感應電(dian)動機又稱“異步電(dian)動機（asynchronousmotor）”，即轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子置于旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)磁場中，在旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)磁場的作用(yong)下，獲(huo)得一個(ge)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動力矩(ju)，因(yin)而轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動。
轉(zhuan)子(zi)是(shi)(shi)可轉(zhuan)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)導體，通常多呈鼠籠狀。定子(zi)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機中不(bu)轉(zhuan)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)部分，主要任務是(shi)(shi)產生一(yi)個旋轉(zhuan)磁場(chang)(chang)。旋轉(zhuan)磁場(chang)(chang)并(bing)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)用(yong)機械方(fang)法來實(shi)現。而是(shi)(shi)以(yi)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)通于(yu)數對電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁鐵中，使其(qi)磁極(ji)性質循環(huan)改變(bian)，故相當于(yu)一(yi)個旋轉(zhuan)的(de)(de)(de)磁場(chang)(chang)。這種電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機并(bing)不(bu)像直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷或集電(dian)(dian)(dian)環(huan)，依據所(suo)用(yong)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)種類(lei)有(you)單(dan)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機和(he)三(san)(san)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機，單(dan)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機用(yong)在如洗衣機，電(dian)(dian)(dian)風扇等；三(san)(san)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機則(ze)作為(wei)工廠的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)力設備(bei)。
尼(ni)古拉(la)·特斯拉(la)（Nikola Tesla，1856年7月10日~1943年1月7日），塞爾維亞(ya)裔美籍(ji)發(fa)明(ming)家、機械工程師(shi)、電(dian)(dian)氣工程師(shi)。他被認為是(shi)電(dian)(dian)力商業(ye)化的(de)(de)重要(yao)推(tui)動(dong)者之一(yi)，并因主持設計了現代交流電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)而最為人知。在(zai)邁(mai)克爾·法(fa)拉(la)第發(fa)現的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)磁場理(li)論(lun)的(de)(de)基礎上，特斯拉(la)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)磁場領域有著(zhu)多項(xiang)革(ge)命性的(de)(de)發(fa)明(ming)。1887年發(fa)明(ming)感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機，他的(de)(de)多項(xiang)相關(guan)專利(li)以(yi)及電(dian)(dian)磁學的(de)(de)理(li)論(lun)研究工作是(shi)現代的(de)(de)無線通信和無線電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)基石(shi)。
通過定子(zi)產生(sheng)的(de)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)（其轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)為同步轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)n1）與轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)繞(rao)組的(de)相對運動，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)繞(rao)組切割磁(ci)(ci)感(gan)線產生(sheng)感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)動勢，從而使轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)繞(rao)組中產生(sheng)感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)流(liu)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)繞(rao)組中的(de)感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)流(liu)與磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)作(zuo)用，產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)，使轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)。由于當(dang)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)逐漸接近同步轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)時，感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐漸減(jian)小，所產生(sheng)的(de)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)也(ye)相應減(jian)小，當(dang)異步電(dian)(dian)動機工作(zuo)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)動機狀態(tai)時，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)小于同步轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)。為了描述轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)n與同步轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)n1之間的(de)差別，引(yin)入轉(zhuan)(zhuan)差率（slip）。
單(dan)相異步電機的基本結(jie)構
