產地及環境
海(hai)拔(ba)一(yi)般為2500~3200米(mi),山(shan)峰在(zai)3000米(mi)以上(shang)。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)高(gao)寒,年(nian)平均氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫為5.5℃,最(zui)低(di)(1月(yue))氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫平均為-7.1℃,最(zui)高(gao)(7月(yue))氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫平均為15.9℃,無霜期為90~120天,年(nian)降水(shui)量(liang)(liang)為635毫(hao)米(mi),7~9月(yue)份為雨季(ji),占全(quan)年(nian)降水(shui)量(liang)(liang)的65%以上(shang),蒸發量(liang)(liang)為1246毫(hao)米(mi),相對濕度,夏、秋季(ji)為73~74%,冬(dong)、春季(ji)為65~68%。洮河干流(liu)在(zai)岷縣境內自西向(xiang)東、向(xiang)北流(liu)過。南(nan)有(you)達拉(la)嶺(ling),北有(you)木(mu)寒嶺(ling)和岷山(shan)三個草山(shan)草坡(po)地帶,植被覆蓋度好,是放牧(mu)的好草場(chang)。牧(mu)草以禾(he)本科為主,還有(you)柳絲灌木(mu)及部分森林草場(chang)。農作物(wu)有(you)春小麥、蠶豆、青(qing)稞、燕(yan)麥和馬鈴(ling)薯等(deng)。經濟作物(wu)主產油料和當歸。
地理分布
岷縣黑裘(qiu)皮羊主(zhu)要分布在(zai)岷縣境內洮河兩岸、宕昌縣、臨潭縣、臨洮縣及渭源縣部分地(di)區(qu)。
品種特征
岷(min)縣黑(hei)(hei)裘皮羊體質細致(zhi),結構緊湊。頭清(qing)秀,鼻梁隆(long)起(qi),公(gong)羊有角(jiao),向(xiang)(xiang)后向(xiang)(xiang)外呈螺旋(xuan)狀彎曲,母羊多數(shu)無角(jiao),少數(shu)有小角(jiao)。頸長適中。背平直。尾小呈錐形。體軀(qu)、四肢、頭、尾和蹄全(quan)呈黑(hei)(hei)色。
品種性能
岷(min)縣(xian)黑裘皮(pi)(pi)(pi)羊(yang)(yang)成(cheng)年(nian)公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)平均(jun)(jun)體高、體長(chang)(chang)、胸圍和體重(zhong)(zhong)分(fen)別為(wei)(wei):56.2±0.7厘(li)米(mi),58.7±0.7厘(li)米(mi),76.1±0.9厘(li)米(mi),31.1±0.8公(gong)斤,成(cheng)年(nian)母羊(yang)(yang)分(fen)別為(wei)(wei):54.3±0.3厘(li)米(mi),55.7±0.3厘(li)米(mi),77.9±1.0厘(li)米(mi),27.5±0.3公(gong)斤。岷(min)縣(xian)黑裘皮(pi)(pi)(pi)羊(yang)(yang)主要以生(sheng)產(chan)黑色二(er)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)聞名(ming)。此外,還產(chan)二(er)剪(jian)(jian)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)。羔羊(yang)(yang)初生(sheng)后毛(mao)(mao)(mao)被長(chang)(chang)2厘(li)米(mi)左(zuo)右,呈環(huan)狀或半(ban)環(huan)狀彎曲(qu)(qu),生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)到(dao)兩個(ge)月左(zuo)右,毛(mao)(mao)(mao)的自然長(chang)(chang)度不(bu)短于7厘(li)米(mi),這(zhe)時所(suo)宰(zai)剝(bo)(bo)的毛(mao)(mao)(mao)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)稱二(er)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)。典型二(er)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)的特點(dian)是:毛(mao)(mao)(mao)長(chang)(chang)不(bu)短于7厘(li)米(mi),毛(mao)(mao)(mao)股(gu)(gu)明顯呈花穗(sui),尖(jian)端為(wei)(wei)環(huan)形(xing)或半(ban)環(huan)形(xing),有(you)3~5個(ge)彎曲(qu)(qu)。好的二(er)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)的毛(mao)(mao)(mao)纖維從根到(dao)尖(jian)全(quan)黑,光澤(ze)(ze)悅目,皮(pi)(pi)(pi)板(ban)較薄。皮(pi)(pi)(pi)板(ban)面積平均(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)1350平方厘(li)米(mi)。二(er)剪(jian)(jian)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)是當年(nian)生(sheng)羔羊(yang)(yang),剪(jian)(jian)過一次春毛(mao)(mao)(mao),到(dao)第二(er)次剪(jian)(jian)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)期(qi)(當年(nian)秋(qiu)季)宰(zai)殺后所(suo)剝(bo)(bo)取(qu)的毛(mao)(mao)(mao)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)。其(qi)特點(dian)是:毛(mao)(mao)(mao)股(gu)(gu)明顯,從尖(jian)到(dao)根有(you)3~4個(ge)彎曲(qu)(qu),光澤(ze)(ze)好,皮(pi)(pi)(pi)板(ban)面積大,保暖、耐(nai)穿(chuan)。