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一.產品介紹

栝樓是(shi)山(shan)東(dong)著名的(de)道地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)材。胡世林主編的(de)《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)道地(di)藥(yao)材》載：“用果者山(shan)東(dong)長清(qing)為道地(di)之一”。據(ju)長清(qing)舊縣志記載，早在清(qing)代以前(qian)，馬(ma)(ma)山(shan)莊科、焦莊一帶就開始種植栝樓，距今已有(you)(you)300余年的(de)歷史。馬(ma)(ma)山(shan)栝樓質量(liang)優良，以其個大、皮厚柔韌、皺縮有(you)(you)筋、色橙(cheng)紅(hong)、糖(tang)性(xing)足、焦糖(tang)氣濃而享譽國(guo)(guo)內外。馬(ma)(ma)山(shan)栝樓產量(liang)大，據(ju)記載，山(shan)東(dong)栝樓最高(gao)年產量(liang)80萬(wan)公(gong)斤，長清(qing)產量(liang)46萬(wan)公(gong)斤，而馬(ma)(ma)山(shan)的(de)產量(liang)占(zhan)長清(qing)區總產量(liang)的(de)2/3以上。2009年馬(ma)(ma)山(shan)栝樓被農業部認(ren)定為國(guo)(guo)家地(di)理標志農產品(pin)。

二.自然生態環(huan)境和人文(wen)歷史因素

1、土壤(rang)地貌(mao)情況(kuang)：土壤(rang)類(lei)型為(wei)沙(sha)壤(rang)土，pH值6.8-7.4，屬黃河下游地區，魯(lu)中山區丘陵地。

2、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)文情況：境內水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)豐(feng)(feng)富(fu)。降水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)為地表水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的主要來源(yuan)，年降水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量比較充沛集(ji)中。賓谷河流經馬山鎮南(nan)北，鎮北端有國家中型水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫一座，容量1300萬立方。河川徑流量季節變化大(da)，過境水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的利用量較小。地下水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)比較豐(feng)(feng)富(fu)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質優良。

3、氣(qi)(qi)候情況：屬暖溫帶季(ji)(ji)風(feng)(feng)區半濕(shi)潤氣(qi)(qi)候。主要特征為(wei)(wei)季(ji)(ji)風(feng)(feng)顯著，四季(ji)(ji)分明，具(ju)有淮河下游氣(qi)(qi)候特征。春季(ji)(ji)多風(feng)(feng)，干旱少(shao)雨，冬(dong)季(ji)(ji)干冷(leng)。年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫變(bian)化范圍為(wei)(wei)12.8-14.3℃，各月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫以1月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)低，為(wei)(wei)零下2℃；以7月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)高，為(wei)(wei)26.9℃。累計年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)日(ri)(ri)照時數(shu)(shu)為(wei)(wei)2598.5小(xiao)(xiao)時，最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)多為(wei)(wei)2897.9小(xiao)(xiao)時，最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)少(shao)為(wei)(wei)2254.2小(xiao)(xiao)時，5月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)日(ri)(ri)照時數(shu)(shu)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)高，為(wei)(wei)281.1小(xiao)(xiao)時；2月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)小(xiao)(xiao)，為(wei)(wei)173.7小(xiao)(xiao)時。5月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)日(ri)(ri)照百分率最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)高，為(wei)(wei)66%，7月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)小(xiao)(xiao)，為(wei)(wei)51%。年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)628.2毫(hao)米，春季(ji)(ji)（3-5月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)）平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)86.2毫(hao)米，占年(nian)(nian)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)的(de)1.4%；夏(xia)季(ji)(ji)（6-8月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)）年(nian)(nian)均(jun)(jun)(jun)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)399.3毫(hao)米，占年(nian)(nian)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)的(de)64%；秋季(ji)(ji)（9-10月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)）平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)122.3毫(hao)米，占全年(nian)(nian)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)的(de)19%；冬(dong)季(ji)(ji)（12-2月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)）平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)20.4毫(hao)米，占全年(nian)(nian)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)的(de)3%。各月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)分布不均(jun)(jun)(jun)，以7月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)，1月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)小(xiao)(xiao)。平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)雪初月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)在(zai)(zai)(zai)12月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)7日(ri)(ri)，年(nian)(nian)均(jun)(jun)(jun)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)雪終(zhong)日(ri)(ri)在(zai)(zai)(zai)3月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)17日(ri)(ri)，初、終(zhong)雪間日(ri)(ri)數(shu)(shu)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)101天。最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)積雪厚度(du)為(wei)(wei)21厘米。全年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)相對溫度(du)為(wei)(wei)62%，最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)值出現在(zai)(zai)(zai)7-8月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)，為(wei)(wei)76-79%；最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)小(xiao)(xiao)值在(zai)(zai)(zai)3-4月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)，為(wei)(wei)52-53%。全年(nian)(nian)無霜期為(wei)(wei)215天，結冰初日(ri)(ri)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)10月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)30日(ri)(ri)，年(nian)(nian)均(jun)(jun)(jun)終(zhong)日(ri)(ri)在(zai)(zai)(zai)3月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)31日(ri)(ri)。

