感應(ying)電動機又稱“異步電動機（asynchronousmotor）”，即(ji)轉子(zi)(zi)置于旋轉磁(ci)場中(zhong)，在旋轉磁(ci)場的作用(yong)下，獲得一個轉動力(li)矩，因而(er)轉子(zi)(zi)轉動。
轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子是(shi)可轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)的(de)導體，通常多(duo)呈鼠籠狀。定子是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)中不(bu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)的(de)部(bu)分，主要(yao)任(ren)務是(shi)產生一(yi)個旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)場。旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)場并不(bu)是(shi)用(yong)機(ji)械方法(fa)來實(shi)現(xian)。而是(shi)以交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通于數對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)鐵中，使其磁(ci)極性質循環改變，故相(xiang)(xiang)當于一(yi)個旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)的(de)磁(ci)場。這種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)并不(bu)像直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷或集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)環，依據所用(yong)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)種類有單相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)和三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)，單相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)用(yong)在如洗衣(yi)機(ji)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)風扇等；三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)則作為工廠(chang)的(de)動(dong)(dong)力設備(bei)。
尼古拉(la)(la)(la)·特斯拉(la)(la)(la)（Nikola Tesla，1856年(nian)(nian)7月10日~1943年(nian)(nian)1月7日），塞爾維亞裔美籍發明(ming)家(jia)、機械工程(cheng)師(shi)、電(dian)氣工程(cheng)師(shi)。他(ta)被認為是(shi)電(dian)力商(shang)業化的(de)重要推動(dong)者之一，并因主持設計了現代交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)系統而(er)最(zui)為人知。在邁克爾·法拉(la)(la)(la)第發現的(de)電(dian)磁(ci)場(chang)理(li)論的(de)基礎(chu)上，特斯拉(la)(la)(la)在電(dian)磁(ci)場(chang)領域有著多項(xiang)(xiang)革命性的(de)發明(ming)。1887年(nian)(nian)發明(ming)感應電(dian)動(dong)機，他(ta)的(de)多項(xiang)(xiang)相關(guan)專利以及電(dian)磁(ci)學的(de)理(li)論研究工作是(shi)現代的(de)無線通信(xin)和無線電(dian)的(de)基石。
通過(guo)定子(zi)產(chan)生(sheng)的旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)場(chang)（其轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)為同步(bu)(bu)(bu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)n1）與轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)繞(rao)組的相對運(yun)動，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)繞(rao)組切割磁(ci)感(gan)線產(chan)生(sheng)感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)(dian)動勢，從(cong)而使轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)繞(rao)組中產(chan)生(sheng)感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)繞(rao)組中的感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)與磁(ci)場(chang)作用，產(chan)生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩，使轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)。由(you)于當轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)逐漸接(jie)近同步(bu)(bu)(bu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)時，感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐漸減小(xiao)，所產(chan)生(sheng)的電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩也相應(ying)減小(xiao)，當異步(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)動機工作在電(dian)(dian)動機狀態時，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)小(xiao)于同步(bu)(bu)(bu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)。為了描(miao)述轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)n與同步(bu)(bu)(bu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)n1之間的差(cha)別，引(yin)入轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)差(cha)率（slip）。
單相異步電機的基本結構
單(dan)相異步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)就(jiu)是只需(xu)單(dan)相交流電(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)。單(dan)相異步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)由(you)定子(zi)(zi)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)、軸承(cheng)、機(ji)(ji)殼、端蓋等(deng)構成。定子(zi)(zi)由(you)機(ji)(ji)座和(he)帶繞組(zu)的(de)鐵(tie)心組(zu)成。鐵(tie)心由(you)硅鋼片沖槽疊壓而成，槽內嵌裝兩(liang)套空間互隔(ge)90°電(dian)(dian)角度的(de)主繞組(zu)（也(ye)稱(cheng)運行繞組(zu)）和(he)輔繞組(zu)（也(ye)稱(cheng)起動(dong)繞組(zu)成副繞組(zu)）。主繞組(zu)接交流電(dian)(dian)源，輔繞組(zu)串接離(li)心開關S或起動(dong)電(dian)(dian)容、運行電(dian)(dian)容等(deng)之后，再接入電(dian)(dian)源。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)為(wei)籠型鑄鋁轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)，它(ta)是將鐵(tie)心疊壓后用鋁鑄入鐵(tie)心的(de)槽中，并(bing)一起鑄出(chu)端環，使(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)導條短路成鼠籠型。
單(dan)相異步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)又分為(wei)單(dan)相電(dian)(dian)阻起動(dong)(dong)(dong)異步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)，單(dan)相電(dian)(dian)容起動(dong)(dong)(dong)異步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)、單(dan)相電(dian)(dian)容運轉(zhuan)異步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)和單(dan)相雙(shuang)值電(dian)(dian)容異步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)。
