一.產品介紹
石屏(ping)是我國野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)分(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)區(qu)域之(zhi)一(yi)(yi),野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)資(zi)源極為豐富,目前已發現矮楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、細楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、板井梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、烏兄梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)等(deng)(deng)4個(ge)(ge)野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)品種。自古以(yi)來,楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)就是石屏(ping)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)各族人民(min)世世代代食用(yong)的(de)(de)果實之(zhi)一(yi)(yi),已有數百年的(de)(de)歷(li)史;清·乾隆十二年《石屏(ping)州志(zhi)》和民(min)國元年(1912)袁嘉谷先生(sheng)(sheng)主(zhu)纂《石屏(ping)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)志(zhi)》都(dou)有記(ji)述。上世紀80年代前,我縣(xian)(xian)(xian)就對野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)進(jin)行人工(gong)種植和嫁接(jie),但由于規模小,產(chan)(chan)量(liang)低,經(jing)濟效益(yi)不顯著。80年代以(yi)來,我縣(xian)(xian)(xian)先后(hou)從浙(zhe)江(jiang)、福建等(deng)(deng)引入(ru)水(shui)晶梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、東魁、水(shui)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、荸(bi)薺(qi)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、丁岙梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、炭(tan)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、晚(wan)稻楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)等(deng)(deng)7個(ge)(ge)品種與本地野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)雜交(jiao),經(jing)過多年的(de)(de)試(shi)驗和提純,選育(yu)出了(le)東魁、荸(bi)薺(qi)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)適宜本地種植的(de)(de)當(dang)家品種,楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)產(chan)(chan)品成熟(shu)期(qi)比浙(zhe)江(jiang)、福建等(deng)(deng)地提前40~60天,具有果大核小、色澤艷麗(li)、汁(zhi)多、酸甜適度、有香氣,成熟(shu)早(zao),較耐(nai)貯運(yun),營養價(jia)值(zhi)高等(deng)(deng)特(te)點(dian)。目前,全縣(xian)(xian)(xian)種植楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)面(mian)積(ji)6666.7公(gong)頃,其中:東魁4000公(gong)頃、荸(bi)薺(qi)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)2666.7公(gong)頃,楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)產(chan)(chan)品年總產(chan)(chan)量(liang)7.5萬噸,是云(yun)南省楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)種植面(mian)積(ji)和產(chan)(chan)量(liang)最大的(de)(de)縣(xian)(xian)(xian),2002年被農業部(bu)認定(ding)“農業部(bu)南亞熱帶作物楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)名優基地”。產(chan)(chan)品暢銷北京、浙(zhe)江(jiang)、上海、福建、四(si)川(chuan)、貴州、湖(hu)南、湖(hu)北、陜西(xi)、新疆等(deng)(deng)地,是石屏(ping)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)農民(min)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)經(jing)濟收入(ru)來源。
二.自然生(sheng)態(tai)環境和人文歷史因素
