羽(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)已經(jing)有(you)(you)三(san)千年的歷(li)史了,中(zhong)華(hua)傳(chuan)統工(gong)藝品。在(zai)國內外享有(you)(you)盛(sheng)譽的湖(hu)州羽(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)是(shi)中(zhong)國歷(li)史悠久(jiu)、風格獨特的民(min)族傳(chuan)統產品之一。明(ming)(ming)文震亨《長物志》卷七:“扇(shan)(shan)(shan),羽(yu)(yu)(yu)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)最(zui)古。”“扇(shan)(shan)(shan)”字(zi)(zi)從(cong)“羽(yu)(yu)(yu)”也證明(ming)(ming)了扇(shan)(shan)(shan)子(zi)大(da)家族中(zhong),以羽(yu)(yu)(yu)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)的出現為(wei)(wei)最(zui)早。晉崔豹(bao)《古今注》:“雉(zhi)尾扇(shan)(shan)(shan)起(qi)于殷世(shi)高宗。”據前秦王嘉《拾(shi)遺記》記載,羽(yu)(yu)(yu)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)始于周昭王時(shi),有(you)(you)盂夏(xia)取鵲翅為(wei)(wei)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)之說。扇(shan)(shan)(shan)字(zi)(zi)按中(zhong)國象形文字(zi)(zi)理解,最(zui)早的扇(shan)(shan)(shan)子(zi)是(shi)用禽羽(yu)(yu)(yu)制作,有(you)(you)門戶之家才(cai)有(you)(you)權(quan)擁有(you)(you)。扇(shan)(shan)(shan)子(zi)起(qi)源于虞舜時(shi)期,用于障(zhang)蔽(bi)日,也是(shi)權(quan)威(wei)的標(biao)志。
諸(zhu)葛亮,手持的應該是白(bai)鶴羽毛做的“白(bai)羽扇”,據《語林》上記載著:諸(zhu)葛武侯(hou)與(yu)宣王在(zai)渭邊,將戰(zhan),武侯(hou)乘素輿,葛巾(jin),白(bai)羽扇,指揮三(san)軍,三(san)軍皆隨其進止。
在人(ren)(ren)們的印(yin)象中,諸(zhu)葛(ge)亮(liang)的扇(shan)子(zi)非同尋常,它(ta)已成(cheng)為一個特(te)定(ding)意義的道(dao)具,與諸(zhu)葛(ge)亮(liang)的名字一樣深入人(ren)(ren)心。然(ran)而,諸(zhu)葛(ge)亮(liang)的扇(shan)子(zi)從何而來?在長江流域,流傳著這樣一種說(shuo)法。
相傳諸(zhu)葛亮小的時候放(fang)牛,結識(shi)了(le)一(yi)位白胡子老(lao)頭(tou),兩人常在一(yi)塊讀書(shu)玩(wan)耍。老(lao)頭(tou)行蹤神秘,引起(qi)了(le)小諸(zhu)葛的好(hao)奇。一(yi)日,他偷(tou)偷(tou)將白石(shi)灰放(fang)入老(lao)頭(tou)的竹拐(guai)杖里(li),老(lao)頭(tou)走后(hou),他順(shun)著白石(shi)灰印(yin)找到(dao)一(yi)棵大(da)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)下。原來老(lao)頭(tou)是一(yi)只金(jin)鳥(一(yi)說為老(lao)鷹)變(bian)的,正在樹(shu)(shu)(shu)上(shang)打盹呢!諸(zhu)葛亮就在樹(shu)(shu)(shu)下守候,忽然,金(jin)鳥打了(le)一(yi)個(ge)哈欠(qian),從嘴里(li)掉出(chu)一(yi)顆珠子,正好(hao)落入諸(zhu)葛亮口中,“撲通“一(yi)下滑入肚中。
老(lao)頭驚醒(xing)后,對諸葛亮(liang)說了(le)(le)(le)實(shi)言:我(wo)是(shi)修煉了(le)(le)(le)三千年的(de)金(jin)鳥,全(quan)靠(kao)這顆珠子(zi)活命。現(xian)在(zai),珠子(zi)沒有(you)了(le)(le)(le),我(wo)也活不長了(le)(le)(le)。我(wo)知道你(ni)是(shi)個聰明的(de)人,所以(yi)有(you)意成(cheng)全(quan)你(ni)。你(ni)必須在(zai)八月十五這天(tian)來(lai)這里(li)找到我(wo)的(de)尸體,拔下我(wo)的(de)羽毛,編成(cheng)扇(shan)子(zi),日后有(you)何難事,搖搖扇(shan)子(zi)就(jiu)有(you)辦法了(le)(le)(le)。
諸葛亮的(de)扇(shan)子就(jiu)這(zhe)么來(lai)的(de),以后他在劉備(bei)手(shou)下當了軍(jun)師(shi),這(zhe)把(ba)羽扇(shan)幫他出謀劃策,屢建功(gong)績,成為(wei)智慧和謀略的(de)象征(zheng)。
扇(shan)字(zi)按中(zhong)國象形文字(zi)理解,最早的(de)(de)(de)扇(shan)子是用(yong)禽(qin)羽(yu)制作,有(you)門戶之家才有(you)權擁有(you)。扇(shan)子起源于虞舜時期,用(yong)于障蔽日,也是權威(wei)的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)志。古代皇(huang)帝用(yong)雉羽(yu)制作長柄羽(yu)扇(shan)作為(wei)(wei)出行儀仗(zhang),以顯示王者的(de)(de)(de)高貴權威(wei),后歷(li)朝沿襲(xi)不(bu)衰,及(ji)至清代。在三國,諸葛亮(liang)手中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)鵝毛(mao)扇(shan),則(ze)被后人譽為(wei)(wei)智慧(hui)和才干的(de)(de)(de)象征。羽(yu)毛(mao)扇(shan)乃(nai)是輕、巧之物,所扇(shan)出的(de)(de)(de)徐徐微風,就連(lian)年老體弱者、孕(yun)婦、產后母(mu)子都很適(shi)宜使用(yong)羽(yu)毛(mao)扇(shan)。《唐書》:其扇(shan)風緩而涼(liang),病(bing)弱者用(yong)之,亦(yi)不(bu)傷(shang)風感冒(mao),孕(yun)婦尤為(wei)(wei)適(shi)宜。
