一.產品介紹
北景柿子(zi)分布在(zai)臨猗(yi)縣北景鄉,涉及尉莊(zhuang)(zhuang)、翟莊(zhuang)(zhuang)、賈莊(zhuang)(zhuang)、齊村(cun)、王家莊(zhuang)(zhuang)等(deng)30個行政村(cun)。2011年認(ren)(ren)定為(wei)地理標志農產品(pin),地域(yu)保護范圍(wei)東經110°21′00〞~110°55′15〞,北緯(wei)34°58′50〞~35°18′15〞,認(ren)(ren)證面積200公頃(qing),年產量9000噸。北景柿子(zi)果(guo)(guo)個大,平(ping)均單果(guo)(guo)重量為(wei)230克,最大果(guo)(guo)重達(da)400克,成熟時其外觀(guan)果(guo)(guo)頂濃紅色,外觀(guan)艷麗,果(guo)(guo)肉橙紅色,肉質(zhi)硬(ying)、味(wei)甜、爽口,營養極其豐富。經檢測,碳水化合物(wu)≥14.8g/100g,蛋白(bai)質(zhi)≥1.82 g/100g,維生素C≥29.4 mg/100g,鎂(mei)≥10.9mg/100g,鈣≥17.6 mg/100g等(deng)多(duo)種物(wu)質(zhi)均高于普通(tong)品(pin)種。
二.自然生態環境和人文歷史因素(su)
北(bei)(bei)景(jing)柿子(zi)(zi)耐瘠薄,抗干旱、耐澇,對(dui)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤要(yao)求不嚴(yan),但(dan)為保證柿子(zi)(zi)果(guo)實優質(zhi)(zhi),宜選(xuan)含(han)鹽(yan)量(liang)低,pH值5-7.5,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)層深厚(hou),有(you)(you)灌溉(gai)條(tiao)件且排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)方便的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)塊建園。臨猗縣地(di)(di)(di)勢由北(bei)(bei)向南傾(qing)斜,海拔820∽347m。土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤的(de)(de)形成(cheng)和公(gong)布因垂直性(xing)(xing)(xing)、地(di)(di)(di)帶性(xing)(xing)(xing)和地(di)(di)(di)域(yu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)生物氣候和人為因素(su)作用,造(zao)成(cheng)了(le)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤類型多樣化(hua),有(you)(you)褐土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、草甸土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)2個土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類,5個亞類,12個土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)屬(shu),45個土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)種。在各類土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤中,宜農土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤比重(zhong)大,適種性(xing)(xing)(xing)廣(guang),有(you)(you)利(li)于(yu)(yu)(yu)農、林、牧(mu)的(de)(de)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)面發展。從養分(fen)調查看,各土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類有(you)(you)機(ji)質(zhi)(zhi)和全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)氮含(han)量(liang)差異不大,有(you)(you)效(xiao)磷(lin)、速效(xiao)鉀(jia)以及中微(wei)量(liang)元素(su)都是(shi)潮土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)較(jiao)高。極有(you)(you)利(li)于(yu)(yu)(yu)種植柿子(zi)(zi),特(te)殊的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤地(di)(di)(di)貌影響特(te)殊的(de)(de)品質(zhi)(zhi)。黃河和涑水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)河是(shi)臨猗農業的(de)(de)一大優質(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)。境內(nei)夾馬口、楊范、元上(shang)、回龍、仁里、東下等(deng)6座電灌站均(jun)(jun)可引水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)灌溉(gai)農田(tian)。全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣地(di)(di)(di)下水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)由基巖(yan)山區(qu)補(bu)給,天然總資源(yuan)(yuan)為0.9917億立方米/年,地(di)(di)(di)下水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)埋藏深度按地(di)(di)(di)弄(nong)分(fen)為黃土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)臺(tai)垣(yuan)深水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)區(qu)和涑水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)總和平(ping)原淺(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)區(qu),流向隨地(di)(di)(di)形而變化(hua),北(bei)(bei)景(jing)臺(tai)垣(yuan)屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)深埋淺(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)區(qu),水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)富(fu)裕。