羽(yu)(yu)毛扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)已經(jing)有三千(qian)年的歷(li)史了(le)(le),中華傳(chuan)統工(gong)藝品。在國內(nei)外享有盛譽的湖州羽(yu)(yu)毛扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)是(shi)中國歷(li)史悠(you)久、風格獨特的民族傳(chuan)統產品之一。明(ming)(ming)文(wen)(wen)震亨(heng)《長物志》卷七(qi):“扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),羽(yu)(yu)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)最(zui)古。”“扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)”字從(cong)“羽(yu)(yu)”也證明(ming)(ming)了(le)(le)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)子(zi)大(da)家(jia)族中,以羽(yu)(yu)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的出現為(wei)最(zui)早。晉崔豹《古今注》:“雉尾扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)起于(yu)殷世高宗。”據前秦王(wang)嘉(jia)《拾遺(yi)記》記載,羽(yu)(yu)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)始于(yu)周昭王(wang)時(shi),有盂夏取(qu)鵲翅為(wei)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)之說。扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)字按中國象形文(wen)(wen)字理解(jie),最(zui)早的扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)子(zi)是(shi)用禽羽(yu)(yu)制作,有門戶之家(jia)才有權(quan)擁有。扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)子(zi)起源于(yu)虞舜時(shi)期,用于(yu)障蔽日,也是(shi)權(quan)威的標志。
諸葛亮,手持(chi)的應(ying)該是(shi)白鶴羽毛(mao)做的“白羽扇(shan)”,據《語林》上(shang)記載著:諸葛武侯與宣王在渭邊(bian),將戰,武侯乘素輿,葛巾,白羽扇(shan),指揮(hui)三軍,三軍皆隨(sui)其進止。
在人(ren)們(men)的印象(xiang)中,諸(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)亮的扇子非同(tong)尋常(chang),它已成(cheng)為一個特定意義的道(dao)具,與諸(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)亮的名字一樣深入人(ren)心。然而,諸(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)亮的扇子從何而來?在長(chang)江流域,流傳(chuan)著這樣一種(zhong)說(shuo)法。
相傳(chuan)諸(zhu)葛亮(liang)小(xiao)的時(shi)候(hou)放牛,結識了一(yi)位(wei)白(bai)胡子(zi)老頭(tou)(tou),兩(liang)人(ren)常在(zai)一(yi)塊讀(du)書玩(wan)耍。老頭(tou)(tou)行蹤神秘,引起了小(xiao)諸(zhu)葛的好奇。一(yi)日,他偷偷將白(bai)石灰放入(ru)老頭(tou)(tou)的竹(zhu)拐杖里,老頭(tou)(tou)走后(hou),他順著(zhu)白(bai)石灰印找到一(yi)棵大樹下(xia)。原來老頭(tou)(tou)是一(yi)只金鳥(一(yi)說為老鷹(ying))變的,正在(zai)樹上打(da)盹呢(ni)!諸(zhu)葛亮(liang)就在(zai)樹下(xia)守候(hou),忽然,金鳥打(da)了一(yi)個哈欠,從(cong)嘴里掉出一(yi)顆珠子(zi),正好落入(ru)諸(zhu)葛亮(liang)口(kou)中,“撲通(tong)“一(yi)下(xia)滑入(ru)肚中。
老頭驚醒后,對(dui)諸葛亮(liang)說了(le)實言:我是(shi)修煉了(le)三千(qian)年的(de)金鳥,全(quan)靠(kao)這顆珠(zhu)子(zi)活命。現(xian)在,珠(zhu)子(zi)沒有了(le),我也(ye)活不長了(le)。我知(zhi)道你(ni)是(shi)個(ge)聰明(ming)的(de)人,所(suo)以有意成全(quan)你(ni)。你(ni)必須在八月十(shi)五這天來這里(li)找到我的(de)尸(shi)體(ti),拔下我的(de)羽毛(mao),編成扇子(zi),日后有何難(nan)事,搖(yao)搖(yao)扇子(zi)就有辦法了(le)。
諸(zhu)葛亮的扇(shan)子(zi)就這么來的,以(yi)后他在劉備手下當了軍(jun)師(shi),這把(ba)羽扇(shan)幫他出謀劃策(ce),屢建功績,成為智(zhi)慧和(he)謀略的象征。
