一.產品介紹
石屏(ping)是我國野(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)楊(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)分(fen)布的(de)(de)主(zhu)要區域(yu)之一(yi),野(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)資源極(ji)為豐富,目前已(yi)發現矮(ai)楊(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、細楊(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、板井(jing)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、烏兄梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)等(deng)4個(ge)野(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)楊(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)品種(zhong)(zhong)。自古以(yi)來(lai),楊(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)就(jiu)是石屏(ping)縣各族(zu)人民世世代代食用的(de)(de)果(guo)實之一(yi),已(yi)有數百年(nian)的(de)(de)歷史;清·乾(qian)隆十二(er)年(nian)《石屏(ping)州(zhou)(zhou)志》和(he)民國元年(nian)(1912)袁嘉谷先生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)主(zhu)纂《石屏(ping)縣志》都有記述。上世紀80年(nian)代前,我縣就(jiu)對野(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)楊(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)進行(xing)人工種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)和(he)嫁接,但由于規模小,產(chan)(chan)量低,經(jing)濟效益不顯(xian)著(zhu)。80年(nian)代以(yi)來(lai),我縣先后(hou)從(cong)浙(zhe)江(jiang)、福(fu)(fu)建(jian)等(deng)引入水(shui)晶(jing)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、東魁(kui)(kui)、水(shui)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、荸薺梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、丁岙(ao)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、炭梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、晚稻楊(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)等(deng)7個(ge)品種(zhong)(zhong)與本地(di)野(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)楊(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)雜(za)交,經(jing)過多(duo)年(nian)的(de)(de)試驗和(he)提純,選育出了東魁(kui)(kui)、荸薺梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)兩個(ge)適(shi)宜(yi)本地(di)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)的(de)(de)當(dang)家(jia)品種(zhong)(zhong),楊(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)產(chan)(chan)品成熟(shu)期比(bi)浙(zhe)江(jiang)、福(fu)(fu)建(jian)等(deng)地(di)提前40~60天,具有果(guo)大核小、色澤艷麗(li)、汁多(duo)、酸(suan)甜適(shi)度、有香氣,成熟(shu)早,較耐貯運,營養價值高等(deng)特點。目前,全縣種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)楊(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)面積(ji)6666.7公(gong)頃(qing),其中:東魁(kui)(kui)4000公(gong)頃(qing)、荸薺梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)2666.7公(gong)頃(qing),楊(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)產(chan)(chan)品年(nian)總(zong)產(chan)(chan)量7.5萬噸,是云南省楊(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)面積(ji)和(he)產(chan)(chan)量最大的(de)(de)縣,2002年(nian)被農(nong)(nong)業部(bu)認定“農(nong)(nong)業部(bu)南亞熱(re)帶作物楊(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)名優基地(di)”。產(chan)(chan)品暢銷北京、浙(zhe)江(jiang)、上海、福(fu)(fu)建(jian)、四川、貴州(zhou)(zhou)、湖南、湖北、陜西(xi)、新疆等(deng)地(di),是石屏(ping)縣農(nong)(nong)民的(de)(de)主(zhu)要經(jing)濟收入來(lai)源。
二.自(zi)然生態環(huan)境和人文(wen)歷史因素
