一.產品介紹
石屏(ping)是(shi)我(wo)國(guo)野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)分布的(de)主要(yao)區域之一(yi),野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)極為(wei)豐富,目前(qian)已(yi)發現矮楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、細楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、板井梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、烏兄梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)等(deng)(deng)(deng)4個(ge)野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)品種(zhong)。自古以來(lai),楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)就是(shi)石屏(ping)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)各族人民世(shi)世(shi)代(dai)(dai)代(dai)(dai)食(shi)用的(de)果實之一(yi),已(yi)有(you)數百(bai)年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)歷史;清·乾隆十二年(nian)(nian)(nian)《石屏(ping)州志》和(he)民國(guo)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1912)袁嘉(jia)谷先生(sheng)(sheng)主纂(zuan)《石屏(ping)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)志》都有(you)記述。上(shang)世(shi)紀(ji)80年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)前(qian),我(wo)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)就對野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)進行人工種(zhong)植(zhi)和(he)嫁(jia)接,但由于規模小(xiao),產量低(di),經(jing)濟效益不顯著。80年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)以來(lai),我(wo)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)先后(hou)從浙江(jiang)(jiang)、福(fu)建等(deng)(deng)(deng)引入水晶(jing)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、東魁、水梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、荸薺(qi)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、丁岙梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、炭梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、晚稻(dao)楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)等(deng)(deng)(deng)7個(ge)品種(zhong)與本(ben)地野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)雜交,經(jing)過多(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)試驗和(he)提純,選育出了東魁、荸薺(qi)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)兩個(ge)適宜本(ben)地種(zhong)植(zhi)的(de)當家品種(zhong),楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)產品成熟(shu)期比浙江(jiang)(jiang)、福(fu)建等(deng)(deng)(deng)地提前(qian)40~60天,具(ju)有(you)果大核小(xiao)、色澤(ze)艷麗、汁多(duo)、酸甜(tian)適度、有(you)香氣,成熟(shu)早,較耐(nai)貯運,營養價(jia)值高等(deng)(deng)(deng)特點。目前(qian),全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)種(zhong)植(zhi)楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)面積6666.7公頃,其(qi)中:東魁4000公頃、荸薺(qi)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)2666.7公頃,楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)產品年(nian)(nian)(nian)總產量7.5萬(wan)噸,是(shi)云南(nan)省楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)種(zhong)植(zhi)面積和(he)產量最大的(de)縣(xian)(xian)(xian),2002年(nian)(nian)(nian)被農(nong)業(ye)部認定“農(nong)業(ye)部南(nan)亞(ya)熱帶作物楊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)名(ming)優基(ji)地”。產品暢銷北京、浙江(jiang)(jiang)、上(shang)海、福(fu)建、四川、貴州、湖南(nan)、湖北、陜西、新疆等(deng)(deng)(deng)地,是(shi)石屏(ping)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)民的(de)主要(yao)經(jing)濟收入來(lai)源(yuan)(yuan)。
二.自然生態環境和人文歷(li)史因素
