)各色(se)濃(nong)妝，使(shi)之更加栩栩如生。用(yong)(yong)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)材(cai)料（樟(zhang)、檜等(deng)）和(he)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)方法（接(jie)榫處全用(yong)(yong)木(mu)(mu)(mu)針(zhen)而不用(yong)(yong)鋼釘）制作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)一艘(sou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)，花費不少(shao)。所以(yi)，從擁有(you)的(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)的(de)檔次就可窺出(chu)當地人的(de)經(jing)濟實力。一些少(shao)數(shu)民族也(ye)有(you)獨(du)木(mu)(mu)(mu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)，只是那(nei)樣的(de)大樹就更難找了，也(ye)較(jiao)浪費木(mu)(mu)(mu)材(cai)。現(xian)今(jin)也(ye)有(you)用(yong)(yong)玻(bo)璃纖維材(cai)料來(lai)(lai)做的(de)，既環(huan)保又方便，但(dan)尚不能(neng)普(pu)及。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)的(de)長(chang)度也(ye)有(you)講究，廣東人造龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)多(duo)(duo)取好意(yi)頭(tou)(tou)的(de)尺寸，譬如船長(chang)33.88米(mi)，寓意(yi)“生生猛猛”。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)的(de)船身(shen)（龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)卸下(xia)）平(ping)時多(duo)(duo)是沉放(fang)在河塘(tang)的(de)淤泥中，以(yi)防(fang)干(gan)裂，也(ye)符合“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)生大澤”的(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)聞。每年只有(you)到(dao)了端(duan)午時節才“請龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)出(chu)水”。

龍(long)(long)舟(zhou)的(de)(de)結構(gou)分為龍(long)(long)頭(tou)、龍(long)(long)尾、龍(long)(long)骨、龍(long)(long)腸(chang)、冚板(ban)諸部分。“傳統龍(long)(long)”有28.8米(mi)(mi)長、1.50米(mi)(mi)寬，“國際龍(long)(long)”只有15.8米(mi)(mi)長、1.05米(mi)(mi)寬。制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)龍(long)(long)舟(zhou)，從開料、選龍(long)(long)骨(底骨)、起水(拗(ao)彎龍(long)(long)骨，呈流(liu)線(xian)型)到刨(bao)光、打磨、上色，最后安裝(zhuang)龍(long)(long)頭(tou)、安裝(zhuang)尾舵等工(gong)(gong)序(xu)，一(yi)件完整的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)舟(zhou)才算完成，一(yi)般需要六七天。 要求，進(jin)一(yi)步貫徹“保護為主、搶救(jiu)第一(yi)、合(he)理(li)利用、傳承發展(zhan)”的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)方(fang)針，認真做(zuo)好非物(wu)質文化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)產的(de)(de)保護、管理(li)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，為弘揚中華(hua)文化(hua)(hua)，推動(dong)社會主義文化(hua)(hua)大發展(zhan)大繁(fan)榮(rong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)出新的(de)(de)貢獻。

從良木到龍舟(zhou)，仍(reng)需和(he)數百年前一樣(yang)，歷(li)經數十道工(gong)序，需要6個工(gong)人同時做工(gong)，花費20天時間(jian)(jian)，釘(ding)入上百斤(jin)鐵釘(ding)，耗去6立方(fang)木材(cai)，無數次(ci)手工(gong)的打磨、撫平和(he)拼接，方(fang)成為龍形，這種民(min)間(jian)(jian)傳統(tong)的手工(gong)制作(zuo)龍舟(zhou)方(fang)法(fa)一直延續至今。

發展歷程

中(zhong)國是(shi)龍之(zhi)(zhi)鄉，也是(shi)龍舟(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)鄉，龍舟(zhou)競(jing)渡(du)(du)有數千年歷史。龍舟(zhou)是(shi)龍之(zhi)(zhi)化身，龍舟(zhou)是(shi)龍舟(zhou)競(jing)渡(du)(du)的載體。龍舟(zhou)制作不(bu)僅關系競(jing)渡(du)(du)的比賽(sai)，更關系到歷史的傳承，傳統文化的發揚光(guang)大。

東(dong)莞市(shi)是典(dian)型(xing)的水鄉，從(cong)明代起就是廣東(dong)主要競(jing)(jing)(jing)渡的地(di)區，其歷史悠久。現在(zai)，中(zhong)(zhong)堂鎮已被中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)龍(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)協會授予(yu)“中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)龍(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之鄉”。龍(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)競(jing)(jing)(jing)技(ji)越(yue)來越(yue)受到當地(di)民眾的歡(huan)迎，龍(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)需求(qiu)量也不斷增加。隨著(zhu)龍(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)制作工(gong)藝(yi)水平(ping)的提高，龍(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)競(jing)(jing)(jing)渡更加得到了(le)發(fa)揚和傳承(cheng)。

習性習俗

龍舟(zhou)作為民(min)俗文(wen)化中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要組成部(bu)分(fen)是中(zhong)華民(min)族的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一個文(wen)化符號。中(zhong)堂(tang)有規模的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)賽龍舟(zhou)已有一百五十年歷(li)史。每踏進(jin)農歷(li)五月(yue)(yue)，中(zhong)堂(tang)鎮(zhen)江面上就會歡呼(hu)聲(sheng)震天、鑼鼓聲(sheng)動地。中(zhong)堂(tang)龍舟(zhou)景(jing)既(ji)有“趁景(jing)”(即(ji)自由競渡(du))，也(ye)有錦標賽；分(fen)別有五月(yue)(yue)初(chu)二(er)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)斗朗(lang)，初(chu)四(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)槎窖，初(chu)六的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)潢涌、江南(nan)，初(chu)八(ba)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)馬瀝，五月(yue)(yue)十三的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)堂(tang)等上規模的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)景(jing)點，它們從農歷(li)五月(yue)(yue)初(chu)二(er)到五月(yue)(yue)十三吸引(yin)大批的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀眾前去觀看，是一項很(hen)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全民(min)健身運動。

在國(guo)務院公布的“第二批國(guo)家級非(fei)(fei)物質文化(hua)遺(yi)產(chan)名(ming)錄(lu)”和(he)“第一(yi)批國(guo)家級非(fei)(fei)物質文化(hua)遺(yi)產(chan)擴(kuo)展項(xiang)目名(ming)錄(lu)”中(zhong)，東莞市(shi)龍(long)舟制作(zuo)技藝入選。在本次公布的兩批非(fei)(fei)物質文化(hua)遺(yi)產(chan)中(zhong)，龍(long)舟制作(zuo)技藝是東莞唯一(yi)上(shang)榜(bang)項(xiang)目。

傳承現狀

1、建(jian)立保護區(qu)。在東(dong)莞市中(zhong)堂鎮的斗朗、東(dong)向設保護區(qu)。

2、對中堂龍舟制(zhi)作進(jin)行(xing)普查(cha)挖掘、整理，工藝流程(cheng)編寫存檔(dang)等。

3、對龍(long)舟制作工(gong)(gong)藝進行保護，把(ba)龍(long)舟制作過(guo)程(cheng)、工(gong)(gong)藝、材料、流程(cheng)、工(gong)(gong)序進行拍攝記錄。

4、對(dui)龍舟制(zhi)作傳(chuan)承人的保護，對(dui)老師傅進行(xing)登記、建檔，建立傳(chuan)承人生活保障機制(zhi)和傳(chuan)承人培養(yang)制(zhi)度。