黃河水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、灌溉(gai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)均(jun)(jun)符合無公(gong)害食(shi)品相應標準要(yao)求,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)合格,極有(you)(you)利(li)于(yu)(yu)(yu)柿子(zi)(zi)生長,特(te)殊的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)影響特(te)殊的(de)(de)品質(zhi)(zhi)。臨猗縣屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)暖溫(wen)(wen)帶大陸(lu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)季(ji)風氣候,四季(ji)分(fen)明,光熱資源(yuan)(yuan)豐富(fu)。其(qi)表現特(te)點(dian)是(shi):“冬長寒冷而雪少,春季(ji)干旱大風多,夏季(ji)多雨且集(ji)中,秋季(ji)晴(qing)和日(ri)照長”等(deng)特(te)點(dian),年平(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣溫(wen)(wen)13.7℃, ≥10℃有(you)(you)效(xiao)積溫(wen)(wen),4280℃左右,年平(ping)均(jun)(jun)降雨量(liang)460-560毫米之間,主要(yao)集(ji)中在7、8、9三個月,占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)年降雨量(liang)的(de)(de)60%以上(shang),全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)年無霜期平(ping)均(jun)(jun)218天。年平(ping)均(jun)(jun)日(ri)照時數為2188小時,是(shi)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)省氣溫(wen)(wen)較(jiao)高的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu),其(qi)地(di)(di)(di)勢平(ping)坦(tan),土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)肥(fei)沃,光熱資源(yuan)(yuan)豐富(fu),晝夜溫(wen)(wen)差較(jiao)大,自然條(tiao)件獨(du)特(te),是(shi)柿子(zi)(zi)生長的(de)(de)優勢區(qu)域(yu)。
三.地域范圍
北景柿子(zi)的地(di)(di)域保(bao)護(hu)范圍為山西省南部臨猗縣北景鄉涉及(ji)尉(wei)莊(zhuang)翟(zhai)莊(zhuang)、賈(jia)莊(zhuang)、齊村(cun)、王家莊(zhuang)、梁家莊(zhuang)、陸喜營、陳家莊(zhuang)、高家坡、南景等(deng)30個行政(zheng)村(cun)。地(di)(di)理坐標(biao)為:東經110°21′00"—110°55′15",北緯34°58′50"—35°18′15",南北長8公(gong)(gong)里,東西寬12公(gong)(gong)里,保(bao)護(hu)規模為200公(gong)(gong)頃,年總量9000噸。
四.產品(pin)品(pin)質特性特征
外(wai)在感官特征:北景柿子果(guo)(guo)(guo)個碩大,平(ping)均單果(guo)(guo)(guo)重量(liang)為230克,最大果(guo)(guo)(guo)重達(da)400克,成熟時其外(wai)觀果(guo)(guo)(guo)頂濃紅色(se),外(wai)觀艷麗,果(guo)(guo)(guo)肉橙(cheng)紅色(se),肉質硬(ying)、味甜、爽口,營養極(ji)其豐富。據北京譜尼測試檢測:碳水化合物(wu)≥14.8g/100g,蛋白(bai)質≥1.82 g/100g,維(wei)生素(su)≥C29.4 mg/100g,鎂≥10.9mg/100g,鈣≥17.6 mg/100g等多(duo)種物(wu)質均高(gao)于普(pu)通品(pin)種。安(an)全要求:根據無公害食(shi)品(pin)落葉(xie)核果(guo)(guo)(guo)類果(guo)(guo)(guo)品(pin)NY5112-2005產(chan)業標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun),以及(ji)無公害食(shi)品(pin)NY5013-2006林果(guo)(guo)(guo)類產(chan)品(pin)產(chan)地環境(jing)條(tiao)件,以及(ji)GB4285農(nong)藥(yao)安(an)全使(shi)用(yong)(yong)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)則,GB/T8321農(nong)藥(yao)合理使(shi)用(yong)(yong)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)則等相關標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)和(he)要求。
五.特定生產方式
