胡旦(dan)(955-1034年),渤海(今(jin)山東惠民)人,字周父,喜讀書,宋太宗大平興國(guo)三年(978)戊寅科(ke)狀元(yuan)。
胡旦少有(you)才學,善于文辭(ci)。呂(lv)狀(zhuang)元后,為將作監丞,通判升州(zhou)(zhou),遷左(zuo)拾(shi)遺,入值史館。因上《河平頌》,議論時(shi)政(zheng),忤怒太宗(zong),貶為殿中丞。后來,胡旦又上《平燕議》,建(jian)議出兵收復燕云十(shi)六州(zhou)(zhou),受太宗(zong)賞識,起為左(zuo)補闕,復值史館,遷修(xiu)撰,以(yi)尚書戶部員外郎身份知制(zhi)誥(gao)。
胡(hu)旦家境貧困,死去無錢(qian)安葬(zang),只得(de)停棺房內(nei),胡(hu)旦生前一好(hao)友上報朝廷(ting),朝廷(ting)遂(sui)賜錢(qian)二十萬,使胡(hu)旦入土為安。
宋(song)太宗(zong)元年(nian),有(you)一(yi)書(shu)(shu)生(sheng)(sheng)到山東某縣游覽。知(zhi)縣大人(ren)(ren)得知(zhi)該書(shu)(shu)生(sheng)(sheng)頗(po)有(you)文采,便設宴款(kuan)待。知(zhi)縣的公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)很蔑(mie)視那書(shu)(shu)生(sheng)(sheng),問(wen)其有(you)何特長,書(shu)(shu)生(sheng)(sheng)說工詩。公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)便讓他(ta)誦讀一(yi)首,書(shu)(shu)生(sheng)(sheng)誦了一(yi)首,最(zui)后(hou)一(yi)句是(shi):“挑(tiao)盡(jin)寒燈夢不成(cheng)。”公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)一(yi)聽,大笑說:“此(ci)乃一(yi)瞌(ke)睡漢。”書(shu)(shu)生(sheng)(sheng)十分(fen)氣憤。這書(shu)(shu)生(sheng)(sheng)便是(shi)呂蒙(meng)正,第(di)二年(nian),呂蒙(meng)正一(yi)舉(ju)(ju)奪魁。他(ta)寫信給(gei)那公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi):“瞌(ke)睡漢如今中了狀(zhuang)元啦。”公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)看了他(ta)的信,冷笑一(yi)聲:“待我明年(nian)第(di)二人(ren)(ren)及第(di),輸你一(yi)籌(chou)。”第(di)二年(nian),新(xin)科狀(zhuang)元正是(shi)這位公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)——胡旦。綜觀科舉(ju)(ju)史,有(you)如此(ci)自信者,胡旦當屬(shu)第(di)一(yi)。
真宗(zong)時拜(bai)吏部侍(shi)郎,后(hou)以病請辭,遵旨薦寇準以代己職。
胡(hu)(hu)量喜讀書,失明后(hou),仍令人朗讀經史(shi)。晚(wan)年臧(zang)否人物,議論時政之病人依舊,被(bei)時論所(suo)鄙(bi)薄。胡(hu)(hu)旦學識淵博(bo),著(zhu)述甚三(san)(san),有《漢春秋》、《五(wu)代史(shi)略(lve)》、《將帥要略(lve)》、《演圣通訟(song)》、《唐乘(cheng)》、《家傳》三(san)(san)百(bai)余卷傳世。曾制一大硯(yan),方(fang)五(wu)六尺,上刻“胡(hu)(hu)旦修漢春秋硯(yan)”字樣(yang)埋入(ru)地下,以傳后(hou)世。
《義門記》
易曰:立天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,曰陰(yin)與陽;立地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,曰柔(rou)與剛;立人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,曰仁與義。陰(yin)陽運化(hua),天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)全(quan)功也(ye)(ye);剛柔(rou)成(cheng)形,地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)全(quan)德(de)也(ye)(ye);仁義厲教(jiao),人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)全(quan)行(xing)也(ye)(ye)。故古之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)圣王(wang),則(ze)乎天(tian)(tian),法乎地(di),理乎人。堯舜(shun)帥(shuai)(shuai)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)以仁,湯武帥(shuai)(shuai)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)以義。義也(ye)(ye)者(zhe),仁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基、行(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本(ben)也(ye)(ye)。所(suo)以敦九(jiu)族、協萬邦、厚人倫、美風俗者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。周德(de)方盛,文王(wang)化(hua)行(xing),關(guan)雎樂而不(bu)淫,螽斯仁而不(bu)姤(gou),子(zi)孫(sun)眾多(duo),流于歌(ge)詠。其(qi)詩曰:“螽斯羽詵詵兮,宜爾子(zi)孫(sun)振(zhen)振(zhen)兮。”內崇親(qin)(qin)戚(qi),外樹聲教(jiao)。聲教(jiao)所(suo)被,由家(jia)而國。其(qi)詩曰:“刑于寡妻(qi),至于兄(xiong)弟,以御于家(jia)邦。”然戰(zhan)國亡親(qin)(qin),秦廢(fei)諸子(zi),漢(han)滅親(qin)(qin)王(wang),魏則(ze)聚鄴以終(zhong)亡,晉則(ze)分藩以篡弒,迨夫(fu)隋(sui)唐失綱(gang),皆無(wu)足尚(shang)我太宗(zong)圣德(de)隆盛,人民親(qin)(qin)睦。