(1)地(di)(di)形地(di)(di)貌:石屏(ping)(ping)縣(xian)土(tu)壤(rang)類(lei)型以水稻土(tu)、沖積(ji)土(tu)、赤紅(hong)壤(rang)、山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)紅(hong)壤(rang)、砂壤(rang)土(tu)和羊肝(gan)石土(tu)為(wei)(wei)主。地(di)(di)形西(xi)北(bei)高東(dong)南低中間凹(ao),山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)脈走向多由西(xi)南至東(dong)北(bei)。東(dong)北(bei)部(bu)是(shi)老(lao)黑山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),南部(bu)是(shi)大冷(leng)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),西(xi)北(bei)部(bu)是(shi)坡龍(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、尼白(bai)木克山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),中部(bu)是(shi)硯瓦山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、筆架山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)川相間,高差較(jiao)大,群(qun)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)迭起,山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)清水秀(xiu)。山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)占全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)土(tu)地(di)(di)總面(mian)(mian)積(ji)的95%;平地(di)(di)有石屏(ping)(ping)縣(xian)壩(ba)、寶(bao)秀(xiu)壩(ba)、壩(ba)心(xin)壩(ba)、龍(long)朋(peng)壩(ba)等(deng)四個較(jiao)大的壩(ba)子,平地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)僅占全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)土(tu)地(di)(di)總面(mian)(mian)積(ji)的5%。境內(nei)最(zui)高海拔(ba)2551.3米,最(zui)低海拔(ba)259米,相對高差2292.3米,為(wei)(wei)典型的立(li)體地(di)(di)形。石屏(ping)(ping)楊梅最(zui)適宜生長(chang)海拔(ba)高度800~1800米。
(2)水文情況:石屏楊梅產區屬(shu)紅河(he)和珠江流域之間的分水嶺地(di)帶,共有河(he)溝35條,水資源豐(feng)富(fu),水質清(qing)潔,沒有人(ren)為(wei)和工礦(kuang)污染(ran)。主河(he)流紅河(he)由西(xi)北向東南貫(guan)穿縣境(jing),境(jing)內有云南省九大高原(yuan)湖(hu)泊之一的異龍湖(hu)和赤(chi)瑞湖(hu)兩(liang)個天然(ran)湖(hu)泊,水面(mian)達(da)43.4平方公里(li),蓄(xu)水量1.12億立(li)方米(mi),有水庫、壩塘381件,蓄(xu)水量3260立(li)方米(mi)。
(3)氣候(hou)情況(kuang):石屏縣屬云南省高(gao)原(yuan)亞熱帶山地(di)氣候(hou)區,由于(yu)地(di)處高(gao)原(yuan),低緯、北(bei)回歸(gui)線橫穿(chuan)南部地(di)區,地(di)勢垂(chui)直(zhi)差異顯著,同時(shi)受西南印度(du)洋和東南太平(ping)洋及西北(bei)大陸干暖氣流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)影響,季(ji)風氣候(hou)較為(wei)典型(xing),具有(you)“四季(ji)皆有(you)夏,一(yi)雨(yu)(yu)變成秋”的(de)(de)(de)氣候(hou)特(te)點。年平(ping)均氣溫(wen)18.2℃,歷(li)年最(zui)(zui)高(gao)氣溫(wen)32℃,最(zui)(zui)低氣溫(wen)-3.9℃;最(zui)(zui)熱月(yue)(yue)(yue)(7月(yue)(yue)(yue))平(ping)均氣溫(wen)27.7℃,最(zui)(zui)冷月(yue)(yue)(yue)(1月(yue)(yue)(yue))平(ping)均氣溫(wen)9.1℃;≥10℃的(de)(de)(de)有(you)效積(ji)溫(wen)5950.0℃,無霜期(qi)316天;年日(ri)照時(shi)數2020~2200小時(shi),日(ri)照百分率為(wei)52%,有(you)效率達(da)83%;年輻(fu)射量135.2千(qian)卡/厘米(mi);年降雨(yu)(yu)量850~1100毫米(mi),其中5~10月(yue)(yue)(yue)份降雨(yu)(yu)量占全年降雨(yu)(yu)量的(de)(de)(de)81.3%。
(4)人文歷(li)史(shi)情(qing)況(kuang):石屏(ping)(ping)是我(wo)國(guo)野生(sheng)(sheng)楊(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)分(fen)布的(de)主要(yao)區(qu)域之一,野生(sheng)(sheng)資源極為(wei)豐富,目前(qian)已發現矮(ai)楊(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、細楊(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、板(ban)井梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、烏兄梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)等(deng)(deng)4個(ge)野生(sheng)(sheng)楊(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)品種。