單(dan)相異步電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)就是(shi)只需單(dan)相交流電(dian)源供(gong)電(dian)的(de)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。單(dan)相異步電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)由(you)(you)定(ding)子(zi)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)、軸承、機(ji)(ji)殼(ke)、端(duan)蓋等構成(cheng)。定(ding)子(zi)由(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)座(zuo)和帶(dai)繞(rao)組(zu)的(de)鐵心組(zu)成(cheng)。鐵心由(you)(you)硅(gui)鋼片(pian)沖槽疊壓而成(cheng)，槽內嵌裝兩套(tao)空間互(hu)隔90°電(dian)角度的(de)主繞(rao)組(zu)（也稱運行繞(rao)組(zu)）和輔繞(rao)組(zu)（也稱起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)繞(rao)組(zu)成(cheng)副(fu)繞(rao)組(zu)）。主繞(rao)組(zu)接(jie)交流電(dian)源，輔繞(rao)組(zu)串接(jie)離心開關S或起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)容、運行電(dian)容等之后，再接(jie)入(ru)電(dian)源。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)為(wei)籠型(xing)鑄鋁(lv)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)，它是(shi)將鐵心疊壓后用鋁(lv)鑄入(ru)鐵心的(de)槽中，并一起(qi)鑄出端(duan)環，使(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)導條(tiao)短路成(cheng)鼠籠型(xing)。
單(dan)相(xiang)異步(bu)電(dian)動機(ji)又分為(wei)單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)阻(zu)起(qi)動異步(bu)電(dian)動機(ji)，單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)容起(qi)動異步(bu)電(dian)動機(ji)、單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)容運轉異步(bu)電(dian)動機(ji)和單(dan)相(xiang)雙值電(dian)容異步(bu)電(dian)動機(ji)。
三相異步電機的基本結構
三(san)相(xiang)異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)主要有(you)(you)由(you)定(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)組(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)。定(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)主要由(you)鐵(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)，三(san)相(xiang)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)，機(ji)(ji)座(zuo)，端蓋組(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)。定(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)由(you)0.35~0.5毫(hao)米(mi)厚表面具有(you)(you)絕緣層的(de)(de)(de)硅(gui)鋼(gang)片(pian)(pian)沖(chong)制(zhi)、疊壓(ya)而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)，在(zai)鐵(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)內圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)沖(chong)有(you)(you)均勻(yun)(yun)分(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)槽，用(yong)(yong)(yong)以(yi)嵌放定(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)。三(san)相(xiang)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)由(you)三(san)個(ge)(ge)在(zai)空(kong)間互隔120°電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)角(jiao)度、隊稱(cheng)排列的(de)(de)(de)結構完全相(xiang)同繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)連接而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)，這些繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)個(ge)(ge)線(xian)圈按一(yi)(yi)定(ding)規律分(fen)別嵌放在(zai)定(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)各(ge)槽內。其(qi)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)是通入(ru)三(san)相(xiang)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，產生旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)磁場。機(ji)(ji)座(zuo)通常為鑄鐵(tie)(tie)件，大型(xing)(xing)異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)機(ji)(ji)座(zuo)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)用(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)板焊(han)成(cheng)(cheng)，微型(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)座(zuo)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)鑄鋁件，其(qi)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)是固(gu)定(ding)定(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)與(yu)前(qian)后端蓋以(yi)支(zhi)撐(cheng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，并起(qi)防護(hu)、散熱等作用(yong)(yong)(yong)。封閉式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)座(zuo)外(wai)(wai)面有(you)(you)散熱筋以(yi)增加散熱面積，防護(hu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)座(zuo)兩(liang)端端蓋開(kai)有(you)(you)通風孔，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)內外(wai)(wai)的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)氣(qi)可(ke)直接對流，以(yi)利于散熱。端蓋主要起(qi)固(gu)定(ding)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，支(zhi)撐(cheng)和(he)防護(hu)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)主要由(you)鐵(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)和(he)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)組(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)所用(yong)(yong)(yong)材料與(yu)定(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)，由(you)0.5毫(hao)米(mi)厚的(de)(de)(de)硅(gui)鋼(gang)片(pian)(pian)沖(chong)制(zhi)、疊壓(ya)而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)，硅(gui)鋼(gang)片(pian)(pian)外(wai)(wai)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)沖(chong)有(you)(you)均勻(yun)(yun)分(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)孔，用(yong)(yong)(yong)來安置轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)。