一(yi).自然生態環境和(he)人文歷史因素
土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤地(di)(di)貌(mao)情況:汾西(xi)縣(xian)地(di)(di)處呂梁(liang)山南(nan)麓(lu),汾河西(xi)岸,屬黃土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)高原溝壑(he)地(di)(di)貌(mao),全縣(xian)整體地(di)(di)勢西(xi)北高,東南(nan)低,是一張天然的(de)(de)大(da)陽坡,天然的(de)(de)地(di)(di)理(li)條(tiao)件適宜梨(li)(li)的(de)(de)栽(zai)培。汾西(xi)梨(li)(li)產地(di)(di)位于(yu)汾西(xi)縣(xian)東南(nan)部(bu),平均(jun)海(hai)拔700—1200多米。土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤中(zhong)性,PH值(zhi)在8左右,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)層深厚(hou)、肥沃,通透性好。土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤養(yang)分(fen)狀況:有(you)(you)(you)機質(zhi)含(han)量平均(jun)12.42g/kg,含(han)氮約0.74g/kg,有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)磷約14.54mg/kg,速效(xiao)(xiao)鉀(jia)約160.50mg/kg,緩效(xiao)(xiao)鉀(jia)約838.3mg/kg,有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)銅(tong)約26.87mg/kg,有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)鋅約1.27mg/kg,有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)鐵(tie)約4.9g/kg。有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)硼約0.27g/kg,有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)鉬(mu)約0.14g/kg。土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤質(zhi)地(di)(di)較(jiao)粗,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)層較(jiao)厚(hou),約150—250m,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤透水(shui)透氣(qi)性良好,排澇能力(li)強。水(shui)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)中(zhong)度(du)(du)(du)流(liu)失,周圍無化工(gong)企業,無污染,以上條(tiao)件適宜梨(li)(li)栽(zai)培。 水(shui)文情況:水(shui)資源短缺,有(you)(you)(you)灌(guan)溉(gai)條(tiao)件的(de)(de)地(di)(di)區主要采(cai)取(qu)管(guan)灌(guan)方式,水(shui)均(jun)來自(zi)地(di)(di)下水(shui),灌(guan)溉(gai)水(shui)均(jun)符(fu)合無公害食(shi)品相應標準的(de)(de)要求,水(shui)質(zhi)質(zhi)量合格。其它地(di)(di)區采(cai)取(qu)自(zi)然集雨澆灌(guan),基(ji)本能滿足梨(li)(li)樹生長需求。 氣(qi)候情況:氣(qi)候屬暖溫(wen)帶(dai)大(da)陸性季風氣(qi)候,四季分(fen)明(ming),年平均(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)10.1℃,日照時數2615小(xiao)時,年降雨量486mm,無霜178天,農作(zuo)物平均(jun)生長期(qi)242天,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤凍(dong)結期(qi)115天,年平均(jun)蒸發量1926mm,年平均(jun)光(guang)照2368.8小(xiao)時。最(zui)高平均(jun)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)24.6度(du)(du)(du),最(zui)低-16度(du)(du)(du),0-20cm年平均(jun)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)溫(wen)10度(du)(du)(du)。晝夜最(zui)大(da)溫(wen)差18.2℃。
二.地域范圍
汾(fen)西縣(xian)位于(yu)山西省中南部,臨汾(fen)市北(bei)部,東(dong)鄰(lin)霍州,西倚隰縣(xian),南接(jie)洪洞,北(bei)與晉(jin)中市靈石縣(xian)接(jie)壤,轄(xia)5鎮3鄉。“汾(fen)西梨”地理標志地域保護范圍劃定為:團(tuan)柏鄉、永安鎮、對竹鎮、佃坪鄉、和(he)平鎮、邢(xing)家(jia)要(yao)鄉、僧念鎮所屬的37個行政(zheng)村。東(dong)到永安鎮的神符村,西到佃坪鄉山云(yun)村,南到和(he)平鎮的申村,北(bei)到對竹鎮的后王堤(di)村,經度(du)111°63'—111°33',緯(wei)度(du)36°76'—36°47',產地面積(ji)800公頃,年產梨12000噸。
三.產品品質(zhi)特(te)性特(te)征(zheng)
(1)外在感官。汾西梨多為錐桶(tong)狀圓形,果肉(rou)細(xi)膩,核(he)小,酥(su)脆(cui)甜爽,汁液多,酸甜可口(kou),芳香味(wei)濃。果型端正(zheng),品相好。色澤(ze)微黃(huang)或黃(huang)中帶綠,果面(mian)光澤(ze)細(xi)膩,平均單果重200-400克,最大單果重500克以上(shang)。
(2)內在品質(zhi)(zhi)。汾西梨營養豐富(fu),其蛋白質(zhi)(zhi)0.30—0.5g/100g,鉀90—95mg/100g,磷12.2—15.5mg/100g,鎂(Mg)6.0—8.6mg/100g,鋅(Zn)0.4—0.9mg/100g,鈉(na)(Na)1.8—3.9mg/100g,鐵(Fe)0.4—1.4mg/100g,鈣(Ca)7.7—9.8mg/100g,可溶(rong)性固形物10.5—13.1g/100g,總(zong)酸0.08—0.15g/100g,總(zong)糖9.0—13.0g/100g,硬度4—7kg/cm2。
四.特定生產方式(shi)
(1)產(chan)地選擇與特殊內(nei)容規定 汾(fen)西縣地處臨汾(fen)市北部,汾(fen)西梨的(de)(de)主產(chan)區(qu),四季分明,光(guang)照充足,晝(zhou)夜溫差大,平均海拔高度700—1200米,栽培地排水好,對梨產(chan)量的(de)(de)形成和品(pin)質的(de)(de)提高有著非常重要的(de)(de)作(zuo)用。
