1.產地環境
臨(lin)縣(xian)地(di)處黃(huang)河(he)中(zhong)(zhong)游山(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)部,東屏呂梁(liang)山(shan)連(lian)接方山(shan),西(xi)(xi)(xi)臨(lin)黃(huang)河(he)與陜西(xi)(xi)(xi)佳(jia)縣(xian)、吳(wu)堡縣(xian)隔河(he)相(xiang)望(wang),北(bei)靠興縣(xian),南接離石、柳(liu)林(lin)。地(di)理坐標為(wei)(wei)北(bei)緯(wei)37°35′52″一38°14′19″,東經100°39′40″一111°18′02″。全縣(xian)國土(tu)總(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)2979平(ping)(ping)方公里(li)(li),耕地(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)163萬畝,屬(shu)(shu)山(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)第二大縣(xian)。臨(lin)縣(xian)屬(shu)(shu)黃(huang)士丘陵(ling)(ling)溝窒(zhi)區(qu),她勢東北(bei)高(gao)西(xi)(xi)(xi)南低,地(di)貌(mao)比例大致是“五(wu)山(shan)四溝一分(fen)平(ping)(ping)”。中(zhong)(zhong)部大面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)土(tu)丘陵(ling)(ling)溝壑區(qu),面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)為(wei)(wei)1933.3平(ping)(ping)方公里(li)(li),西(xi)(xi)(xi)部黃(huang)河(he)沿岸(an)丘陵(ling)(ling)基巖(yan)裸(luo)露(lu)區(qu),面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)830.37平(ping)(ping)方公里(li)(li),湫水河(he)兩(liang)岸(an)山(shan)間河(he)谷區(qu),面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)66.69平(ping)(ping)方公里(li)(li),占(zhan)(zhan)全縣(xian)總(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)2%。適于(yu)棗(zao)樹(shu)種植(zhi)。臨(lin)縣(xian)地(di)處中(zhong)(zhong)緯(wei)度地(di)區(qu),屬(shu)(shu)暖溫(wen)帶大陸性氣(qi)候(hou),四季(ji)(ji)分(fen)明:冬(dong)季(ji)(ji)寒冷(leng)干燥少(shao)雪,春(chun)季(ji)(ji)干旱(han)多風少(shao)雨(yu)(yu),夏(xia)季(ji)(ji)炎熱雨(yu)(yu)量(liang)集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong),秋(qiu)季(ji)(ji)較為(wei)(wei)溫(wen)涼濕(shi)潤。氣(qi)候(hou)溫(wen)和,熱量(liang)豐富,光照(zhao)充足(zu),降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)雨(yu)(yu)較少(shao),且時(shi)空分(fen)配極不平(ping)(ping)衡。其中(zhong)(zhong):多年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)大陽總(zong)輻射量(liang)為(wei)(wei)140.7千卡(ka)/平(ping)(ping)方厘米(mi),年(nian)(nian)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)日(ri)(ri)照(zhao)時(shi)數2807小(xiao)時(shi),日(ri)(ri)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)7.7小(xiao)時(shi),年(nian)(nian)日(ri)(ri)照(zhao)百(bai)分(fen)率為(wei)(wei)63%;多年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)8.8℃,年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)介于(yu)6.5℃一11.3℃之間;全縣(xian)無霜期平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)160天左右(you),由(you)東北(bei)向(xiang