(1)地(di)(di)形地(di)(di)貌(mao):石屏縣(xian)土(tu)壤(rang)類型(xing)(xing)以水稻(dao)土(tu)、沖積(ji)土(tu)、赤紅(hong)壤(rang)、山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)紅(hong)壤(rang)、砂壤(rang)土(tu)和羊肝石土(tu)為(wei)(wei)主。地(di)(di)形西北(bei)高東(dong)南(nan)低中(zhong)(zhong)間凹,山(shan)(shan)脈走向多由西南(nan)至東(dong)北(bei)。東(dong)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)是老黑山(shan)(shan),南(nan)部(bu)(bu)是大冷山(shan)(shan),西北(bei)部(bu)(bu)是坡龍山(shan)(shan)、尼白(bai)木(mu)克山(shan)(shan),中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)是硯瓦山(shan)(shan)、筆架山(shan)(shan),山(shan)(shan)川相間,高差(cha)較(jiao)大,群(qun)山(shan)(shan)迭起(qi),山(shan)(shan)清水秀。山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)占全縣(xian)土(tu)地(di)(di)總(zong)(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)的95%;平(ping)(ping)地(di)(di)有石屏縣(xian)壩(ba)(ba)、寶秀壩(ba)(ba)、壩(ba)(ba)心壩(ba)(ba)、龍朋壩(ba)(ba)等四個較(jiao)大的壩(ba)(ba)子,平(ping)(ping)地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)僅占全縣(xian)土(tu)地(di)(di)總(zong)(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)的5%。境(jing)內最(zui)高海拔(ba)(ba)2551.3米,最(zui)低海拔(ba)(ba)259米,相對高差(cha)2292.3米,為(wei)(wei)典(dian)型(xing)(xing)的立體地(di)(di)形。石屏楊梅最(zui)適宜生(sheng)長海拔(ba)(ba)高度800~1800米。
(2)水(shui)(shui)文情況:石屏(ping)楊梅產區屬紅河和珠江流域之(zhi)(zhi)間的分水(shui)(shui)嶺地帶,共有(you)(you)河溝35條,水(shui)(shui)資(zi)源豐富,水(shui)(shui)質清潔,沒有(you)(you)人(ren)為和工(gong)礦(kuang)污染。主河流紅河由西北向東南(nan)貫穿縣境,境內有(you)(you)云(yun)南(nan)省九大高(gao)原湖泊(bo)之(zhi)(zhi)一的異龍湖和赤(chi)瑞(rui)湖兩個天然湖泊(bo),水(shui)(shui)面達43.4平(ping)方公里,蓄(xu)水(shui)(shui)量1.12億(yi)立(li)方米(mi),有(you)(you)水(shui)(shui)庫、壩塘381件,蓄(xu)水(shui)(shui)量3260立(li)方米(mi)。
(3)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候情況:石(shi)屏縣屬云南省(sheng)高(gao)原亞熱帶山(shan)地(di)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候區(qu),由于地(di)處高(gao)原,低(di)緯(wei)、北(bei)回歸線橫(heng)穿南部地(di)區(qu),地(di)勢垂直差異顯著(zhu),同時(shi)受(shou)西南印度洋(yang)和東(dong)南太平(ping)洋(yang)及西北(bei)大陸干(gan)暖氣(qi)(qi)(qi)流的(de)影響,季風(feng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候較為典(dian)型(xing),具有(you)“四(si)季皆有(you)夏,一雨(yu)變(bian)成(cheng)秋”的(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候特(te)點。年(nian)(nian)平(ping)均氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)18.2℃,歷(li)年(nian)(nian)最(zui)高(gao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)32℃,最(zui)低(di)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)-3.9℃;最(zui)熱月(yue)(7月(yue))平(ping)均氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)27.7℃,最(zui)冷月(yue)(1月(yue))平(ping)均氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)9.1℃;≥10℃的(de)有(you)效積溫(wen)5950.0℃,無霜期(qi)316天;年(nian)(nian)日照時(shi)數2020~2200小時(shi),日照百分率為52%,有(you)效率達(da)83%;年(nian)(nian)輻射量135.2千卡/厘米;年(nian)(nian)降(jiang)雨(yu)量850~1100毫米,其(qi)中5~10月(yue)份降(jiang)雨(yu)量占全(quan)年(nian)(nian)降(jiang)雨(yu)量的(de)81.3%。
