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略陽豬苓是一種孔菌(jun)科、樹(shu)花屬類生(sheng)物(wu)，子實體大或很(hen)大，肉質(zhi)、有柄、多分枝、末端生(sheng)圓形白(bai)色(se)至淺褐色(se)菌(jun)蓋(gai)，一叢直徑可達35cm。分布于北京、河(he)北、山西(xi)、內(nei)蒙古、吉林。

形態特征

略陽(yang)豬苓，非褶菌(jun)(jun)目多(duo)藥(yao)用真菌(jun)(jun)。子實體大(da)或(huo)很大(da)，肉質、有柄、多(duo)分(fen)枝(zhi)、末(mo)端生圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)白(bai)色(se)至淺褐色(se)菌(jun)(jun)蓋(gai)，一叢直徑可達35cm。菌(jun)(jun)蓋(gai)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)，中部下凹近漏(lou)斗形(xing)，邊緣內卷，被(bei)深色(se)細鱗片(pian)，寬1-4cm。菌(jun)(jun)肉白(bai)色(se)，孔面白(bai)色(se)，干后草黃(huang)色(se)。

菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)核體呈塊狀或不規(gui)則形(xing)(xing)狀，表面為棕黑色(se)或黑褐色(se)，有(you)許(xu)多(duo)凸(tu)凹不平(ping)的瘤狀突(tu)起及皺紋(wen)。內面近白色(se)或淡(dan)黃(huang)色(se)，干(gan)燥(zao)后變(bian)硬(ying)，整個菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)核體由多(duo)數白色(se)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)絲交織而成;菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)絲中(zhong)空，直(zhi)(zhi)徑約3毫米，極細而短(duan)。子實體生(sheng)于菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)核上(shang)，傘形(xing)(xing)或傘狀半(ban)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)，常多(duo)數合生(sheng)，半(ban)木質化(hua)，直(zhi)(zhi)徑5-15厘米或更大，表面深(shen)褐色(se)，有(you)細小鱗片，中(zhong)部凹陷(xian)，有(you)細紋(wen)，呈放射狀，孔口微細，近圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing);擔孢子廣卵圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)至(zhi)卵圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)。

