產地及環境
海拔(ba)一般為(wei)(wei)(wei)2500~3200米(mi),山(shan)峰(feng)在(zai)3000米(mi)以(yi)上。氣候高寒,年平(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣溫(wen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)5.5℃,最低(1月(yue)(yue))氣溫(wen)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)-7.1℃,最高(7月(yue)(yue))氣溫(wen)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)15.9℃,無霜(shuang)期為(wei)(wei)(wei)90~120天,年降(jiang)水(shui)量為(wei)(wei)(wei)635毫米(mi),7~9月(yue)(yue)份為(wei)(wei)(wei)雨(yu)季,占(zhan)全年降(jiang)水(shui)量的65%以(yi)上,蒸(zheng)發量為(wei)(wei)(wei)1246毫米(mi),相對濕度(du),夏(xia)、秋季為(wei)(wei)(wei)73~74%,冬、春季為(wei)(wei)(wei)65~68%。洮河(he)干(gan)流在(zai)岷(min)縣境(jing)內自西向東、向北(bei)流過。南有(you)達拉嶺(ling)(ling),北(bei)有(you)木寒嶺(ling)(ling)和(he)岷(min)山(shan)三個草山(shan)草坡地帶,植被覆蓋度(du)好,是放牧(mu)的好草場(chang)。牧(mu)草以(yi)禾本科為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu),還有(you)柳絲(si)灌木及部分森林草場(chang)。農(nong)作物(wu)有(you)春小麥、蠶豆(dou)、青稞、燕(yan)麥和(he)馬鈴(ling)薯等。經濟作物(wu)主(zhu)產油料和(he)當(dang)歸。
地理分布
岷縣(xian)(xian)黑裘皮羊主要分(fen)布在岷縣(xian)(xian)境(jing)內洮(tao)(tao)河兩岸、宕昌縣(xian)(xian)、臨(lin)潭縣(xian)(xian)、臨(lin)洮(tao)(tao)縣(xian)(xian)及渭源(yuan)縣(xian)(xian)部(bu)分(fen)地區(qu)。
品種特征
岷縣(xian)黑裘皮羊(yang)(yang)體(ti)(ti)質細致,結構緊湊。頭(tou)清秀,鼻梁隆起(qi),公羊(yang)(yang)有角(jiao),向后向外(wai)呈(cheng)螺旋狀彎曲,母羊(yang)(yang)多數無角(jiao),少數有小(xiao)角(jiao)。頸長適中。背(bei)平直。尾小(xiao)呈(cheng)錐形。體(ti)(ti)軀、四肢、頭(tou)、尾和蹄(ti)全呈(cheng)黑色。
品種性能
岷縣(xian)黑(hei)裘皮(pi)(pi)羊(yang)成年(nian)公羊(yang)平(ping)均體高、體長、胸圍和體重分別為(wei):56.2±0.7厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),58.7±0.7厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),76.1±0.9厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),31.1±0.8公斤(jin),成年(nian)母羊(yang)分別為(wei):54.3±0.3厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),55.7±0.3厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),77.9±1.0厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),27.5±0.3公斤(jin)。岷縣(xian)黑(hei)裘皮(pi)(pi)羊(yang)主要以生(sheng)產(chan)黑(hei)色二毛(mao)(mao)皮(pi)(pi)聞名。此外,還產(chan)二剪(jian)皮(pi)(pi)。羔羊(yang)初生(sheng)后毛(mao)(mao)被長2厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)左右,呈環狀或半環狀彎(wan)(wan)曲(qu),生(sheng)長到(dao)(dao)(dao)兩個月左右,毛(mao)(mao)的自然長度不(bu)短(duan)于7厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),這時所(suo)宰剝的毛(mao)(mao)皮(pi)(pi)稱(cheng)二毛(mao)(mao)皮(pi)(pi)。典型(xing)二毛(mao)(mao)皮(pi)(pi)的特(te)點是:毛(mao)(mao)長不(bu)短(duan)于7厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),毛(mao)(mao)股(gu)明(ming)顯呈花穗,尖端為(wei)環形(xing)或半環形(xing),有3~5個彎(wan)(wan)曲(qu)。好的二毛(mao)(mao)皮(pi)(pi)的毛(mao)(mao)纖維從根(gen)到(dao)(dao)(dao)尖全黑(hei),光澤(ze)悅(yue)目,皮(pi)(pi)板較(jiao)薄。皮(pi)(pi)板面積(ji)平(ping)均為(wei)1350平(ping)方厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。二剪(jian)皮(pi)(pi)是當(dang)年(nian)生(sheng)羔羊(yang),剪(jian)過一次春(chun)毛(mao)(mao),到(dao)(dao)(dao)第二次剪(jian)毛(mao)(mao)期(當(dang)年(nian)秋季(ji))宰殺后所(suo)剝取(qu)的毛(mao)(mao)皮(pi)(pi)。其特(te)點是:毛(mao)(mao)股(gu)明(ming)顯,從尖到(dao)(dao)(dao)根(gen)有3~4個彎(wan)(wan)曲(qu),光澤(ze)好,皮(pi)(pi)板面積(ji)大,保(bao)暖、耐穿(chuan)。其缺(que)點是:絨(rong)毛(mao)(mao)較(jiao)多,毛(mao)(mao)股(gu)間(jian)易粘結,皮(pi)(pi)板較(jiao)重。岷縣(xian)黑(hei)裘皮(pi)(pi)羊(yang)每年(nian)剪(jian)毛(mao)(mao)兩次,4月中旬剪(jian)春(chun)毛(mao)(mao),9月份剪(jian)秋毛(mao)(mao),年(nian)平(ping)均剪(jian)毛(mao)(mao)量(liang)為(wei)0.75公斤(jin)。羊(yang)毛(mao)(mao)用(yong)于制氈。
養殖管理
