乳(ru)(ru)腺(xian)(xian)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)腺(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu)是由腺(xian)(xian)上(shang)皮(pi)和(he)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)兩種成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)混合組(zu)成(cheng)的(de)良性(xing)腫(zhong)(zhong)瘤(liu)(liu),好(hao)發于青年女性(xing),與(yu)患者體內(nei)性(xing)激素水平(ping)失衡有關(guan)。對(dui)本(ben)病的(de)認識還有腺(xian)(xian)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)瘤(liu)(liu)、腺(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu)之稱,是由于構成(cheng)腫(zhong)(zhong)瘤(liu)(liu)的(de)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)和(he)腺(xian)(xian)上(shang)皮(pi)增(zeng)生程(cheng)度的(de)不同所致。當腫(zhong)(zhong)瘤(liu)(liu)構成(cheng)以腺(xian)(xian)上(shang)皮(pi)增(zeng)生為主,而纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)較(jiao)少(shao)(shao)時稱為纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)腺(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu);若纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)腫(zhong)(zhong)瘤(liu)(liu)中占多數(shu),腺(xian)(xian)管成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)較(jiao)少(shao)(shao)時,稱為腺(xian)(xian)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)瘤(liu)(liu);腫(zhong)(zhong)瘤(liu)(liu)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)由大量腺(xian)(xian)管成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)組(zu)成(cheng)時,則稱為腺(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu)。上(shang)述(shu)三(san)種分(fen)(fen)類只是病理形態學方面的(de)差異,其臨床(chuang)(chuang)表(biao)現、治療及(ji)預后并無不同,故統稱為纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)腺(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu)。乳(ru)(ru)腺(xian)(xian)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)腺(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu)好(hao)發于乳(ru)(ru)房外上(shang)象(xiang)限,呈圓形或卵圓形,臨床(chuang)(chuang)多見(jian)1~3cm,生長(chang)緩慢,妊娠(shen)或哺(bu)乳(ru)(ru)期時可急(ji)驟增(zeng)長(chang)。極(ji)少(shao)(shao)數(shu)青春期發生的(de)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)腺(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu)可在(zai)短時間內(nei)迅速增(zeng)大,直徑(jing)可達8~10cm,稱為巨大纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)腺(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu),仍屬(shu)良性(xing)腫(zhong)(zhong)瘤(liu)(liu)。纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)腺(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu)惡變成(cheng)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)肉(rou)瘤(liu)(liu)或乳(ru)(ru)腺(xian)(xian)癌者極(ji)少(shao)(shao)見(jian),不到1%。
卵巢(chao)功能旺盛(sheng),雌激(ji)(ji)素水平過高,調(diao)節失衡,加之患者對雌激(ji)(ji)素反應敏(min)感,在雌激(ji)(ji)素的長(chang)期刺激(ji)(ji)下,引起乳腺(xian)(xian)腺(xian)(xian)上皮組(zu)織和纖維(wei)組(zu)織過度(du)增生(sheng),結構紊亂,形成腫(zhong)瘤(liu)。由于乳腺(xian)(xian)纖維(wei)腺(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)與性激(ji)(ji)素分(fen)泌旺盛(sheng)有關(guan),故此多發生(sheng)在青(qing)年女(nv)性,月經來潮(chao)前(qian)或絕經后婦女(nv)少見(jian)。
主要為(wei)乳(ru)房(fang)(fang)無痛(tong)性腫(zhong)塊(kuai)(kuai),很(hen)少伴有乳(ru)房(fang)(fang)疼(teng)痛(tong)或乳(ru)頭溢液。腫(zhong)塊(kuai)(kuai)往往是無意中(zhong)(zhong)、洗澡時,或體(ti)檢中(zhong)(zhong)被發現。單發腫(zhong)塊(kuai)(kuai)居多,亦可多發,也可兩側乳(ru)房(fang)(fang)同時或先(xian)后觸及(ji)腫(zhong)塊(kuai)(kuai)。多為(wei)圓(yuan)形或橢圓(yuan)形,直(zhi)徑常為(wei)1~3cm,亦有更(geng)小或更(geng)大(da)者,偶可見巨(ju)大(da)者。境(jing)界清楚,邊緣整齊,表面光滑,富有彈性,無壓痛(tong),活動度(du)較大(da),與皮膚無粘連。