在國內(nei)外享(xiang)有盛(sheng)譽的湖州羽(yu)毛(mao)扇,是我國歷史悠久、風格獨(du)特的民(min)族傳統產品之一(yi)。
用(yong)(yong)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)毛作(zuo)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),在(zai)(zai)我國(guo)已(yi)有(you)數千(qian)年歷(li)史(shi)。陸機《羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)賦》說(shuo):“昔楚襄(xiang)王會于章臺之(zhi)上,大夫宋玉、唐勒侍(shi),皆操白(bai)鶴(he)之(zhi)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)以(yi)為扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)”。清﹒張燕昌(chang)《羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)譜》記載更(geng)詳,說(shuo)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)毛扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)“古(gu)今注謂其制起自殷高(gao)宗,周禮巾(jin)車為重翟。說(shuo)者謂僅(jin)在(zai)(zai)儀(yi)衛。至三(san)國(guo)時(shi),諸葛亮捉(zhuo)白(bai)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)指揮三(san)軍(jun)。始為今羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)所昉,其產以(yi)湖(hu)州(zhou)為盛。每(mei)歲(sui)采羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)選刷,或白(bai)或染(ran),匯合成扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),復用(yong)(yong)利刀破(po)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)管(guan),用(yong)(yong)鶴(he)鸛等(deng)尾(wei)下甬毛毛綴之(zhi),以(yi)美觀。所用(yong)(yong)鳥羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)種類不(bu)一(yi),而以(yi)雁鷹為多見”。據傳說(shuo),三(san)國(guo)時(shi)期湖(hu)州(zhou)已(yi)出羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)毛扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),但尚無(wu)從(cong)嵇考。現據制扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)老(lao)藝(yi)人回(hui)憶,湖(hu)州(zhou)最老(lao)的羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)毛房店是(shi)邱義(yi)豐,已(yi)有(you)一(yi)百(bai)七、八十年歷(li)史(shi),而在(zai)(zai)該店創設以(yi)前,湖(hu)州(zhou)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)毛扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)已(yi)盛行(xing)百(bai)余年。由此可(ke)見,湖(hu)州(zhou)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)毛扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的歷(li)史(shi)至少也有(you)數百(bai)年了(le)。
湖(hu)(hu)(hu)州(zhou)羽(yu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點是(shi):毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)片平薄,質軟風柔(rou),制工(gong)精(jing)致(zhi),式樣美(mei)觀,俗稱:“清涼(liang)悠悠鳥毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)”。人(ren)們常說此(ci)(ci)種(zhong)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)子扇(shan)(shan)(shan)出來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風是(shi)“和風”,特別(bie)適宜于老、弱(ruo)、病人(ren)及孕婦使用(yong)(yong),不會扇(shan)(shan)(shan)出病來(lai),因而(er)(er)被人(ren)們譽為(wei)(wei)“納涼(liang)妙(miao)品”。