三(san)相(xiang)異步電機的基本(ben)結構(gou)
三(san)(san)相(xiang)異(yi)(yi)步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要有(you)(you)由(you)(you)定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)(he)(he)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，軸承組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)。定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)主(zhu)要由(you)(you)鐵心(xin)，三(san)(san)相(xiang)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)，機(ji)(ji)(ji)座(zuo)，端(duan)(duan)蓋(gai)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)。定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵心(xin)一(yi)般(ban)由(you)(you)0.35~0.5毫(hao)米(mi)厚表(biao)面具有(you)(you)絕緣層的(de)(de)(de)硅鋼(gang)片(pian)(pian)沖(chong)制(zhi)(zhi)、疊壓(ya)而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)，在(zai)鐵心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)圓(yuan)(yuan)沖(chong)有(you)(you)均勻分(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)槽(cao)(cao)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)以(yi)嵌放(fang)定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)。三(san)(san)相(xiang)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)由(you)(you)三(san)(san)個(ge)(ge)在(zai)空間互隔120°電(dian)(dian)(dian)角度、隊稱排列的(de)(de)(de)結構(gou)完(wan)全(quan)相(xiang)同繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)連接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)，這(zhe)些繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)各個(ge)(ge)線(xian)圈按一(yi)定(ding)(ding)規律分(fen)別嵌放(fang)在(zai)定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)各槽(cao)(cao)內(nei)。其作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)是(shi)通(tong)(tong)入三(san)(san)相(xiang)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，產生(sheng)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)磁場。機(ji)(ji)(ji)座(zuo)通(tong)(tong)常(chang)為鑄(zhu)鐵件(jian)，大(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)異(yi)(yi)步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)機(ji)(ji)(ji)座(zuo)一(yi)般(ban)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)板焊成(cheng)(cheng)，微型(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)座(zuo)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鑄(zhu)鋁件(jian)，其作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)是(shi)固定(ding)(ding)定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵心(xin)與(yu)(yu)(yu)前(qian)后端(duan)(duan)蓋(gai)以(yi)支(zhi)撐轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，并起防護(hu)、散(san)(san)熱等作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。封閉式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)座(zuo)外(wai)(wai)面有(you)(you)散(san)(san)熱筋以(yi)增加(jia)散(san)(san)熱面積(ji)，防護(hu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)座(zuo)兩端(duan)(duan)端(duan)(duan)蓋(gai)開(kai)有(you)(you)通(tong)(tong)風孔，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)內(nei)外(wai)(wai)的(de)(de)(de)空氣可直接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)對(dui)(dui)流(liu)(liu)，以(yi)利(li)于散(san)(san)熱。端(duan)(duan)蓋(gai)主(zhu)要起固定(ding)(ding)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，支(zhi)撐和(he)(he)(he)防護(hu)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)主(zhu)要由(you)(you)鐵心(xin)和(he)(he)(he)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵心(xin)所(suo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)材料與(yu)(yu)(yu)定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)一(yi)樣，由(you)(you)0.5毫(hao)米(mi)厚的(de)(de)(de)硅鋼(gang)片(pian)(pian)沖(chong)制(zhi)(zhi)、疊壓(ya)而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)，硅鋼(gang)片(pian)(pian)外(wai)(wai)圓(yuan)(yuan)沖(chong)有(you)(you)均勻分(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)孔，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)來(lai)安置轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)。通(tong)(tong)常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵心(xin)沖(chong)落后的(de)(de)(de)硅鋼(gang)片(pian)(pian)內(nei)圓(yuan)(yuan)來(lai)沖(chong)制(zhi)(zhi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵心(xin)。一(yi)般(ban)小(xiao)型(xing)(xing)(xing)異(yi)(yi)步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵心(xin)直接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)壓(ya)裝(zhuang)在(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)軸上(shang)，大(da)、中(zhong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)異(yi)(yi)步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)直徑(jing)在(zai)300~400毫(hao)米(mi)以(yi)上(shang)）的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵心(xin)則借(jie)助與(yu)(yu)(yu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)支(zhi)架壓(ya)在(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)軸上(shang)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)分(fen)為鼠(shu)籠(long)(long)(long)式(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)(he)(he)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)線(xian)式(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。 （1）鼠(shu)籠(long)(long)(long)式(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)：轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)由(you)(you)插入轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)槽(cao)(cao)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)多根導(dao)條(tiao)和(he)(he)(he)兩個(ge)(ge)環(huan)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)端(duan)(duan)環(huan)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)。若去(qu)掉轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵心(xin)，整個(ge)(ge)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)外(wai)(wai)形(xing)像一(yi)個(ge)(ge)鼠(shu)籠(long)(long)(long)，故稱籠(long)(long)(long)型(xing)(xing)(xing)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)。小(xiao)型(xing)(xing)(xing)籠(long)(long)(long)型(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鑄(zhu)鋁轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)，對(dui)(dui)于100KW以(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)銅條(tiao)和(he)(he)(he)銅端(duan)(duan)環(huan)焊接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)。鼠(shu)籠(long)(long)(long)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)分(fen)為：阻抗型(xing)(xing)(xing)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、單(dan)鼠(shu)籠(long)(long)(long)型(xing)(xing)(xing)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、雙鼠(shu)籠(long)(long)(long)型(xing)(xing)(xing)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、深槽(cao)(cao)式(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)幾種，起動(dong)(dong)(dong)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩等特(te)性各有(you)(you)不同。 （2）繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)線(xian)式(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)：繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)線(xian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)相(xiang)似，也是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)對(dui)(dui)稱的(de)(de)(de)三(san)(san)相(xiang)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)，一(yi)般(ban)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)成(cheng)(cheng)星形(xing)，三(san)(san)個(ge)(ge)出線(xian)頭接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)到轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)軸的(de)(de)(de)三(san)(san)個(ge)(ge)集流(liu)(liu)環(huan)上(shang)，再通(tong)(tong)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)與(yu)(yu)(yu)外(wai)(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路聯接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)。
1 異步電(dian)動(dong)機起動(dong)方(fang)式(shi)
1.1 軟起動
隨(sui)著微型計(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)機(ji)控(kong)制(zhi)技術的(de)(de)(de)迅猛發(fa)(fa)展，在相(xiang)關的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)工程領(ling)域中先后(hou)研制(zhi)成功(gong)了一(yi)批電(dian)(dian)(dian)子式軟起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)器，廣泛應用(yong)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)過程，降壓啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)器隨(sui)之被替代。當前電(dian)(dian)(dian)子式的(de)(de)(de)軟起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)設施都使(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)晶閘管的(de)(de)(de)調壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)路，其電(dian)(dian)(dian)路構成如下(xia)所(suo)描述：晶閘管六(liu)只，兩兩反并(bing)聯后(hou)串聯至三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源上，待(dai)系統發(fa)(fa)送起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)信號(hao)后(hou)，微機(ji)控(kong)制(zhi)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)器系統立(li)即進(jin)行數據(ju)計(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)，令晶閘管輸(shu)送觸發(fa)(fa)信號(hao)，使(shi)晶閘管的(de)(de)(de)導通角得(de)到控(kong)制(zhi)，根(gen)據(ju)給定的(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)出(chu)，調節(jie)輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，實現(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)。該起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)方式適合各種功(gong)率值的(de)(de)(de)三相(xiang)交流(liu)異(yi)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)包括六(liu)根(gen)和三根(gen)連(lian)接方式的(de)(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)。
1.2 直接起動
此種起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)方(fang)式是電(dian)機起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)方(fang)式中(zhong)最基礎最簡(jian)(jian)單的(de)，首先(xian)借(jie)助(zhu)用(yong)刀(dao)開關(guan)使電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機與(yu)電(dian)網進行連接，此時在(zai)額定電(dian)壓下(xia)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)并運(yun)行起(qi)來，該方(fang)式特點為：投資少，設備簡(jian)(jian)單、數(shu)量(liang)少，雖然起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)時間短，但(dan)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)時的(de)轉(zhuan)矩較小(xiao)，電(dian)流較大(da)，比較適合應用(yong)在(zai)容(rong)量(liang)小(xiao)的(de)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。