生活習性

豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)苓(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)具喜冷涼(liang)、陰(yin)郁(yu)、濕(shi)潤，怕(pa)干旱的(de)特性(xing)。在(zai)地(di)(di)(di)溫(wen)(wen)5-25℃條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)下(xia)均(jun)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)。西北產區(qu)地(di)(di)(di)溫(wen)(wen)在(zai)17-19℃時(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)良好，10℃時(shi)(shi)(shi)萌(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)發(fa)(fa)，22℃時(shi)(shi)(shi)子(zi)實(shi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)開放;華北產區(qu)平均(jun)地(di)(di)(di)溫(wen)(wen)達(da)9.5℃時(shi)(shi)(shi)萌(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)發(fa)(fa)，12℃左右(you)時(shi)(shi)(shi)新苓(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)膨大，14℃左右(you)時(shi)(shi)(shi)新苓(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)萌(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)發(fa)(fa)多，個體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)增長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)快(kuai)。土(tu)(tu)壤含水量在(zai)30-50%，PH值5-7腐殖質土(tu)(tu)、砂壤土(tu)(tu)，為宜。 豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)苓(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活史(shi)分(fen)(fen)擔(dan)孢(bao)子(zi)、菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)絲(si)(si)(si)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)、菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)核(he)(he)(he)、子(zi)實(shi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)四(si)個階段。擔(dan)孢(bao)子(zi)是(shi)子(zi)實(shi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)有性(xing)孢(bao)子(zi)(長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)卵狀(zhuang)橢圓形(xing)，一端(duan)有尖(jian)，無色，平滑，7-10×3-4毫米)，萌(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)發(fa)(fa)后(hou)(hou)形(xing)成(cheng)初(chu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)絲(si)(si)(si)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)，初(chu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)絲(si)(si)(si)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)質配后(hou)(hou)產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)雙核(he)(he)(he)的(de)次生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)絲(si)(si)(si)，諸多次生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)絲(si)(si)(si)緊密纏結成(cheng)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)核(he)(he)(he)。菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)核(he)(he)(he)主要是(shi)儲存養(yang)(yang)分(fen)(fen)，耐高、低溫(wen)(wen)和干旱。在(zai)不適(shi)宜的(de)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)下(xia)，能夠(gou)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間保持休眠狀(zhuang)態，遇適(shi)宜的(de)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)、濕(shi)度(du)和營養(yang)(yang)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)，即(ji)可在(zai)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)絲(si)(si)(si)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)任(ren)何部分(fen)(fen)萌(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)發(fa)(fa)產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)新的(de)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)絲(si)(si)(si)。一般(ban)(ban)在(zai)3月下(xia)旬，表土(tu)(tu)層5厘(li)米處溫(wen)(wen)度(du)達(da)到8-9℃時(shi)(shi)(shi)，菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)核(he)(he)(he)開始生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)，菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)核(he)(he)(he)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)上(shang)萌(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)發(fa)(fa)出許(xu)多白色毛(mao)點(dian)，隨著氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)的(de)升(sheng)高，毛(mao)點(dian)不斷(duan)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)大變厚，形(xing)成(cheng)肥(fei)嫩有光澤(ze)的(de)白色菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)核(he)(he)(he)，逐漸(jian)向地(di)(di)(di)表生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)。8、9月地(di)(di)(di)溫(wen)(wen)達(da)12-20℃時(shi)(shi)(shi)，菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)核(he)(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)進(jin)入(ru)旺盛期(qi)，體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)積、重量迅(xun)速(su)增加(jia)。菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)核(he)(he)(he)色澤(ze)從基部到中間由白變黃。此時(shi)(shi)(shi)如遇連陰(yin)雨天，空氣(qi)濕(shi)度(du)增高，部分(fen)(fen)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)核(he)(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)出子(zi)實(shi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)，開放散出孢(bao)子(zi)。隨著地(di)(di)(di)溫(wen)(wen)下(xia)降(jiang)，子(zi)實(shi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)很快(kuai)枯爛(lan)(lan)。10月以后(hou)(hou)，當地(di)(di)(di)溫(wen)(wen)降(jiang)至8-9℃時(shi)(shi)(shi)，豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)苓(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)停(ting)止(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)，進(jin)入(ru)冬眠。翌年(nian)春(chun)又(you)萌(meng)(meng)(meng)(meng)發(fa)(fa)分(fen)(fen)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)新的(de)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)核(he)(he)(he)。如此年(nian)得繼生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，群體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)合聚形(xing)成(cheng)一窩。土(tu)(tu)壤肥(fei)沃，營養(yang)(yang)豐富(fu)，菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)核(he)(he)(he)大而多，分(fen)(fen)叉少，俗(su)稱"豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)屎苓(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)";土(tu)(tu)質瘠(ji)薄，養(yang)(yang)料不足(zu)，結苓(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)小，分(fen)(fen)叉多，俗(su)稱"雞屎苓(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)"。在(zai)外(wai)界環境條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)極端(duan)不利時(shi)(shi)(shi)，豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)苓(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)將停(ting)止(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)，菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)核(he)(he)(he)老化(hua)，色澤(ze)變為深黑色，核(he)(he)(he)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)出現(xian)大小孔眼，直至腐爛(lan)(lan)。 豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)苓(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)與密環菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)關(guan)系，尚須進(jin)一步(bu)研(yan)究。(常用(yong)中藥材) 生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)習(xi)性(xing): 豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)苓(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)具喜冷涼(liang)、陰(yin)郁(yu)、濕(shi)潤，怕(pa)干旱的(de)特性(xing)。(常用(yong)中藥材) 生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)周期(qi): 豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)苓(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)為多年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)真(zhen)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)，一般(ban)(ban)經過2個生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)季(ji)節即(ji)可采挖。

生長環境

豬苓多(duo)生長在海拔1000-2000米(mi)，坡度20-50°的向(xiang)陽山(shan)地、林下(xia)富含腐(fu)殖質的土壤中(zhong)。植被多(duo)為(wei)闊葉次生林，常見樹(shu)種為(wei)柞、槭、橡、榆、楊、柳(liu)、竹(zhu)等。