(4)人(ren)文歷(li)史(shi)情況(kuang):石屏(ping)(ping)是我國野生楊(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)分布的(de)(de)主要區域之(zhi)一,野生資源(yuan)極為(wei)豐富,目(mu)(mu)前(qian)已發現矮楊(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)、細楊(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)、板井(jing)梅(mei)(mei)、烏兄梅(mei)(mei)等4個(ge)野生楊(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)。自古以來(lai),楊(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)就是石屏(ping)(ping)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)各族(zu)人(ren)民世(shi)世(shi)代代食用(yong)的(de)(de)果實(shi)之(zhi)一,已有(you)(you)數百(bai)年(nian)的(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi);清·乾隆十(shi)二年(nian)《石屏(ping)(ping)州志》和民國元年(nian)(1912)袁嘉谷先生主纂(zuan)《石屏(ping)(ping)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)志》都有(you)(you)記述。上世(shi)紀80年(nian)代前(qian),我縣(xian)(xian)(xian)就對野生楊(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)進行人(ren)工種(zhong)(zhong)植和嫁接,但由(you)于規模小,產(chan)(chan)量低,經濟效益不顯(xian)著。80年(nian)代以來(lai),我縣(xian)(xian)(xian)先后從(cong)浙江(jiang)、福建(jian)等引入(ru)水(shui)晶梅(mei)(mei)、東(dong)魁(kui)、水(shui)梅(mei)(mei)、荸薺(qi)梅(mei)(mei)、丁岙梅(mei)(mei)、炭梅(mei)(mei)、晚(wan)稻楊(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)等7個(ge)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)與本地(di)野生楊(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)雜交,經過多(duo)年(nian)的(de)(de)試驗和提純,選(xuan)育(yu)出了東(dong)魁(kui)、荸薺(qi)梅(mei)(mei)兩個(ge)適宜本地(di)種(zhong)(zhong)植的(de)(de)當家品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong),楊(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)成熟期比浙江(jiang)、福建(jian)等地(di)提前(qian)40~60天,具有(you)(you)果大核小、色(se)澤艷麗、汁多(duo)、酸甜適度(du)、有(you)(you)香氣,成熟早,較耐貯運,營養價值高等特點。目(mu)(mu)前(qian),全縣(xian)(xian)(xian)種(zhong)(zhong)植楊(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)面積6666.7公(gong)頃,其中:東(dong)魁(kui)4000公(gong)頃、荸薺(qi)梅(mei)(mei)2666.7公(gong)頃,楊(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)年(nian)總產(chan)(chan)量7.5萬(wan)噸,是云(yun)南省楊(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)種(zhong)(zhong)植面積和產(chan)(chan)量最(zui)大的(de)(de)縣(xian)(xian)(xian),2002年(nian)被農業部(bu)認(ren)定“農業部(bu)南亞熱帶作(zuo)物楊(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)名優基地(di)”。產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)暢銷北京、浙江(jiang)、上海、福建(jian)、四川(chuan)、貴州、湖南、湖北、陜西、新疆等地(di),是石屏(ping)(ping)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)農民的(de)(de)主要經濟收入(ru)來(lai)源(yuan)。
三.地域范圍
石(shi)屏(ping)縣(xian)地(di)處云南(nan)(nan)省南(nan)(nan)部(bu)、紅河哈尼族彝(yi)族自治州西部(bu)。地(di)理(li)坐標為東經102°08′00″~102°43′00″,北緯23°19′00″~24°06′00″。全縣(xian)國地(di)面積3037平方(fang)公(gong)里。東西最大橫距59公(gong)里,南(nan)(nan)北最大縱距88公(gong)里。石(shi)屏(ping)楊梅生產地(di)域范(fan)圍包括石(shi)屏(ping)縣(xian)異龍、寶秀、壩心、龍朋、大橋、新城等(deng)6個鄉(xiang)鎮。
四.產品(pin)品(pin)質特(te)性特(te)征
(1)外在感官特(te)征(zheng):石屏楊梅(mei)果實(shi)中等大(da),成(cheng)熟時呈(cheng)不(bu)正(zheng)圓形或(huo)扁圓球形,平均單(dan)果重10克,最大(da)單(dan)重16克,果面為(wei)鳥紫紅色(se)(se),果頂稍(shao)凸(tu),果底(di)平,縫(feng)合線較(jiao)明顯,果蒂小(xiao);果肉(rou)(rou)肉(rou)(rou)質細軟、酸甜適(shi)度、內部紅色(se)(se)或(huo)淡紅色(se)(se),汁液多、具香氣、核較(jiao)小(xiao)。
(2)內(nei)在品質指(zhi)標:石屏楊梅成熟早,耐貯運,營養價值高(gao),果(guo)(guo)實中(zhong)含糖高(gao),富含多種維(wei)生素。其中(zhong),可溶性固(gu)形物≥10.5%,總(zong)糖≥9.5%,可滴定酸≥0.7%,每100克(ke)果(guo)(guo)汁含維(wei)生素C量(liang)≥5.0毫克(ke),每公斤(jin)果(guo)(guo)汁含鉀量(liang)≥1500毫克(ke)。
(3)安全要求:執照GB2762、GB2763及GB10650中(zhong)規(gui)定(ding)指標執行(xing)。