匡盧(lu)崔巍(wei),號為(wei)南障。山高水(shui)澄,秀(xiu)甲他郡。鐘英陳氏,代生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)偉(wei)人,累世(shi)同(tong)居(ju),歷(li)朝(chao)旌(jing)表(biao)。孝弟(di)藹于(yu)家(jia)門,義聲彰于(yu)邦國。按其宗(zong)譜:自漢(han)太邱實公(gong)歷(li)晉太子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)洗馬(ma);逵公(gong)十(shi)(shi)四世(shi)為(wei)宜都王叔明;叔明五(wu)(wu)(wu)世(shi)孫(sun)兼舉唐(tang)玄宗(zong)朝(chao)進(jin)士(shi),為(wei)右補闕,贈(zeng)秘(mi)書少監;兼子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)京進(jin)士(shi)及第,官至(zhi)給事中,集賢院(yuan)學士(shi),乏裔,子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)以從子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)褒為(wei)嗣,仕鹽官;褒子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)灌,為(wei)高安縣(xian)尉;灌子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)瓖,避難于(yu)泉州;生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)伯宣,隱居(ju)盧(lu)山,注司馬(ma)遷史記行(xing)于(yu)世(shi),屢徵不出,就拜左(zuo)侍(shi)(shi)郎;其孫(sun)旺(wang),從徙居(ju)德安縣(xian)太平鄉(xiang)長樂里;旺(wang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)機(ji),機(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)感(gan),感(gan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)蘭(lan),蘭(lan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)青(qing)。青(qing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)六(liu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(注:伉(kang)、侍(shi)(shi)、仲(zhong)、俛(mian)、偉(wei)、伸(shen)),六(liu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)十(shi)(shi)九(注:伉(kang)五(wu)(wu)(wu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),侍(shi)(shi)無子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),仲(zhong)三(san)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),俛(mian)三(san)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),偉(wei)五(wu)(wu)(wu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),伸(shen)三(san)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)),十(shi)(shi)九生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)三(san)十(shi)(shi)(注:伉(kang)五(wu)(wu)(wu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)十(shi)(shi)一子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),仲(zhong)三(san)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)六(liu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),俛(mian)三(san)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)五(wu)(wu)(wu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),偉(wei)五(wu)(wu)(wu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)八子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),伸(shen)三(san)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)六(liu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),凡三(san)十(shi)(shi)六(liu)?),自是家(jia)益昌,族益盛(sheng)矣。