岷縣(xian)(xian)黑(hei)(hei)裘(qiu)(qiu)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)適應(ying)性較(jiao)強,黑(hei)(hei)裘(qiu)(qiu)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)方(fang)式(shi)可以實(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)半放(fang)牧(mu)半舍(she)(she)(she)飼(si)(si)(si)飼(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)模式(shi)喂養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),農戶(hu)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)做好(hao)如(ru)下養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li):調整(zheng)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)群,實(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)冬(dong)(dong)春(chun)(chun)季節(jie)舍(she)(she)(she)飼(si)(si)(si),必須在(zai)(zai)入(ru)冬(dong)(dong)前對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)群進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)調整(zheng),除(chu)盡(jin)量出售完肉羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)外,要(yao)(yao)堅決(jue)淘汰不孕母羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)及(ji)弱、病、殘羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)及(ji)老羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)。根據自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)具體條件,如(ru)飼(si)(si)(si)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)貯(zhu)備(bei)量、暖棚(peng)和(he)圜舍(she)(she)(she)面(mian)積等(deng)確(que)定(ding)(ding)飼(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)規模。貯(zhu)備(bei)足夠草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)料(liao),飼(si)(si)(si)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)貯(zhu)備(bei)是(shi)保(bao)證羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)群冬(dong)(dong)春(chun)(chun)季舍(she)(she)(she)飼(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)質(zhi)基礎,養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)戶(hu)應(ying)把飼(si)(si)(si)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)貯(zhu)備(bei)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)放(fang)到首要(yao)(yao)位置(zhi)。生(sheng)產(chan)中(zhong)一般采(cai)(cai)取以下措施貯(zhu)備(bei)飼(si)(si)(si)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)料(liao)。曬(shai)制(zhi)青(qing)(qing)干草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)。青(qing)(qing)干草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)營養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)價值(zhi)高(gao)于農作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)秸(jie)稈,有(you)(you)條件的(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)場夏季應(ying)采(cai)(cai)集野草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)及(ji)灌(guan)木(mu)枝(zhi)(zhi)葉曬(shai)制(zhi)成(cheng)青(qing)(qing)干草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)。收(shou)集農作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)秸(jie)稈。玉米秸(jie)、稻草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)、麥(mai)秸(jie)、花生(sheng)秧、甘薯藤(teng)、豆(dou)(dou)稈豆(dou)(dou)莢(jia)等(deng),都是(shi)舍(she)(she)(she)飼(si)(si)(si)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)粗飼(si)(si)(si)料(liao),可加工(gong)處理(li)(li)后(hou)貯(zhu)備(bei)飼(si)(si)(si)喂。還(huan)有(you)(you)就是(shi)種(zhong)植優質(zhi)牧(mu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)。