交流(liu)電機是由(you)美籍塞爾(er)維亞裔科學家尼古拉·特斯拉發明(ming)的。
根據統(tong)計,交流(liu)電機的(de)分類可以按以下兩種方(fang)式:
交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)按其功能通常分為交流(liu)(liu)發電(dian)機(ji)、交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)和同步(bu)調相機(ji)幾大(da)類。由于(yu)電(dian)機(ji)工作狀態(tai)的可(ke)逆性,同一臺電(dian)機(ji)既(ji)可(ke)作發電(dian)機(ji)又可(ke)作電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)。
把電機(ji)分為(wei)發(fa)電機(ji)與電動(dong)機(ji)并(bing)不(bu)很確(que)切,只(zhi)是有(you)些(xie)電機(ji)主要作(zuo)發(fa)電機(ji)運(yun)行,有(you)些(xie)電機(ji)主要作(zuo)電動(dong)機(ji)運(yun)行。
交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)按品種分有同(tong)步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)、異步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)兩大類。同(tong)步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)轉子的轉速ns與旋轉磁場的轉速相同(tong),稱為同(tong)步(bu)(bu)轉速。ns與所接交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)的頻率(lv)(f)、電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的磁極(ji)對數(shu)(P)之間有嚴(yan)格的關系。
ns=60f/P
在(zai)中國,電(dian)源(yuan)頻率為50赫,所以三相交流電(dian)機中一對極(ji)電(dian)機的(de)(de)同步(bu)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)為3000轉(zhuan)/分,三相交流電(dian)機中兩對極(ji)電(dian)機的(de)(de)同步(bu)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)為1500轉(zhuan)/分,余(yu)類推。異(yi)步(bu)電(dian)機轉(zhuan)子(zi)的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)總是(shi)低于或(huo)高于其旋轉(zhuan)磁場的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su),異(yi)步(bu)之名(ming)由(you)此而(er)來。異(yi)步(bu)電(dian)機轉(zhuan)子(zi)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)與(yu)旋轉(zhuan)磁場轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)之差(稱為轉(zhuan)差)通常在(zai)10%以內。
交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)是一個非常廣義(yi)分類,電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)本身(shen)的種類就是非常大的,交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)本身(shen)也可以(yi)分低(di)速跟高(gao)速,低(di)速的可以(yi)叫(jiao)低(di)速電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)、交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)低(di)速電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji),高(gao)速的可以(yi)叫(jiao)高(gao)速電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji),高(gao)速電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji),交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)高(gao)速電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji),而高(gao)速電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)又可以(yi)被稱為電(dian)(dian)(dian)主軸(zhou),高(gao)速電(dian)(dian)(dian)主軸(zhou)等等。
電主軸:
電(dian)主軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)是最(zui)近幾年(nian)在數控機(ji)床(chuang)領域出現的將(jiang)機(ji)床(chuang)主軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)與主軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)電(dian)機(ji)融為一(yi)體的新技術(shu)(shu),它與直線電(dian)機(ji)技術(shu)(shu)、高(gao)速刀(dao)具技術(shu)(shu)一(yi)起,將(jiang)會把(ba)高(gao)速加工推(tui)向一(yi)個(ge)新時(shi)代。電(dian)主軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)是一(yi)套組件,它包括(kuo)電(dian)主軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)本身及其附件:電(dian)主軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)、高(gao)頻變頻裝置(zhi)、油霧潤滑(hua)器、冷卻裝置(zhi)、內置(zhi)編碼器、換刀(dao)裝置(zhi)。
電主軸(zhou)所(suo)融合的技術:
高速(su)軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)技術(shu):電主軸(zhou)(zhou)通常采用(yong)復合陶瓷軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng),耐磨(mo)耐熱,壽命是(shi)傳(chuan)統軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)的幾倍;有(you)時也采用(yong)電磁懸浮(fu)軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)或靜壓(ya)軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng),內外圈(quan)不接觸,理(li)論上壽命無(wu)限(xian);
高速(su)(su)電(dian)機技術:電(dian)主軸(zhou)是(shi)電(dian)動(dong)機與(yu)主軸(zhou)融合在一(yi)起的產物,電(dian)動(dong)機的轉(zhuan)子即為主軸(zhou)的旋轉(zhuan)部分(fen),理論上可以(yi)把(ba)電(dian)主軸(zhou)看作一(yi)臺高速(su)(su)電(dian)動(dong)機。關(guan)鍵技術是(shi)高速(su)(su)度下(xia)的動(dong)平衡;
潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua):電(dian)主(zhu)軸的(de)(de)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)一般采用(yong)(yong)定(ding)時(shi)(shi)定(ding)量(liang)(liang)(liang)油(you)氣(qi)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua);也可(ke)以(yi)采用(yong)(yong)脂潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua),但相應的(de)(de)速(su)(su)度(du)(du)要打折扣。所謂定(ding)時(shi)(shi),就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)每隔(ge)一定(ding)的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)間(jian)隔(ge)注一次油(you)。所謂定(ding)量(liang)(liang)(liang),就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)通(tong)過(guo)一個(ge)叫定(ding)量(liang)(liang)(liang)閥的(de)(de)器件,精確地控制每次潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)油(you)的(de)(de)油(you)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。而油(you)氣(qi)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua),指的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)油(you)在壓縮(suo)空(kong)氣(qi)的(de)(de)攜帶下(xia),被(bei)吹入(ru)陶瓷軸承。油(you)量(liang)(liang)(liang)控制很重(zhong)要,太少,起不到潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)作用(yong)(yong);太多,在軸承高速(su)(su)旋轉(zhuan)時(shi)(shi)會因油(you)的(de)(de)阻(zu)力而發熱(re)。冷(leng)卻裝(zhuang)置(zhi):為了盡快給高速(su)(su)運行的(de)(de)電(dian)主(zhu)軸散熱(re),通(tong)常(chang)對電(dian)主(zhu)軸的(de)(de)外(wai)壁通(tong)以(yi)循環冷(leng)卻劑,冷(leng)卻裝(zhuang)置(zhi)的(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)是(shi)(shi)保持冷(leng)卻劑的(de)(de)溫度(du)(du)。
內(nei)置(zhi)脈沖(chong)(chong)編碼器:為(wei)了實現自動換刀以(yi)及(ji)剛(gang)性攻(gong)螺紋,電主軸內(nei)置(zhi)一脈沖(chong)(chong)編碼器,以(yi)實現準確的(de)相角(jiao)控(kong)制以(yi)及(ji)與進給的(de)配(pei)合。
自動換(huan)刀裝置:為(wei)了應用(yong)于加工中心(xin),電主(zhu)軸配備了自動換(huan)刀裝置,包(bao)括(kuo)碟形(xing)簧、拉刀油缸(gang)等(deng);
高(gao)速(su)刀(dao)具的裝卡(ka)方式:廣為熟(shu)悉的BT、ISO刀(dao)具,已被實踐證明不適合于高(gao)速(su)加工。這(zhe)種(zhong)情(qing)況下出現了(le)HSK、SKI等高(gao)速(su)刀(dao)具。
高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)裝置:要實(shi)現電主軸每(mei)分鐘幾萬(wan)甚至十幾萬(wan)轉的(de)轉速(su),必須用(yong)一高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)裝置來驅動(dong)電主軸的(de)內置高(gao)速(su)電動(dong)機,變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)器的(de)輸出頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)必須達到上千或幾千赫茲。
一(yi)、交流(liu)電(dian)機電(dian)源
