感應電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機又(you)稱“異步電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機（asynchronousmotor）”，即轉子(zi)置于旋(xuan)轉磁(ci)場(chang)中，在旋(xuan)轉磁(ci)場(chang)的作用下(xia)，獲得(de)一個(ge)轉動(dong)(dong)力矩(ju)，因(yin)而轉子(zi)轉動(dong)(dong)。
轉子是可轉動的(de)導體，通常多呈鼠籠狀。定子是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)中(zhong)不轉動的(de)部分，主要任務是產生一(yi)個(ge)旋轉磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場(chang)。旋轉磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場(chang)并(bing)不是用(yong)機(ji)(ji)械方法來實現。而是以交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通于(yu)數對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵中(zhong)，使其磁(ci)(ci)(ci)極性質循(xun)環改變，故相(xiang)當于(yu)一(yi)個(ge)旋轉的(de)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場(chang)。這種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)并(bing)不像直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷或(huo)集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)環，依(yi)據所用(yong)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)種(zhong)類有(you)單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)和(he)三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)，單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)用(yong)在如洗衣機(ji)(ji)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)風扇(shan)等；三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)則作為工廠的(de)動力(li)設備。
尼古拉·特(te)斯拉（Nikola Tesla，1856年(nian)7月10日~1943年(nian)1月7日），塞爾維亞裔美籍發(fa)明(ming)家、機械工(gong)程師、電氣(qi)工(gong)程師。他被認為是電力商(shang)業化的(de)(de)重要(yao)推(tui)動者之一(yi)，并因主持設計了(le)現代交流電系統而最(zui)為人知。在邁克爾·法(fa)拉第發(fa)現的(de)(de)電磁(ci)(ci)場理論(lun)的(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)上(shang)，特(te)斯拉在電磁(ci)(ci)場領域(yu)有(you)著多項革命(ming)性的(de)(de)發(fa)明(ming)。1887年(nian)發(fa)明(ming)感應(ying)電動機，他的(de)(de)多項相關(guan)專利以及電磁(ci)(ci)學(xue)的(de)(de)理論(lun)研究工(gong)作(zuo)是現代的(de)(de)無線(xian)通信和無線(xian)電的(de)(de)基(ji)石。
通過定子(zi)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)(ci)場（其轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)為同(tong)(tong)步轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)n1）與轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)繞組(zu)的相對運動(dong)(dong)，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)繞組(zu)切割磁(ci)(ci)感線產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)感應(ying)(ying)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)勢，從而使轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)繞組(zu)中(zhong)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)感應(ying)(ying)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)繞組(zu)中(zhong)的感應(ying)(ying)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)與磁(ci)(ci)場作用，產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩，使轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)。由于當(dang)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)逐漸(jian)接近同(tong)(tong)步轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)時(shi)，感應(ying)(ying)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐漸(jian)減(jian)(jian)小(xiao)(xiao)，所產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩也相應(ying)(ying)減(jian)(jian)小(xiao)(xiao)，當(dang)異步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機工作在電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機狀態時(shi)，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)小(xiao)(xiao)于同(tong)(tong)步轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)。為了描述轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)n與同(tong)(tong)步轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)n1之間的差別，引入轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)差率（slip）。
單相異步(bu)電(dian)機的(de)基本(ben)結構(gou)
單相(xiang)異(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)就是只需單相(xiang)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。單相(xiang)異(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)由定(ding)子(zi)、轉(zhuan)子(zi)、軸承、機(ji)(ji)殼、端(duan)蓋等構(gou)成。定(ding)子(zi)由機(ji)(ji)座和帶繞組(zu)的(de)(de)鐵心組(zu)成。鐵心由硅鋼片沖槽疊(die)壓而成，槽內嵌裝兩套空(kong)間(jian)互(hu)隔90°電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)角度的(de)(de)主繞組(zu)（也稱運行繞組(zu)）和輔繞組(zu)（也稱起(qi)動(dong)(dong)繞組(zu)成副(fu)繞組(zu)）。主繞組(zu)接(jie)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，輔繞組(zu)串接(jie)離(li)心開(kai)關S或起(qi)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容、運行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容等之后(hou)，再接(jie)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。轉(zhuan)子(zi)為籠(long)型(xing)鑄鋁轉(zhuan)子(zi)，它(ta)是將鐵心疊(die)壓后(hou)用鋁鑄入鐵心的(de)(de)槽中，并一(yi)起(qi)鑄出(chu)端(duan)環，使轉(zhuan)子(zi)導條(tiao)短路成鼠籠(long)型(xing)。