湖(hu)(hu)(hu)州(zhou)羽(yu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)何以(yi)質量獨佳?《湖(hu)(hu)(hu)州(zhou)府(fu)志(zhi)》說:“羽(yu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)外來(lai)之(zhi)(zhi)物(wu),吾郡中(zhong)溪水(shui)(shui)刷之(zhi)(zhi),則潤澤(ze)而(er)(er)有光(guang)彩,制亦精(jing)致(zhi),他處所罕見也。”湖(hu)(hu)(hu)州(zhou)民間對羽(yu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)柔(rou)軟潤澤(ze),有一個有趣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神話(hua)(hua)故事。傳說“八仙”之(zhi)(zhi)一的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)呂(lv)洞賓(bin),曾(ceng)在(zai)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)州(zhou)城(cheng)內駱駝橋堍賣湯(tang)團,用(yong)(yong)古橋下之(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)而(er)(er)煮(zhu),其(qi)味鮮美(mei)可(ke)口,生意興(xing)隆。此(ci)(ci)后(hou),制扇(shan)(shan)(shan)藝人(ren)也專取駱駝橋下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)來(lai)洗(xi)刷羽(yu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao),洗(xi)后(hou)果然(ran)(ran)羽(yu)片色(se)澤(ze)光(guang)亮,毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)質柔(rou)韌,惹人(ren)喜愛。當然(ran)(ran),神話(hua)(hua)只是(shi)神話(hua)(hua),而(er)(er)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)州(zhou)城(cheng)內為(wei)(wei)苕溪所經(jing),苕溪發源于天(tian)目山(shan),水(shui)(shui)質佳卻是(shi)真實的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),故洗(xi)刷之(zhi)(zhi)羽(yu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)會柔(rou)軟而(er)(er)富有光(guang)澤(ze)。除水(shui)(shui)質外,選(xuan)料嚴格,制工(gong)精(jing)致(zhi)尤為(wei)(wei)關鍵。羽(yu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)野禽(qin)和家禽(qin)兩(liang)種(zhong),野禽(qin)主要(yao)用(yong)(yong)雁、鷹、鶴、鴟、雕、鷺鷥(si)、天(tian)鵝(e)(e)和青雞(ji)等(deng)等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)翅尾,此(ci)(ci)類鳥產(chan)于太湖(hu)(hu)(hu)、洪澤(ze)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)和鄱陽湖(hu)(hu)(hu)泊周(zhou)圍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蘆(lu)葦密層(ceng)之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)。家禽(qin)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)杭嘉(jia)水(shui)(shui)鄉(xiang)(xiang)所產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)白鵝(e)(e)和后(hou)來(lai)引進的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)灰鵝(e)(e)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)翎羽(yu),還大量從南京、蕪湖(hu)(hu)(hu)、江(jiang)西(xi)等(deng)地采(cai)(cai)購。制成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一把(ba)(ba)羽(yu)扇(shan)(shan)(shan),要(yao)經(jing)過選(xuan)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)、出片、洗(xi)片、理片、縫片、接管(guan)(guan)、串毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)、裝柄(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、整形、裝絨、繪畫(hua)等(deng)十一道工(gong)序,整個工(gong)藝過程要(yao)求一絲(si)不茍。配制扇(shan)(shan)(shan)柄(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)也很講究。