一.產品介紹
和(he)(he)溪巴(ba)(ba)戟(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)栽(zai)種(zhong)歷(li)史(shi)悠久,在20世紀(ji)60年(nian)(nian)代,由野生(sheng)轉(zhuan)人工(gong)栽(zai)培(pei)(pei)獲得(de)成(cheng)功,經過(guo)和(he)(he)溪人民長(chang)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)摸索和(he)(he)各(ge)方專家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)心(xin)培(pei)(pei)育,目前培(pei)(pei)育出了(le)巴(ba)(ba)戟(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)優良品種(zhong)“和(he)(he)溪1號”、“和(he)(he)溪2號”、“南科號”,并掌(zhang)握了(le)五年(nian)(nian)一(yi)生(sheng)產(chan)周期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)套(tao)育苗、種(zhong)植(zhi)管理(li)經驗,之后(hou)和(he)(he)溪鎮迅速掀起種(zhong)植(zhi)熱(re)潮。和(he)(he)溪巴(ba)(ba)戟(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)成(cheng)品呈扁圓(yuan)柱(zhu)形(xing),條(tiao)(tiao)粗0.8-1.5cm,皮色黃,肉(rou)質呈紫白色,味甘甜,其突出特(te)點是(shi)質軟、肉(rou)厚、心(xin)細等(deng)獨特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外觀特(te)征,為巴(ba)(ba)戟(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)中(zhong)上品。具有補腎陽、壯筋骨、祛風濕等(deng)功效,對(dui)治療陽痿,少腹(fu)冷痛(tong)(tong),小便不(bu)禁,子宮虛冷,風寒濕痹,腰(yao)膝酸痛(tong)(tong)等(deng)均(jun)有一(yi)定效果。 被譽為巴(ba)(ba)戟(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)之鄉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)和(he)(he)溪鎮,因(yin)其得(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)獨厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自然(ran)條(tiao)(tiao)件和(he)(he)先進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)栽(zai)培(pei)(pei)技術,所產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巴(ba)(ba)戟(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)品種(zhong)優良,質量(liang)上乘,素(su)有盛譽。1992年(nian)(nian)經中(zhong)國藥(yao)科大學天(tian)(tian)(tian)然(ran)藥(yao)物(wu)化學教研室和(he)(he)生(sheng)物(wu)教研室論(lun)證,和(he)(he)溪生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巴(ba)(ba)戟(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)與各(ge)地(di)(di)對(dui)比含有效成(cheng)分(fen)最高。2011年(nian)(nian),“和(he)(he)溪巴(ba)(ba)戟(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)”通過(guo)農產(chan)品地(di)(di)理(li)標志登記保護(hu)。目前,和(he)(he)溪鎮許多群眾(zhong)在從事巴(ba)(ba)戟(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)栽(zai)培(pei)(pei)、加工(gong)、銷(xiao)售等(deng)一(yi)系列工(gong)作(zuo),全(quan)(quan)鎮巴(ba)(ba)戟(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)種(zhong)植(zhi)面積達到1500畝,產(chan)量(liang)450噸,種(zhong)植(zhi)戶500多戶,年(nian)(nian)創產(chan)值1000萬元以(yi)上,有漳州巴(ba)(ba)戟(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)酒業(ye)有限公(gong)司、漳州聚善堂中(zhong)藥(yao)材(cai)基(ji)地(di)(di)等(deng)多家巴(ba)(ba)戟(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)加工(gong)企業(ye)和(he)(he)栽(zai)培(pei)(pei)基(ji)地(di)(di),實(shi)現(xian)“產(chan)供銷(xiao)”一(yi)條(tiao)(tiao)龍,已形(xing)成(cheng)產(chan)業(ye)規模。全(quan)(quan)鎮擁有一(yi)支100多人巴(ba)(ba)戟(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)外銷(xiao)隊伍。和(he)(he)溪巴(ba)(ba)戟(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)暢銷(xiao)省內外,銷(xiao)售范(fan)圍遍布全(quan)(quan)國各(ge)大城(cheng)市。