單(dan)(dan)相異(yi)(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)又分(fen)為單(dan)(dan)相電(dian)(dian)阻起動(dong)異(yi)(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)，單(dan)(dan)相電(dian)(dian)容(rong)起動(dong)異(yi)(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)、單(dan)(dan)相電(dian)(dian)容(rong)運轉異(yi)(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)和(he)單(dan)(dan)相雙值電(dian)(dian)容(rong)異(yi)(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)。
三相(xiang)異步電機的基本(ben)結構
三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)異步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要(yao)有由(you)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，軸(zhou)承組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)主(zhu)要(yao)由(you)鐵(tie)心(xin)(xin)(xin)，三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)，機(ji)(ji)(ji)座(zuo)，端(duan)(duan)蓋組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)(xin)(xin)一(yi)般(ban)由(you)0.35~0.5毫米厚表面具有絕(jue)緣層的(de)(de)硅(gui)鋼片沖(chong)(chong)制、疊壓(ya)(ya)而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，在(zai)鐵(tie)心(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)沖(chong)(chong)有均勻(yun)(yun)分(fen)布的(de)(de)槽，用(yong)(yong)以(yi)嵌放定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)。三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)由(you)三(san)個(ge)(ge)在(zai)空間互隔120°電(dian)(dian)角度、隊稱(cheng)排列的(de)(de)結構(gou)完全(quan)相(xiang)(xiang)同繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)連接而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，這(zhe)些繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)各個(ge)(ge)線(xian)(xian)圈按(an)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)規律(lv)分(fen)別嵌放在(zai)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)各槽內(nei)(nei)。其作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)是通(tong)入三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)交流電(dian)(dian)，產生旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)磁場。機(ji)(ji)(ji)座(zuo)通(tong)常為(wei)鑄鐵(tie)件(jian)，大(da)型(xing)(xing)異步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)機(ji)(ji)(ji)座(zuo)一(yi)般(ban)用(yong)(yong)鋼板焊成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，微型(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)座(zuo)采用(yong)(yong)鑄鋁件(jian)，其作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)是固定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)(xin)(xin)與(yu)(yu)前后(hou)端(duan)(duan)蓋以(yi)支(zhi)撐(cheng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，并起防護(hu)(hu)、散(san)(san)熱(re)(re)等作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。封閉式(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)座(zuo)外面有散(san)(san)熱(re)(re)筋以(yi)增加散(san)(san)熱(re)(re)面積，防護(hu)(hu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)座(zuo)兩端(duan)(duan)端(duan)(duan)蓋開有通(tong)風孔，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)內(nei)(nei)外的(de)(de)空氣可直接對流，以(yi)利于(yu)散(san)(san)熱(re)(re)。端(duan)(duan)蓋主(zhu)要(yao)起固定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，支(zhi)撐(cheng)和(he)防護(hu)(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)主(zhu)要(yao)由(you)鐵(tie)心(xin)(xin)(xin)和(he)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)(xin)(xin)所用(yong)(yong)材料與(yu)(yu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)一(yi)樣，由(you)0.5毫米厚的(de)(de)硅(gui)鋼片沖(chong)(chong)制、疊壓(ya)(ya)而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，硅(gui)鋼片外圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)沖(chong)(chong)有均勻(yun)(yun)分(fen)布的(de)(de)孔，用(yong)(yong)來(lai)安置轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)。通(tong)常用(yong)(yong)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)(xin)(xin)沖(chong)(chong)落(luo)后(hou)的(de)(de)硅(gui)鋼片內(nei)(nei)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)來(lai)沖(chong)(chong)制轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)(xin)(xin)。