通常用(yong)(yong)(yong)定(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)沖(chong)落后的(de)(de)(de)硅(gui)鋼(gang)片(pian)(pian)內圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)來沖(chong)制(zhi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)。一(yi)(yi)般(ban)小型(xing)(xing)異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)直接壓(ya)裝在(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)(zhou)上(shang)，大、中(zhong)型(xing)(xing)異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)直徑在(zai)300~400毫(hao)米(mi)以(yi)上(shang)）的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)則借助與(yu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)支(zhi)架壓(ya)在(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)(zhou)上(shang)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)分(fen)為鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)籠(long)(long)式(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)繞(rao)線(xian)式(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。 （1）鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)籠(long)(long)式(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)：轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)由(you)插入(ru)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)槽中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)多根導條(tiao)和(he)兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)環(huan)行的(de)(de)(de)端環(huan)組(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)。若去掉轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)，整個(ge)(ge)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)外(wai)(wai)形像一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)籠(long)(long)，故(gu)稱(cheng)籠(long)(long)型(xing)(xing)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)。小型(xing)(xing)籠(long)(long)型(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)鑄鋁轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)，對于100KW以(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)銅條(tiao)和(he)銅端環(huan)焊(han)接而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)。鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)籠(long)(long)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)分(fen)為：阻(zu)抗型(xing)(xing)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、單鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)籠(long)(long)型(xing)(xing)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、雙鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)籠(long)(long)型(xing)(xing)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、深(shen)槽式(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)幾種，起(qi)動(dong)(dong)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩等特性各(ge)有(you)(you)不同。 （2）繞(rao)線(xian)式(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)：繞(rao)線(xian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)與(yu)定(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)相(xiang)似(si)，也是一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)對稱(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)三(san)相(xiang)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)，一(yi)(yi)般(ban)接成(cheng)(cheng)星形，三(san)個(ge)(ge)出線(xian)頭接到轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)三(san)個(ge)(ge)集流環(huan)上(shang)，再通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷與(yu)外(wai)(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路聯(lian)接。
1 異(yi)步電動(dong)(dong)機起動(dong)(dong)方式
1.1 軟起動
隨著(zhu)微型計(ji)(ji)算(suan)機(ji)(ji)控(kong)制(zhi)技術(shu)的(de)迅猛發展，在相關(guan)的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)工(gong)程領域中(zhong)先后研制(zhi)成(cheng)功了(le)一批電(dian)子式(shi)(shi)軟(ruan)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)器，廣(guang)泛應用在電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)過(guo)程，降壓啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器隨之被替代(dai)。當前電(dian)子式(shi)(shi)的(de)軟(ruan)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)設施都使用的(de)是(shi)晶(jing)閘管的(de)調(diao)(diao)壓電(dian)路(lu)，其電(dian)路(lu)構成(cheng)如下所(suo)描述：晶(jing)閘管六只，兩(liang)兩(liang)反(fan)并聯(lian)后串聯(lian)至(zhi)三相電(dian)源上，待系(xi)統發送(song)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)信號后，微機(ji)(ji)控(kong)制(zhi)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器系(xi)統立即(ji)進行數據(ju)計(ji)(ji)算(suan)，令晶(jing)閘管輸送(song)觸發信號，使晶(jing)閘管的(de)導通角得到控(kong)制(zhi)，根據(ju)給(gei)定的(de)輸出，調(diao)(diao)節輸出電(dian)壓，實現電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)。該(gai)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)方式(shi)(shi)適合各種功率值的(de)三相交流異步電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)包(bao)括六根和(he)三根連接方式(shi)(shi)的(de)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)。
