1.產地環境
臨縣(xian)(xian)地(di)處黃河(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)游山(shan)西西部(bu),東屏呂梁山(shan)連(lian)接(jie)方(fang)(fang)山(shan),西臨黃河(he)與陜西佳縣(xian)(xian)、吳堡縣(xian)(xian)隔河(he)相望,北靠興縣(xian)(xian),南(nan)接(jie)離石、柳林。地(di)理(li)坐(zuo)標(biao)為(wei)(wei)北緯37°35′52″一(yi)(yi)(yi)38°14′19″,東經100°39′40″一(yi)(yi)(yi)111°18′02″。全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)國土總(zong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)2979平方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)里,耕地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)163萬畝(mu),屬山(shan)西第二大(da)縣(xian)(xian)。臨縣(xian)(xian)屬黃士丘陵溝窒區,她勢東北高西南(nan)低,地(di)貌比(bi)例大(da)致(zhi)是“五山(shan)四溝一(yi)(yi)(yi)分(fen)(fen)平”。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)大(da)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)黃土丘陵溝壑(he)區,面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)為(wei)(wei)1933.3平方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)里,西部(bu)黃河(he)沿岸(an)丘陵基巖裸露區,面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)830.37平方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)里,湫水河(he)兩岸(an)山(shan)間(jian)河(he)谷區,面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)66.69平方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)里,占(zhan)全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)總(zong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)的2%。適于(yu)棗(zao)樹種植。臨縣(xian)(xian)地(di)處中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)緯度(du)地(di)區,屬暖(nuan)溫(wen)帶大(da)陸性氣(qi)候(hou)(hou),四季(ji)(ji)分(fen)(fen)明:冬季(ji)(ji)寒冷(leng)干燥少(shao)雪(xue),春(chun)季(ji)(ji)干旱多(duo)風少(shao)雨,夏季(ji)(ji)炎熱(re)雨量(liang)(liang)集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),秋季(ji)(ji)較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)溫(wen)涼(liang)濕(shi)潤。氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)溫(wen)和,熱(re)量(liang)(liang)豐富,光照(zhao)充足,降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)雨較(jiao)少(shao),且時(shi)(shi)空分(fen)(fen)配極不平衡(heng)。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong):多(duo)年平均(jun)(jun)大(da)陽總(zong)輻射量(liang)(liang)為(wei)(wei)140.7千(qian)卡(ka)/平方(fang)(fang)厘米,年均(jun)(jun)日照(zhao)時(shi)(shi)數2807小時(shi)(shi),日均(jun)(jun)7.7小時(shi)(shi),年日照(zhao)百分(fen)(fen)率為(wei)(wei)63%;多(duo)年平均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)8.8℃,年平均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)介于(yu)6.5℃一(yi)(yi)(yi)11.3℃之間(jian);全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)無霜(shuang)期(qi)平均(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)160天左右,由東北向西南(nan)延長,相差(cha)30天左右;多(duo)年平均(jun)(jun)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水量(liang)(liang)為(wei)(wei)518.8毫(hao)米,在全(quan)年降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),季(ji)(ji)節差(cha)異很大(da),春(chun)季(ji)(ji)占(zhan)14.4%,夏季(ji)(ji)占(zhan)58.2%,秋季(ji)(ji)占(zhan)24.7%,冬季(ji)(ji)占(zhan)2.7%。