在(zai)(zai)有(you)(you)條件的(de)(de)(de)(de)地區(qu)可種(zhong)植優質(zhi)高(gao)產(chan)牧(mu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao),hn-mc紫花苜蓿畝產(chan)在(zai)(zai)1萬(wan)千克左右,刈割青(qing)(qing)貯(zhu)或曬(shai)干,因其蛋白質(zhi)等(deng)營養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)物(wu)質(zhi)含量豐(feng)富,還(huan)有(you)(you)hn-mc黑(hei)(hei)麥(mai)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)等(deng),粗纖維含量比較(jiao)高(gao),這些(xie)都是(shi)適宜喂養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)岷縣(xian)(xian)黑(hei)(hei)裘(qiu)(qiu)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de),對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)冬(dong)(dong)春(chun)(chun)季舍(she)(she)(she)飼(si)(si)(si)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)補(bu)飼(si)(si)(si)能(neng)起(qi)到一定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)營養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)調控作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。在(zai)(zai)防管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)方(fang)面(mian),要(yao)(yao)做好(hao)岷縣(xian)(xian)黑(hei)(hei)裘(qiu)(qiu)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)驅蟲防疫、分群飼(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li) 在(zai)(zai)入(ru)冬(dong)(dong)前要(yao)(yao)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)舍(she)(she)(she)飼(si)(si)(si)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)驅蟲和(he)防疫,并(bing)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)公羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)、懷孕母羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)、后(hou)備(bei)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)實(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)分群飼(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)與管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)。岷縣(xian)(xian)黑(hei)(hei)裘(qiu)(qiu)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)搭(da)建(jian)暖棚(peng)和(he)維修(xiu)(xiu)圈(quan)舍(she)(she)(she),在(zai)(zai)入(ru)冬(dong)(dong)前要(yao)(yao)搭(da)建(jian)和(he)維修(xiu)(xiu)舍(she)(she)(she)飼(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)暖棚(peng)和(he)圈(quan)舍(she)(she)(she),并(bing)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)徹底(di)清掃后(hou)消毒(du);對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)運(yun)動場也要(yao)(yao)整(zheng)理(li)(li)消毒(du),在(zai)(zai)出入(ru)門(men)口設置(zhi)消毒(du)池。岷縣(xian)(xian)黑(hei)(hei)裘(qiu)(qiu)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)保(bao)持適度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)動 養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)戶(hu)在(zai)(zai)冬(dong)(dong)春(chun)(chun)季對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)實(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)舍(she)(she)(she)飼(si)(si)(si)圈(quan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)后(hou),還(huan)需(xu)(xu)使羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)群保(bao)持適度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)動,可增強羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)體質(zhi)。一般是(shi)在(zai)(zai)無雨雪(xue)天,每天把羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)群趕到可放(fang)牧(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地后(hou)適當放(fang)牧(mu)3-5小時,讓羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)群能(neng)采(cai)(cai)食到一定(ding)(ding)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)綠灌(guan)木(mu)枝(zhi)(zhi)葉和(he)野生(sheng)雜草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao),又增強了(le)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)體質(zhi),可減輕羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)春(chun)(chun)乏。