交流電機(ji)一般采用(yong)(yong)(yong)三(san)(san)相(xiang)制,因為三(san)(san)相(xiang)交流電機(ji)與(yu)單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)電機(ji)相(xiang)比(bi),無(wu)論在性(xing)能(neng)指標,原(yuan)材(cai)料利用(yong)(yong)(yong)和(he)價格(ge)等方(fang)面均有明顯(xian)的優越性(xing)。同樣功率的三(san)(san)相(xiang)電機(ji)比(bi)單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)電機(ji)體積小,重量輕(qing),價格(ge)低。三(san)(san)相(xiang)電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)有自(zi)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)能(neng)力。單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)電機(ji)沒(mei)有起(qi)動(dong)(dong)轉(zhuan)矩,為解(jie)決起(qi)動(dong)(dong)問(wen)題,需(xu)(xu)采取一些特殊的措施。單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)電機(ji)的轉(zhuan)矩是(shi)脈動(dong)(dong)的,噪聲也比(bi)較(jiao)大,但所需(xu)(xu)的電源比(bi)較(jiao)簡單(dan)(dan),特別是(shi)在家(jia)庭中使用(yong)(yong)(yong)十分方(fang)便。因此小型家(jia)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電機(ji)和(he)儀用(yong)(yong)(yong)電機(ji)多采用(yong)(yong)(yong)單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)電機(ji)。
二、交流電機變頻(pin)調速(su)
變頻器(qi)是應用變頻技術(shu)與微電子技術(shu),通(tong)過改變電機工作電源的頻率和幅度的方式來控制(zhi)交流(liu)電機的電力(li)傳動元件。
交流電動機調速變頻器的特(te)點:■低頻轉矩輸出180% ,低頻運(yun)行特(te)性良好
■輸出頻率最大600Hz,可控制高速電機
■全方位的偵測保護功能(neng)(過(guo)壓、欠壓、過(guo)載)瞬間停電再起(qi)動(dong)
■加速(su)、減速(su)、動轉中失速(su)防止等保護功能(neng)
■電機動態(tai)參數自動識(shi)別功(gong)能(neng),保(bao)證系統的穩定(ding)性和(he)精確性
■高速(su)停機時響(xiang)應快
■豐富靈活的輸(shu)(shu)入、輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)接口和控制方式,通用(yong)性強
電機原(yuan)理編輯 播(bo)報
用(yong)(yong)單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)說明:單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)有兩個(ge)繞組(zu),即起(qi)(qi)動(dong)繞組(zu)和(he)(he)運(yun)行繞組(zu)。兩個(ge)繞組(zu)在(zai)空間上(shang)相(xiang)差90度。在(zai)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)繞組(zu)上(shang)串聯了一個(ge)容(rong)量較大(da)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器,當運(yun)行繞組(zu)和(he)(he)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)繞組(zu)通過(guo)單(dan)相(xiang)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi),由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)使(shi)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)繞組(zu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)在(zai)時(shi)間上(shang)比運(yun)行繞組(zu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)超前90度角,先(xian)到達最大(da)值(zhi)。在(zai)時(shi)間和(he)(he)空間上(shang)形成(cheng)兩個(ge)相(xiang)同(tong)的(de)(de)脈沖(chong)磁(ci)場,使(shi)定子與轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子之間的(de)(de)氣隙中(zhong)產生了一個(ge)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)場,在(zai)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)場的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)下,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子中(zhong)產生感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)與旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)場互相(xiang)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)場轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩,使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)起(qi)(qi)來。
單相接地故障定義:
三相電力系(xi)統中,僅(jin)在一相導線與(yu)地(di)之間出現(xian)的(de)絕緣破壞(huai)。
廣義來說,單(dan)相接地(di)故障包括單(dan)相接地(di)短路,單(dan)相接地(di)短路是單(dan)相接地(di)故障中(zhong)的一種特殊現象,只有(you)變(bian)壓器(qi)中(zhong)性點接地(di)系統才(cai)會有(you)。
狹(xia)義來說,單相接(jie)(jie)地故(gu)障(zhang)和單相接(jie)(jie)地短路是兩個(ge)概(gai)念。一個(ge)是故(gu)障(zhang),一個(ge)是事故(gu)。
電力系統(tong)的(de)故(gu)(gu)障和事故(gu)(gu)是用狹義區分的(de)。