一(yi)般(ban)小(xiao)型(xing)(xing)異步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)(xin)(xin)直接壓(ya)(ya)裝在(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)上，大(da)、中型(xing)(xing)異步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)直徑在(zai)300~400毫米以(yi)上）的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)(xin)(xin)則(ze)借助與(yu)(yu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)支(zhi)架(jia)壓(ya)(ya)在(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)上。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)分(fen)為(wei)鼠籠式(shi)(shi)(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)線(xian)(xian)式(shi)(shi)(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。 （1）鼠籠式(shi)(shi)(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)：轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)由(you)插入轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)槽中的(de)(de)多根(gen)導條和(he)兩個(ge)(ge)環行的(de)(de)端(duan)(duan)環組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。若去掉轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)(xin)(xin)，整個(ge)(ge)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)外形像一(yi)個(ge)(ge)鼠籠，故稱(cheng)籠型(xing)(xing)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)。小(xiao)型(xing)(xing)籠型(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)采用(yong)(yong)鑄鋁轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)，對于(yu)100KW以(yi)上的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)采用(yong)(yong)銅條和(he)銅端(duan)(duan)環焊接而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。鼠籠轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)分(fen)為(wei)：阻抗型(xing)(xing)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、單(dan)鼠籠型(xing)(xing)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、雙鼠籠型(xing)(xing)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、深槽式(shi)(shi)(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)幾種，起動(dong)(dong)(dong)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩等特性各有不(bu)同。 （2）繞(rao)(rao)(rao)線(xian)(xian)式(shi)(shi)(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)：繞(rao)(rao)(rao)線(xian)(xian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)與(yu)(yu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)相(xiang)(xiang)似(si)，也(ye)是一(yi)個(ge)(ge)對稱(cheng)的(de)(de)三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)，一(yi)般(ban)接成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)星(xing)形，三(san)個(ge)(ge)出線(xian)(xian)頭接到轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)的(de)(de)三(san)個(ge)(ge)集流環上，再通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)刷與(yu)(yu)外電(dian)(dian)路聯接。
1 異步電動(dong)機起動(dong)方式
1.1 軟起動
隨著微型計(ji)算(suan)(suan)機(ji)控(kong)制(zhi)技術的(de)(de)迅猛發(fa)展，在相(xiang)關的(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)工程(cheng)領域中先后研制(zhi)成功(gong)了一(yi)批電子式(shi)軟起(qi)動(dong)(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)，廣(guang)泛(fan)應用(yong)在電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)過(guo)程(cheng)，降壓(ya)啟動(dong)(dong)器(qi)(qi)隨之(zhi)被替代(dai)。當(dang)前電子式(shi)的(de)(de)軟起(qi)動(dong)(dong)設施都使(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)是晶閘(zha)管(guan)的(de)(de)調壓(ya)電路，其(qi)電路構成如下(xia)所描述(shu)：晶閘(zha)管(guan)六只，兩(liang)(liang)兩(liang)(liang)反并聯后串(chuan)聯至三(san)相(xiang)電源上(shang)，待系(xi)統發(fa)送起(qi)動(dong)(dong)信號后，微機(ji)控(kong)制(zhi)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)器(qi)(qi)系(xi)統立即進行(xing)數據(ju)(ju)計(ji)算(suan)(suan)，令晶閘(zha)管(guan)輸送觸發(fa)信號，使(shi)晶閘(zha)管(guan)的(de)(de)導通(tong)角得(de)到(dao)控(kong)制(zhi)，根(gen)據(ju)(ju)給定的(de)(de)輸出，調節輸出電壓(ya)，實現電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)。該起(qi)動(dong)(dong)方式(shi)適合各(ge)種功(gong)率值的(de)(de)三(san)相(xiang)交流異步電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)包括六根(gen)和三(san)根(gen)連(lian)接方式(shi)的(de)(de)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)。
1.2 直(zhi)接起動