二.自(zi)然(ran)生態環境(jing)和人文歷史(shi)因素
和(he)(he)(he)溪(xi)鎮年均日照時數1960小(xiao)時,氣候溫(wen)和(he)(he)(he),土(tu)(tu)地肥沃(wo),多年平均氣溫(wen)21°C,0°C以上(shang)(shang)(shang)活動積溫(wen)7400°C,無霜期(qi)在305天(tian)以上(shang)(shang)(shang),年降雨量(liang)1880毫米,年平均相對(dui)濕度80%以上(shang)(shang)(shang),是典型的南亞熱帶雨林氣候,境(jing)內四(si)面環山(shan),中(zhong)部(bu)河谷(gu)平緩(huan),平均海拔460米,是一個氣候溫(wen)和(he)(he)(he),雨量(liang)充沛,青(qing)山(shan)常(chang)(chang)在,綠水(shui)(shui)常(chang)(chang)流(liu)的山(shan)區,是適(shi)應發(fa)展巴(ba)戟天(tian)等(deng)中(zhong)藥材生產(chan)的好地方。 和(he)(he)(he)溪(xi)水(shui)(shui)域(yu)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)肥沃(wo),天(tian)然餌料豐(feng)富,適(shi)宜多種生物生長(chang)、繁殖棲息(xi)。流(liu)域(yu)內有龍(long)山(shan)溪(xi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)游主干流(liu)及龍(long)山(shan)溪(xi)其它的小(xiao)溪(xi)支流(liu),總長(chang)25.3km,并于(yu)靖城(cheng)關(guan)帝廟匯入九龍(long)江西(xi)溪(xi)主流(liu)。和(he)(he)(he)溪(xi)水(shui)(shui)源水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)優良,甘(gan)甜可(ke)口無污染(ran),水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)達到地表水(shui)(shui)環境(jing)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)和(he)(he)(he)生活飲用(yong)水(shui)(shui)的標準,優質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的水(shui)(shui)源使巴(ba)戟天(tian)產(chan)品品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)優良。土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)地貌(mao)情況:和(he)(he)(he)溪(xi)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)主要是花崗巖、火山(shan)凝灰巖發(fa)育而(er)成的紅(hong)(hong)壤(rang)(rang)、赤(chi)紅(hong)(hong)壤(rang)(rang)。一般300m以下的山(shan)前丘(qiu)陵分布赤(chi)紅(hong)(hong)壤(rang)(rang),300-500m分布紅(hong)(hong)壤(rang)(rang)、粗骨性紅(hong)(hong)壤(rang)(rang)和(he)(he)(he)粗骨性赤(chi)紅(hong)(hong)壤(rang)(rang)分布在陡坡(po)、丘(qiu)頂山(shan)脊(ji)處(chu)及強(qiang)度侵蝕(shi)的水(shui)(shui)土(tu)(tu)流(liu)失區,居民點附近及交(jiao)通要道由于(yu)人類活動頻繁,常(chang)(chang)分布侵蝕(shi)赤(chi)紅(hong)(hong)壤(rang)(rang)和(he)(he)(he)侵蝕(shi)紅(hong)(hong)壤(rang)(rang),其有機質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)含(han)量(liang)2%-3%,全氮0.08%-0.1%,速效(xiao)磷8ppm-10ppm,速效(xiao)鉀(jia)120ppm-130ppm,PH4.5-5.5,耕作土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)主要是水(shui)(shui)稻土(tu)(tu)、黃泥(ni)田和(he)(he)(he)沙質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)土(tu)(tu)等(deng),耕層厚度在15cm以上(shang)(shang)(shang)占(zhan)(zhan)36%,10-15cm以上(shang)(shang)(shang)占(zhan)(zhan)61%,10cm以下占(zhan)(zhan)3%,土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)有機質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)皆在2%左右(you)。
三.地域范圍