單相接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)短路是(shi)指火(huo)線(任(ren)何一(yi)相電(dian)(dian)(dian))沒有經過負載直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)和地(di)(di)線接(jie)(jie)通,在380/220供電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)或其它接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)系統(tong)(tong)中,由于(yu)變壓器的(de)中性線是(shi)接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)的(de),而且接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻很小,火(huo)線(任(ren)何一(yi)相電(dian)(dian)(dian))沒有經過負載直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)和地(di)(di)線接(jie)(jie)通,瞬間將產(chan)生很大的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流,燒(shao)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)線、配電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備或跳閘等,所以單相接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)短路是(shi)嚴重的(de)事故,是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)(tong)盡量要避免的(de)。
在電(dian)力系(xi)(xi)統(tong)中,有(you)很多地(di)(di)方是(shi)用不接(jie)地(di)(di)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)供(gong)(gong)電(dian),比(bi)如在粉塵嚴(yan)重,易(yi)燃(ran)易(yi)爆等特殊(shu)場(chang)地(di)(di),我們國家所有(you)6—10千伏,35千伏供(gong)(gong)電(dian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)等,采(cai)用的(de)(de)都是(shi)中性點(dian)不接(jie)地(di)(di)或經大(da)電(dian)阻接(jie)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong),這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)單(dan)(dan)相接(jie)地(di)(di)后(hou),由于沒(mei)有(you)回路或沒(mei)有(you)產生大(da)電(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)回路,沒(mei)有(you)接(jie)地(di)(di)電(dian)流(liu)或沒(mei)有(you)大(da)的(de)(de)接(jie)地(di)(di)電(dian)流(liu),所以不影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)正(zheng)常(chang)運行(xing)。雖(sui)然不影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)正(zheng)常(chang)運行(xing),但單(dan)(dan)相接(jie)地(di)(di)是(shi)一種故(gu)障(zhang),為了防備(bei)接(jie)地(di)(di)擴展(zhan)為兩相接(jie)地(di)(di)或使接(jie)地(di)(di)設備(bei)進一步(bu)損壞等,規程規定發(fa)生了單(dan)(dan)相接(jie)地(di)(di)故(gu)障(zhang)后(hou),要(yao)(yao)在2小時(shi)(shi)內查明原因,作(zuo)出處理(li),2小時(shi)(shi)內查不出原因或無法處理(li)的(de)(de),要(yao)(yao)停電(dian)處理(li)后(hou)才能供(gong)(gong)電(dian)。
單相接地(di)故障(zhang)查找(zhao)方法大全
對于小電流(liu)接(jie)地系統,如何快速查找單相接(jie)地故障,我給大家(jia)介紹一些簡單可行的方法(fa)。
1、人工(gong)查(cha)找方法
如果(guo)變(bian)電站內沒(mei)(mei)有安裝接地選線裝置,線路上(shang)也(ye)沒(mei)(mei)有安裝接地故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)指示器(qi)或者短路接地二合一(yi)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)指示器(qi),也(ye)沒(mei)(mei)有很好的接地故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)探測儀(yi),那就只(zhi)好采用(yong)人工(gong)查找的笨辦(ban)法了。查找步(bu)驟(zou)如下:
⑴通過人工(gong)(或調度,以下同)依(yi)次拉閘,可(ke)知道(dao)變電站(zhan)哪條(tiao)出線接地,通過調度知道(dao)哪相接地。
⑵接(jie)下來有兩種方法來查(cha)找故障點:一是將線(xian)路逐級分(fen)段,或(huo)者(zhe)將經常有故障的(de)線(xian)路拉開,用2.5kV搖表測(ce)接(jie)地相對地絕緣(yuan),絕緣(yuan)電阻小(xiao)的(de)那段為故障段,以此縮(suo)小(xiao)查(cha)找范圍(當然,在變電站出線(xian)側一定要做好掛(gua)接(jie)地線(xian)等安全保護(hu)措施);二是將線(xian)路盡可能分(fen)段,然后逐級試合(he)送電,與調度(du)互動配合(he),有零序電壓報警時該段為故障區段。
人(ren)工(gong)查(cha)找方法(fa)操(cao)作很麻煩(fan),如(ru)果線路長、分支多、開關分段又少,那(nei)就不好(hao)操(cao)作了(le)(le)(le),再加上天色和(he)天氣不佳,那(nei)就更不好(hao)處理了(le)(le)(le)。建議還是采(cai)用一些設備投資少的科技(ji)手(shou)段來配合(he)人(ren)工(gong)查(cha)找,可取(qu)得事半功倍的效(xiao)(xiao)果,既提供(gong)(gong)了(le)(le)(le)供(gong)(gong)電可靠性和(he)社會效(xiao)(xiao)益(yi),也創造(zao)了(le)(le)(le)經濟(ji)效(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)。
2、利(li)用接地(di)選線裝置和故障指示(shi)器來(lai)查找