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)南延長,相(xiang)差30天左右(you);多年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水量(liang)為(wei)(wei)518.8毫米(mi),在(zai)全年(nian)(nian)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水中(zhong)(zhong),季(ji)(ji)節差異(yi)很大,春(chun)季(ji)(ji)占(zhan)(zhan)14.4%,夏(xia)季(ji)(ji)占(zhan)(zhan)58.2%,秋(qiu)季(ji)(ji)占(zhan)(zhan)24.7%,冬(dong)季(ji)(ji)占(zhan)(zhan)2.7%。而(er)7、8、9三個月總(zong)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水量(liang)323.9毫米(mi),占(zhan)(zhan)全年(nian)(nian)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水量(liang)的(de)(de)62.5%,為(wei)(wei)雨(yu)(yu)量(liang)集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)期,正(zheng)是棗(zao)樹(shu)發育旺盛的(de)(de)時(shi)期,因而(er)紅棗(zao)生(sheng)產往(wang)往(wang)有(you)“十年(nian)(nian)九收”。
2.生產情況
近年來,臨縣(xian)確立了(le)紅(hong)棗(zao)產業(ye)在縣(xian)域(yu)經(jing)濟發(fa)展(zhan)中的主導地(di)(di)位,認真落(luo)實土地(di)(di)、林業(ye)政策,大力(li)發(fa)展(zhan)以(yi)紅(hong)棗(zao)為(wei)主的經(jing)濟林,全縣(xian)棗(zao)林面積達到63萬(wan)畝(mu),掛(gua)果35萬(wan)畝(mu),年產量(liang)6000萬(wan)公斤,成為(wei)全國紅(hong)棗(zao)之鄉。
臨縣紅棗栽培可以上溯到西漢年間,具有2000多年的歷史。據縣志記載,早在西漢時期,臨縣就有人栽培棗樹,“索達干棗園子一帶,棗居多數,而開陽較為馳名”。多少年來,全縣已經形成了一定的管理種植經驗,近年來,加大了紅棗的高科技管理力度,在紅棗的綜合管理、良種培育、豐產栽培等方面取得了許多成功經驗,廣大棗農普遍掌握了擴穴施肥、炮震松土、整形修剪、花期管理、病蟲害防治、高接換優、防雹增雨等綜合豐產技術,有效地提高了紅棗的產量和品質。
3.自然生態環境和人文歷史(shi)因素
臨(lin)縣(xian)(xian)屬(shu)(shu)黃(huang)土(tu)丘陵(ling)溝壑區(qu),地(di)(di)勢由東北向(xiang)西(xi)南(nan)傾斜,是(shi)呂梁山地(di)(di)向(xiang)黃(huang)河峽谷的(de)(de)延續,西(xi)部(bu)黃(huang)河沿(yan)岸是(shi)丘陵(ling)基巖裸(luo)露區(qu)。具有(you)獨特的(de)(de)地(di)(di)形(xing)特征:境(jing)內山高溝深(shen),溝壑縱(zong)橫,土(tu)壤以沙性土(tu)壤為(wei)主,PH值在7.2-8.0之(zhi)(zhi)間,經(jing)譜尼測試,該區(qu)域(yu)土(tu)壤適于(yu)有(you)機紅(hong)棗(zao)的(de)(de)生產(chan)(chan)。境(jing)內平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣溫(wen)18℃,無(wu)霜期180天,日(ri)照充足(zu),晝夜溫(wen)差大,所(suo)產(chan)(chan)紅(hong)棗(zao)、瓜果含(han)糖高,形(xing)成了臨(lin)縣(xian)(xian)開(kai)陽大棗(zao)獨特的(de)(de)品(pin)質。該區(qu)域(yu)地(di)(di)處臨(lin)縣(xian)(xian)西(xi)南(nan),晉陜兩省交(jiao)界的(de)(de)黃(huang)河之(zhi)(zhi)濱。水源充足(zu),無(wu)工業排水污(wu)染、大氣污(wu)染,有(you)利(li)于(yu)有(you)機紅(hong)棗(zao)的(de)(de)生長。臨(lin)縣(xian)(xian)地(di)(di)處中緯度地(di)(di)區(qu),屬(shu)(shu)暖溫(wen)帶大陸(lu)性氣候,四季(ji)分明:冬季(ji)寒冷干燥少雪,春季(ji)干旱多風少雨,夏季(ji)炎熱雨量(liang)(liang)集(ji)中,秋季(ji)較(jiao)為(wei)溫(wen)涼濕潤。多年(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)太陽總輻射量(liang)(liang)數2807小時(shi),年(nian)(nian)日(ri)照百分率為(wei)63%。年(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣溫(wen)11.3℃,年(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)140.7千(qian)卡/平(ping)方厘米,年(nian)(nian)均(jun)(jun)(jun)日(ri)照時(shi)降水量(liang)(liang)為(wei)454.4毫米,特別(bie)適合紅(hong)棗(zao)的(de)(de)生長,因(yin)此該區(qu)域(yu)所(suo)產(chan)(chan)紅(hong)棗(zao)色澤(ze)深(shen)紅(hong)、含(han)糖量(liang)(liang)高。