(1)地(di)(di)(di)形(xing)地(di)(di)(di)貌:石(shi)(shi)屏(ping)縣土(tu)壤(rang)類型以(yi)水稻土(tu)、沖積土(tu)、赤紅(hong)(hong)壤(rang)、山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)紅(hong)(hong)壤(rang)、砂(sha)壤(rang)土(tu)和羊肝石(shi)(shi)土(tu)為主。地(di)(di)(di)形(xing)西北(bei)高東(dong)南低中間(jian)凹(ao),山(shan)(shan)脈(mo)走向(xiang)多由西南至(zhi)東(dong)北(bei)。東(dong)北(bei)部(bu)是(shi)老黑山(shan)(shan),南部(bu)是(shi)大(da)(da)冷山(shan)(shan),西北(bei)部(bu)是(shi)坡(po)龍山(shan)(shan)、尼白木克山(shan)(shan),中部(bu)是(shi)硯(yan)瓦山(shan)(shan)、筆架山(shan)(shan),山(shan)(shan)川相間(jian),高差較大(da)(da),群(qun)山(shan)(shan)迭起,山(shan)(shan)清水秀。山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)積占(zhan)全縣土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)總面(mian)積的(de)(de)95%;平(ping)地(di)(di)(di)有石(shi)(shi)屏(ping)縣壩(ba)(ba)、寶秀壩(ba)(ba)、壩(ba)(ba)心壩(ba)(ba)、龍朋壩(ba)(ba)等四個(ge)較大(da)(da)的(de)(de)壩(ba)(ba)子,平(ping)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)積僅(jin)占(zhan)全縣土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)總面(mian)積的(de)(de)5%。境(jing)內最(zui)高海(hai)拔2551.3米(mi),最(zui)低海(hai)拔259米(mi),相對高差2292.3米(mi),為典(dian)型的(de)(de)立體地(di)(di)(di)形(xing)。石(shi)(shi)屏(ping)楊梅最(zui)適宜生長海(hai)拔高度800~1800米(mi)。
(2)水(shui)文情(qing)況:石(shi)屏(ping)楊梅(mei)產區(qu)屬(shu)紅河和(he)珠江流域之間的分水(shui)嶺地帶(dai),共有(you)河溝35條,水(shui)資源(yuan)豐富,水(shui)質清潔,沒有(you)人為和(he)工礦(kuang)污染。主(zhu)河流紅河由西北向東南(nan)貫(guan)穿縣境(jing),境(jing)內有(you)云(yun)南(nan)省九大高原湖(hu)(hu)泊之一的異龍湖(hu)(hu)和(he)赤(chi)瑞湖(hu)(hu)兩個天(tian)然湖(hu)(hu)泊,水(shui)面達43.4平(ping)方公里,蓄水(shui)量(liang)1.12億立方米,有(you)水(shui)庫、壩塘381件,蓄水(shui)量(liang)3260立方米。
(3)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)情況:石屏縣屬云南(nan)省高原亞熱(re)帶山地(di)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)區(qu),由于(yu)地(di)處(chu)高原,低(di)緯、北(bei)回歸線橫穿(chuan)南(nan)部(bu)地(di)區(qu),地(di)勢垂直差異顯(xian)著,同時受西南(nan)印度洋和東南(nan)太平(ping)(ping)(ping)洋及(ji)西北(bei)大(da)陸干暖氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)流的(de)影響,季(ji)風(feng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)較為典型(xing),具(ju)有“四季(ji)皆有夏,一雨(yu)變成(cheng)秋”的(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)特點。年(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)18.2℃,歷年(nian)最(zui)(zui)高氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)32℃,最(zui)(zui)低(di)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)-3.9℃;最(zui)(zui)熱(re)月(7月)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)27.7℃,最(zui)(zui)冷月(1月)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)9.1℃;≥10℃的(de)有效(xiao)積溫(wen)(wen)5950.0℃,無霜期316天(tian);年(nian)日照(zhao)時數2020~2200小時,日照(zhao)百(bai)分率為52%,有效(xiao)率達(da)83%;年(nian)輻射量(liang)135.2千卡(ka)/厘米;年(nian)降雨(yu)量(liang)850~1100毫米,其中5~10月份降雨(yu)量(liang)占(zhan)全年(nian)降雨(yu)量(liang)的(de)81.3%。
(4)人文歷史(shi)情況(kuang):石屏是(shi)我(wo)(wo)國野(ye)生楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)分布的主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)區域之(zhi)一,野(ye)生資源極為豐(feng)富,目前(qian)(qian)已發(fa)現矮楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、細(xi)楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、板井梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、烏兄梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)等(deng)(deng)4個(ge)野(ye)生楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)。自古以(yi)來(lai),楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)就(jiu)是(shi)石屏縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)各族(zu)人民世(shi)世(shi)代代食用的果(guo)實(shi)之(zhi)一,已有(you)數百年的歷史(shi);清·乾隆十二年《石屏州(zhou)志》和(he)民國元年(1912)袁嘉谷先生主(zhu)纂《石屏縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)志》都有(you)記(ji)述。