仲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子崇,乃(nai)立(li)(li)家(jia)(jia)法垂示將來。故自序(xu)(xu)云:我家(jia)(jia)襲秘監(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)累功,承著作(zuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遺訓(xun),代傳(chuan)孝弟(di),業(ye)繼典墳。由是子孫益多,上(shang)下(xia)和(he)睦。然(ran)云礽既遠愚不同,茍無(wu)敦睦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方,慮乖孝友之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)訓(xun)。今繩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)規矩,則序(xu)(xu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)尊卑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分。推功任能,懲惡勸善,下(xia)令子孫世守(shou)家(jia)(jia)規,永敦和(he)睦。于是立(li)(li)主事(shi)以(yi)(yi)專家(jia)(jia)政,置庫司以(yi)(yi)掌家(jia)(jia)財,立(li)(li)莊長以(yi)(yi)督租賦,勘司以(yi)(yi)序(xu)(xu)男女,家(jia)(jia)塾以(yi)(yi)教(jiao)童稚(zhi),道院以(yi)(yi)業(ye)焚修(xiu),巫(wu)祝以(yi)(yi)備(bei)禱祈,醫師以(yi)(yi)供藥石(shi),匠作(zuo)以(yi)(yi)資器用(yong),辟(pi)書院以(yi)(yi)待(dai)學者,構廨宇(yu)以(yi)(yi)奉(feng)公門,其(qi)余酒漿鹽米之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)儲、衣履(lv)笄箱(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)、三時(shi)飲(yin)食之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)節(jie)、四時(shi)晏會之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)期、長幼出(chu)入(ru)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)儀、晨昏定省之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)禮、婚姻吊喪、送(song)往迎(ying)來、凡諸纖(xian)悉(xi)莫(mo)不周詳。然(ran)而贓(zang)獲不入(ru)其(qi)門,鷹犬不為其(qi)玩(wan),天文(wen)圖識之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學弗(fu)精,縱橫(heng)詭譎之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謀弗(fu)尚,商(shang)賈營販(fan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)利弗(fu)習,娼優賭(du)博之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒弗(fu)近,室無(wu)私財,廚無(wu)別饌,子弟(di)知教(jiao),內外如一。于時(shi),崇為江州長史,檢校(xiao)散騎常侍,兼御史大夫,賜紫金魚(yu)袋。
簡注:
宗(zong)法之行,始(shi)(shi)于唐(tang)(tang)昭宗(zong)大順元(yuan)年(nian)庚戍(注:即公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)890年(nian))也,至(zhi)袞為江州參軍,試(shi)太(tai)(tai)常寺丞,奉禮部郎(lang),直至(zhi)南唐(tang)(tang)李(li)昪(bian)(bian)旌表(biao)孝(xiao)弟,標揭門(men)閭(lv)。于是陳(chen)(chen)氏(shi)特立(li)義(yi)門(men),義(yi)門(men)之立(li),始(shi)(shi)于李(li)昪(bian)(bian)丁酉(注:即公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)937年(nian))也。昪(bian)(bian)卒(zu)煜(yu)立(li)(注:昪(bian)(bian)卒(zu)璟立(li),璟故煜(yu)立(li)。),又蠲(juan)(juan)其沿徵(zhi)科役。開寶(bao)末(mo)(注:宋太(tai)(tai)祖趙(zhao)匡(kuang)胤年(nian)號,即公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)975年(nian)),太(tai)(tai)平興(xing)國七(qi)年(nian)(注:即公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)982),右補(bu)闕直史館張(zhang)齊賢為轉運使(shi),奏言“陳(chen)(chen)氏(shi)屢世義(yi)門(men),全(quan)家(jia)(jia)孝(xiao)行,在(zai)煜(yu)時尚蒙(meng)蠲(juan)(juan)恤(xu),于圣朝豈(qi)令徵(zhi)收?宜(yi)免本(ben)戶沿徵(zhi)雜派,庶彰大化(hua)。”上(shang)可其奏。淳化(hua)初,殿中(zhong)丞相唐(tang)(tang)戩理江州事,又奏“陳(chen)(chen)氏(shi)一(yi)宗(zong)骨(gu)肉(rou)千(qian)口,近年(nian)乏食,饑貧難濟(ji),請每春(chun)貸粟二(er)千(qian)石(shi)以贍之,(俟豐年(nian)還(huan)官)”。(詔可)。至(zhi)道中(zhong)(注:宋太(tai)(tai)宗(zong)趙(zhao)光義(yi)年(nian)號,即公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)995-997年(nian)),太(tai)(tai)宗(zong)遣內侍(shi)裴愈赍御書散三吳名山寺觀,德義(yi)之家(jia)(jia)皆(jie)賜一(yi)本(ben),陳(chen)(chen)氏(shi)所得凡三十(shi)三卷,藏于家(jia)(jia)。愈復上(shang)《陳(chen)(chen)氏(shi)家(jia)(jia)法》二(er)篇,太(tai)(tai)宗(zong)曰(yue):“天下(xia)有(you)此人家(jia)(jia),真良家(jia)(jia)也!”敕愈送史館繕(shan)寫(xie),賜王公(gong)(gong)各(ge)一(yi)本(ben),使(shi)知義(yi)門(men)傳家(jia)(jia)之法。愈遂(sui)言:陳(chen)(chen)氏(shi)每歲租米四千(qian)斛,距江州二(er)百余(yu)里,舟車(che)不通,常告(gao)二(er)千(qian)斛腳值(zhi)。若就德安(an)倉(cang)輸納,以充軍馬驛(yi)料(liao),則天恩(en)加(jia)惠義(yi)門(men)者厚矣。太(tai)(tai)宗(zong)許(xu)之。