4、人(ren)文(wen)歷(li)(li)史情況：栝(gua)(gua)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)是(shi)山(shan)(shan)東著名(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)道(dao)地(di)(di)(di)中藥材(cai)(cai)(cai)，具(ju)有(you)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)熱滌痰(tan)、寬胸散結、潤燥(zao)滑腸的(de)(de)功能。臨(lin)床用(yong)于治療肺熱咳嗽、胸痹心痛等癥，效果(guo)極好(hao)。山(shan)(shan)東栝(gua)(gua)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)，尤其是(shi)仁栝(gua)(gua)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)年產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)和出(chu)口(kou)量(liang)均(jun)位(wei)于全國(guo)之(zhi)首。胡世林(lin)主編的(de)(de)《中國(guo)道(dao)地(di)(di)(di)藥材(cai)(cai)(cai)》載：“用(yong)果(guo)者(zhe)山(shan)(shan)東長(chang)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)為(wei)道(dao)地(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)一”。《山(shan)(shan)東道(dao)地(di)(di)(di)藥材(cai)(cai)(cai)》載：“以長(chang)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)最(zui)大(da)(da)，質(zhi)量(liang)最(zui)好(hao)。”據長(chang)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)舊縣志記載，早(zao)在清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)代(dai)以前，馬(ma)山(shan)(shan)莊(zhuang)科、焦莊(zhuang)一帶(dai)就(jiu)開始種植(zhi)(zhi)，距今(jin)已有(you)300余年的(de)(de)歷(li)(li)史。馬(ma)山(shan)(shan)栝(gua)(gua)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)質(zhi)量(liang)優良，以其個大(da)(da)、皮厚柔韌、皺縮有(you)筋、色橙紅、糖性足(zu)、焦糖氣濃而享譽(yu)國(guo)內外。馬(ma)山(shan)(shan)仁栝(gua)(gua)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)大(da)(da)，據記載，山(shan)(shan)東栝(gua)(gua)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)最(zui)高年產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)80萬(wan)公斤，長(chang)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)46萬(wan)公斤，而馬(ma)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)占長(chang)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)縣總產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)的(de)(de)2/3以上(shang)。馬(ma)山(shan)(shan)栝(gua)(gua)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)所在地(di)(di)(di)—馬(ma)山(shan)(shan)境內有(you)市級(ji)森(sen)林(lin)公園(yuan)一處(chu)，地(di)(di)(di)理位(wei)置優越(yue)，基礎條(tiao)件較好(hao)，氣候宜人(ren)，有(you)諸多(duo)自(zi)然人(ren)文(wen)景觀，及(ji)歷(li)(li)史傳說故事。園(yuan)內層巒疊嶂，古柏(bo)參(can)天(tian)，森(sen)林(lin)茂密，景色怡人(ren)。主峰馬(ma)山(shan)(shan)海拔512.3米，原名(ming)(ming)(ming)隔馬(ma)山(shan)(shan)，遠眺山(shan)(shan)形似馬(ma)，懸崖(ya)百丈，山(shan)(shan)勢陡(dou)峭險(xian)峻，有(you)“十洞”、“五泉”、“一餅”、“五字”等名(ming)(ming)(ming)勝(sheng)，是(shi)與泰(tai)山(shan)(shan)、五峰山(shan)(shan)并稱“三山(shan)(shan)”的(de)(de)長(chang)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)名(ming)(ming)(ming)山(shan)(shan)。山(shan)(shan)腰有(you)用(yong)百萬(wan)株側(ce)柏(bo)栽(zai)成的(de)(de)大(da)(da)型植(zhi)(zhi)物標(biao)語“毛(mao)主席萬(wan)歲”，2001年8月世界基尼斯大(da)(da)全上(shang)海總部(bu)正(zheng)式(shi)命名(ming)(ming)(ming)為(wei)“植(zhi)(zhi)物標(biao)語‘中國(guo)之(zhi)最(zui)’”。