此(ci)種起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)方(fang)式是電(dian)機(ji)(ji)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)方(fang)式中最基礎最簡單(dan)的，首先借助(zhu)用刀開關(guan)使電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)與電(dian)網進行連(lian)接(jie)，此(ci)時在額(e)定電(dian)壓下電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)并運行起(qi)來(lai)，該方(fang)式特點為：投資少，設備簡單(dan)、數量(liang)少，雖然起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時間短，但起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時的轉矩較小(xiao)(xiao)，電(dian)流較大，比較適合(he)應用在容量(liang)小(xiao)(xiao)的電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。
1.3 降壓(ya)起動
由于直接起動(dong)(dong)存在(zai)較大的缺點(dian)，降壓(ya)起動(dong)(dong)隨之產生。這種起動(dong)(dong)方式適(shi)用的起動(dong)(dong)環境(jing)為空載和(he)輕載這兩種情況，由于降壓(ya)起動(dong)(dong)方式是(shi)在(zai)同(tong)時實現了限制(zhi)起動(dong)(dong)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)和(he)起動(dong)(dong)電流的，因此(ci)起動(dong)(dong)工作結束后需要(yao)使工作的電路恢復到額定狀態。
三相感應電動(dong)機電氣制(zhi)動(dong)方式有：能耗制(zhi)動(dong)、反接(jie)制(zhi)動(dong)、再生制(zhi)動(dong)三種。
(1)能(neng)耗制動(dong)時切(qie)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機的(de)三相交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源，將直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)送(song)入定子繞組(zu)。在切(qie)斷(duan)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)瞬間，由(you)于慣性作用，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機仍(reng)按原來(lai)方向(xiang)轉動(dong)，這種(zhong)方式的(de)特點是制動(dong)平穩，但(dan)需(xu)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源、大功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機，所需(xu)直(zhi)流(liu)設(she)備成本大，低速時制動(dong)力小(xiao)。
(2)反(fan)接制(zhi)動又(you)分負載反(fan)接制(zhi)動和電源反(fan)接制(zhi)動兩種。
1)負載反(fan)接(jie)(jie)制動(dong)又稱負載倒(dao)拉反(fan)接(jie)(jie)制動(dong)。此轉矩使重物以(yi)穩定的(de)速度緩(huan)慢下降。這種制動(dong)的(de)特點是(shi)：電源不用(yong)(yong)反(fan)接(jie)(jie)，不需要專用(yong)(yong)的(de)制動(dong)設備，而且還可(ke)以(yi)調節制動(dong)速度，但只適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)繞線型電動(dong)機(ji)，其轉子電路需串入大(da)電阻，使轉差率大(da)于(yu)(yu)1。
2)電源反接制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)當電動(dong)(dong)機需制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)時(shi)，只(zhi)要(yao)任意對(dui)調兩相電源線(xian)，使旋轉(zhuan)磁場相反就能很(hen)快制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)。當電動(dong)(dong)機轉(zhuan)速等于(yu)零(ling)時(shi)，立即切斷電源。這種制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)的(de)特點是：停(ting)車快，制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)力(li)較強，無需制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)設(she)備。但制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)時(shi)由于(yu)電流大，沖(chong)擊力(li)也大，易使電動(dong)(dong)機過熱，或損傷(shang)傳動(dong)(dong)部(bu)分(fen)的(de)零(ling)部(bu)件。
(3)再(zai)生(sheng)制(zhi)動(dong)又(you)稱回饋(kui)制(zhi)動(dong)，在(zai)重(zhong)物的(de)作用下(當起(qi)重(zhong)機電動(dong)機下放重(zhong)物)，電動(dong)機的(de)轉(zhuan)速高于旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁(ci)場(chang)的(de)同步轉(zhuan)速。這時轉(zhuan)子導體(ti)產生(sheng)感應(ying)電流(liu)，在(zai)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁(ci)場(chang)的(de)作用下產生(sheng)反旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)方向轉(zhuan)矩，但電動(dong)機轉(zhuan)速高，需用變速裝置減速。
1、一般(ban)來說，小(xiao)型(xing)異步電(dian)(dian)機指(zhi)的就(jiu)是感(gan)應(ying)運(yun)轉(zhuan)型(xing)異步電(dian)(dian)機。這種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)機不只在啟(qi)(qi)動時，在運(yun)轉(zhuan)時也使用輔助線圈(quan)和電(dian)(dian)容器。雖然啟(qi)(qi)動轉(zhuan)矩不是很大(da)，但其結(jie)構簡單，信賴度(du)高，效率也高。
2、隨負荷(he)的大(da)小，電(dian)機的額定轉速(su)也會改變。
3、可(ke)以連續運轉。
4、使用(yong)(yong)于(yu)不需要速度制(zhi)動(dong)的應用(yong)(yong)場合。
5、用E種絕緣等級，而UL型(xing)電機則用A種。
6、有感應運轉(zhuan)型單相異步電(dian)機和三相異步電(dian)機兩種。
7、單相電機為感應運(yun)轉型(xing)異步(bu)電機，效率高，噪聲低(di)。
8、單相(xiang)異步電機運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)時(shi)，產生(sheng)和旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)方向(xiang)相(xiang)反的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩，因(yin)此不可能在(zai)短時(shi)間內改變方向(xiang)。應在(zai)電機完全停止以后，再轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換其(qi)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)方向(xiang)。
9、單(dan)相(xiang)電機(ji)的(de)電源(yuan)有A（110V 60Hz）、B（22V 60Hz）、C（100V 50/60Hz）、D（200V 50/60Hz）、E（115V 60Hz）、X（200-240V50Hz）等。
10、三(san)相電機時使用U（200V 50/60Hz）、T（220V 50/60Hz）、S（380-440V 50/60Hz）電源的異步(bu)電機。
項目
事項
絕緣阻抗
在常(chang)溫金屬阻(zu)和(he)電動機外殼之間的絕(jue)緣電阻(zu)超(chao)過100M?