自古以來,楊(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)就是石屏(ping)(ping)縣(xian)(xian)各族人民世世代代食(shi)用(yong)的(de)果實之一,已有(you)數(shu)百年(nian)(nian)的(de)歷(li)史(shi);清·乾隆十二年(nian)(nian)《石屏(ping)(ping)州志》和(he)民國(guo)元年(nian)(nian)(1912)袁嘉(jia)谷(gu)先生(sheng)(sheng)主纂《石屏(ping)(ping)縣(xian)(xian)志》都(dou)有(you)記述。上世紀80年(nian)(nian)代前(qian),我(wo)縣(xian)(xian)就對野生(sheng)(sheng)楊(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)進行人工(gong)種植(zhi)(zhi)和(he)嫁接(jie),但由于規模小,產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)低,經濟(ji)效(xiao)益不(bu)顯著。80年(nian)(nian)代以來,我(wo)縣(xian)(xian)先后從浙江(jiang)、福(fu)建等(deng)(deng)引入水(shui)晶梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、東魁(kui)、水(shui)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、荸薺(qi)(qi)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、丁岙梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、炭梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)、晚稻(dao)楊(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)等(deng)(deng)7個(ge)品種與本地(di)(di)(di)野生(sheng)(sheng)楊(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)雜(za)交,經過多(duo)年(nian)(nian)的(de)試驗和(he)提純,選育出了東魁(kui)、荸薺(qi)(qi)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)兩個(ge)適(shi)宜本地(di)(di)(di)種植(zhi)(zhi)的(de)當家品種,楊(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品成熟(shu)期比浙江(jiang)、福(fu)建等(deng)(deng)地(di)(di)(di)提前(qian)40~60天,具有(you)果大(da)核小、色澤艷(yan)麗、汁(zhi)多(duo)、酸(suan)甜(tian)適(shi)度、有(you)香氣,成熟(shu)早,較耐貯運,營(ying)養價值(zhi)高等(deng)(deng)特點。目前(qian),全縣(xian)(xian)種植(zhi)(zhi)楊(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)面(mian)積(ji)6666.7公(gong)(gong)頃,其(qi)中:東魁(kui)4000公(gong)(gong)頃、荸薺(qi)(qi)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)2666.7公(gong)(gong)頃,楊(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品年(nian)(nian)總產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)7.5萬噸,是云南省楊(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)種植(zhi)(zhi)面(mian)積(ji)和(he)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)最大(da)的(de)縣(xian)(xian),2002年(nian)(nian)被農業部認定“農業部南亞(ya)熱帶作物楊(yang)(yang)(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)名優基地(di)(di)(di)”。產(chan)(chan)(chan)品暢銷北京、浙江(jiang)、上海、福(fu)建、四(si)川、貴州、湖(hu)南、湖(hu)北、陜西、新疆等(deng)(deng)地(di)(di)(di),是石屏(ping)(ping)縣(xian)(xian)農民的(de)主要(yao)經濟(ji)收入來源。
三.地域范圍
石屏(ping)縣(xian)地處云南省南部、紅河哈尼族彝族自(zi)治州西部。地理坐(zuo)標(biao)為東經102°08′00″~102°43′00″,北緯23°19′00″~24°06′00″。全縣(xian)國地面積(ji)3037平方公里(li)。東西最大橫(heng)距(ju)59公里(li),南北最大縱距(ju)88公里(li)。石屏(ping)楊梅(mei)生產(chan)地域范圍包(bao)括(kuo)石屏(ping)縣(xian)異龍、寶秀、壩(ba)心、龍朋、大橋、新(xin)城等(deng)6個鄉鎮(zhen)。
四.產品(pin)品(pin)質特(te)性特(te)征
(1)外在感官特征:石屏(ping)楊梅果(guo)(guo)實中等大(da),成(cheng)熟時呈(cheng)不正(zheng)圓形(xing)或(huo)扁圓球(qiu)形(xing),平均單果(guo)(guo)重10克(ke),最大(da)單重16克(ke),果(guo)(guo)面(mian)為鳥紫紅(hong)色(se),果(guo)(guo)頂稍凸,果(guo)(guo)底平,縫合線較(jiao)(jiao)明顯,果(guo)(guo)蒂小;果(guo)(guo)肉肉質細軟、酸甜適(shi)度、內部紅(hong)色(se)或(huo)淡紅(hong)色(se),汁液多、具香氣、核較(jiao)(jiao)小。
(2)內在品(pin)質指標:石屏(ping)楊梅成熟早,耐貯運,營養價(jia)值(zhi)高,果實中含(han)糖(tang)高,富含(han)多種維生素(su)。其中,可(ke)溶性固(gu)形物≥10.5%,總糖(tang)≥9.5%,可(ke)滴定酸≥0.7%,每100克(ke)果汁(zhi)含(han)維生素(su)C量(liang)≥5.0毫克(ke),每公斤果汁(zhi)含(han)鉀量(liang)≥1500毫克(ke)。
(3)安(an)全(quan)要求:執照GB2762、GB2763及GB10650中(zhong)規(gui)定指標執行(xing)。