1.3 降壓起動
由(you)于(yu)直(zhi)接起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)存在(zai)較大的(de)缺(que)點，降壓(ya)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)隨(sui)之產生。這種起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)方(fang)式適用的(de)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)環境為空載和(he)輕載這兩(liang)種情況(kuang)，由(you)于(yu)降壓(ya)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)方(fang)式是在(zai)同時(shi)實現(xian)了限制起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)轉矩和(he)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)電流的(de)，因(yin)此起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)工(gong)作結束(shu)后需(xu)要使工(gong)作的(de)電路恢(hui)復到額定(ding)狀態。
三相感(gan)應電(dian)動(dong)機電(dian)氣制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)方式有：能(neng)耗制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)、反接制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)、再生制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)三種。
(1)能耗制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)時(shi)切斷電動(dong)機(ji)的(de)三相交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電源，將直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電送入定子繞組。在切斷交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電源的(de)瞬(shun)間，由于慣性作用，電動(dong)機(ji)仍按原來方(fang)向轉動(dong)，這種(zhong)方(fang)式的(de)特點是制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)平穩(wen)，但需(xu)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電源、大功率電動(dong)機(ji)，所需(xu)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)設備成(cheng)本大，低速時(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)力小。
(2)反接制(zhi)動又分負載反接制(zhi)動和電源(yuan)反接制(zhi)動兩(liang)種。
1)負(fu)(fu)載反接制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)又稱(cheng)負(fu)(fu)載倒拉反接制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)。此(ci)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)使重物以(yi)穩定(ding)的(de)速度(du)緩慢下降。這種制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)的(de)特點是：電(dian)源不用(yong)反接，不需(xu)要專用(yong)的(de)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)設備，而且(qie)還可以(yi)調節制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)速度(du)，但(dan)只(zhi)適用(yong)于繞線(xian)型電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機，其轉(zhuan)子電(dian)路需(xu)串(chuan)入大(da)(da)電(dian)阻，使轉(zhuan)差率大(da)(da)于1。
2)電源反接制動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)當電動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機需制動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時，只(zhi)要任意對調兩相(xiang)電源線(xian)，使旋轉(zhuan)磁場相(xiang)反就能很快制動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。當電動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機轉(zhuan)速等于零時，立即切斷(duan)電源。這(zhe)種制動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的特點是：停車快，制動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力較強，無需制動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)設(she)備(bei)。但(dan)制動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時由于電流大，沖(chong)擊(ji)力也大，易使電動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機過熱，或損傷(shang)傳動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)分的零部(bu)件。
(3)再生(sheng)制(zhi)動(dong)又稱回(hui)饋制(zhi)動(dong)，在重物(wu)的(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)下(xia)(當起重機電(dian)動(dong)機下(xia)放重物(wu))，電(dian)動(dong)機的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)高于旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁場的(de)(de)同步轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)。這時轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子導體產生(sheng)感應電(dian)流，在旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁場的(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)下(xia)產生(sheng)反旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)方向轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩，但電(dian)動(dong)機轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)高，需用(yong)(yong)變速(su)裝置減速(su)。
1、一般來說，小型(xing)異步電(dian)機指(zhi)的就是感應(ying)運轉型(xing)異步電(dian)機。這種電(dian)機不只在(zai)啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)時，在(zai)運轉時也使(shi)用輔助線圈和(he)電(dian)容器。雖然(ran)啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)轉矩不是很大(da)，但其結(jie)構簡單，信賴度高，效率也高。
2、隨(sui)負荷的大小，電機的額(e)定轉速也(ye)會改變。
3、可以連續(xu)運轉。
4、使(shi)用于不(bu)需要速度制動的應用場合。
5、用E種絕緣等(deng)級，而UL型電機則用A種。
6、有感應運轉型單相(xiang)異步電機和三相(xiang)異步電機兩(liang)種。
7、單相電機為感應運轉型異步(bu)電機，效率(lv)高(gao)，噪聲低(di)。
8、單相異步電機運轉時，產生和(he)旋轉方(fang)向相反的轉矩(ju)，因(yin)此不(bu)可能在(zai)短時間(jian)內改變(bian)方(fang)向。應在(zai)電機完全停止以后，再(zai)轉換(huan)其(qi)旋轉方(fang)向。
9、單相(xiang)電(dian)機的電(dian)源(yuan)有A（110V 60Hz）、B（22V 60Hz）、C（100V 50/60Hz）、D（200V 50/60Hz）、E（115V 60Hz）、X（200-240V50Hz）等。
10、三相電機時(shi)使用U（200V 50/60Hz）、T（220V 50/60Hz）、S（380-440V 50/60Hz）電源的(de)異步電機。
項目
事項
絕緣阻抗
在常溫金屬(shu)阻(zu)和電動機外殼之間(jian)的絕緣(yuan)電阻(zu)超(chao)過100M?