南靖縣和溪鎮生(sheng)(sheng)態環境優越,地理區域優勢明顯(xian),特別適宜巴戟天(tian)的生(sheng)(sheng)育(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)長。和溪巴戟天(tian)產地位于九龍江(jiang)西(xi)溪源頭的閩西(xi)南部結合(he)部,與(yu)龍巖、漳(zhang)平(ping)、華安(an)三縣(市)毗(pi)鄰。319國(guo)道、漳(zhang)龍高(gao)速公路、龍廈鐵路等(deng)穿境而(er)過(guo),和溪巴戟天(tian)地理標志(zhi)保護范圍包括(kuo)南靖縣和溪鎮和溪村(cun)(cun)(cun)、月明村(cun)(cun)(cun)、林坂村(cun)(cun)(cun)、林中(zhong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)、坂場村(cun)(cun)(cun)、英(ying)勇村(cun)(cun)(cun)、吉春村(cun)(cun)(cun)、斗(dou)米村(cun)(cun)(cun)、聯橋村(cun)(cun)(cun)、南橋村(cun)(cun)(cun)、迎新村(cun)(cun)(cun)、迎富村(cun)(cun)(cun)、樂(le)土村(cun)(cun)(cun)、月星村(cun)(cun)(cun)、居委(wei)會等(deng)15個行(xing)政村(cun)(cun)(cun)(居委(wei)會),地理坐標為東經117°15'00”-117°18'45”,北緯24°26'22”-25°00'01”,平(ping)均海拔460米,總(zong)保護面(mian)積5萬畝,現有生(sheng)(sheng)產面(mian)積1500畝,年產量(liang)450噸(dun)。
四.產品品質特性特征
1、外在感官(guan)特(te)征:和溪產(chan)巴(ba)戟(ji)天歷史悠久(jiu),素有“巴(ba)戟(ji)天之鄉”美譽;產(chan)地生態獨特(te),屬中(zhong)國巴(ba)戟(ji)天種(zhong)植(zhi)北緣區域,栽培技術先進;產(chan)品呈扁圓柱(zhu)形,條粗0.8-1.5cm,皮色黃,肉(rou)質(zhi)呈紫白(bai)色,其(qi)突出(chu)特(te)點(dian)是(shi)質(zhi)軟,肉(rou)厚,心細,味甘甜。
2、獨特(te)的內在品質指標:和溪巴(ba)戟天(tian)與各地(di)生產巴(ba)戟天(tian)對比(bi)有(you)效成分(fen)蒽醌的含(han)量最高,為2.02-3.00mg/g,具有(you)很高的營養價值。
3、和溪巴戟天產地符(fu)合(he)NY/T391《綠色(se)食品產地環(huan)境技(ji)術(shu)條件》的(de)要求(qiu),生(sheng)產管(guan)理過(guo)程及產品品質安全要求(qiu)符(fu)合(he)2002年6月1日(ri)起施行(xing)的(de)國(guo)家藥(yao)品監督(du)管(guan)理局局務會審議通過(guo)的(de)《中(zhong)藥(yao)材(cai)生(sheng)產質量管(guan)理規(gui)范(fan)(試行(xing))》中(zhong)相關規(gui)定。
五.特定生(sheng)產方式
1、產地(di)(di)要求:符合NY/T391《綠色食品產地(di)(di)環(huan)境(jing)技術條(tiao)件》的(de)要求,應選擇生態環(huan)境(jing)條(tiao)件良好,避風向陽、有水源、土壤疏松、肥沃、PH值在(zai)5.6-7之間(jian)、排(pai)水良好且有一定遮蔭條(tiao)件的(de)東(dong)坡或東(dong)南坡,最好是新開墾無污(wu)染土地(di)(di)。土層厚度(du)在(zai)1m以(yi)上,坡度(du)在(zai)25°-30°,具有可(ke)持續生產能力,能發揮巴戟天良種的(de)優良種性的(de)農業生產區域作生產基地(di)(di)。
2、品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)范圍:選(xuan)用優(you)質、抗性強、適(shi)應(ying)當地氣候條(tiao)件的優(you)良品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),同時(shi)應(ying)是且有預期市場(chang)前景的優(you)良品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),如福建省(sheng)亞熱(re)帶植物研究所從本地野生資(zi)源(yuan)中(zhong)篩選(xuan)培育出的以“和溪1號”等為主的新優(you)良種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),苗(miao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)規格整齊(qi),體質健壯無病,體表完整無損,無寄(ji)生蟲(chong),質量(liang)要符合GB11767規定的標準。
3、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產控制:和(he)(he)溪(xi)巴戟(ji)(ji)天栽種(zhong)時(shi)選(xuan)取(qu)良種(zhong),根(gen)據春秋季(ji)節在(zai)(zai)清(qing)明、立(li)秋前后按株(zhu)(zhu)行(xing)(xing)間距40*40cm,畝種(zhong)2000-2500株(zhu)(zhu)密(mi)度進行(xing)(xing)定(ding)(ding)植(zhi),定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)時(shi)巴戟(ji)(ji)苗進行(xing)(xing)打頂(ding),定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)后澆定(ding)(ding)根(gen)水,并注意(yi)及時(shi)補苗,確保畝成活(huo)(huo)2000株(zhu)(zhu)以(yi)上,病(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)(hai)主要(yao)注意(yi)防(fang)治(zhi)莖基腐病(bing)(bing)、紫紋羽病(bing)(bing)、根(gen)結線(xian)蟲(chong)、蚜(ya)蟲(chong)等。