據《湖(hu)(hu)(hu)州(zhou)府(fu)志(zhi)》記(ji)載:湖(hu)(hu)(hu)城(cheng)人(ren)制鵝(e)(e)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)扇(shan)(shan)(shan),“其(qi)柄(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)即將羽(yu)管(guan)(guan)劈(pi)絲(si)編織,大抵用(yong)(yong)鵝(e)(e)羽(yu),其(qi)貴重者用(yong)(yong)鶴飾柄(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing),用(yong)(yong)瑪瑙(nao)、檀(tan)香鏈銅絲(si)為(wei)(wei)釘鉸,其(qi)價有至數金者。”爾(er)后(hou),一般(ban)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)柄(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)用(yong)(yong)竹、木制成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)山(shan)羊(yang)腳(jiao)骨加(jia)工(gong)而(er)(er)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),山(shan)羊(yang)骨扇(shan)(shan)(shan)柄(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)最大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)妙(miao)處是(shi)久執手中(zhong)不覺(jue)潮熱,高檔扇(shan)(shan)(shan)則用(yong)(yong)象(xiang)牙和獸(shou)骨磋制成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)柄(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)。制扇(shan)(shan)(shan)藝人(ren)完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)把(ba)(ba)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)后(hou),有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)還要(yao)在(zai)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)柄(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)上端用(yong)(yong)羽(yu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)管(guan)(guan)劈(pi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)篾扎成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一只富有江(jiang)南水(shui)(shui)鄉(xiang)(xiang)特色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)菱角,真是(shi)獨具匠心(xin),構思巧(qiao)妙(miao),錦上添花。
湖州(zhou)羽(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)扇(shan)花色品種(zhong)繁(fan)多,約有(you)(you)百余種(zhong),其(qi)(qi)主(zhu)要有(you)(you)五種(zhong):如諸(zhu)葛(ge)扇(shan)、桃形扇(shan)、圓形扇(shan)、半月(yue)扇(shan)和絨折扇(shan)等,其(qi)(qi)中桃形扇(shan)其(qi)(qi)形似籌桃,人(ren)們作為壽禮饋贈(zeng),工(gong)藝水平高超,造型美觀(guan),是湖州(zhou)羽(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)扇(shan)廠眾多產品中的佼佼者,一(yi)九(jiu)八一(yi)年全國(guo)(guo)扇(shan)子質量評(ping)(ping)比中它和半月(yue)扇(shan)一(yi)起被評(ping)(ping)為全國(guo)(guo)同類(lei)產品的第一(yi)名。湖州(zhou)羽(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)扇(shan)既經(jing)濟實用,又可(ke)作為藝術鑒賞。在文藝舞臺上,羽(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)扇(shan)也屢(lv)次展現,如京劇(ju)折子戲(xi)《空城計(ji)》中的諸(zhu)葛(ge)亮,手執鶴翎(ling)扇(shan)輕輕擺(bai)動(dong),十(shi)分得(de)體(ti),是具(ju)有(you)(you)獨(du)特(te)風格中而不缺少(shao)的道具(ju)。在舞蹈中羽(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)扇(shan)作為主(zhu)要道具(ju)的亦頗(po)多。一(yi)九(jiu)六四(si)年柬(jian)埔寨皇家歌舞團(tuan)訪華演出(chu)時,在舞蹈中出(chu)現的六十(shi)把羽(yu)(yu)絨折扇(shan),就是湖州(zhou)羽(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)扇(shan)廠精工(gong)制作而成的。