絕緣內壓
在(zai)常(chang)溫金(jin)屬繞組和電動機箱之間的電壓
溫度上升
以1500V、50/60Hz輸入1min時沒有任何問題。
絕緣等級
E種(zhong)（120℃）
過熱保護裝置
開放(fang)（120±5℃）；復歸（77±5℃）
使用溫度
-10~50℃（UL CE規格電動機(ji)使用溫度為-10~40℃）
（1）電動機投入電源后(hou)不轉的原因(yin)檢(jian)查及修理(li)
電動機投入電源后不(bu)轉，一般有下列原因(yin)：
1）控制(zhi)設備的接(jie)線錯誤；
2）過電(dian)流繼電(dian)器調(diao)整(zheng)的整(zheng)定值偏小；
3）電源未接(jie)通，如(ru)熔絲燒(shao)斷、開關有(you)故障或觸頭接(jie)觸不(bu)良、引線斷路等；
4）電(dian)源(yuan)至電(dian)動機之間(jian)的連接有故障(zhang)；
5）電動機(ji)繞組有故障，如(ru)相間短路、接地、接錯線、斷路等；
6）繞線式轉子異步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機起(qi)動(dong)誤操作或起(qi)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)阻過小；
7）電動機軸承(cheng)有故障，被卡住；
8）定、轉子鐵芯相擦(ca)（掃膛），等于增加過(guo)大的(de)負(fu)載；
9）電動機負載過大或機械轉動部分被卡住等(deng)。
2）電動機過熱(re)檢查及修理
發現正常運行的(de)電動機過熱(re)，一般有下列原因：
1）電(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)壓(ya)突然(ran)變高，并于(yu)電(dian)動(dong)機銘牌(pai)額定電(dian)壓(ya)不相(xiang)符，或者(zhe)三相(xiang)電(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)壓(ya)嚴重不平衡；
2）電動機(ji)所拖動的負(fu)載變(bian)動較大，電機(ji)暫時處于過載狀態；
3）由于軸承產(chan)生故障或間(jian)隙(xi)磨損(sun)超限、轉軸發生彎曲、鐵(tie)芯局部過熱變(bian)形、轉子(zi)軸向串動等原(yuan)因(yin)，使定、轉子(zi)鐵(tie)芯掃膛；
4）環(huan)境粉塵(chen)進入電動機(ji)(ji)內部粘附在絕緣表面(mian)上和堵(du)塞冷卻風道、冷卻風管等(deng)，使(shi)電動機(ji)(ji)通風不良，冷卻效果大大降低，造成(cheng)電機(ji)(ji)過熱(re)；
5）電動機(ji)冷(leng)卻裝(zhuang)置(zhi)失效，調節風溫裝(zhuang)置(zhi)有故障，造成電機(ji)過熱；
6）三相(xiang)(xiang)電動(dong)機(ji)單相(xiang)(xiang)運行；
7）繞組有故障，如短路、斷路、接(jie)地(di)、接(jie)錯(cuo)等；
8）氣隙不均勻。
經重繞后的(de)電動機(ji)發(fa)生過熱，其原因是：
1）接線錯誤；
2）線圈匝數過多或過少；
3）線(xian)(xian)圈導(dao)線(xian)(xian)過(guo)(guo)細，線(xian)(xian)圈節距(ju)過(guo)(guo)小(xiao)或過(guo)(guo)大(da)；
