胡旦(955-1034年),渤海(今山東惠民(min))人,字周父,喜讀書,宋太宗(zong)大平興國三年(978)戊(wu)寅科狀元。
胡(hu)旦(dan)少有(you)才學(xue),善于(yu)文(wen)辭。呂狀(zhuang)元后,為將作監丞,通(tong)判升(sheng)州,遷左拾遺,入值(zhi)史館(guan)。因(yin)上《河平頌》,議(yi)(yi)(yi)論(lun)時政,忤怒太宗,貶為殿(dian)中丞。后來,胡(hu)旦(dan)又上《平燕議(yi)(yi)(yi)》,建議(yi)(yi)(yi)出兵收(shou)復燕云十六州,受太宗賞識(shi),起為左補(bu)闕,復值(zhi)史館(guan),遷修撰,以尚書戶部員外郎身份(fen)知制誥。
胡(hu)旦(dan)家境貧困,死去無錢安(an)葬,只得停棺房內(nei),胡(hu)旦(dan)生前一好友上報朝廷(ting)(ting),朝廷(ting)(ting)遂賜(si)錢二十萬,使胡(hu)旦(dan)入土為安(an)。
宋太宗元(yuan)年(nian),有(you)一(yi)書(shu)(shu)生到山東某縣游(you)覽。知(zhi)縣大人得知(zhi)該書(shu)(shu)生頗有(you)文采,便(bian)設宴款待。知(zhi)縣的公(gong)子(zi)很(hen)蔑視(shi)那(nei)書(shu)(shu)生,問(wen)其有(you)何特長,書(shu)(shu)生說工詩。公(gong)子(zi)便(bian)讓他(ta)誦(song)讀(du)一(yi)首(shou)(shou),書(shu)(shu)生誦(song)了一(yi)首(shou)(shou),最后(hou)一(yi)句是(shi):“挑盡寒燈夢不成(cheng)。”公(gong)子(zi)一(yi)聽,大笑說:“此乃一(yi)瞌(ke)(ke)睡漢(han)。”書(shu)(shu)生十分氣(qi)憤(fen)。這書(shu)(shu)生便(bian)是(shi)呂(lv)蒙正,第(di)二(er)年(nian),呂(lv)蒙正一(yi)舉奪魁。他(ta)寫信(xin)(xin)給(gei)那(nei)公(gong)子(zi):“瞌(ke)(ke)睡漢(han)如(ru)今中(zhong)了狀元(yuan)啦。”公(gong)子(zi)看了他(ta)的信(xin)(xin),冷笑一(yi)聲:“待我明年(nian)第(di)二(er)人及第(di),輸你一(yi)籌。”第(di)二(er)年(nian),新(xin)科狀元(yuan)正是(shi)這位公(gong)子(zi)——胡(hu)旦。綜觀科舉史(shi),有(you)如(ru)此自信(xin)(xin)者(zhe),胡(hu)旦當屬第(di)一(yi)。
真(zhen)宗時拜吏(li)部(bu)侍(shi)郎,后以(yi)病請辭,遵旨薦(jian)寇準以(yi)代己職。
胡(hu)量喜讀書,失明后,仍令人朗讀經史(shi)。晚年臧否人物,議論時政之病人依舊,被時論所鄙薄。胡(hu)旦(dan)學(xue)識淵(yuan)博,著述甚三,有(you)《漢春秋(qiu)》、《五(wu)代(dai)史(shi)略》、《將帥要(yao)略》、《演圣通訟(song)》、《唐(tang)乘》、《家傳(chuan)(chuan)》三百余卷傳(chuan)(chuan)世。曾(ceng)制一大硯(yan),方(fang)五(wu)六尺,上刻“胡(hu)旦(dan)修(xiu)漢春秋(qiu)硯(yan)”字樣埋入地下(xia),以傳(chuan)(chuan)后世。
《義門記》
易(yi)曰(yue)(yue):立(li)天(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao),曰(yue)(yue)陰(yin)與(yu)陽;立(li)地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao),曰(yue)(yue)柔與(yu)剛;立(li)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao),曰(yue)(yue)仁與(yu)義(yi)。陰(yin)陽運化(hua),天(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)全(quan)(quan)功也(ye);剛柔成形,地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)全(quan)(quan)德也(ye);仁義(yi)厲教(jiao),人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)全(quan)(quan)行也(ye)。故古之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)圣(sheng)王,則乎天(tian),法乎地,理乎人(ren)。堯舜帥(shuai)天(tian)下以仁,湯武帥(shuai)天(tian)下以義(yi)。義(yi)也(ye)者,仁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基、行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本也(ye)。所以敦九族、協(xie)萬邦、厚人(ren)倫、美(mei)風(feng)俗者也(ye)。周德方盛,文王化(hua)行,關雎樂而(er)不淫,螽斯仁而(er)不姤,子(zi)孫眾(zhong)多,流于(yu)(yu)歌詠。其(qi)詩曰(yue)(yue):“螽斯羽詵詵兮,宜爾子(zi)孫振(zhen)振(zhen)兮。”內崇親(qin)戚(qi),外(wai)樹聲教(jiao)。聲教(jiao)所被,由家而(er)國。其(qi)詩曰(yue)(yue):“刑(xing)于(yu)(yu)寡妻,至于(yu)(yu)兄弟(di),以御于(yu)(yu)家邦。”然戰國亡親(qin),秦廢諸子(zi),漢滅親(qin)王,魏則聚鄴以終亡,晉則分藩以篡弒(shi),迨夫隋唐失綱,皆(jie)無足(zu)尚我太(tai)宗(zong)圣(sheng)德隆盛,人(ren)民親(qin)睦。