扇(shan)字(zi)(zi)按中(zhong)國(guo)象形文字(zi)(zi)理解,最早的(de)(de)扇(shan)子是用禽羽(yu)(yu)制(zhi)作(zuo),有(you)門戶之(zhi)家才(cai)有(you)權(quan)擁(yong)有(you)。扇(shan)子起(qi)源于(yu)虞(yu)舜時期(qi),用于(yu)障蔽(bi)日,也是權(quan)威的(de)(de)標(biao)志。古代(dai)皇帝用雉羽(yu)(yu)制(zhi)作(zuo)長(chang)柄羽(yu)(yu)扇(shan)作(zuo)為(wei)出行儀仗,以(yi)顯示王者(zhe)的(de)(de)高(gao)貴權(quan)威,后歷朝沿(yan)襲不(bu)衰,及至清代(dai)。在三國(guo),諸葛亮手(shou)中(zhong)的(de)(de)鵝(e)毛(mao)扇(shan),則被(bei)后人譽為(wei)智慧和才(cai)干的(de)(de)象征。羽(yu)(yu)毛(mao)扇(shan)乃是輕、巧之(zhi)物,所扇(shan)出的(de)(de)徐(xu)徐(xu)微風,就(jiu)連(lian)年老體弱(ruo)者(zhe)、孕(yun)婦、產后母(mu)子都很(hen)適(shi)宜使用羽(yu)(yu)毛(mao)扇(shan)。《唐書》:其扇(shan)風緩而涼(liang),病弱(ruo)者(zhe)用之(zhi),亦(yi)不(bu)傷風感冒,孕(yun)婦尤為(wei)適(shi)宜。
在(zai)國(guo)內外享有盛譽的湖州(zhou)羽毛(mao)扇,是我國(guo)歷史悠(you)久(jiu)、風格獨特(te)的民族傳(chuan)統產(chan)品之(zhi)一。
用羽(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)作扇(shan)(shan),在我(wo)國(guo)已(yi)有數(shu)千(qian)年(nian)(nian)(nian)歷史。陸機(ji)《羽(yu)(yu)(yu)扇(shan)(shan)賦(fu)》說(shuo):“昔楚襄王會于章(zhang)臺之(zhi)上,大夫宋玉、唐勒(le)侍,皆操白(bai)(bai)(bai)鶴之(zhi)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)以為(wei)扇(shan)(shan)”。清﹒張燕昌《羽(yu)(yu)(yu)扇(shan)(shan)譜(pu)》記載更詳,說(shuo)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)扇(shan)(shan)“古今(jin)注謂其制(zhi)起自殷(yin)高宗,周禮(li)巾車(che)為(wei)重翟。說(shuo)者謂僅(jin)在儀衛。至三(san)國(guo)時,諸葛亮捉白(bai)(bai)(bai)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)扇(shan)(shan)指揮三(san)軍。始(shi)為(wei)今(jin)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)扇(shan)(shan)所(suo)昉,其產(chan)以湖州為(wei)盛。每歲采(cai)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)選刷,或白(bai)(bai)(bai)或染,匯合(he)成扇(shan)(shan),復用利刀破羽(yu)(yu)(yu)管,用鶴鸛等(deng)尾下甬毛(mao)(mao)毛(mao)(mao)綴之(zhi),以美觀。所(suo)用鳥羽(yu)(yu)(yu)種類不(bu)一(yi),而以雁鷹(ying)為(wei)多見”。據傳(chuan)說(shuo),三(san)國(guo)時期(qi)湖州已(yi)出羽(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)扇(shan)(shan),但尚無從嵇(ji)考。現據制(zhi)扇(shan)(shan)老藝(yi)人(ren)回憶,湖州最老的羽(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)房店(dian)是邱義豐,已(yi)有一(yi)百七、八十年(nian)(nian)(nian)歷史,而在該店(dian)創設以前(qian),湖州羽(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)扇(shan)(shan)已(yi)盛行(xing)百余年(nian)(nian)(nian)。由此可見,湖州羽(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)扇(shan)(shan)的歷史至少也有數(shu)百年(nian)(nian)(nian)了。
湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)州(zhou)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)扇的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點是:毛(mao)(mao)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)平薄,質(zhi)軟(ruan)風柔(rou),制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工精致,式(shi)樣美(mei)觀,俗稱:“清(qing)涼悠悠鳥毛(mao)(mao)扇”。人們常(chang)說(shuo)此(ci)種扇子扇出來的(de)(de)(de)(de)風是“和風”,特(te)別(bie)適(shi)宜于(yu)老、弱、病人及孕婦使用(yong)(yong)(yong),不會扇出病來,因而(er)被(bei)人們譽(yu)為“納涼妙品”。湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)州(zhou)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)扇何以質(zhi)量獨佳(jia)?《湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)州(zhou)府志》說(shuo):“羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)外(wai)來之(zhi)物,吾(wu)郡(jun)中溪(xi)水(shui)(shui)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)之(zhi),則(ze)潤澤(ze)而(er)有(you)光(guang)彩,制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亦精致,他處所罕(han)見(jian)也(ye)(ye)。”湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)州(zhou)民間(jian)對羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)扇的(de)(de)(de)(de)柔(rou)軟(ruan)潤澤(ze),有(you)一(yi)(yi)個有(you)趣的(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)話故事。傳說(shuo)“八仙(xian)”之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)呂洞(dong)賓,曾在湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)州(zhou)城內(nei)駱駝橋堍賣湯團,用(yong)(yong)(yong)古(gu)橋下(xia)之(zhi)水(shui)(shui)而(er)煮(zhu),其味鮮美(mei)可口(kou),生意興隆。此(ci)后(hou)(hou),制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)扇藝人也(ye)(ye)專取駱駝橋下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)來洗(xi)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao),洗(xi)后(hou)(hou)果(guo)然羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)色(se)澤(ze)光(guang)亮(liang),毛(mao)(mao)質(zhi)柔(rou)韌,惹(re)人喜愛(ai)。當然,神(shen)話只(zhi)是神(shen)話,而(er)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)州(zhou)城內(nei)為苕溪(xi)所經,苕溪(xi)發源于(yu)天目山,水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)佳(jia)卻是真實(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de),故洗(xi)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)之(zhi)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)會柔(rou)軟(ruan)而(er)富有(you)光(guang)澤(ze)。除(chu)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)外(wai),選(xuan)(xuan)料嚴格,制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工精致尤為關鍵(jian)。羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)野禽和家禽兩種,野禽主要(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)雁(yan)、鷹、鶴、鴟、雕、鷺(lu)鷥、天鵝(e)和青雞等(deng)等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)翅(chi)尾(wei),此(ci)類(lei)鳥產于(yu)太(tai)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、洪澤(ze)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)和鄱陽湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)泊周圍的(de)(de)(de)(de)蘆葦密(mi)層(ceng)之(zhi)中。家禽選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)杭嘉水(shui)(shui)鄉所產的(de)(de)(de)(de)白鵝(e)和后(hou)(hou)來引進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)灰鵝(e)的(de)(de)(de)(de)翎羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),還大量從南(nan)京、蕪湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、江西(xi)等(deng)地采(cai)購。制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)(yi)把(ba)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)扇,要(yao)經過選(xuan)(xuan)毛(mao)(mao)、出片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)、洗(xi)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)、理片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)、縫片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)、接管、串毛(mao)(mao)、裝(zhuang)柄、整(zheng)形、裝(zhuang)絨、繪畫等(deng)十一(yi)(yi)道工序,整(zheng)個工藝過程要(yao)求一(yi)(yi)絲(si)不茍。