其(qi)缺點(dian)是:絨毛(mao)(mao)(mao)較多(duo),毛(mao)(mao)(mao)股(gu)(gu)間(jian)易粘結(jie),皮(pi)(pi)(pi)板(ban)較重(zhong)(zhong)。岷(min)縣(xian)黑裘皮(pi)(pi)(pi)羊(yang)(yang)每年(nian)剪(jian)(jian)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)兩次,4月中旬剪(jian)(jian)春毛(mao)(mao)(mao),9月份剪(jian)(jian)秋(qiu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao),年(nian)平均(jun)(jun)剪(jian)(jian)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)量為(wei)(wei)0.75公(gong)斤。羊(yang)(yang)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)用于制氈(zhan)。
養殖管理
岷(min)縣黑(hei)(hei)裘皮(pi)(pi)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)適(shi)(shi)應性較強(qiang)(qiang),黑(hei)(hei)裘皮(pi)(pi)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)管理方(fang)式(shi)可(ke)以(yi)實(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)半放(fang)(fang)牧(mu)(mu)半舍飼(si)(si)飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)模式(shi)喂養(yang)(yang),農戶(hu)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)做好(hao)如下(xia)養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管理:調(diao)整(zheng)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)群,實(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)冬春(chun)季(ji)節舍飼(si)(si),必(bi)須(xu)在(zai)入(ru)冬前(qian)(qian)對羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)群進行(xing)(xing)(xing)調(diao)整(zheng),除盡量出售完肉羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)外,要(yao)(yao)堅決淘(tao)汰不孕(yun)母(mu)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)及弱、病、殘(can)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)及老羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)。根據自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)具體條(tiao)(tiao)件,如飼(si)(si)草(cao)(cao)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)貯(zhu)備(bei)(bei)量、暖(nuan)棚(peng)和(he)(he)圜舍面積等確定(ding)飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)規模。貯(zhu)備(bei)(bei)足夠草(cao)(cao)料(liao)(liao),飼(si)(si)草(cao)(cao)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)貯(zhu)備(bei)(bei)是(shi)保證羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)群冬春(chun)季(ji)舍飼(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)基礎,養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)戶(hu)應把飼(si)(si)草(cao)(cao)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)貯(zhu)備(bei)(bei)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)放(fang)(fang)到首要(yao)(yao)位置。生產中一般采(cai)(cai)取(qu)以(yi)下(xia)措施(shi)貯(zhu)備(bei)(bei)飼(si)(si)草(cao)(cao)料(liao)(liao)。曬制(zhi)青(qing)(qing)干(gan)草(cao)(cao)。青(qing)(qing)干(gan)草(cao)(cao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)營養(yang)(yang)價值高(gao)于農作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)秸(jie)稈,有(you)條(tiao)(tiao)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)場夏季(ji)應采(cai)(cai)集(ji)(ji)野草(cao)(cao)及灌木(mu)枝葉(xie)曬制(zhi)成青(qing)(qing)干(gan)草(cao)(cao)。收集(ji)(ji)農作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)秸(jie)稈。玉米秸(jie)、稻草(cao)(cao)、麥(mai)秸(jie)、花生秧、甘薯藤、豆(dou)稈豆(dou)莢等,都是(shi)舍飼(si)(si)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)粗飼(si)(si)料(liao)(liao),可(ke)加工處理后貯(zhu)備(bei)(bei)飼(si)(si)喂。