4.地域范圍
山(shan)西(xi)省呂梁市臨縣開陽大棗的地(di)(di)域保(bao)(bao)護(hu)范(fan)圍為:東(dong)經(jing)110°35'—111°44',北緯37°46'—37°40'之(zhi)間,南(nan)(nan)北長(chang)36公里(li),東(dong)西(xi)長(chang)8.8公里(li),總面積14467公頃(qing),轄曲(qu)峪鎮(zhen)、叢(cong)羅(luo)峪鎮(zhen)、磧(qi)口鎮(zhen)的索達干村(cun)、高(gao)家(jia)塔(ta)(ta)村(cun)、馬(ma)(ma)家(jia)塔(ta)(ta)村(cun)、馬(ma)(ma)家(jia)圪垛村(cun)、上(shang)(shang)咀(ju)頭村(cun)、黑水溝(gou)村(cun)、馬(ma)(ma)家(jia)洼村(cun)、馬(ma)(ma)家(jia)莊村(cun),共3個鎮(zhen),65個行政村(cun),年產(chan)紅棗9580噸。該區域東(dong)鄰石(shi)白頭鄉(xiang)、劉家(jia)會(hui)鎮(zhen),西(xi)接黃河,南(nan)(nan)鄰磧(qi)口鎮(zhen)的高(gao)家(jia)山(shan)村(cun)、大峁上(shang)(shang)村(cun)、后(hou)山(shan)村(cun),北鄰兔坂鎮(zhen),地(di)(di)貌屬黃土高(gao)原地(di)(di)形特征,海拔高(gao)度(du)700-1057米。開陽大棗地(di)(di)理標志保(bao)(bao)護(hu)范(fan)圍是(shi)14467公頃(qing),總產(chan)量9580噸。
5.產品品質特性(xing)特征(zheng)
外在感官特(te)征(zheng)方面(mian),臨縣開陽大棗(zao)顏色深紅、個大、皮(pi)薄、肉厚(hou)、核小、含糖量(liang)(liang)高、掰開拉絲長達(da)60cm左右,有“開陽尺八大姆棗(zao)”之稱;鮮棗(zao)皮(pi)薄肉厚(hou)、質地(di)酥脆(cui)、味甜多汁、清香怡人(ren)。內在品質方面(mian),每百(bai)克(ke)(ke)干棗(zao)中(zhong)(zhong)含氨(an)基(ji)酸≥2.87克(ke)(ke)、總(zong)糖在56.6克(ke)(ke)—58.3克(ke)(ke)之間、脂肪約(yue)0.4毫(hao)克(ke)(ke)、維生(sheng)(sheng)素(su)(su)C ≥149.1毫(hao)克(ke)(ke)、胡蘿卜素(su)(su)約(yue)0.01毫(hao)克(ke)(ke)、18種氨(an)基(ji)酸總(zong)量(liang)(liang)約(yue)為2014mg。產(chan)品安全要(yao)求:參照中(zhong)(zhong)華人(ren)民共和國(guo)國(guo)家食(shi)(shi)品衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)GB2762-81《食(shi)(shi)品中(zhong)(zhong)汞(gong)允(yun)許(xu)量(liang)(liang)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)》、GB5127《食(shi)(shi)品中(zhong)(zhong)敵敵畏(wei)、樂果、馬拉硫磷(lin)(lin)(lin)、對硫磷(lin)(lin)(lin)允(yun)許(xu)殘留量(liang)(liang)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)》、GB-4788-84《食(shi)(shi)品中(zhong)(zhong)甲拌磷(lin)(lin)(lin)、殺螟硫磷(lin)(lin)(lin)、倍硫磷(lin)(lin)(lin)殘留量(liang)(liang)衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)》、GB4810-84《食(shi)(shi)品中(zhong)(zhong)總(zong)砷允(yun)許(xu)量(liang)(liang)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)》、GB4809-84《食(shi)(shi)品中(zhong)(zhong)氟允(yun)許(xu)限量(liang)(liang)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)》有關規(gui)定執行。