1.2 直接起(qi)動
此(ci)種起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)方(fang)式是電(dian)機起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)方(fang)式中最基礎最簡(jian)單的，首先借(jie)助用(yong)刀開關使電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機與電(dian)網進行連接，此(ci)時在(zai)額定(ding)電(dian)壓(ya)下電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)并(bing)運行起(qi)(qi)來，該(gai)方(fang)式特(te)點為：投(tou)資少，設備簡(jian)單、數(shu)量少，雖然起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)時間短(duan)，但起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)時的轉(zhuan)矩較小(xiao)，電(dian)流較大，比較適合(he)應用(yong)在(zai)容量小(xiao)的電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)。
1.3 降壓起(qi)動
由(you)于(yu)直接起(qi)動存在較大的缺點，降壓起(qi)動隨之產(chan)生。這種起(qi)動方(fang)式適用的起(qi)動環境為空(kong)載(zai)和(he)輕(qing)載(zai)這兩種情(qing)況，由(you)于(yu)降壓起(qi)動方(fang)式是在同時實現了限(xian)制起(qi)動轉(zhuan)矩(ju)和(he)起(qi)動電流的，因此起(qi)動工作結(jie)束后(hou)需要使工作的電路恢復(fu)到額定(ding)狀態(tai)。
三相感(gan)應電(dian)動(dong)機電(dian)氣制動(dong)方(fang)式有(you)：能耗制動(dong)、反接制動(dong)、再生制動(dong)三種(zhong)。
(1)能耗制(zhi)動(dong)時(shi)(shi)切(qie)斷(duan)電動(dong)機的三相交流(liu)電源(yuan)(yuan)，將直(zhi)流(liu)電送入定(ding)子(zi)繞組。在切(qie)斷(duan)交流(liu)電源(yuan)(yuan)的瞬間，由(you)于(yu)慣性作(zuo)用，電動(dong)機仍(reng)按原來方(fang)向轉動(dong)，這種方(fang)式的特點是制(zhi)動(dong)平(ping)穩，但需直(zhi)流(liu)電源(yuan)(yuan)、大功(gong)率電動(dong)機，所需直(zhi)流(liu)設(she)備成本大，低速時(shi)(shi)制(zhi)動(dong)力小。
(2)反接(jie)制動(dong)又分(fen)負(fu)載反接(jie)制動(dong)和電源反接(jie)制動(dong)兩種。
1)負(fu)載(zai)反(fan)接制動(dong)(dong)又稱負(fu)載(zai)倒(dao)拉反(fan)接制動(dong)(dong)。此轉矩使重物以(yi)穩定的速度(du)緩慢下(xia)降。這種制動(dong)(dong)的特點是：電源不用反(fan)接，不需(xu)(xu)要專用的制動(dong)(dong)設(she)備，而且還可以(yi)調節制動(dong)(dong)速度(du)，但只適(shi)用于繞線(xian)型(xing)電動(dong)(dong)機，其轉子電路(lu)需(xu)(xu)串入大電阻，使轉差(cha)率大于1。
2)電源反接制(zhi)動當電動機(ji)需制(zhi)動時，只要任(ren)意對(dui)調兩相電源線，使旋轉磁場(chang)相反就能很快(kuai)制(zhi)動。當電動機(ji)轉速(su)等(deng)于(yu)零(ling)時，立即切斷(duan)電源。這種(zhong)制(zhi)動的特(te)點是(shi)：停車快(kuai)，制(zhi)動力較強，無需制(zhi)動設備。但(dan)制(zhi)動時由于(yu)電流(liu)大，沖(chong)擊力也(ye)大，易(yi)使電動機(ji)過熱，或損傷(shang)傳動部分(fen)的零(ling)部件。
(3)再生(sheng)(sheng)制(zhi)動(dong)又(you)稱回饋(kui)制(zhi)動(dong)，在(zai)重(zhong)(zhong)物的(de)作用(yong)下(xia)(當起(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)機電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機下(xia)放重(zhong)(zhong)物)，電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機的(de)轉速(su)(su)高于旋轉磁場的(de)同步轉速(su)(su)。這時轉子導體(ti)產生(sheng)(sheng)感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)流，在(zai)旋轉磁場的(de)作用(yong)下(xia)產生(sheng)(sheng)反旋轉方(fang)向轉矩(ju)，但電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機轉速(su)(su)高，需用(yong)變(bian)速(su)(su)裝置減速(su)(su)。
1、一般來(lai)說，小型(xing)(xing)異(yi)步電機(ji)指(zhi)的就是(shi)感應運(yun)轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)異(yi)步電機(ji)。這(zhe)種電機(ji)不只在啟動時(shi)，在運(yun)轉(zhuan)時(shi)也使用輔(fu)助線(xian)圈和電容器。雖然啟動轉(zhuan)矩不是(shi)很大(da)，但其(qi)結構(gou)簡(jian)單，信(xin)賴度高，效率也高。
2、隨(sui)負(fu)荷的(de)大小，電機的(de)額(e)定(ding)轉速(su)也會改變。
3、可以連續運轉。
4、使(shi)用(yong)于(yu)不需要速度制(zhi)動的應用(yong)場合。
5、用(yong)E種(zhong)絕緣等級，而UL型電機則用(yong)A種(zhong)。
6、有(you)感應運(yun)轉型單相(xiang)異(yi)步電機和三(san)相(xiang)異(yi)步電機兩種。
7、單(dan)相電機為感應(ying)運轉型異步(bu)電機，效率高(gao)，噪聲低。
8、單相異步電機運(yun)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)時，產生(sheng)和旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)方(fang)向(xiang)相反的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩，因(yin)此不可能在(zai)短時間內改變方(fang)向(xiang)。應在(zai)電機完全停止以后，再(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換其旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)方(fang)向(xiang)。
9、單相電機的電源有A（110V 60Hz）、B（22V 60Hz）、C（100V 50/60Hz）、D（200V 50/60Hz）、E（115V 60Hz）、X（200-240V50Hz）等。
10、三相電機(ji)時使用U（200V 50/60Hz）、T（220V 50/60Hz）、S（380-440V 50/60Hz）電源(yuan)的異步電機(ji)。
項目
事項
絕緣阻抗
在常溫金屬阻(zu)和電(dian)(dian)動機外殼(ke)之(zhi)間的絕緣電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)超過100M?
