一.自然生態環境和人文歷史因(yin)素
土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)情(qing)況(kuang):汾西(xi)(xi)縣(xian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)處呂梁(liang)山(shan)南(nan)麓,汾河西(xi)(xi)岸,屬黃土(tu)(tu)高原溝壑地(di)(di)(di)(di)貌(mao),全縣(xian)整體(ti)地(di)(di)(di)(di)勢西(xi)(xi)北高,東南(nan)低,是一(yi)張天(tian)然的(de)大陽坡,天(tian)然的(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)理(li)條(tiao)件(jian)適宜梨(li)(li)的(de)栽(zai)培。汾西(xi)(xi)梨(li)(li)產地(di)(di)(di)(di)位于(yu)汾西(xi)(xi)縣(xian)東南(nan)部,平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)海拔(ba)700—1200多(duo)米。土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)中(zhong)性(xing)(xing),PH值在8左右,土(tu)(tu)層深厚、肥沃,通透性(xing)(xing)好(hao)。土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)養(yang)分(fen)狀況(kuang):有(you)(you)機(ji)質(zhi)含量(liang)(liang)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)12.42g/kg,含氮約(yue)(yue)(yue)0.74g/kg,有(you)(you)效磷約(yue)(yue)(yue)14.54mg/kg,速(su)效鉀(jia)約(yue)(yue)(yue)160.50mg/kg,緩效鉀(jia)約(yue)(yue)(yue)838.3mg/kg,有(you)(you)效銅約(yue)(yue)(yue)26.87mg/kg,有(you)(you)效鋅約(yue)(yue)(yue)1.27mg/kg,有(you)(you)效鐵約(yue)(yue)(yue)4.9g/kg。有(you)(you)效硼約(yue)(yue)(yue)0.27g/kg,有(you)(you)效鉬(mu)約(yue)(yue)(yue)0.14g/kg。土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)質(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)較(jiao)粗(cu),土(tu)(tu)層較(jiao)厚,約(yue)(yue)(yue)150—250m,土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)透水(shui)(shui)(shui)透氣(qi)性(xing)(xing)良好(hao),排澇能力強。水(shui)(shui)(shui)土(tu)(tu)中(zhong)度流失(shi),周(zhou)圍無(wu)化工企業,無(wu)污染(ran),以上條(tiao)件(jian)適宜梨(li)(li)栽(zai)培。 水(shui)(shui)(shui)文(wen)情(qing)況(kuang):水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源短缺,有(you)(you)灌(guan)溉條(tiao)件(jian)的(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區主要(yao)采(cai)取(qu)(qu)管灌(guan)方式,水(shui)(shui)(shui)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)來自(zi)(zi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui),灌(guan)溉水(shui)(shui)(shui)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)符合無(wu)公害(hai)食品(pin)相應標準的(de)要(yao)求(qiu),水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)合格。其它地(di)(di)(di)(di)區采(cai)取(qu)(qu)自(zi)(zi)然集(ji)雨澆灌(guan),基本(ben)能滿足梨(li)(li)樹生長需求(qiu)。 氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)情(qing)況(kuang):氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)屬暖(nuan)溫(wen)(wen)帶大陸性(xing)(xing)季風氣(qi)候(hou)(hou),四季分(fen)明,年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)10.1℃,日(ri)照時(shi)數(shu)2615小時(shi),年(nian)降雨量(liang)(liang)486mm,無(wu)霜178天(tian),農作物平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)生長期(qi)242天(tian),土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)凍結期(qi)115天(tian),年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)蒸發量(liang)(liang)1926mm,年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)光照2368.8小時(shi)。最(zui)高平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)度24.6度,最(zui)低-16度,0-20cm年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)土(tu)(tu)溫(wen)(wen)10度。晝夜最(zui)大溫(wen)(wen)差18.2℃。
二.地域范圍
汾(fen)西(xi)縣位于山西(xi)省中南部,臨汾(fen)市北部,東(dong)鄰霍州,西(xi)倚(yi)隰縣,南接洪(hong)洞,北與晉中市靈石縣接壤(rang),轄(xia)5鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)3鄉(xiang)。“汾(fen)西(xi)梨(li)”地理標志(zhi)地域保護范(fan)圍劃定為:團柏鄉(xiang)、永(yong)安(an)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、對(dui)竹(zhu)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、佃(dian)坪鄉(xiang)、和(he)平鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、邢家(jia)要鄉(xiang)、僧念鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)所屬的(de)(de)37個行政(zheng)村(cun)。東(dong)到(dao)(dao)永(yong)安(an)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)的(de)(de)神符(fu)村(cun),西(xi)到(dao)(dao)佃(dian)坪鄉(xiang)山云村(cun),南到(dao)(dao)和(he)平鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)的(de)(de)申村(cun),北到(dao)(dao)對(dui)竹(zhu)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)的(de)(de)后王堤村(cun),經度(du)111°63'—111°33',緯度(du)36°76'—36°47',產地面積800公頃,年(nian)產梨(li)12000噸。