(2)品(pin)種(zhong)選擇與特定要(yao)求 品(pin)種(zhong)為金梨、黃冠(guan)梨、玉(yu)露香(xiang)梨、紅香(xiang)酥(su)梨、桶子梨等品(pin)種(zhong),果品(pin)要(yao)求果面(mian)光潔,色澤微黃,或黃中(zhong)帶綠,品(pin)相好新鮮干凈、無(wu)果銹。肉質細嫩(nen)酥(su)脆,果汁(zhi)多(duo),含糖高,酸(suan)甜(tian)適度,耐(nai)儲(chu)運。苗木要(yao)求無(wu)毒無(wu)菌(jun)無(wu)凍(dong)害的良種(zhong),一般(ban)粗度達到(dao)1cm,高度達到(dao)100cm以上(shang)。
(3)生(sheng)(sheng)產過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)管理(li)(li)(li) 土(tu)肥(fei)(fei)水管理(li)(li)(li):果(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)土(tu)地平整,土(tu)層(ceng)深(shen)厚(hou),活土(tu)層(ceng)60厘(li)(li)米(mi)以(yi)(yi)上。每畝施(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)無(wu)害化處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)有(you)(you)機肥(fei)(fei)3000公斤(jin)以(yi)(yi)上,其(qi)(qi)他肥(fei)(fei)料(liao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)有(you)(you)機復混肥(fei)(fei)補充(chong)。以(yi)(yi)秋(qiu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)基肥(fei)(fei)為主(zhu),其(qi)(qi)余按(an)照花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)前(qian)(qian)、花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)后(hou)(hou)(hou)、幼果(guo)(guo)(guo)膨大(da)期等物(wu)(wu)侯期結(jie)合(he)降雨施(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。氮、磷、鉀(jia)比(bi)例(li)按(an)每生(sheng)(sheng)產100公斤(jin)梨,施(shi)(shi)(shi)N(1.0-1.2kg)、P205(0.5-0.75kg)、K20(1.0-1.2kg)。根據樹(shu)(shu)體營養診斷適(shi)量(liang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)入微量(liang)元素(su)。行(xing)間(jian)種(zhong)植三(san)葉草(cao)、苜蓿(xu)草(cao)或(huo)大(da)豆苗等,以(yi)(yi)提(ti)高(gao)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)有(you)(you)機質含量(liang),減(jian)少土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)水分蒸發。 花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)果(guo)(guo)(guo)管理(li)(li)(li):對花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)芽(ya)(ya)多(duo)(duo)的(de)樹(shu)(shu)進行(xing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)前(qian)(qian)復剪,調節花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、葉芽(ya)(ya)比(bi)例(li)至1:3-4,從花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序分離(li)開始(shi),每間(jian)隔20厘(li)(li)米(mi)左右(you),選留(liu)一(yi)個(ge)粗壯花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序,其(qi)(qi)它多(duo)(duo)余花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序全部疏(shu)掉。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)期采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)蜜蜂、壁蜂和(he)人工授粉,謝花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)后(hou)(hou)(hou)10天(tian)(tian)開始(shi)疏(shu)果(guo)(guo)(guo),一(yi)個(ge)月內(nei)結(jie)束。根據樹(shu)(shu)勢強(qiang)弱,坐(zuo)果(guo)(guo)(guo)多(duo)(duo)少,確定適(shi)宜(yi)的(de)留(liu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)間(jian)距(ju),一(yi)般(ban)為20-25厘(li)(li)米(mi),選留(liu)一(yi)個(ge)坐(zuo)果(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)壯花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序,留(liu)一(yi)個(ge)中(zhong)心果(guo)(guo)(guo),把多(duo)(duo)余的(de)幼果(guo)(guo)(guo)全部疏(shu)除(chu)。謝花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)后(hou)(hou)(hou)30-40天(tian)(tian)開始(shi)套袋,6月中(zhong)旬結(jie)束。套袋前(qian)(qian)進行(xing)疏(shu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)和(he)噴(pen)施(shi)(shi)(shi)2-3次殺(sha)(sha)菌(jun)(jun)殺(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)劑并補鈣。