絕緣內壓
在常溫金屬繞組和電動機箱(xiang)之間的(de)電壓
溫度上升
以1500V、50/60Hz輸入1min時(shi)沒有任何問題。
絕緣等級
E種（120℃）
過熱保護裝置
開放（120±5℃）；復歸（77±5℃）
使用溫度
-10~50℃（UL CE規格電動機(ji)使(shi)用溫度為-10~40℃）
（1）電動機投入(ru)電源后不轉(zhuan)的原(yuan)因檢查及(ji)修理
電(dian)動機投入(ru)電(dian)源后不(bu)轉，一般有下(xia)列(lie)原因：
1）控制設備的(de)接線錯誤(wu)；
2）過電流繼電器(qi)調整的整定(ding)值偏小；
3）電源未接通，如熔絲燒斷、開關(guan)有故(gu)障(zhang)或(huo)觸頭接觸不良、引線(xian)斷路等；
4）電(dian)源至電(dian)動機之間的連接有故障；
5）電動機繞(rao)組有故障，如(ru)相間短路(lu)、接(jie)地、接(jie)錯(cuo)線、斷路(lu)等；
6）繞線式轉子異步(bu)電動機起(qi)動誤操作(zuo)或起(qi)動電阻過小；
7）電動機(ji)軸承有(you)故障，被卡住；
8）定、轉子鐵芯相擦（掃膛），等于增加過大的負載(zai)；
9）電(dian)動機負(fu)載過(guo)大或機械轉(zhuan)動部分被(bei)卡住等。
2）電動(dong)機過熱(re)檢查及(ji)修理
發現正常(chang)運行的電(dian)動機過熱，一般有下列原因：
1）電源(yuan)電壓突(tu)然變高，并于電動機銘牌(pai)額定電壓不相符，或(huo)者三相電源(yuan)電壓嚴重不平衡；
2）電動(dong)機所拖動(dong)的(de)負載變動(dong)較大(da)，電機暫(zan)時處于過載狀態；
3）由于(yu)軸(zhou)承產(chan)生故障或間隙磨(mo)損超限、轉(zhuan)軸(zhou)發生彎曲、鐵芯(xin)局部過熱變形、轉(zhuan)子(zi)軸(zhou)向串動等原因，使定、轉(zhuan)子(zi)鐵芯(xin)掃膛；
4）環(huan)境粉(fen)塵(chen)進入電動機內部粘附在絕緣表面上和堵塞冷(leng)卻(que)(que)風(feng)道、冷(leng)卻(que)(que)風(feng)管等，使(shi)電動機通風(feng)不(bu)良，冷(leng)卻(que)(que)效果大大降低(di)，造成電機過熱；
5）電動(dong)機冷卻(que)裝(zhuang)置失效(xiao)，調節風(feng)溫裝(zhuang)置有故障(zhang)，造(zao)成電機過熱；
6）三(san)相(xiang)電動機單相(xiang)運(yun)行(xing)；
7）繞組(zu)有故障，如短路(lu)、斷路(lu)、接地、接錯(cuo)等；
8）氣隙不(bu)均勻。
經重(zhong)繞后(hou)的(de)電動(dong)機發生過熱，其原因是：
1）接線錯誤；
2）線圈匝數過多或過少；
3）線圈導線過(guo)細，線圈節距過(guo)小(xiao)或過(guo)大(da)；
4）電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)裝(zhuang)配質量(liang)不好，鐵(tie)(tie)芯未對齊，定轉子鐵(tie)(tie)芯軸(zhou)向有(you)差距引起軸(zhou)向磁拉(la)力，氣隙裝(zhuang)配和(he)調(diao)整不均勻。由(you)于(yu)電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)絕緣水平不斷(duan)提高(gao)(gao)，允(yun)許溫(wen)(wen)升(sheng)限度(du)也提高(gao)(gao)，所以電機(ji)(ji)外(wai)(wai)殼溫(wen)(wen)升(sheng)較高(gao)(gao)可能屬正(zheng)常。但(dan)要(yao)用(yong)酒精溫(wen)(wen)度(du)計測試部(bu)門(men)的外(wai)(wai)殼溫(wen)(wen)升(sheng)和(he)軸(zhou)承溫(wen)(wen)升(sheng)，并和(he)電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)的絕緣等級所允(yun)許的溫(wen)(wen)升(sheng)相對照比較后，確認電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)是過(guo)熱(re)，那么可按(an)以下(xia)步(bu)驟進行檢查 [9] 。