還有(you)就(jiu)是(shi)種植優(you)質(zhi)(zhi)牧(mu)(mu)草(cao)(cao)。在(zai)有(you)條(tiao)(tiao)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)地區可(ke)種植優(you)質(zhi)(zhi)高(gao)產牧(mu)(mu)草(cao)(cao),hn-mc紫花苜(mu)蓿(xu)畝產在(zai)1萬千克左右,刈(yi)割青(qing)(qing)貯(zhu)或曬干(gan),因其蛋白質(zhi)(zhi)等營養(yang)(yang)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)含量豐富,還有(you)hn-mc黑(hei)(hei)麥(mai)草(cao)(cao)等,粗纖維含量比較高(gao),這些都是(shi)適(shi)(shi)宜喂養(yang)(yang)岷(min)縣黑(hei)(hei)裘皮(pi)(pi)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de),對冬春(chun)季(ji)舍飼(si)(si)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)補飼(si)(si)能(neng)起到一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)營養(yang)(yang)調(diao)控作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用。在(zai)防(fang)(fang)管理方(fang)面,要(yao)(yao)做好(hao)岷(min)縣黑(hei)(hei)裘皮(pi)(pi)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)驅蟲防(fang)(fang)疫、分群飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)管理 在(zai)入(ru)冬前(qian)(qian)要(yao)(yao)對舍飼(si)(si)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)驅蟲和(he)(he)防(fang)(fang)疫,并對公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)、懷(huai)孕(yun)母(mu)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)、后備(bei)(bei)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)實(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)分群飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)與管理。岷(min)縣黑(hei)(hei)裘皮(pi)(pi)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)搭建(jian)暖(nuan)棚(peng)和(he)(he)維修(xiu)圈(quan)(quan)舍,在(zai)入(ru)冬前(qian)(qian)要(yao)(yao)搭建(jian)和(he)(he)維修(xiu)舍飼(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)暖(nuan)棚(peng)和(he)(he)圈(quan)(quan)舍,并進行(xing)(xing)(xing)徹底清掃后消毒;對運動(dong)場也要(yao)(yao)整(zheng)理消毒,在(zai)出入(ru)門口設置消毒池。岷(min)縣黑(hei)(hei)裘皮(pi)(pi)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)保持適(shi)(shi)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)運動(dong) 養(yang)(yang)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)戶(hu)在(zai)冬春(chun)季(ji)對羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)實(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)舍飼(si)(si)圈(quan)(quan)養(yang)(yang)后,還需(xu)使羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)群保持適(shi)(shi)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)運動(dong),可(ke)增強(qiang)(qiang)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)體質(zhi)(zhi)。一般是(shi)在(zai)無雨(yu)雪(xue)天,每天把羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)群趕(gan)到可(ke)放(fang)(fang)牧(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)草(cao)(cao)地后適(shi)(shi)當(dang)放(fang)(fang)牧(mu)(mu)3-5小(xiao)時,讓羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)群能(neng)采(cai)(cai)食到一定(ding)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)綠(lv)灌木(mu)枝葉(xie)和(he)(he)野生雜(za)草(cao)(cao),又增強(qiang)(qiang)了羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)體質(zhi)(zhi),可(ke)減輕羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)春(chun)乏。