而(er)7、8、9三個月總(zong)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水量(liang)(liang)323.9毫(hao)米,占(zhan)全(quan)年降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水量(liang)(liang)的62.5%,為(wei)(wei)雨量(liang)(liang)集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi),正是棗(zao)樹發育旺盛的時(shi)(shi)期(qi),因(yin)而(er)紅棗(zao)生產往往有“十(shi)年九收”。
2.生產情況
近年(nian)來,臨(lin)縣(xian)確立了紅(hong)棗產業在縣(xian)域經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)發展中(zhong)的主導地位(wei),認真(zhen)落(luo)實土地、林業政策(ce),大(da)力(li)發展以(yi)紅(hong)棗為(wei)主的經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)林,全(quan)縣(xian)棗林面(mian)積達到63萬畝(mu),掛(gua)果35萬畝(mu),年(nian)產量6000萬公(gong)斤(jin),成為(wei)全(quan)國紅(hong)棗之鄉。
臨縣紅棗栽培可以上溯到西漢年間,具有2000多年的歷史。據縣志記載,早在西漢時期,臨縣就有人栽培棗樹,“索達干棗園子一帶,棗居多數,而開陽較為馳名”。多少年來,全縣已經形成了一定的管理種植經驗,近年來,加大了紅棗的高科技管理力度,在紅棗的綜合管理、良種培育、豐產栽培等方面取得了許多成功經驗,廣大棗農普遍掌握了擴穴施肥、炮震松土、整形修剪、花期管理、病蟲害防治、高接換優、防雹增雨等綜合豐產技術,有效地提高了紅棗的產量和品質。
3.自(zi)然生態(tai)環境和人(ren)文歷史因素(su)
臨縣(xian)屬黃(huang)土(tu)(tu)丘陵溝(gou)(gou)壑區(qu),地勢(shi)由(you)東北(bei)向(xiang)西(xi)(xi)南(nan)傾斜(xie),是呂梁山地向(xiang)黃(huang)河(he)(he)峽(xia)谷的(de)(de)延續,西(xi)(xi)部黃(huang)河(he)(he)沿(yan)岸是丘陵基(ji)巖裸露區(qu)。具有(you)獨特(te)的(de)(de)地形特(te)征:境內(nei)山高(gao)(gao)溝(gou)(gou)深,溝(gou)(gou)壑縱橫,土(tu)(tu)壤以(yi)沙性土(tu)(tu)壤為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),PH值在7.2-8.0之(zhi)間(jian),經(jing)譜尼測試,該(gai)區(qu)域土(tu)(tu)壤適(shi)于有(you)機紅(hong)棗(zao)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產。境內(nei)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣溫18℃,無霜期180天,日照(zhao)充(chong)足(zu),晝夜溫差大(da)(da),所產紅(hong)棗(zao)、瓜果含(han)(han)糖高(gao)(gao),形成了臨縣(xian)開(kai)陽大(da)(da)棗(zao)獨特(te)的(de)(de)品質。該(gai)區(qu)域地處臨縣(xian)西(xi)(xi)南(nan),晉(jin)陜兩省交界的(de)(de)黃(huang)河(he)(he)之(zhi)濱。水源(yuan)充(chong)足(zu),無工業排(pai)水污(wu)染、大(da)(da)氣污(wu)染,有(you)利于有(you)機紅(hong)棗(zao)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)長。臨縣(xian)地處中(zhong)緯度地區(qu),屬暖溫帶大(da)(da)陸性氣候,四季(ji)分明(ming):冬季(ji)寒冷干(gan)燥(zao)少雪,春季(ji)干(gan)旱多(duo)風少雨(yu),夏季(ji)炎(yan)熱雨(yu)量集中(zhong),秋季(ji)較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)溫涼濕潤。多(duo)年平(ping)(ping)均(jun)太陽總(zong)輻射(she)量數2807小(xiao)時,年日照(zhao)百分率為(wei)(wei)63%。年平(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣溫11.3℃,年平(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)140.7千卡/平(ping)(ping)方厘米,年均(jun)日照(zhao)時降水量為(wei)(wei)454.4毫米,特(te)別適(shi)合紅(hong)棗(zao)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)長,因此該(gai)區(qu)域所產紅(hong)棗(zao)色澤深紅(hong)、含(han)(han)糖量高(gao)(gao)。
4.地域范圍