對影(ying)響果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)著(zhu)色(se)的(de)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、葉全部剪掉,待果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)向陽面著(zhu)色(se)后(hou)(hou)(hou)進行(xing)轉果(guo)(guo)(guo),使(shi)果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)背陰面盡(jin)可能多(duo)(duo)著(zhu)色(se)。 病蟲(chong)(chong)害防治(zhi):采(cai)取(qu)預防為主(zhu)、綜(zong)合(he)防治(zhi)的(de)原則。物(wu)(wu)理(li)(li)(li)技(ji)術(shu)包括:采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)糖醋液、黃(huang)色(se)粘(zhan)蟲(chong)(chong)膠帶、頻振(zhen)式殺(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)燈、性誘(you)(you)劑、黃(huang)色(se)誘(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)板、瓦棱(leng)紙誘(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)帶等物(wu)(wu)理(li)(li)(li)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)。生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)技(ji)術(shu)包括:使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)以(yi)(yi)蟲(chong)(chong)治(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)、以(yi)(yi)菌(jun)(jun)治(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)、以(yi)(yi)菌(jun)(jun)治(zhi)菌(jun)(jun)等生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)防治(zhi)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi),即使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)BT菌(jun)(jun)劑和(he)撲食(shi)螨。化學防治(zhi)技(ji)術(shu)包括:針對性的(de)選擇(ze)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)源(yuan)、礦物(wu)(wu)源(yuan)農藥和(he)低(di)毒、低(di)殘留(liu)有(you)(you)機合(he)成農藥,如選擇(ze)BT菌(jun)(jun)劑、滅幼脲、苦(ku)參素(su)等。不使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)國家禁(jin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)農藥。 整形(xing)(xing)(xing)修剪:主(zhu)要樹(shu)(shu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)為自由紡綞(duo)形(xing)(xing)(xing),樹(shu)(shu)高(gao)3米(mi)左右(you),冠徑2-3米(mi),主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)4-10個(ge),樹(shu)(shu)冠扁圓形(xing)(xing)(xing),適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)株距(ju)3-4米(mi)的(de)果(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)。紡錘形(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)角度(du)80度(du)左右(you),小冠疏(shu)層(ceng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)角度(du)70度(du)左右(you)。采(cai)取(qu)以(yi)(yi)疏(shu)剪為主(zhu),緩、疏(shu)、縮(suo)相結(jie)合(he)的(de)修剪方法(fa),紡錘形(xing)(xing)(xing)主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)過(guo)(guo)長的(de)適(shi)時縮(suo)剪,小冠疏(shu)層(ceng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)樹(shu)(shu)頭(tou)過(guo)(guo)高(gao)的(de)及時落(luo)頭(tou)。盛(sheng)果(guo)(guo)(guo)期樹(shu)(shu)畝枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)5—6萬條,內(nei)膛(tang)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)葉透光(guang)率30%以(yi)(yi)上。
(4)產(chan)品收獲及產(chan)后(hou)(hou)處理規(gui)定(ding) 適時采(cai)收,采(cai)摘(zhai)時輕拿輕放(fang),避免碰壓刺傷。采(cai)收后(hou)(hou)分級:指標參照GB/T10651。包裝(zhuang):選用(yong)鈣塑瓦楞箱(xiang)和瓦楞紙箱(xiang)為包裝(zhuang)容器,其(qi)技(ji)術要求(qiu)應符合(he)(he)GB/T13607的規(gui)定(ding)。貯存:采(cai)收后(hou)(hou)及時入庫保存,冷藏(zang)按GB/T8559規(gui)定(ding)執行(xing);氣調貯藏(zang)按ISO8682規(gui)定(ding)執行(xing)。庫房無(wu)異味。并觀察庫內溫(wen)度、濕度,保證(zheng)儲存安全。不(bu)與(yu)有毒、有害物品混合(he)(he)存放(fang)。不(bu)得使用(yong)有損“汾西梨”質量的保鮮(xian)試劑和材料。
(5)生產記(ji)(ji)錄(lu)要求:詳細記(ji)(ji)錄(lu)生產操作日期,病蟲害情況,技(ji)術措施,建立(li)生產過程記(ji)(ji)錄(lu)檔案,記(ji)(ji)載(zai)投入品(pin)的名稱、作用(yong)時間、使(shi)用(yong)目(mu)的、使(shi)用(yong)方(fang)法(fa)、使(shi)用(yong)量、生產廠家等。