三.地域范圍

馬山栝樓(lou)在山東省濟南(nan)(nan)市長(chang)清區(qu)馬山鎮境(jing)內，位(wei)于(yu)省城濟南(nan)(nan)西南(nan)(nan)40公(gong)(gong)里處(chu)(chu)，南(nan)(nan)與(yu)肥城市接(jie)壤(rang)，北(bei)距(ju)長(chang)清城區(qu)20公(gong)(gong)里，距(ju)濟荷高(gao)速12公(gong)(gong)里；東臨京(jing)滬、京(jing)福(fu)高(gao)速、京(jing)滬鐵路，省道104穿越該(gai)鎮南(nan)(nan)北(bei)，西傍黃河。全鎮轄53個行政村，人口3.36萬，地域(yu)面積8900公(gong)(gong)頃，其中栝蔞種(zhong)植面積80公(gong)(gong)頃。地理位(wei)置：地處(chu)(chu)東經116°9′-116°11′，北(bei)緯36°01′-36°45′。平均海拔99.1米，低于(yu)劃定保護面積80公(gong)(gong)頃。

四.產品品質特性特征

1、外在(zai)感(gan)官(guan)特征(zheng)：馬山栝樓(lou)(lou)為多年(nian)生草本植(zhi)物，莖上有(you)(you)卷須，葉(xie)子(zi)心臟形，花白色(se)(se)，雌雄異株，果實卵(luan)圓形或近圓形，收獲時為深綠色(se)(se)，晾干后皮為黃色(se)(se)，鮮(xian)果重(zhong)300-400克，少數500克左右；晾干后果重(zhong)150克左右，種子(zi)長圓形，瓤棕黃色(se)(se)，干果味甘，稍(shao)苦、澀。栝樓(lou)(lou)根（中藥(yao)名(ming)天花粉），果（中藥(yao)名(ming)栝樓(lou)(lou)實），果皮（中藥(yao)名(ming)栝樓(lou)(lou)皮）、種子(zi)（中藥(yao)名(ming)栝樓(lou)(lou)仁），都供藥(yao)用，有(you)(you)解(jie)熱止渴、利尿(niao)、鎮(zhen)咳被祛痰等作(zuo)用。栝樓(lou)(lou)制劑對冠心病、心膠痛(tong)有(you)(you)一定療(liao)效。

2、內在品質指標(biao)：栝(gua)樓果(guo)實含三萜皂苷(gan)、有機(ji)酸(suan)、脂肪油、樹脂、糖類、色素(su)；種(zhong)子含脂肪油；根含蛋白(bai)質、皂苷(gan)、酸(suan)類等。