北景(jing)柿(shi)子選擇土層深厚、土壤肥(fei)沃疏松、地下水(shui)(shui)位較低的背風向陰地。山地、坡地或平(ping)地均可,排水(shui)(shui)情況良好。基地遠離(li)(li)公路(lu)、鐵(tie)路(lu)主要交通干線及(ji)工礦區(qu),避(bi)開工業(ye)及(ji)城市污(wu)染(ran)(ran)源(yuan)影響,距離(li)(li)要大(da)于5km。園地遠離(li)(li)各種污(wu)染(ran)(ran)源(yuan)。產地周圍不得(de)有大(da)氣污(wu)染(ran)(ran)源(yuan),特別是在上風口無有毒有害(hai)(hai)氣體、煙塵和(he)粉塵污(wu)染(ran)(ran);灌溉(gai)水(shui)(shui)源(yuan)也遠離(li)(li)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)源(yuan),禁止(zhi)使用未(wei)經(jing)過無害(hai)(hai)化處(chu)理的工業(ye)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)和(he)生活廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)灌溉(gai),水(shui)(shui)中重金屬(shu)和(he)有毒有害(hai)(hai)物(wu)質的含(han)量必須符合行業(ye)標準(zhun)。
1、生產過程(cheng)管理(li)(li) 栽植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)(shi),園地適宜(yi)的(de)年(nian)平均(jun)(jun)氣溫為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)13℃以(yi)(yi)上為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宜(yi),絕(jue)對(dui)最(zui)(zui)低(di)溫度(du)≥-23℃,休眠期≤7.2℃的(de)低(di)溫積累600h以(yi)(yi)上;年(nian)日照時(shi)(shi)數(shu)≥1200h。土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)PH值在(zai)4.5—8.5均(jun)(jun)可(ke),但(dan)以(yi)(yi)PH值在(zai)4.5—7.5的(de)沙質壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)最(zui)(zui)佳。年(nian)均(jun)(jun)溫以(yi)(yi)13℃以(yi)(yi)上為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宜(yi)。建園時(shi)(shi)最(zui)(zui)好(hao)先壕(hao)溝(gou)(gou)(gou)改土(tu)或大穴定植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。鹽分含量≤1 g/kg,有機質含量最(zui)(zui)好(hao)≥10 g/kg,地下(xia)水(shui)(shui)位在(zai)1.0 m以(yi)(yi)下(xia)。不要在(zai)重(zhong)茬地建園。栽植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)密(mi)度(du)應(ying)根據園地的(de)立地條(tiao)件(jian)(包括氣候、土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)和地勢等(deng))、品種、整形修剪方式和管理(li)(li)水(shui)(shui)平等(deng)而定,一(yi)般株行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)距為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)4米(mi)(mi)×5米(mi)(mi),每(mei)公(gong)頃栽植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)630株左右(you)。定植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前先挖(wa)(wa)穴寬1米(mi)(mi),深(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)0.8米(mi)(mi),穴內(nei)填入雜草(cao)(cao)和土(tu)雜肥或牛欄(lan)糞50公(gong)斤(jin)和磷肥1公(gong)斤(jin)。再(zai)回填表(biao)土(tu)高出地面(mian)30厘米(mi)(mi),定植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后澆足(zu)定根水(shui)(shui),并覆(fu)蓋(gai)雜草(cao)(cao)保墑護苗。土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)管理(li)(li)時(shi)(shi)應(ying)深(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)翻改土(tu),分為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)擴穴深(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)翻和全園深(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)翻,每(mei)年(nian)秋季(ji)(ji)果實采(cai)收(shou)后結合(he)秋施(shi)基肥進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。擴穴深(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)翻為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)在(zai)定植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)穴外(wai)挖(wa)(wa)環(huan)狀溝(gou)(gou)(gou),溝(gou)(gou)(gou)寬80cm,深(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)60cm左右(you)。全園深(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)翻為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)將栽植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)穴外(wai)的(de)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)全部(bu)深(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)翻,深(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)度(du)30cm-40cm。