在(zai)(zai)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)料(liao)的(de)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)上,實行(xing)(xing)配方施肥(fei)(fei)(fei),以(yi)有(you)機(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)主,化(hua)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)輔,并根(gen)據巴戟(ji)(ji)天不(bu)同(tong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長期的(de)需肥(fei)(fei)(fei)規律施用(yong)(yong)(yong)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)料(liao)。在(zai)(zai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)上,多采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)和(he)(he)低(di)毒低(di)殘(can)留農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao),并嚴(yan)格(ge)控制采(cai)收巴戟(ji)(ji)天期間不(bu)噴化(hua)學(xue)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)技術規范,確保和(he)(he)溪(xi)巴戟(ji)(ji)天生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產安(an)全,從未(wei)出現(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)殘(can)留超標現(xian)象。其中(zhong)田間管理的(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業投(tou)(tou)(tou)入肥(fei)(fei)(fei)料(liao)與農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao),將嚴(yan)格(ge)按照NY/T394《綠色食(shi)品(pin)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)料(liao)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)準(zhun)則(ze)(ze)》和(he)(he)NY/T393《綠色食(shi)品(pin)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)準(zhun)則(ze)(ze)》執行(xing)(xing),制定(ding)(ding)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業各(ge)項(xiang)管理制度,采(cai)取(qu)源(yuan)頭控制,全程跟蹤,嚴(yan)禁(jin)施用(yong)(yong)(yong)國家(jia)明令禁(jin)止使用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)高毒、高殘(can)留和(he)(he)淘汰的(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業投(tou)(tou)(tou)入品(pin),嚴(yan)禁(jin)任何單(dan)位和(he)(he)個人在(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產基地推(tui)廣未(wei)經國家(jia)審(shen)定(ding)(ding)、登記、批準(zhun)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業投(tou)(tou)(tou)入品(pin),以(yi)確保產品(pin)的(de)衛生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)與質(zhi)量安(an)全。施肥(fei)(fei)(fei)方面采(cai)取(qu)以(yi)施放腐熟有(you)機(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)主,復合肥(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)輔的(de)施肥(fei)(fei)(fei)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze);病(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)(hai)防(fang)治(zhi)方面采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)以(yi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業和(he)(he)物(wu)理防(fang)治(zhi)為(wei)主,化(hua)學(xue)防(fang)治(zhi)為(wei)輔的(de)防(fang)治(zhi)辦法,杜絕使用(yong)(yong)(yong)禁(jin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao),嚴(yan)格(ge)規定(ding)(ding)化(hua)學(xue)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)劑(ji)量、使用(yong)(yong)(yong)次(ci)數,嚴(yan)格(ge)執行(xing)(xing)安(an)全間隔(ge)期,提倡(chang)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)源(yuan)、礦物(wu)源(yuan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)。