三.產品(pin)品(pin)質特性特征
(1)外在(zai)感官(guan)。汾西(xi)梨多為錐桶狀圓形,果(guo)(guo)(guo)肉細膩(ni),核(he)小,酥(su)脆甜爽,汁液(ye)多,酸甜可口,芳香味濃。果(guo)(guo)(guo)型端正,品相好。色(se)澤微黃或黃中(zhong)帶綠(lv),果(guo)(guo)(guo)面光澤細膩(ni),平均單(dan)果(guo)(guo)(guo)重200-400克(ke),最大(da)單(dan)果(guo)(guo)(guo)重500克(ke)以上(shang)。
(2)內(nei)在品(pin)質。汾西梨營養(yang)豐富,其蛋白質0.30—0.5g/100g,鉀90—95mg/100g,磷12.2—15.5mg/100g,鎂(Mg)6.0—8.6mg/100g,鋅(xin)(Zn)0.4—0.9mg/100g,鈉(Na)1.8—3.9mg/100g,鐵(Fe)0.4—1.4mg/100g,鈣(Ca)7.7—9.8mg/100g,可溶性固形物10.5—13.1g/100g,總酸(suan)0.08—0.15g/100g,總糖9.0—13.0g/100g,硬(ying)度4—7kg/cm2。
四.特(te)定生(sheng)產方(fang)式
(1)產(chan)地選擇與(yu)特殊內容規定 汾西縣(xian)地處臨汾市北部,汾西梨的(de)主產(chan)區,四(si)季(ji)分明,光照充足,晝夜溫差大,平均海拔高(gao)度700—1200米,栽培(pei)地排水(shui)好(hao),對(dui)梨產(chan)量(liang)的(de)形成和品質(zhi)的(de)提高(gao)有著非常重要(yao)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。
(2)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)選擇(ze)與特定要求 品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)為金梨(li)、黃(huang)冠梨(li)、玉露(lu)香梨(li)、紅香酥梨(li)、桶子梨(li)等品(pin)(pin)種(zhong),果品(pin)(pin)要求果面光潔,色澤微黃(huang),或黃(huang)中(zhong)帶綠(lv),品(pin)(pin)相(xiang)好新(xin)鮮干凈、無果銹。肉質細嫩酥脆,果汁多,含糖高,酸(suan)甜適(shi)度,耐(nai)儲(chu)運。苗木要求無毒(du)無菌無凍害的良種(zhong),一般(ban)粗度達到(dao)1cm,高度達到(dao)100cm以(yi)上。
(3)生(sheng)(sheng)產過(guo)程管理 土(tu)肥(fei)(fei)水管理:果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園土(tu)地平整,土(tu)層(ceng)深厚,活(huo)土(tu)層(ceng)60厘米(mi)(mi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)。每(mei)畝施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)無害(hai)化處理的(de)(de)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)肥(fei)(fei)3000公斤(jin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang),其他肥(fei)(fei)料用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)復混肥(fei)(fei)補充。以(yi)(yi)(yi)秋施(shi)(shi)基肥(fei)(fei)為主(zhu)(zhu),其余(yu)(yu)(yu)按照花(hua)(hua)前(qian)(qian)、花(hua)(hua)后、幼(you)(you)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)膨(peng)大期(qi)(qi)等(deng)物(wu)侯期(qi)(qi)結合降雨施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。氮、磷、鉀比例按每(mei)生(sheng)(sheng)產100公斤(jin)梨,施(shi)(shi)N(1.0-1.2kg)、P205(0.5-0.75kg)、K20(1.0-1.2kg)。根據樹(shu)(shu)體營養診(zhen)斷適(shi)量(liang)施(shi)(shi)入微量(liang)元(yuan)素(su)。行間(jian)(jian)(jian)種(zhong)植三葉(xie)(xie)草、苜蓿草或大豆苗等(deng),以(yi)(yi)(yi)提高土(tu)壤(rang)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)質含量(liang),減少(shao)土(tu)壤(rang)水分(fen)蒸發。 花(hua)(hua)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)管理:對(dui)花(hua)(hua)芽多(duo)的(de)(de)樹(shu)(shu)進(jin)行花(hua)(hua)前(qian)(qian)復剪,調節花(hua)(hua)、葉(xie)(xie)芽比例至(zhi)1:3-4,從花(hua)(hua)序(xu)(xu)分(fen)離開(kai)始,每(mei)間(jian)(jian)(jian)隔20厘米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右,選(xuan)留一(yi)個(ge)粗壯(zhuang)花(hua)(hua)序(xu)(xu),其它多(duo)余(yu)(yu)(yu)花(hua)(hua)序(xu)(xu)全(quan)部疏掉(diao)。花(hua)(hua)期(qi)(qi)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)蜜蜂、壁(bi)蜂和人工授(shou)粉,謝(xie)花(hua)(hua)后10天(tian)開(kai)始疏果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),一(yi)個(ge)月內(nei)結束。根據樹(shu)(shu)勢強弱,坐果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)多(duo)少(shao),確定適(shi)宜的(de)(de)留果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)間(jian)(jian)(jian)距(ju),一(yi)般為20-25厘米(mi)(mi),選(xuan)留一(yi)個(ge)坐果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)壯(zhuang)花(hua)(hua)序(xu)(xu),留一(yi)個(ge)中(zhong)心(xin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),把(ba)多(duo)余(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)幼(you)(you)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)全(quan)部疏除(chu)。謝(xie)花(hua)(hua)后30-40天(tian)開(kai)始套袋,6月中(zhong)旬結束。套袋前(qian)(qian)進(jin)行疏果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)和噴(pen)施(shi)(shi)2-3次殺(sha)(sha)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)殺(sha)(sha)蟲劑(ji)并補鈣。