匡盧(lu)(lu)崔巍,號為(wei)南障。山高水澄,秀甲他郡。鐘英陳氏,代(dai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)偉(wei)人,累(lei)世(shi)(shi)同(tong)居(ju),歷(li)朝(chao)旌表。孝弟藹于家門,義聲彰于邦國。按其(qi)宗(zong)譜:自(zi)漢(han)太(tai)邱實公歷(li)晉(jin)太(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)洗馬;逵公十四世(shi)(shi)為(wei)宜(yi)都王叔明;叔明五(wu)世(shi)(shi)孫兼舉唐玄宗(zong)朝(chao)進士,為(wei)右補闕,贈秘書少(shao)監;兼子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)京進士及第,官至給事中,集(ji)賢院學士,乏裔(yi),子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)以從子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)褒為(wei)嗣,仕鹽(yan)官;褒子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)灌(guan),為(wei)高安縣尉;灌(guan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)瓖,避(bi)難(nan)于泉州;生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)伯宣,隱(yin)居(ju)盧(lu)(lu)山,注司馬遷(qian)史記行于世(shi)(shi),屢徵不出,就拜(bai)左侍(shi)郎(lang);其(qi)孫旺,從徙居(ju)德安縣太(tai)平鄉長樂里;旺生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)機(ji),機(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)感(gan),感(gan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)蘭(lan),蘭(lan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)青。青生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)六(liu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(注:伉(kang)、侍(shi)、仲、俛、偉(wei)、伸),六(liu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)十九(注:伉(kang)五(wu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),侍(shi)無子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),仲三(san)(san)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),俛三(san)(san)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),偉(wei)五(wu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),伸三(san)(san)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)),十九生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)三(san)(san)十(注:伉(kang)五(wu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)十一(yi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),仲三(san)(san)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)六(liu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),俛三(san)(san)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)五(wu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),偉(wei)五(wu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)八子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),伸三(san)(san)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)六(liu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),凡三(san)(san)十六(liu)?),自(zi)是家益昌(chang),族益盛矣(yi)。
仲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)崇,乃立(li)(li)家(jia)法(fa)垂示將來(lai)。故自序云:我家(jia)襲秘(mi)監(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)累功,承著作之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遺訓,代傳孝(xiao)弟,業(ye)繼(ji)典墳。由是子(zi)孫益多,上下和睦。然云礽既遠愚不同(tong),茍無(wu)敦睦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方,慮乖孝(xiao)友之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)訓。今繩(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)規矩(ju),則序之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)尊(zun)卑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)。推功任能(neng),懲惡勸善,下令子(zi)孫世守家(jia)規,永敦和睦。于(yu)是立(li)(li)主(zhu)事以(yi)專家(jia)政(zheng),置(zhi)庫司以(yi)掌(zhang)家(jia)財,立(li)(li)莊(zhuang)長(chang)以(yi)督租(zu)賦,勘司以(yi)序男女(nv),家(jia)塾以(yi)教童(tong)稚,道(dao)院以(yi)業(ye)焚(fen)修(xiu),巫祝以(yi)備禱祈,醫師以(yi)供藥(yao)石,匠作以(yi)資(zi)器用,辟書院以(yi)待學(xue)者(zhe),構廨宇以(yi)奉(feng)公門,其(qi)(qi)余酒(jiu)漿鹽米(mi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)儲(chu)、衣(yi)履笄(ji)箱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用、三時(shi)飲食之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)節(jie)、四(si)時(shi)晏會之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)期、長(chang)幼出入(ru)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)儀、晨(chen)昏(hun)定省之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)禮(li)、婚姻吊喪、送往迎(ying)來(lai)、凡諸纖(xian)悉莫不周詳。