覆(fu)草(cao)(cao)和埋(mai)草(cao)(cao)覆(fu)草(cao)(cao)在(zai)春季(ji)(ji)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。覆(fu)蓋(gai)材(cai)料可(ke)以(yi)(yi)用麥秸、麥糠、玉米(mi)(mi)秸、干草(cao)(cao)等(deng)。把覆(fu)蓋(gai)物覆(fu)蓋(gai)在(zai)樹(shu)冠下(xia),厚度(du)10cm-15cm,上面(mian)壓(ya)少量土(tu)、連覆(fu)3-4年(nian)后淺翻1次。也可(ke)結合(he)深(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)翻開大溝(gou)(gou)(gou)埋(mai)草(cao)(cao),提(ti)高土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)肥力(li)和蓄(xu)水(shui)(shui)能力(li)。種植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)綠(lv)肥和行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)間(jian)(jian)生草(cao)(cao)時(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)間(jian)(jian)提(ti)倡間(jian)(jian)作三葉(xie)草(cao)(cao)、毛葉(xie)苕子、扁葉(xie)黃芪等(deng)綠(lv)肥作物,通過翻壓(ya),覆(fu)蓋(gai)和漚制等(deng)方法將其轉變為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)柿園有機肥。有灌(guan)溉條(tiao)件(jian)的(de)柿園提(ti)倡行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)間(jian)(jian)生草(cao)(cao)制。
2、施(shi)(shi)肥(fei) 施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)以(yi)有(you)機肥(fei)為(wei)主,配合(he)(he)適量(liang)氮(dan)、磷、鉀(jia)(jia)肥(fei),幼齡樹施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)宜少量(liang)勤(qin)施(shi)(shi),結果樹重(zhong)施(shi)(shi)有(you)機肥(fei),增施(shi)(shi)磷鉀(jia)(jia)肥(fei),不偏施(shi)(shi)氮(dan)肥(fei)。一般在9—11月施(shi)(shi)足基肥(fei),以(yi)有(you)機肥(fei)為(wei)主;4月下旬追施(shi)(shi)保花(hua)(hua)保果肥(fei),氮(dan)、磷、鉀(jia)(jia)肥(fei)配合(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)用(yong);8—9月追施(shi)(shi)壯果肥(fei),促進果實(shi)膨大和花(hua)(hua)芽(ya)分(fen)化,以(yi)磷、鉀(jia)(jia)肥(fei)為(wei)主,提高(gao)果實(shi)甜度和品質(zhi)。?
3、防治(zhi)病蟲(chong)害 甜(tian)柿病蟲(chong)害較少(shao),主要有:炭(tan)疽病、角(jiao)斑病、黑星病、介殼蟲(chong)、刺(ci)蛾、蚜蟲(chong)等。做好冬季(ji)清園工作,集中處理落葉,刮(gua)除老樹皮。在萌芽前噴施(shi)5波美度(du)石硫(liu)合劑,加0.3%五氯酚(fen)鈉。病害一般用甲(jia)基托布津(jin)或百菌清800—1000倍(bei)防治(zhi),刺(ci)蛾則可(ke)用殺滅菊酯2000倍(bei)或一遍凈1000倍(bei)。有介殼蟲(chong)危(wei)害,可(ke)在休(xiu)眠前噴施(shi)柴油乳劑或松堿合劑,孵化期及時(shi)噴施(shi)氧化樂果(guo)1500倍(bei)或敵敵畏1000倍(bei)液防治(zhi)。
?4、修(xiu)剪 采用自然開心形定冠,定干(gan)高度50—60厘米,當(dang)年(nian)選留3個新梢作主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),其中第1主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)距地面30—40厘米,第2年(nian)短截主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),培養(yang)側枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),疏除(chu)(chu)主(zhu)干(gan)上其余枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條,第3條主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上選留2—3個枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條作副主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),以后(hou)逐年(nian)培養(yang)成豐產矮化樹(shu)體骨(gu)架(jia)。修(xiu)剪應注重疏剪,及時疏除(chu)(chu)下垂枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、干(gan)枯枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和病蟲枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、徒長(chang)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、過密枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等。一般(ban)株產50公斤成年(nian)投產樹(shu)留150—200條健壯(zhuang)結果母枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。