對(dui)影響果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)著色(se)的(de)(de)枝(zhi)、葉(xie)(xie)全(quan)部剪掉(diao),待果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)向陽面(mian)著色(se)后進(jin)行轉(zhuan)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),使(shi)(shi)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)背陰面(mian)盡可能(neng)多(duo)著色(se)。 病蟲害(hai)防治(zhi):采(cai)取預防為主(zhu)(zhu)、綜合防治(zhi)的(de)(de)原則。物(wu)理技(ji)術(shu)包括(kuo):采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)糖醋(cu)液、黃(huang)(huang)色(se)粘蟲膠帶、頻(pin)振式殺(sha)(sha)蟲燈、性(xing)誘劑(ji)、黃(huang)(huang)色(se)誘蟲板(ban)、瓦(wa)棱紙誘蟲帶等(deng)物(wu)理措施(shi)(shi)。生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)技(ji)術(shu)包括(kuo):使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)蟲治(zhi)蟲、以(yi)(yi)(yi)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)治(zhi)蟲、以(yi)(yi)(yi)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)治(zhi)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)等(deng)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)防治(zhi)措施(shi)(shi),即使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)BT菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)劑(ji)和撲食(shi)螨。化學防治(zhi)技(ji)術(shu)包括(kuo):針對(dui)性(xing)的(de)(de)選(xuan)擇使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)源、礦物(wu)源農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)和低毒、低殘留有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)合成(cheng)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao),如選(xuan)擇BT菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)劑(ji)、滅幼(you)(you)脲、苦參素(su)等(deng)。不使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)國家禁用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)。 整形(xing)(xing)(xing)修(xiu)剪:主(zhu)(zhu)要樹(shu)(shu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)為自由紡(fang)綞形(xing)(xing)(xing),樹(shu)(shu)高3米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右,冠徑2-3米(mi)(mi),主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)4-10個(ge),樹(shu)(shu)冠扁圓形(xing)(xing)(xing),適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)株距(ju)3-4米(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園。紡(fang)錘(chui)形(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)角度(du)80度(du)左(zuo)右,小冠疏層(ceng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)角度(du)70度(du)左(zuo)右。采(cai)取以(yi)(yi)(yi)疏剪為主(zhu)(zhu),緩、疏、縮相結合的(de)(de)修(xiu)剪方(fang)法,紡(fang)錘(chui)形(xing)(xing)(xing)主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)過(guo)長的(de)(de)適(shi)時縮剪,小冠疏層(ceng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)樹(shu)(shu)頭(tou)過(guo)高的(de)(de)及時落頭(tou)。盛果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)期(qi)(qi)樹(shu)(shu)畝枝(zhi)量(liang)5—6萬(wan)條,內(nei)膛(tang)枝(zhi)葉(xie)(xie)透光率30%以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)。
(4)產(chan)品(pin)收獲及(ji)產(chan)后處理(li)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定 適(shi)時(shi)采(cai)(cai)收,采(cai)(cai)摘(zhai)時(shi)輕(qing)拿輕(qing)放,避(bi)免碰壓刺(ci)傷。采(cai)(cai)收后分級:指標(biao)參照GB/T10651。包(bao)裝:選用鈣塑瓦楞(leng)箱(xiang)和(he)瓦楞(leng)紙箱(xiang)為包(bao)裝容(rong)器,其技術(shu)要求應符合GB/T13607的規(gui)(gui)(gui)定。貯存:采(cai)(cai)收后及(ji)時(shi)入(ru)庫(ku)保存,冷藏按GB/T8559規(gui)(gui)(gui)定執行;氣調(diao)貯藏按ISO8682規(gui)(gui)(gui)定執行。庫(ku)房無異(yi)味(wei)。并觀察(cha)庫(ku)內溫度(du)、濕(shi)度(du),保證儲(chu)存安全。不(bu)與(yu)有毒、有害物(wu)品(pin)混合存放。不(bu)得使用有損“汾西梨”質量的保鮮試劑和(he)材料。
(5)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)記(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)要求:詳(xiang)細記(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)操作(zuo)日期(qi),病蟲害情(qing)況,技術(shu)措施,建立生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)過程記(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)檔(dang)案,記(ji)(ji)載投(tou)入品的名稱、作(zuo)用(yong)時(shi)間、使用(yong)目的、使用(yong)方法、使用(yong)量(liang)、生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)廠家等。