4）電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)裝(zhuang)配(pei)質量不好，鐵芯(xin)未對齊(qi)，定轉子鐵芯(xin)軸(zhou)向有差(cha)距引起軸(zhou)向磁拉力(li)，氣隙(xi)裝(zhuang)配(pei)和調整不均勻。由于電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)絕緣水(shui)平不斷提高，允許溫升(sheng)(sheng)限(xian)度也(ye)提高，所以(yi)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)外殼溫升(sheng)(sheng)較(jiao)(jiao)高可(ke)能屬(shu)正常。但要用(yong)酒精溫度計(ji)測試部(bu)門的外殼溫升(sheng)(sheng)和軸(zhou)承(cheng)溫升(sheng)(sheng)，并(bing)和電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)的絕緣等(deng)級所允許的溫升(sheng)(sheng)相對照比較(jiao)(jiao)后，確認(ren)電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)是過熱，那么可(ke)按以(yi)下步驟(zou)進(jin)行(xing)檢查(cha) [9] 。
1）首(shou)先檢查(cha)三(san)相電(dian)源的電(dian)壓是否平衡(heng)，電(dian)壓波(bo)動的程度是否大于制造場廠的保證(zheng)值(zhi)（±10[%]）。由于電(dian)壓不(bu)平衡(heng)，產生三(san)相不(bu)平衡(heng)電(dian)流，引起電(dian)機(ji)損耗(hao)增大和電(dian)機(ji)發熱，所以要及時(shi)糾正。電(dian)源頻率變動對（±5[%]）電(dian)機(ji)發熱也(ye)有影(ying)響，但實(shi)際(ji)變化不(bu)大，所以在分析時(shi)一般可不(bu)考慮。
2）檢(jian)查電(dian)機是否單(dan)相(xiang)運(yun)轉，三相(xiang)接觸器的觸頭是否接觸好，開(kai)關的熔絲是否有(you)一相(xiang)燒斷，接線有(you)否（單(dan)相(xiang)）斷開(kai)。故障檢(jian)查出后進行處(chu)理(li)。
3）檢查(cha)(cha)三相(xiang)電(dian)流是否超過(guo)額定值(zhi)。若超過(guo)額定值(zhi)時，要(yao)檢查(cha)(cha)其原因。處理這類故障時，要(yao)查(cha)(cha)清造成掃(sao)膛的原因：①轉軸彎曲；②軸承(cheng)故障。輕(qing)微的鐵芯掃(sao)膛不影響(xiang)電(dian)機正常運行，掃(sao)膛嚴重時，可用車刀將(jiang)轉子表面輕(qing)輕(qing)切(qie)削(xue)一層(ceng)（一般車削(xue)直徑為0.2mm左右為宜）。
4）粉(fen)塵(chen)敷(fu)滿絕緣影響(xiang)電(dian)機散熱，過濾網(wang)堵塞，通風(feng)道(dao)和通風(feng)管(guan)堵塞等，都會引起電(dian)機過熱。因此可采取吹風(feng)清掃措(cuo)施了消(xiao)除(chu)粉(fen)塵(chen)，必要時電(dian)機要解體進(jin)行清洗(xi)處理。
5）如認為繞(rao)組(zu)有(you)(you)故障時，可進行繞(rao)組(zu)短(duan)路(lu)和接地試驗(yan)檢查。根據進行經驗(yan)表明(ming)，電(dian)機繞(rao)組(zu)如有(you)(you)匝間(jian)短(duan)路(lu)，電(dian)機則會振動(dong)，動(dong)轉時間(jian)不少(shao)就會時間(jian)不長(chang)就會冒煙。但(dan)是匝間(jian)短(duan)路(lu)引起電(dian)機發(fa)熱，并且(qie)持續長(chang)時期的機會，是很少(shao)的。
重繞大修后的電機溫升超限，可(ke)能是絕(jue)緣處(chu)理(li)工藝不(bu)好，線圈(quan)數據(ju)不(bu)對(dui)，接線錯誤以(yi)及(ji)裝配質量等問題引起(qi)。這時電機應解體對(dui)照原(yuan)始記錄(lu)檢查，以(yi)及(ji)查明繞組(zu)數據(ju)的正確(que)性(xing)。
歲月靜好(hao)
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