同(tong)時(shi),做好生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產過程記錄(lu)檔(dang)案,即在(zai)(zai)巴戟(ji)(ji)天生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產過程中(zhong),各(ge)項(xiang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)事活(huo)(huo)動,農(nong)(nong)(nong)業投(tou)(tou)(tou)入品(pin)的(de)購買、使用(yong)(yong)(yong)情況,產品(pin)的(de)加工(gong)與銷售情況,將嚴(yan)格(ge)進行(xing)(xing)記錄(lu)造冊(ce),建立(li)和(he)(he)溪(xi)巴戟(ji)(ji)天質(zhi)量可追(zhui)溯(su)制度。
4、產后處(chu)理:
①采收(shou)與加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong):巴(ba)(ba)(ba)戟(ji)(ji)天(tian)的(de)(de)采挖(wa)以(yi)(yi)采挖(wa)根部,以(yi)(yi)5年生(sheng)長年限(xian)為標準,選取符合年限(xian)要(yao)求的(de)(de)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)戟(ji)(ji)天(tian)加(jia)(jia)以(yi)(yi)采挖(wa)。根據加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)戟(ji)(ji)天(tian)的(de)(de)要(yao)求,分批(pi)、分期、分次地(di)按標準適時采挖(wa)。采挖(wa)下來的(de)(de)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)戟(ji)(ji)天(tian)應(ying)用(yong)清潔、通(tong)風的(de)(de)簍筐盛裝,防止(zhi)鮮巴(ba)(ba)(ba)戟(ji)(ji)天(tian)變質(zhi)或與其它有(you)害物質(zhi)混(hun)合。及時采收(shou),保證巴(ba)(ba)(ba)戟(ji)(ji)天(tian)質(zhi)量,采挖(wa)的(de)(de)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)戟(ji)(ji)天(tian)做到不擠壓、不破損、分類堆放(fang)、運輸,運輸器(qi)具要(yao)清潔衛(wei)生(sheng)、通(tong)氣,避免與其他藥材混(hun)裝。產品的(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)則在衛(wei)生(sheng)、清潔、無污染的(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)廠房(fang)內(nei)進(jin)行(xing)。通(tong)過挑撿干燥等工(gong)(gong)序,最后(hou)按不同等級包(bao)裝進(jin)倉。
②包裝(zhuang):包裝(zhuang)容器應干燥、清潔(jie)、無(wu)毒、無(wu)異味、防(fang)潮,包裝(zhuang)材料(liao)應符合NY/T658和(he)SB/T 10035的規定(ding)。
③貯(zhu)(zhu)存:貯(zhu)(zhu)存產品(pin)的(de)倉庫(ku),必須符合(he)通(tong)風、干燥、清潔、陰(yin)涼、無陽光(guang)直接照射的(de)要求,嚴禁與有毒、有異味、潮濕、易生蟲(chong)、易污染的(de)物品(pin)同倉貯(zhu)(zhu)存。在倉庫(ku)內堆(dui)(dui)放(fang)(fang),應離地200mm,離墻(qiang)300mm,堆(dui)(dui)放(fang)(fang)高度以包裝物受壓不(bu)(bu)變(bian)形,不(bu)(bu)破裂(lie)為準,但一般不(bu)(bu)超(chao)過(guo)4m,堆(dui)(dui)疊必須整齊,堆(dui)(dui)間應留(liu)適當通(tong)道。產品(pin)出(chu)庫(ku)堅持(chi)先進先出(chu)的(de)原(yuan)則,要進行定期(qi)(qi)(qi)或不(bu)(bu)定期(qi)(qi)(qi)抽(chou)檢(jian),對超(chao)過(guo)保質(zhi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)而未經檢(jian)驗合(he)格的(de)產品(pin)不(bu)(bu)得出(chu)庫(ku)。
④貯運:運輸時應放(fang)在干凈、無異味、無污染(ran)的(de)(de)專用包裝(zhuang)箱內,并嚴禁與(yu)有毒、有異味、潮濕、易污染(ran)的(de)(de)物品混(hun)裝(zhuang)混(hun)運。運轉(zhuan)過程中,必(bi)須有防潮、防雨的(de)(de)設施,不得與(yu)潮濕地面(mian)接觸。裝(zhuang)卸時,應輕搬、輕放(fang),防止(zhi)包裝(zhuang)破損。搬運過程,一般(ban)不得在雨天進行,如(ru)遇特殊情況,須用防雨布嚴密遮蓋和防護。