山(shan)(shan)西(xi)省(sheng)呂梁市臨縣(xian)開陽(yang)大棗(zao)的(de)地(di)(di)域(yu)(yu)保(bao)護范(fan)(fan)圍為:東經110°35'—111°44',北緯37°46'—37°40'之間,南北長(chang)36公里,東西(xi)長(chang)8.8公里,總(zong)面(mian)積14467公頃,轄曲峪鎮(zhen)(zhen)、叢羅峪鎮(zhen)(zhen)、磧(qi)口鎮(zhen)(zhen)的(de)索達干村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、高(gao)家(jia)(jia)塔(ta)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、馬(ma)家(jia)(jia)塔(ta)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、馬(ma)家(jia)(jia)圪(ge)垛村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、上(shang)咀頭村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、黑水溝村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、馬(ma)家(jia)(jia)洼村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、馬(ma)家(jia)(jia)莊村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun),共3個(ge)鎮(zhen)(zhen),65個(ge)行政村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun),年產紅棗(zao)9580噸(dun)。該區域(yu)(yu)東鄰(lin)石白頭鄉、劉家(jia)(jia)會(hui)鎮(zhen)(zhen),西(xi)接(jie)黃河,南鄰(lin)磧(qi)口鎮(zhen)(zhen)的(de)高(gao)家(jia)(jia)山(shan)(shan)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、大峁上(shang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、后山(shan)(shan)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun),北鄰(lin)兔坂(ban)鎮(zhen)(zhen),地(di)(di)貌屬(shu)黃土高(gao)原地(di)(di)形(xing)特(te)征,海(hai)拔高(gao)度(du)700-1057米(mi)。開陽(yang)大棗(zao)地(di)(di)理標志保(bao)護范(fan)(fan)圍是(shi)14467公頃,總(zong)產量9580噸(dun)。
5.產品品質特(te)性特(te)征(zheng)
外在(zai)感官特征方面,臨縣開陽(yang)大(da)棗(zao)顏(yan)色深紅、個大(da)、皮薄(bo)、肉(rou)厚(hou)、核小(xiao)、含糖量(liang)(liang)(liang)高、掰(bai)開拉(la)絲(si)長達(da)60cm左右,有“開陽(yang)尺(chi)八(ba)大(da)姆棗(zao)”之稱;鮮棗(zao)皮薄(bo)肉(rou)厚(hou)、質地酥脆、味(wei)甜多汁、清香怡人。內在(zai)品(pin)質方面,每百克(ke)(ke)干棗(zao)中(zhong)(zhong)含氨(an)基酸(suan)≥2.87克(ke)(ke)、總糖在(zai)56.6克(ke)(ke)—58.3克(ke)(ke)之間(jian)、脂肪約0.4毫(hao)克(ke)(ke)、維生(sheng)素C ≥149.1毫(hao)克(ke)(ke)、胡(hu)蘿卜素約0.01毫(hao)克(ke)(ke)、18種氨(an)基酸(suan)總量(liang)(liang)(liang)約為2014mg。產品(pin)安(an)全要求:參照中(zhong)(zhong)華人民(min)共和國(guo)國(guo)家食(shi)(shi)品(pin)衛生(sheng)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)GB2762-81《食(shi)(shi)品(pin)中(zhong)(zhong)汞允(yun)(yun)許量(liang)(liang)(liang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)》、GB5127《食(shi)(shi)品(pin)中(zhong)(zhong)敵(di)敵(di)畏、樂果、馬拉(la)硫(liu)磷(lin)(lin)、對硫(liu)磷(lin)(lin)允(yun)(yun)許殘留量(liang)(liang)(liang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)》、GB-4788-84《食(shi)(shi)品(pin)中(zhong)(zhong)甲拌磷(lin)(lin)、殺螟硫(liu)磷(lin)(lin)、倍硫(liu)磷(lin)(lin)殘留量(liang)(liang)(liang)衛生(sheng)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)》、GB4810-84《食(shi)(shi)品(pin)中(zhong)(zhong)總砷允(yun)(yun)許量(liang)(liang)(liang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)》、GB4809-84《食(shi)(shi)品(pin)中(zhong)(zhong)氟允(yun)(yun)許限量(liang)(liang)(liang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)》有關規定執行。