然而贓(zang)獲不入(ru)其(qi)(qi)門,鷹犬不為其(qi)(qi)玩,天文圖識之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)弗精(jing),縱橫詭譎之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謀弗尚,商賈營販之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)利弗習,娼優賭博之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒(tu)弗近,室無(wu)私財,廚無(wu)別(bie)饌,子(zi)弟知教,內外(wai)如(ru)一。于(yu)時(shi),崇為江州長(chang)史,檢(jian)校散騎常侍,兼御史大夫,賜(si)紫金魚袋。
簡注:
宗法(fa)之行(xing),始于(yu)唐昭宗大(da)順元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)庚戍(注(zhu)(zhu):即(ji)公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)890年(nian)(nian)(nian))也(ye),至(zhi)(zhi)袞為(wei)江(jiang)州(zhou)參軍,試太(tai)常(chang)寺(si)丞(cheng),奉禮部(bu)郎,直(zhi)至(zhi)(zhi)南(nan)唐李(li)昪(bian)旌表(biao)孝(xiao)弟,標揭(jie)門(men)閭。于(yu)是陳(chen)(chen)(chen)氏(shi)特立(li)(li)義門(men),義門(men)之立(li)(li),始于(yu)李(li)昪(bian)丁酉(注(zhu)(zhu):即(ji)公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)937年(nian)(nian)(nian))也(ye)。昪(bian)卒(zu)煜立(li)(li)(注(zhu)(zhu):昪(bian)卒(zu)璟立(li)(li),璟故煜立(li)(li)。),又蠲(juan)其沿(yan)徵(zhi)科(ke)役。開寶末(注(zhu)(zhu):宋太(tai)祖(zu)趙匡胤(yin)年(nian)(nian)(nian)號,即(ji)公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)975年(nian)(nian)(nian)),太(tai)平興國(guo)七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(注(zhu)(zhu):即(ji)公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)982),右補闕直(zhi)史館張齊賢(xian)為(wei)轉(zhuan)運使,奏言(yan)“陳(chen)(chen)(chen)氏(shi)屢世(shi)義門(men),全家(jia)孝(xiao)行(xing),在(zai)煜時尚蒙蠲(juan)恤,于(yu)圣(sheng)朝豈令徵(zhi)收(shou)?宜免本戶沿(yan)徵(zhi)雜派,庶彰(zhang)大(da)化(hua)。”上可其奏。淳化(hua)初(chu),殿中(zhong)丞(cheng)相(xiang)唐戩理(li)江(jiang)州(zhou)事(shi),又奏“陳(chen)(chen)(chen)氏(shi)一(yi)宗骨(gu)肉千(qian)口,近年(nian)(nian)(nian)乏食,饑貧難濟,請(qing)每春貸粟二千(qian)石以贍之,(俟豐年(nian)(nian)(nian)還官)”。(詔(zhao)可)。至(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)中(zhong)(注(zhu)(zhu):宋太(tai)宗趙光義年(nian)(nian)(nian)號,即(ji)公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)995-997年(nian)(nian)(nian)),太(tai)宗遣內侍裴愈(yu)赍御書散三(san)吳名山寺(si)觀,德(de)(de)義之家(jia)皆賜(si)一(yi)本,陳(chen)(chen)(chen)氏(shi)所得(de)凡三(san)十三(san)卷,藏于(yu)家(jia)。愈(yu)復上《陳(chen)(chen)(chen)氏(shi)家(jia)法(fa)》二篇,太(tai)宗曰:“天(tian)下有(you)此人(ren)家(jia),真良家(jia)也(ye)!”敕愈(yu)送史館繕(shan)寫,賜(si)王公(gong)(gong)(gong)各一(yi)本,使知義門(men)傳家(jia)之法(fa)。愈(yu)遂言(yan):陳(chen)(chen)(chen)氏(shi)每歲租(zu)米四千(qian)斛(hu)(hu),距江(jiang)州(zhou)二百余(yu)里,舟車不通,常(chang)告(gao)二千(qian)斛(hu)(hu)腳值。若就德(de)(de)安倉輸(shu)納,以充軍馬驛料,則天(tian)恩加(jia)惠義門(men)者厚(hou)矣(yi)。太(tai)宗許之。