變電站一(yi)般都(dou)安(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)了接(jie)地(di)(di)選(xuan)線裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置,雖然有時不準,但(dan)可以(yi)為(wei)人(ren)工拉(la)閘提(ti)供技術(shu)參考。然后在線路上安(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)一(yi)些接(jie)地(di)(di)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)指示(shi)器(或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)短路接(jie)地(di)(di)二合(he)一(yi)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)指示(shi)器),以(yi)此(ci)指示(shi)接(jie)地(di)(di)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)途徑。比(bi)(bi)較可靠的接(jie)地(di)(di)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)檢(jian)測方(fang)(fang)法(fa)是采(cai)(cai)用信(xin)(xin)號源(yuan)法(fa),比(bi)(bi)較靈敏(min)的的接(jie)地(di)(di)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)檢(jian)測方(fang)(fang)法(fa)是采(cai)(cai)用首(shou)半(ban)波法(fa)或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)直流(liu)暫態分析法(fa)。建議(yi)采(cai)(cai)用兩種接(jie)地(di)(di)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)指示(shi)器相結合(he)的方(fang)(fang)法(fa)來(lai)查找接(jie)地(di)(di)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)比(bi)(bi)較好,以(yi)信(xin)(xin)號源(yuan)法(fa)為(wei)主,以(yi)首(shou)半(ban)波法(fa)或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)直流(liu)暫態分析法(fa)為(wei)輔。
3、利(li)用饋(kui)線(xian)自動化方法來查找
如(ru)果(guo)用戶(hu)有(you)錢,則推薦使用饋線(xian)自動(dong)化(hua)方法來查(cha)找(zhao)接(jie)地(di)故障。該方法利用智能開(kai)(kai)關(電(dian)(dian)動(dong)負(fu)荷開(kai)(kai)關、分段器、斷路器、重合器+FTU)的邏輯功能來代(dai)替傳統(tong)的人(ren)工(gong)查(cha)找(zhao)方法,并可以自動(dong)實現故障隔離、恢復和轉移供電(dian)(dian)。假設一條雙電(dian)(dian)源手(shou)拉手(shou)線(xian)路分成6段,即有(you)5臺(tai)智能開(kai)(kai)關(雙側配三相(xiang)五柱式(shi)信號PT或者(zhe)電(dian)(dian)容式(shi)PT),中間(jian)那臺(tai)做聯絡,并以接(jie)地(di)故障點在(zai)第(di)一臺(tai)與第(di)二臺(tai)智能開(kai)(kai)關之間(jian)為例,具體實現步驟(zou)如(ru)下:
⑴變電站將接(jie)地出(chu)線(xian)拉閘停電,線(xian)路上各分(fen)段(duan)智能開關(guan)自動分(fen)閘。
⑵變電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)合(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)送(song)電(dian)(dian),電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)零(ling)(ling)序電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)不報警(jing),該(gai)區段恢復(fu)送(song)電(dian)(dian)成功;第(di)一臺(tai)智能開(kai)關FTU檢測到(dao)線電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya),但沒有檢測到(dao)零(ling)(ling)序電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya),則(ze)延(yan)時(shi)一段時(shi)間以后(hou)自動合(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha),因合(he)到(dao)接(jie)地故(gu)障上而(er)檢測到(dao)零(ling)(ling)序電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya),則(ze)立即分閘(zha)(zha)(zha)并“閉鎖(suo)”;第(di)二臺(tai)智能開(kai)關也檢測到(dao)零(ling)(ling)序電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya),開(kai)關不動并“閉鎖(suo)”,取消“得(de)電(dian)(dian)延(yan)時(shi)自動合(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)”功能。
⑶中間聯(lian)絡(luo)開關檢(jian)測(ce)到單側(ce)失(shi)電,延時一段時間以(yi)后自動合閘,因(yin)故障點不在(zai)該區段,沒有檢(jian)測(ce)到零序電壓(ya),該區段轉移(yi)供電成功。
⑷聯絡開(kai)(kai)關(guan)送電后,第二(er)臺智能開(kai)(kai)關(guan)檢(jian)測(ce)到線電壓,沒有檢(jian)測(ce)到零序(xu)電壓,但是(shi)有“閉(bi)鎖”在前,故(gu)取消“得電延時(shi)自(zi)動(dong)合閘”功能,開(kai)(kai)關(guan)保持(chi)在分位。
⑸至(zhi)此,接地(di)故障點(dian)區(qu)段已(yi)(yi)被隔開,其它(ta)非(fei)故障區(qu)段都(dou)已(yi)(yi)經恢(hui)復或者(zhe)轉移供電(dian)。
4、改變中性點接地方(fang)式(shi)來查找
配電系統(tong)采用(yong)中性點不(bu)接地(di)或(huo)者經過消(xiao)弧線圈接地(di)方式,有(you)利也有(you)弊。針對(dui)故障查找(zhao)困難的“弊端”和由此帶來的一(yi)些人身(shen)財產安(an)全問題(ti),用(yong)戶自(zi)己也在(zai)做(zuo)進一(yi)步的思(si)考,思(si)考出來的方案主要(yao)有(you)兩種:
⑴將中性點改(gai)為經小電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)接地(di)。改(gai)造以后,利用出口(kou)斷(duan)路(lu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)零(ling)序(xu)兩段(duan)保(bao)護(hu)功能和短路(lu)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)指示器(qi)(qi)(qi),基本上可(ke)以解決掉70%左右的(de)接地(di)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)查找問題,但還有30%左右的(de)中阻(zu)(zu)和高阻(zu)(zu)接地(di)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)不好查找,可(ke)能還存在與線路(lu)熔斷(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)保(bao)護(hu)配(pei)合(he)問題。針對(dui)這種系統(tong),比較好的(de)解決方法是利用數字化(hua)的(de)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)指示器(qi)(qi)(qi),將線路(lu)零(ling)序(xu)電(dian)流(liu)(電(dian)纜)、線路(lu)總電(dian)流(liu)(架空)、對(dui)地(di)絕緣電(dian)壓(架空)等指示器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)測量數據通過無線通訊網絡(luo)發(fa)送到調度系統(tong),經綜合(he)分析變電(dian)站實時和歷史(shi)信(xin)息,可(ke)判斷(duan)接地(di)點位置(zhi)。
⑵中(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)點改為(wei)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)+斷(duan)路器或者中(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)+高壓(ya)接(jie)(jie)觸器的(de)模式(shi)。斷(duan)路器或高壓(ya)接(jie)(jie)觸器平時(shi)處于(yu)(yu)分位,只有(you)當檢測到系統零序電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)抬高以(yi)(yi)后才延時(shi)合(he)閘,短時(shi)變(bian)為(wei)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)或者中(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)接(jie)(jie)地(di),然后通(tong)(tong)(tong)過以(yi)(yi)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)接(jie)(jie)地(di)方式(shi)下的(de)檢測方法來(lai)查找故(gu)障。另外,由于(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)點電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)通(tong)(tong)(tong)斷(duan)可以(yi)(yi)靈(ling)活控制,則可以(yi)(yi)在消弧線圈動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)以(yi)(yi)后,再以(yi)(yi)一定的(de)合(he)分時(shi)序來(lai)控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)通(tong)(tong)(tong)斷(duan),以(yi)(yi)便讓(rang)保護裝置動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)或者讓(rang)接(jie)(jie)地(di)故(gu)障指(zhi)示(shi)器識(shi)別該(gai)信(xin)號并(bing)指(zhi)示(shi)出接(jie)(jie)地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流途徑(jing)。
一、啟動前的準備和(he)檢查
1、檢(jian)查(cha)電動(dong)及啟(qi)動(dong)設備接(jie)地是否可靠和完整,接(jie)線是否正確(que)與良(liang)好。
2、檢查(cha)電動(dong)機銘牌所示電壓(ya)、頻率(lv)(lv)與電源(yuan)電壓(ya)、頻率(lv)(lv)是否(fou)相符。
3、新安裝或長期停用的(de)電動(dong)機啟動(dong)前(qian)應(ying)檢查(cha)繞組相(xiang)(xiang)對相(xiang)(xiang)、相(xiang)(xiang)對地絕緣電阻(zu)。絕緣地那(nei)組應(ying)大(da)于0.5兆歐,如果低于此值,須將繞組烘干。
4、對繞線型轉子應檢查其集電(dian)環上的電(dian)刷裝置(zhi)是否能正常工作,電(dian)刷壓力是否符合要求。
5、檢查電動機轉動是(shi)否(fou)靈活,滑(hua)動軸承內(nei)的油是(shi)否(fou)達到規定油位。
6、檢查電動機所(suo)用熔斷器的額定電流是(shi)否符(fu)合要(yao)求。
7、檢(jian)查電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)各(ge)緊固螺栓(shuan)及安(an)裝螺栓(shuan)是(shi)否擰(ning)緊。 上述(shu)各(ge)檢(jian)查全部達到要(yao)求后,可啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)后,空載運行(xing)30分鐘左右,注意觀察電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)是(shi)否有(you)異常(chang)(chang)現象,如發(fa)現噪聲、震(zhen)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、發(fa)熱等不正常(chang)(chang)情(qing)況,應采取措施,待(dai)情(qing)況消除(chu)后,才能(neng)投入運行(xing)。 啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)繞線型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)時(shi),應將啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)變阻(zu)器接入轉子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中。對有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷提(ti)(ti)升機(ji)構的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji),應放下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷,并斷開短(duan)路裝置,合上定子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路開關,扳動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)變阻(zu)器。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)接近額定轉速時(shi),提(ti)(ti)起(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷,合上短(duan)路裝置,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)完畢。
二、行中的維護
1、電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)應經常(chang)保持清潔,不允許(xu)有雜物進(jin)入電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)內(nei)部;進(jin)風口和出風口必須保持暢通(tong)。
2、用儀表監(jian)視電(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)壓、頻率及電(dian)(dian)動機的(de)負載電(dian)(dian)流。電(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)壓、頻率要(yao)(yao)符合電(dian)(dian)動機銘牌數據(ju),電(dian)(dian)動機負載電(dian)(dian)流不(bu)得超過銘牌上的(de)規定值,否(fou)則(ze)要(yao)(yao)查明原因,采(cai)取措施,不(bu)良情況(kuang)消除后方(fang)能(neng)繼續運行(xing)。
3、采取必要手段(duan)檢(jian)測電動(dong)機各部(bu)位溫升。
4、對于繞(rao)相型(xing)轉(zhuan)子(zi)電機,應(ying)經常注意電刷(shua)與集電環間的接觸壓力、磨損及火花情況(kuang)。電動機停轉(zhuan)時(shi),應(ying)斷(duan)開(kai)(kai)定(ding)子(zi)電路內的開(kai)(kai)關,然后將電刷(shua)提升機構扳到啟動位置(zhi),斷(duan)開(kai)(kai)短路裝置(zhi)。
5、電動(dong)機運(yun)行(xing)后定期(qi)維修(xiu),一般(ban)(ban)分小(xiao)修(xiu)、大(da)修(xiu)兩種(zhong)。小(xiao)修(xiu)屬(shu)一般(ban)(ban)檢修(xiu),對電動(dong)機啟動(dong)設備及整體(ti)不作大(da)的(de)(de)拆卸,約一季度(du)一次,大(da)修(xiu)要將所有傳動(dong)裝置及電動(dong)機的(de)(de)所有零(ling)部(bu)件都拆卸下來(lai),并將拆卸的(de)(de)零(ling)部(bu)件作全面的(de)(de)檢查及清洗,一般(ban)(ban)一年一次。
1.電(dian)(dian)機(ji)為什么會(hui)產生軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)? 電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)---軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承座(zuo)---底座(zuo)回路中的(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)稱(cheng)為軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)。
軸電流產生的原因:
(1) 磁場不對稱;
(2) 供電電流中有(you)諧波;
(3) 制造、安裝不(bu)好,由(you)于轉子(zi)偏心造成氣(qi)隙不(bu)勻;
(4) 可拆式定子鐵心兩(liang)個半圓(yuan)間有縫(feng)隙;
(5) 有扇(shan)形(xing)疊成(cheng)的(de)定子鐵心的(de)拼片數目選擇不合(he)適。 危害(hai): 使(shi)電機軸承表面或滾珠受(shou)到侵蝕,形(xing)程點狀微孔,使(shi)軸承運轉性能惡化,摩擦損耗(hao)和(he)發熱增加,最終(zhong)造(zao)成(cheng)
軸承燒毀。
預防:
(1) 消除脈(mo)動磁通和電源諧波(bo)(如在(zai)變頻器輸出側加(jia)裝交(jiao)流電抗(kang)器);
(2) 電機設計時,將(jiang)滑動(dong)軸(zhou)承的軸(zhou)承座(zuo)和底(di)座(zuo)絕緣,滾動(dong)軸(zhou)承的外圈(quan)和端蓋絕緣。
2、為什(shen)么一般電(dian)(dian)機(ji)不(bu)能(neng)用于高(gao)(gao)原地區? 海拔高(gao)(gao)度(du)對電(dian)(dian)機(ji)溫升,電(dian)(dian)機(ji)電(dian)(dian)暈(高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)機(ji))及直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的換向(xiang)均有不(bu)利影響。應注意以下三(san)方面:
(1) 海拔高(gao),電(dian)機溫升越大,輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)功(gong)率越小。但(dan)當氣溫隨(sui)海拔的(de)升高(gao)而降(jiang)低足以補(bu)償海拔對溫升的(de)影響時,電(dian)機的(de)額定(ding)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)功(gong)率可以不變;
(2) 高壓電(dian)機在高原使用時要(yao)采取防(fang)電(dian)暈措施(shi);
(3) 海拔高度對(dui)直流(liu)電(dian)機換(huan)向不(bu)利,要注意碳刷材料的(de)選(xuan)用。 3、電(dian)機為什(shen)么不(bu)宜輕載運(yun)行?