1.彩超
能顯示乳房各層次結構及腫塊(kuai)形態、大小(xiao)及回聲(sheng)狀(zhuang)況。乳腺(xian)纖維(wei)腺(xian)瘤彩超多為圓(yuan)形、卵圓(yuan)形均勻低回聲(sheng)腫物(wu),多可(ke)見(jian)(jian)光滑清晰的包膜回聲(sheng),腫塊(kuai)后方回聲(sheng)正常(chang)或輕微增強,可(ke)見(jian)(jian)側方聲(sheng)影,腫塊(kuai)內可(ke)見(jian)(jian)伴聲(sheng)影的粗大鈣化。彩色多普勒顯示腫塊(kuai)內多無血流信號或見(jian)(jian)少量血流信號,RI<0.7。
2.乳腺X線攝影
青(qing)春期(qi)女孩,致密(mi)型乳腺(xian),不適宜進行乳腺(xian)X線(xian)攝影。中年及以上婦女乳腺(xian)X線(xian)片纖維腺(xian)瘤表(biao)現為(wei)圓形、卵圓形腫(zhong)(zhong)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai),也可(ke)呈(cheng)分(fen)葉狀(zhuang),直徑多為(wei)1~3cm,邊緣光滑(hua)清楚,與(yu)(yu)等體(ti)積的(de)正(zheng)常腺(xian)體(ti)比較,腫(zhong)(zhong)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)呈(cheng)等或稍(shao)高密(mi)度(du),周圍可(ke)有低密(mi)度(du)暈環。部分(fen)病灶(zao)內可(ke)見鈣化(hua),鈣化(hua)多位于腫(zhong)(zhong)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)中心(xin)或邊緣,多呈(cheng)粗顆粒狀(zhuang)、樹(shu)枝狀(zhuang)或斑(ban)點(dian)狀(zhuang),也可(ke)相(xiang)互融合成(cheng)大塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)狀(zhuang),占據(ju)腫(zhong)(zhong)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)大部或全部,與(yu)(yu)乳腺(xian)癌的(de)成(cheng)簇(cu)沙粒樣鈣化(hua)灶(zao)不同(tong)。
3.乳腺病(bing)灶活檢
根據(ju)病史、體檢或影像(xiang)學(xue)檢查難以鑒別的乳腺(xian)腫(zhong)塊,可采取(qu)穿刺(ci)或手術切除(chu)的方(fang)法,進行組織病理學(xue)檢查,明確診(zhen)斷。
乳(ru)(ru)房位于(yu)體(ti)表,典型的乳(ru)(ru)腺(xian)(xian)纖維(wei)腺(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)相對容易診斷(duan)。青少年女(nv)性,無(wu)(wu)意中或體(ti)檢中發(fa)現(xian)乳(ru)(ru)房無(wu)(wu)痛(tong)性腫塊1~3cm,圓(yuan)(yuan)形或卵圓(yuan)(yuan)形,與周圍無(wu)(wu)粘連,活動度大(da),觸(chu)診有滑脫感;生長緩慢,與月經周期無(wu)(wu)關(guan);臨床(chuang)可考慮為乳(ru)(ru)腺(xian)(xian)纖維(wei)腺(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)。但(dan)對于(yu)妊娠后(hou),特(te)別(bie)是(shi)絕(jue)經后(hou)婦女(nv),乳(ru)(ru)房發(fa)現(xian)無(wu)(wu)痛(tong)性腫塊,要(yao)提高警惕,不要(yao)輕易診斷(duan)乳(ru)(ru)腺(xian)(xian)纖維(wei)腺(xian)(xian)瘤(liu),應借助(zhu)影像學檢查(cha)(cha)鑒別(bie)診斷(duan),必要(yao)時需依據病(bing)理組織學檢查(cha)(cha)確診。
1.密切觀察、定期隨診
乳腺(xian)纖維(wei)腺(xian)瘤是常見的良性腫(zhong)瘤,極少惡變。發展緩(huan)慢,沒有癥狀,不影響生活和工(gong)作,可(ke)以密切(qie)觀察定期隨診。
2.外科手術切除
(1)觀察(cha)過(guo)程中,如乳房自查或(huo)去醫(yi)院(yuan)檢查,發現纖維腺瘤有增大傾向,或(huo)彩(cai)超(chao)原顯示腫塊內(nei)無血流(liu)信號現可見大量(liang)血流(liu)信號,應手術(shu)切除。
(2)乳(ru)腺纖(xian)維瘤患者,準備懷孕之前,應進行纖(xian)維腺瘤切除術(shu)。原(yuan)因:a.乳(ru)腺纖(xian)維腺瘤的發生與雌激素(su)水(shui)平升高有(you)關,妊娠(shen)、哺乳(ru)期,隨著體(ti)內激素(su)水(shui)平的變(bian)化,可導致腫(zhong)瘤體(ti)積迅速增大。b.妊娠(shen)期乳(ru)腺不宜進行手(shou)術(shu)及有(you)創(chuang)性(xing)檢查,哺乳(ru)期亦不適(shi)合手(shou)術(shu)。
(3)青少(shao)年(nian)巨大纖維腺(xian)瘤(幼年(nian)性纖維腺(xian)瘤),因腫瘤生(sheng)長(chang)快(kuai),體積大,對正(zheng)常乳(ru)腺(xian)組(zu)織產生(sheng)擠(ji)壓,應考慮(lv)手術切除,手術不會對以后(hou)的(de)妊娠(shen)、哺乳(ru)產生(sheng)不良(liang)影響。
(4)有乳腺癌(ai)家族史者可考慮手術切(qie)除。
3.乳腺微創旋切手術
選擇乳腺纖(xian)維腺瘤診斷明(ming)確者(不適宜(yi)乳腺癌的(de)治療)。利用真空輔助旋切(qie)設備,在乳腺超聲引導下,一次進針多次切(qie)割將(jiang)腫瘤切(qie)除。切(qie)口僅0.3cm,恢(hui)復(fu)快,美學(xue)效果好。纖(xian)維腺瘤完整切(qie)除后(hou)很(hen)少(shao)復(fu)發,但可再發。
建立良(liang)好地生(sheng)活飲食習慣,避免(mian)和減(jian)少心理緊張因素,保(bao)持心情舒暢(chang)。控制高脂肪(fang)、高熱量飲食的(de)攝入(ru),不亂服用外源(yuan)性雌激素。掌(zhang)握(wo)乳(ru)房自我檢(jian)查方法,養成每(mei)月(yue)一次的(de)乳(ru)房自查習慣,若發現原因不明的(de)乳(ru)腺結節,應及(ji)時去醫(yi)院診斷。積極參加乳(ru)腺癌篩查。