袞立(li)義門坊;昉(fang)主(zhu)家三十五年(nian);崇為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)長(chang)吏;勛為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)蒲(pu)圻令;玫為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)德化(hua)令;禮為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)吉安令;袞為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)司戶參軍(jun);昉(fang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)太(tai)仆少(shao)卿(qing);恭為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)洪都掌(zhang)書院(yuan);密(mi)知武陽事(shi);皆(jie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)衣冠之俊者也。秩為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)都知兵馬使;讓為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)衙前(qian)兵馬使;繆(mou)、渥、藹為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)節度(du)押(ya)衙使;郜為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)蒙義軍(jun)都頭使;輝為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)討擘(bo)副使;涼為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)教練(lian)使;皆(jie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)官職之選者也。若(ruo)(ruo)昭、若(ruo)(ruo)昱(yu)、若(ruo)(ruo)琛、若(ruo)(ruo)傳(chuan)、若(ruo)(ruo)遜、若(ruo)(ruo)儼(yan)、若(ruo)(ruo)度(du)、若(ruo)(ruo)漸、若(ruo)(ruo)永、若(ruo)(ruo)續、延年(nian)并登進(jin)士第(di);而(er)喬省象誥策碧岳位諗延芝俱擅(shan)詞場,皆(jie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)文學之英(ying)才也。斯乃五世(shi)而(er)昌,八世(shi)而(er)大,非獨田(tian)完(wan)之興齊,實乃陳(chen)氏之永世(shi)也。
夫(fu)天(tian)地一(yi)氣也(ye),萬(wan)民一(yi)姓也(ye),政教一(yi)體也(ye)。若清若濁者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),為善(shan)為惡者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),好仁好義(yi)(yi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),固有不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)。余觀陳(chen)氏(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)宗,清而(er)純,善(shan)而(er)和,義(yi)(yi)而(er)正;才者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)矜,技者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)炫(xuan),清純者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye);富而(er)不(bu)(bu)驕,貧而(er)不(bu)(bu)怨(yuan),善(shan)和者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye);有勇不(bu)(bu)犯(fan),有剛不(bu)(bu)折,義(yi)(yi)正者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)。吾(wu)以(yi)為士大夫(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)族,未有若陳(chen)宗者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)。謂其敦堯舜之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao),循湯武之(zhi)(zhi)法,受文(wen)王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)化(hua),承召公之(zhi)(zhi)訓(xun)歟(yu)!不(bu)(bu)然(ran),何其義(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)若是哉!天(tian)兵討江州也(ye),陳(chen)氏(shi)(shi)昆弟七人,皆在圍中(zhong)。及城破(po),軍(jun)民殺(sha)傷者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)殆盡,而(er)七人異(yi)處同(tong)(tong)歸,一(yi)無(wu)所傷,義(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)感也(ye)。至道(dao)以(yi)來,仍歲饑荒(huang),陳(chen)氏(shi)(shi)舉(ju)家啜粥(zhou),雜以(yi)藻菜,怡然(ran)相安,義(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)至也(ye)。丁酉歲(997)夏,予(yu)以(yi)兵部尚書掌(zhang)綸誥持史筆(bi),坐(zuo)命詞不(bu)(bu)當,連(lian)貶嶺(ling)表。己亥歲(999),會赦東歸。過潯陽,登盧峰,得諸陳(chen)氏(shi)(shi)宅,覽世譜,閱家法,詢事實,具知其狀,因為記,庶乎(hu)傳之(zhi)(zhi)四方,留示(shi)來葉者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。
辭曰:舜(shun)有(you)至德(de),其后必昌(chang)。曄(ye)曄(ye)陳(chen)氏,宗義(yi)(yi)刮飏。家法式定,義(yi)(yi)門表德(de)。如(ru)何在上,示為世則。古人(ren)有(you)言,家法如(ru)官(guan)。官(guan)若(ruo)為義(yi)(yi),其為必安。義(yi)(yi)則非利(li),利(li)則非義(yi)(yi)。義(yi)(yi)利(li)之途,人(ren)思共致。尚義(yi)(yi)則崇,尚利(li)則窮。伊惟陳(chen)宗,世襲義(yi)(yi)風。替昪偽煜,猶然(ran)敦(dun)助。逮我圣宗,恩惠(hui)駢屬。大宋萬年,子孫億千。德(de)澤旁流,陳(chen)宗綿(mian)綿(mian)。