配制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)扇柄也(ye)(ye)很講究。據(ju)《湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)州(zhou)府志》記(ji)載:湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)城人制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鵝(e)毛(mao)(mao)扇,“其柄即將羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)管劈絲(si)編織,大抵用(yong)(yong)(yong)鵝(e)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),其貴重(zhong)者(zhe)用(yong)(yong)(yong)鶴飾柄,用(yong)(yong)(yong)瑪瑙(nao)、檀香鏈銅(tong)絲(si)為釘鉸,其價有(you)至數(shu)金者(zhe)。”爾后(hou)(hou),一(yi)(yi)般(ban)扇柄用(yong)(yong)(yong)竹、木制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng),有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)山羊腳骨加工而(er)成(cheng)(cheng),山羊骨扇柄最(zui)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)妙處是久(jiu)執手中不覺潮熱(re),高檔扇則(ze)用(yong)(yong)(yong)象牙和獸骨磋制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)為柄。制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)扇藝人完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)把(ba)扇后(hou)(hou),有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)還要(yao)在扇柄上(shang)端(duan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)管劈成(cheng)(cheng)篾扎成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)(yi)只(zhi)富有(you)江南(nan)水(shui)(shui)鄉特(te)色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)小菱角,真是獨具匠心,構思巧妙,錦上(shang)添花。
湖(hu)州(zhou)(zhou)羽(yu)毛(mao)(mao)扇(shan)(shan)花(hua)色品(pin)種(zhong)繁多(duo),約有百余種(zhong),其主要有五種(zhong):如(ru)諸葛扇(shan)(shan)、桃(tao)形(xing)(xing)扇(shan)(shan)、圓形(xing)(xing)扇(shan)(shan)、半月(yue)扇(shan)(shan)和(he)絨折扇(shan)(shan)等,其中(zhong)(zhong)桃(tao)形(xing)(xing)扇(shan)(shan)其形(xing)(xing)似籌桃(tao),人(ren)們作(zuo)(zuo)為壽禮饋贈(zeng),工(gong)藝水平高(gao)超(chao),造型美觀,是湖(hu)州(zhou)(zhou)羽(yu)毛(mao)(mao)扇(shan)(shan)廠(chang)(chang)眾多(duo)產品(pin)中(zhong)(zhong)的佼(jiao)佼(jiao)者(zhe),一(yi)九(jiu)(jiu)八(ba)一(yi)年(nian)全國扇(shan)(shan)子質量評(ping)(ping)比中(zhong)(zhong)它和(he)半月(yue)扇(shan)(shan)一(yi)起被評(ping)(ping)為全國同(tong)類產品(pin)的第一(yi)名(ming)。湖(hu)州(zhou)(zhou)羽(yu)毛(mao)(mao)扇(shan)(shan)既經(jing)濟實用,又可(ke)作(zuo)(zuo)為藝術鑒賞。在文藝舞(wu)臺(tai)上,羽(yu)毛(mao)(mao)扇(shan)(shan)也屢次展現,如(ru)京劇(ju)折子戲《空城(cheng)計》中(zhong)(zhong)的諸葛亮,手(shou)執鶴(he)翎扇(shan)(shan)輕(qing)輕(qing)擺動,十(shi)分(fen)得體,是具(ju)有獨(du)特風格中(zhong)(zhong)而不缺少(shao)的道具(ju)。在舞(wu)蹈中(zhong)(zhong)羽(yu)毛(mao)(mao)扇(shan)(shan)作(zuo)(zuo)為主要道具(ju)的亦頗(po)多(duo)。一(yi)九(jiu)(jiu)六四年(nian)柬埔寨皇家歌舞(wu)團(tuan)訪華(hua)演出(chu)時,在舞(wu)蹈中(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)現的六十(shi)把羽(yu)絨折扇(shan)(shan),就(jiu)是湖(hu)州(zhou)(zhou)羽(yu)毛(mao)(mao)扇(shan)(shan)廠(chang)(chang)精工(gong)制作(zuo)(zuo)而成的。