絕緣內壓
在常溫金屬(shu)繞組和(he)電動機(ji)箱(xiang)之間的(de)電壓
溫度上升
以1500V、50/60Hz輸入1min時沒有任何問題(ti)。
絕緣等級
E種（120℃）
過熱保護裝置
開放（120±5℃）；復歸（77±5℃）
使用溫度
-10~50℃（UL CE規格電動(dong)機(ji)使用溫度為-10~40℃）
（1）電動機投入電源后不轉(zhuan)的(de)原因檢(jian)查及修(xiu)理(li)
電動機投(tou)入電源后(hou)不轉，一(yi)般(ban)有下列原因：
1）控制設備(bei)的接線錯(cuo)誤；
2）過電(dian)流繼電(dian)器調整的整定值偏小；
3）電(dian)源未接通，如熔絲燒斷(duan)、開關有故障或觸頭接觸不(bu)良、引線斷(duan)路等；
4）電源至(zhi)電動(dong)機(ji)之間的連接有故障(zhang)；
5）電動機繞(rao)組(zu)有(you)故障，如(ru)相間短路、接地、接錯線、斷路等；
6）繞線式轉(zhuan)子異步電動機起動誤操(cao)作或起動電阻過小；
7）電動(dong)機軸承有故(gu)障(zhang)，被卡住；
8）定、轉子鐵芯(xin)相擦（掃(sao)膛），等于增加過(guo)大的(de)負載；
9）電(dian)動機(ji)負載過大或機(ji)械(xie)轉(zhuan)動部分被卡住等(deng)。
2）電動(dong)機過熱(re)檢查(cha)及(ji)修(xiu)理
發現正常運(yun)行(xing)的電動機過熱，一(yi)般有下列(lie)原因：
1）電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)突然(ran)變高，并于電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)銘牌額定電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)不相符，或者(zhe)三相電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)嚴重不平衡(heng)；
2）電動機所拖動的負載變動較大，電機暫時(shi)處于過(guo)載狀態；
3）由(you)于(yu)軸(zhou)承產生(sheng)故障或間隙磨損(sun)超限、轉軸(zhou)發生(sheng)彎曲、鐵芯局部過熱(re)變形、轉子(zi)軸(zhou)向串(chuan)動(dong)等原(yuan)因，使定、轉子(zi)鐵芯掃膛；
4）環(huan)境(jing)粉塵(chen)進入電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)內部粘附在絕(jue)緣表面上和(he)堵(du)塞冷(leng)卻(que)風(feng)道(dao)、冷(leng)卻(que)風(feng)管(guan)等(deng)，使電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)通風(feng)不(bu)良，冷(leng)卻(que)效果大大降低，造成電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)過熱；
5）電動機冷卻裝置失(shi)效，調節風溫裝置有故(gu)障，造成電機過熱；
6）三相(xiang)電動機單相(xiang)運行(xing)；
7）繞組有故障(zhang)，如短(duan)路、斷路、接(jie)地、接(jie)錯等；
8）氣隙不(bu)均勻。
經重繞后的電動(dong)機發生過(guo)熱，其(qi)原因是：
1）接線錯誤；
2）線(xian)圈匝(za)數過(guo)多或過(guo)少(shao)；
3）線圈(quan)導線過細，線圈(quan)節(jie)距過小或過大；
4）電動(dong)機裝配質量不(bu)(bu)好，鐵芯未對(dui)齊，定轉子(zi)鐵芯軸向(xiang)有差距引起軸向(xiang)磁拉力，氣隙裝配和(he)(he)調整不(bu)(bu)均勻(yun)。由于電動(dong)機絕緣水平(ping)不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)提高，允許(xu)溫(wen)(wen)升限(xian)度也提高，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)電機外(wai)殼(ke)溫(wen)(wen)升較高可能屬正(zheng)常(chang)。但(dan)要用酒精溫(wen)(wen)度計(ji)測(ce)試部(bu)門的外(wai)殼(ke)溫(wen)(wen)升和(he)(he)軸承溫(wen)(wen)升，并和(he)(he)電動(dong)機的絕緣等(deng)級所(suo)(suo)允許(xu)的溫(wen)(wen)升相(xiang)對(dui)照比較后，確認電動(dong)機是(shi)過熱(re)，那么可按以(yi)(yi)下步驟進行檢查 [9] 。