上世(shi)紀80年代前(qian)(qian),我(wo)(wo)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)就(jiu)對(dui)野(ye)生楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)進行(xing)人工種(zhong)植和(he)嫁接(jie),但由于(yu)規模小(xiao),產量低,經(jing)濟效益不顯(xian)著。80年代以(yi)來(lai),我(wo)(wo)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)先后從(cong)浙(zhe)(zhe)江、福建等(deng)(deng)引(yin)入水(shui)晶梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、東魁、水(shui)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、荸(bi)薺(qi)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、丁(ding)岙梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、炭梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、晚稻楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)等(deng)(deng)7個(ge)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)與本(ben)地(di)(di)野(ye)生楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)雜交,經(jing)過多(duo)年的試驗和(he)提純(chun),選育出(chu)了(le)東魁、荸(bi)薺(qi)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)兩個(ge)適(shi)宜本(ben)地(di)(di)種(zhong)植的當家品(pin)(pin)種(zhong),楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)產品(pin)(pin)成熟(shu)期比(bi)浙(zhe)(zhe)江、福建等(deng)(deng)地(di)(di)提前(qian)(qian)40~60天(tian),具有(you)果(guo)大(da)核小(xiao)、色澤艷麗(li)、汁多(duo)、酸甜(tian)適(shi)度(du)、有(you)香氣(qi),成熟(shu)早,較耐貯(zhu)運(yun),營養價值高等(deng)(deng)特點。目前(qian)(qian),全縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)種(zhong)植楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)面(mian)積6666.7公頃(qing),其中:東魁4000公頃(qing)、荸(bi)薺(qi)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)2666.7公頃(qing),楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)產品(pin)(pin)年總(zong)產量7.5萬(wan)噸(dun),是(shi)云(yun)南(nan)省楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)種(zhong)植面(mian)積和(he)產量最大(da)的縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),2002年被農業(ye)部認定“農業(ye)部南(nan)亞熱帶作物楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)名優基(ji)地(di)(di)”。產品(pin)(pin)暢銷北(bei)京、浙(zhe)(zhe)江、上海、福建、四川、貴州(zhou)、湖(hu)南(nan)、湖(hu)北(bei)、陜西、新(xin)疆等(deng)(deng)地(di)(di),是(shi)石屏縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)農民的主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)經(jing)濟收入來(lai)源。
三.地域范圍
石屏縣地(di)處云南(nan)省南(nan)部、紅河哈(ha)尼(ni)族(zu)彝(yi)族(zu)自治州西部。地(di)理坐標為東(dong)經102°08′00″~102°43′00″,北(bei)緯23°19′00″~24°06′00″。全縣國地(di)面(mian)積3037平方公里(li)。東(dong)西最(zui)大(da)橫距59公里(li),南(nan)北(bei)最(zui)大(da)縱距88公里(li)。石屏楊梅生(sheng)產(chan)地(di)域范圍(wei)包括(kuo)石屏縣異龍、寶秀、壩心(xin)、龍朋、大(da)橋(qiao)、新城等6個鄉鎮。
四.產品(pin)品(pin)質特(te)性特(te)征
(1)外在感官(guan)特(te)征:石(shi)屏楊梅果(guo)實中(zhong)等大(da),成熟時(shi)呈不(bu)正圓(yuan)形或扁圓(yuan)球形,平(ping)均單(dan)果(guo)重(zhong)10克(ke),最大(da)單(dan)重(zhong)16克(ke),果(guo)面為鳥紫紅(hong)色(se),果(guo)頂稍(shao)凸,果(guo)底平(ping),縫(feng)合(he)線(xian)較明顯,果(guo)蒂小;果(guo)肉(rou)肉(rou)質細(xi)軟(ruan)、酸(suan)甜適度、內(nei)部(bu)紅(hong)色(se)或淡紅(hong)色(se),汁液多、具香氣、核(he)較小。
(2)內在品質指標:石(shi)屏(ping)楊梅成熟早,耐貯運,營(ying)養價(jia)值高(gao),果(guo)實(shi)中含糖高(gao),富含多種維(wei)生素。其中,可溶性固形物≥10.5%,總(zong)糖≥9.5%,可滴定酸≥0.7%,每(mei)100克果(guo)汁含維(wei)生素C量≥5.0毫克,每(mei)公斤果(guo)汁含鉀量≥1500毫克。
(3)安全(quan)要求:執照GB2762、GB2763及(ji)GB10650中規定(ding)指標執行。