袞立(li)義(yi)門(men)坊;昉(fang)主家三十(shi)五年(nian);崇為(wei)(wei)長吏;勛為(wei)(wei)蒲圻令(ling);玫為(wei)(wei)德(de)化令(ling);禮為(wei)(wei)吉(ji)安令(ling);袞為(wei)(wei)司戶參軍;昉(fang)為(wei)(wei)太仆少(shao)卿;恭為(wei)(wei)洪(hong)都(dou)掌(zhang)書(shu)院(yuan);密知武陽事;皆為(wei)(wei)衣(yi)冠之俊者(zhe)也(ye)。秩為(wei)(wei)都(dou)知兵馬(ma)使;讓(rang)為(wei)(wei)衙前(qian)兵馬(ma)使;繆、渥、藹為(wei)(wei)節度押衙使;郜為(wei)(wei)蒙義(yi)軍都(dou)頭使;輝為(wei)(wei)討擘副使;涼為(wei)(wei)教練使;皆為(wei)(wei)官職之選者(zhe)也(ye)。若(ruo)(ruo)昭、若(ruo)(ruo)昱、若(ruo)(ruo)琛、若(ruo)(ruo)傳、若(ruo)(ruo)遜(xun)、若(ruo)(ruo)儼、若(ruo)(ruo)度、若(ruo)(ruo)漸、若(ruo)(ruo)永、若(ruo)(ruo)續、延(yan)年(nian)并登進(jin)士第;而(er)喬(qiao)省象(xiang)誥策碧岳位(wei)諗(shen)延(yan)芝俱擅(shan)詞(ci)場,皆為(wei)(wei)文學(xue)之英(ying)才也(ye)。斯乃(nai)五世而(er)昌,八(ba)世而(er)大(da),非獨(du)田(tian)完之興齊,實乃(nai)陳氏之永世也(ye)。
夫天(tian)地一(yi)氣也(ye)(ye),萬民一(yi)姓(xing)也(ye)(ye),政(zheng)教一(yi)體也(ye)(ye)。若(ruo)清(qing)(qing)若(ruo)濁(zhuo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),為善(shan)為惡者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),好仁好義(yi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),固有不(bu)同。余觀陳(chen)氏(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)宗,清(qing)(qing)而(er)(er)(er)純,善(shan)而(er)(er)(er)和,義(yi)而(er)(er)(er)正;才者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)矜,技(ji)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)炫,清(qing)(qing)純者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye);富(fu)而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)驕,貧而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)怨,善(shan)和者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye);有勇不(bu)犯(fan),有剛不(bu)折,義(yi)正者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。吾以(yi)(yi)為士大夫之(zhi)(zhi)族,未(wei)有若(ruo)陳(chen)宗者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。謂其敦堯舜之(zhi)(zhi)道,循湯武之(zhi)(zhi)法,受文王之(zhi)(zhi)化,承(cheng)召公(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)訓歟(yu)!不(bu)然,何其義(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)若(ruo)是(shi)哉!天(tian)兵討江州也(ye)(ye),陳(chen)氏(shi)昆弟七人,皆(jie)在圍中。及城破,軍民殺傷者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)殆盡,而(er)(er)(er)七人異處同歸(gui),一(yi)無所傷,義(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)感也(ye)(ye)。至(zhi)道以(yi)(yi)來,仍(reng)歲饑荒(huang),陳(chen)氏(shi)舉家啜粥,雜以(yi)(yi)藻菜,怡然相安,義(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。丁(ding)酉歲(997)夏,予以(yi)(yi)兵部尚書(shu)掌(zhang)綸誥持史筆,坐命詞不(bu)當,連貶嶺表。己(ji)亥歲(999),會赦(she)東歸(gui)。過潯陽,登盧峰,得諸陳(chen)氏(shi)宅,覽世譜,閱家法,詢事實,具知(zhi)其狀,因為記,庶乎傳之(zhi)(zhi)四方,留示來葉者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。
辭曰:舜(shun)有(you)至德,其后必昌。曄曄陳氏,宗(zong)義(yi)刮飏。家法(fa)式定,義(yi)門表德。如何在上,示為(wei)世(shi)則(ze)。古人(ren)有(you)言,家法(fa)如官(guan)。官(guan)若為(wei)義(yi),其為(wei)必安(an)。義(yi)則(ze)非利(li),利(li)則(ze)非義(yi)。義(yi)利(li)之途(tu),人(ren)思共致(zhi)。尚義(yi)則(ze)崇,尚利(li)則(ze)窮(qiong)。伊(yi)惟陳宗(zong),世(shi)襲義(yi)風。替昪(bian)偽煜(yu),猶然敦助。逮我(wo)圣宗(zong),恩(en)惠駢屬(shu)。大宋萬年,子孫億千。德澤(ze)旁流,陳宗(zong)綿(mian)綿(mian)。