1）首(shou)先檢查三(san)(san)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)是(shi)否平(ping)衡(heng)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)波動的(de)(de)程度是(shi)否大于(yu)制造場廠的(de)(de)保證值(zhi)（±10[%]）。由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)不平(ping)衡(heng)，產生(sheng)三(san)(san)相不平(ping)衡(heng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，引起電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機損(sun)耗增大和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機發熱(re)，所以(yi)要及時糾正(zheng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源頻率變(bian)動對（±5[%]）電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機發熱(re)也有影響，但實際變(bian)化不大，所以(yi)在分析時一(yi)般(ban)可不考慮。
2）檢(jian)查電(dian)機是(shi)(shi)否單相(xiang)(xiang)運(yun)轉，三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)接(jie)觸(chu)器的觸(chu)頭是(shi)(shi)否接(jie)觸(chu)好，開關的熔絲是(shi)(shi)否有一相(xiang)(xiang)燒斷，接(jie)線有否（單相(xiang)(xiang)）斷開。故(gu)障檢(jian)查出后(hou)進行處理。
3）檢查(cha)三相電流是(shi)否超過(guo)額定值。若超過(guo)額定值時，要檢查(cha)其(qi)原(yuan)因。處理這類故(gu)障時，要查(cha)清造(zao)成掃膛的原(yuan)因：①轉(zhuan)軸彎曲；②軸承故(gu)障。輕(qing)微的鐵芯掃膛不影響電機(ji)正(zheng)常(chang)運(yun)行，掃膛嚴(yan)重時，可用車刀將轉(zhuan)子表面(mian)輕(qing)輕(qing)切削一層(ceng)（一般車削直徑為(wei)0.2mm左右(you)為(wei)宜）。
4）粉(fen)塵敷滿(man)絕緣影(ying)響電(dian)機(ji)散熱，過(guo)濾網(wang)堵塞，通風(feng)道(dao)和通風(feng)管(guan)堵塞等，都會引起電(dian)機(ji)過(guo)熱。因此可采取吹風(feng)清掃措(cuo)施(shi)了消除粉(fen)塵，必要時電(dian)機(ji)要解體進(jin)行清洗處理。
5）如(ru)認(ren)為(wei)繞(rao)組(zu)有(you)故障(zhang)時，可進行繞(rao)組(zu)短(duan)路和接地試驗檢查。根據進行經驗表明，電機繞(rao)組(zu)如(ru)有(you)匝(za)間(jian)(jian)短(duan)路，電機則會(hui)振動，動轉時間(jian)(jian)不少就(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)時間(jian)(jian)不長(chang)就(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)冒煙。但是匝(za)間(jian)(jian)短(duan)路引起(qi)電機發(fa)熱(re)，并且持續長(chang)時期的機會(hui)，是很(hen)少的。
重(zhong)繞大修(xiu)后(hou)的電(dian)機(ji)溫升(sheng)超限，可能是絕緣處理(li)工藝不(bu)好，線(xian)圈數據(ju)不(bu)對(dui)，接線(xian)錯誤以及裝配質量等問題引(yin)起。這時電(dian)機(ji)應解體(ti)對(dui)照(zhao)原始記錄檢查，以及查明繞組(zu)數據(ju)的正(zheng)確(que)性。
歲月靜(jing)好(hao)
】編輯上傳(chuan)(chuan)提供(gong)，詞(ci)條屬于開放(fang)詞(ci)條，當前頁面所展示的(de)詞(ci)條介紹涉及(ji)宣傳(chuan)(chuan)內(nei)容屬于注冊用(yong)戶個(ge)人編輯行(xing)為，與(yu)(yu)【感(gan)應電動機】的(de)所屬企業/所有人/主體無關，網(wang)站(zhan)不完全保證(zheng)內(nei)容信(xin)息的(de)準(zhun)確性、真(zhen)實(shi)性，也不代表本站(zhan)立場(chang)，各項數據信(xin)息存在(zai)更新不及(ji)時的(de)情況，僅(jin)供(gong)參(can)考，請以官方發布為準(zhun)。如果頁面內(nei)容與(yu)(yu)實(shi)際(ji)情況不符，可(ke)點擊“反饋”在(zai)線向網(wang)站(zhan)提出(chu)修改，網(wang)站(zhan)將(jiang)核實(shi)后進行(xing)更正(zheng)。