電機輕載(zai)運行時,會造成:
(1) 電(dian)機功率因數(shu)低(di);
(2) 電(dian)機效率(lv)低(di)。 會造成設(she)備浪費,運行(xing)不經濟。 (1)負載過(guo)大;
(2)缺相;
(3)風道(dao)堵塞;
(4)低速運行時間過長(chang);
(5)電源諧波(bo)過大。
5、為什么不能任(ren)意起動寒(han)冷環(huan)境(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)的電機? 電機在低溫環(huan)境(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)過長,會:
(1) 電(dian)機絕緣(yuan)開裂;
(2) 軸承潤滑(hua)脂凍結(jie);
(3) 導線接頭焊錫(xi)粉化。
因此,電機在寒冷環境中應加熱保存,在運(yun)轉前應對繞組(zu)和軸(zhou)承進行檢查(cha)。
6、電(dian)機三相電(dian)流不平衡的原(yuan)因有哪些?
(1)三相電壓不平衡;
(2)電(dian)機內部某相(xiang)支(zhi)路焊(han)接不良(liang)或接觸不好;
(3)電機繞組匝間(jian)短路(lu)或對地、相間(jian)短路(lu);
(4)接線錯誤。
7.為(wei)什么60Hz的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)不能用接于(yu)50Hz的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源? 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)設計(ji)時一般使硅鋼片工作(zuo)在磁(ci)(ci)化曲線的(de)飽合區,當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)一定時,降低頻(pin)率會(hui)使磁(ci)(ci)通增(zeng)(zeng)加,勵磁(ci)(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流增(zeng)(zeng)加,導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流增(zeng)(zeng)加,銅耗增(zeng)(zeng)加,最終導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)溫升增(zeng)(zeng)高,嚴重時還可能因線圈過熱而(er)燒毀電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。
8.電機(ji)缺相的原因(yin)有哪些?
電源方面:
(1) 開關(guan)接觸不良;
(2) 變(bian)壓器(qi)或(huo)線(xian)路斷線(xian);
(3) 保(bao)險熔斷。
電機方面:
(1) 電機接線盒螺絲松動接觸(chu)不(bu)良;
(2) 內部接線(xian)焊接不良(liang);
(3) 電機(ji)繞組斷線。
9.造成(cheng)電機異常(chang)振動和聲音的原因(yin)有哪些?
機械(xie)方面: (1)軸(zhou)承潤滑不(bu)良,軸(zhou)承磨(mo)損(sun);
(2)軸承室過大(da)。
(3)緊固螺釘松動(dong);
(4) 電機(ji)內有雜物。
電磁方面:
(1) 電(dian)機過載運行(xing);
(2) 三相電流不平衡;
(3) 缺相;
(4) 定子,轉子繞組發生短路故障;
(5) 籠(long)型轉子焊(han)接部分開焊(han)造(zao)成斷條。 10.電機軸(zhou)承過熱的原因(yin)有哪些? 電機本身:
(1) 軸承內(nei)外圈(quan)配合過緊;
(2) 零(ling)部件(jian)形位公差有(you)問題,如機座、端蓋、軸等零(ling)件(jian)同軸度不好;
(3) 軸(zhou)承選用(yong)不當;
(4) 軸(zhou)承潤滑(hua)不良或軸(zhou)承清洗不凈(jing),潤滑(hua)脂內(nei)有雜物; (5) 軸(zhou)電流(liu)。
使用方面:
(1) 機組安裝(zhuang)不(bu)當,如電機軸和所拖(tuo)動的裝(zhuang)置的軸同軸度不(bu)合要求;
(2) 皮帶輪(lun)拉動過緊;
(3) 軸(zhou)承維護不好,潤滑脂不足或超過(guo)使(shi)用期(qi),發干變質。 11.電機絕(jue)緣電阻低的原因有哪些?
(1)繞組受潮或有水侵入;
(2)繞組上(shang)積聚灰塵(chen)或(huo)油污(wu);
(3)絕緣(yuan)老化;
(4)電機(ji)引線或接線板(ban)絕緣破壞(huai)。