1）首先(xian)檢查(cha)三相電(dian)源(yuan)的電(dian)壓是否平衡，電(dian)壓波動的程度(du)是否大于(yu)制造場廠的保證值（±10[%]）。由(you)于(yu)電(dian)壓不平衡，產生(sheng)三相不平衡電(dian)流，引起電(dian)機損耗增大和電(dian)機發熱，所以要及時糾正。電(dian)源(yuan)頻率變(bian)動對（±5[%]）電(dian)機發熱也有影響，但實際變(bian)化不大，所以在分(fen)析時一般(ban)可不考慮。
2）檢查電機是否(fou)(fou)單(dan)相運轉，三相接觸(chu)器的(de)觸(chu)頭(tou)是否(fou)(fou)接觸(chu)好，開關的(de)熔絲(si)是否(fou)(fou)有(you)一相燒斷(duan)，接線有(you)否(fou)(fou)（單(dan)相）斷(duan)開。故障檢查出后進行(xing)處理。
3）檢(jian)查三相電流(liu)是(shi)否超過額定(ding)值。若超過額定(ding)值時(shi)，要(yao)檢(jian)查其原因。處理(li)這類故障時(shi)，要(yao)查清造成(cheng)掃膛的原因：①轉軸(zhou)彎曲(qu)；②軸(zhou)承故障。輕微(wei)的鐵芯掃膛不影響(xiang)電機(ji)正常運行，掃膛嚴(yan)重時(shi)，可用車(che)刀將轉子表面(mian)輕輕切削一(yi)層（一(yi)般車(che)削直(zhi)徑為0.2mm左右(you)為宜）。
4）粉塵(chen)敷(fu)滿絕緣影響電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)散熱，過濾網(wang)堵塞，通風道和通風管堵塞等，都會引起(qi)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)過熱。因(yin)此可采(cai)取吹風清掃措施(shi)了消除(chu)粉塵(chen)，必要時電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)要解體進行清洗處理。
5）如認為繞(rao)組(zu)有(you)故(gu)障時，可進(jin)(jin)行(xing)繞(rao)組(zu)短路(lu)(lu)和(he)接地試驗檢查。根(gen)據進(jin)(jin)行(xing)經(jing)驗表明，電機(ji)繞(rao)組(zu)如有(you)匝間短路(lu)(lu)，電機(ji)則(ze)會(hui)(hui)振動，動轉時間不(bu)少就會(hui)(hui)時間不(bu)長(chang)就會(hui)(hui)冒(mao)煙。但是匝間短路(lu)(lu)引起電機(ji)發(fa)熱，并且持續(xu)長(chang)時期的(de)機(ji)會(hui)(hui)，是很少的(de)。
重繞大修后(hou)的電機(ji)溫升超限(xian)，可(ke)能是絕緣(yuan)處理工(gong)藝不好，線圈數據不對，接(jie)線錯(cuo)誤(wu)以及裝配(pei)質量等問題引(yin)起。這時電機(ji)應解(jie)體對照原始(shi)記錄檢查(cha)，以及查(cha)明(ming)繞組數據的正(zheng)確性。
歲月靜好
】編輯上(shang)傳(chuan)(chuan)提供(gong)，詞(ci)條(tiao)(tiao)屬(shu)于開(kai)放(fang)詞(ci)條(tiao)(tiao)，當前(qian)頁面所展(zhan)示(shi)的(de)詞(ci)條(tiao)(tiao)介紹(shao)涉及宣傳(chuan)(chuan)內容(rong)屬(shu)于注冊用(yong)戶個人編輯行為，與【感應電動機】的(de)所屬(shu)企業/所有人/主體(ti)無關，網站(zhan)不(bu)(bu)完全保證內容(rong)信(xin)(xin)息的(de)準確(que)性(xing)、真(zhen)實性(xing)，也不(bu)(bu)代表本站(zhan)立場，各項數(shu)據(ju)信(xin)(xin)息存在更新(xin)不(bu)(bu)及時的(de)情況(kuang)(kuang)，僅供(gong)參考，請以官方發布為準。如果(guo)頁面內容(rong)與實際(ji)情況(kuang)(kuang)不(bu)(bu)符，可點(dian)擊“反饋”在線(xian)向網站(zhan)提出修(xiu)改，網站(zhan)將核實后進行更正。
