乳腺(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)是由(you)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)上(shang)皮和纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)組織兩種成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)混合組成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)良性(xing)腫(zhong)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu),好發于(yu)青年女(nv)性(xing),與患者(zhe)體內性(xing)激素(su)水平失衡有關。對本病(bing)的(de)(de)認識還有腺(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)、腺(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)之(zhi)稱(cheng),是由(you)于(yu)構成(cheng)(cheng)腫(zhong)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)和腺(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)上(shang)皮增生程度(du)的(de)(de)不(bu)同所致。當腫(zhong)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)構成(cheng)(cheng)以腺(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)上(shang)皮增生為(wei)(wei)主,而纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)較(jiao)少(shao)時稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu);若纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)組織在(zai)腫(zhong)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)中(zhong)占多數(shu),腺(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)較(jiao)少(shao)時,稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu);腫(zhong)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)組織由(you)大(da)量腺(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)組成(cheng)(cheng)時,則稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)。上(shang)述三種分(fen)(fen)類只是病(bing)理形(xing)態學方面的(de)(de)差異,其臨床(chuang)(chuang)表現(xian)、治療及預后并(bing)無(wu)不(bu)同,故統稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)。乳腺(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)好發于(yu)乳房外上(shang)象限(xian),呈圓(yuan)形(xing)或(huo)卵(luan)圓(yuan)形(xing),臨床(chuang)(chuang)多見(jian)1~3cm,生長(chang)緩慢(man),妊娠或(huo)哺(bu)乳期時可急驟增長(chang)。極少(shao)數(shu)青春期發生的(de)(de)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)可在(zai)短時間內迅(xun)速增大(da),直(zhi)徑可達(da)8~10cm,稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)巨(ju)大(da)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu),仍(reng)屬良性(xing)腫(zhong)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)。纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)惡(e)變成(cheng)(cheng)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)肉(rou)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)或(huo)乳腺(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)癌者(zhe)極少(shao)見(jian),不(bu)到1%。
卵(luan)巢功能(neng)旺盛,雌(ci)激素(su)水(shui)平過高,調節失衡,加之患者(zhe)對雌(ci)激素(su)反應敏感(gan),在(zai)雌(ci)激素(su)的長期(qi)刺(ci)激下(xia),引起乳腺(xian)腺(xian)上皮組織(zhi)和纖維(wei)(wei)組織(zhi)過度增生(sheng),結(jie)構紊亂,形成腫瘤。由于(yu)乳腺(xian)纖維(wei)(wei)腺(xian)瘤與性激素(su)分泌旺盛有關,故(gu)此多(duo)發生(sheng)在(zai)青年女性,月經來潮前或絕經后婦女少見。
主要為(wei)乳(ru)(ru)房(fang)無(wu)(wu)痛(tong)性腫塊,很少伴有乳(ru)(ru)房(fang)疼痛(tong)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)乳(ru)(ru)頭溢液。腫塊往往是無(wu)(wu)意中、洗(xi)澡時,或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)體檢中被發(fa)(fa)現。單發(fa)(fa)腫塊居多(duo),亦(yi)可多(duo)發(fa)(fa),也可兩側乳(ru)(ru)房(fang)同(tong)時或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)先后觸(chu)及腫塊。多(duo)為(wei)圓形或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)橢圓形,直徑常為(wei)1~3cm,亦(yi)有更(geng)小或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)更(geng)大者,偶可見巨(ju)大者。境界清楚(chu),邊緣(yuan)整齊,表面光滑,富有彈(dan)性,無(wu)(wu)壓痛(tong),活(huo)動(dong)度較(jiao)大,與皮膚無(wu)(wu)粘連。
1.彩超
能顯示(shi)乳房各層次結構及腫塊形態、大小及回(hui)(hui)聲(sheng)狀況。乳腺纖維腺瘤(liu)彩超多(duo)為圓形、卵(luan)圓形均勻低回(hui)(hui)聲(sheng)腫物(wu),多(duo)可見(jian)光滑清晰的包膜回(hui)(hui)聲(sheng),腫塊后方回(hui)(hui)聲(sheng)正常或輕微增強,可見(jian)側方聲(sheng)影,腫塊內可見(jian)伴聲(sheng)影的粗大鈣化。彩色多(duo)普勒(le)顯示(shi)腫塊內多(duo)無(wu)血流信(xin)(xin)號或見(jian)少量血流信(xin)(xin)號,RI<0.7。
2.乳(ru)腺X線攝影
青春期女(nv)孩,致密(mi)型乳(ru)(ru)腺(xian)(xian),不(bu)適宜進(jin)行(xing)乳(ru)(ru)腺(xian)(xian)X線(xian)攝影。中(zhong)年及以上婦(fu)女(nv)乳(ru)(ru)腺(xian)(xian)X線(xian)片纖(xian)維腺(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)表(biao)現為圓(yuan)形(xing)、卵圓(yuan)形(xing)腫(zhong)(zhong)塊(kuai),也可(ke)(ke)呈分(fen)(fen)葉(xie)狀(zhuang),直(zhi)徑多(duo)為1~3cm,邊緣光(guang)滑清楚,與等體積的正(zheng)常腺(xian)(xian)體比(bi)較,腫(zhong)(zhong)塊(kuai)呈等或(huo)(huo)稍高密(mi)度,周圍(wei)可(ke)(ke)有低密(mi)度暈環。部分(fen)(fen)病灶內可(ke)(ke)見鈣化(hua),鈣化(hua)多(duo)位于(yu)腫(zhong)(zhong)塊(kuai)中(zhong)心或(huo)(huo)邊緣,多(duo)呈粗顆粒狀(zhuang)、樹枝狀(zhuang)或(huo)(huo)斑點狀(zhuang),也可(ke)(ke)相互融合成大(da)塊(kuai)狀(zhuang),占據腫(zhong)(zhong)塊(kuai)大(da)部或(huo)(huo)全部,與乳(ru)(ru)腺(xian)(xian)癌的成簇(cu)沙粒樣鈣化(hua)灶不(bu)同(tong)。
3.乳腺(xian)病灶活檢(jian)
根據病史、體檢或影像學檢查(cha)難以鑒別的乳(ru)腺腫(zhong)塊,可采取穿刺(ci)或手術(shu)切除的方(fang)法,進行組織(zhi)病理學檢查(cha),明確診斷。
乳(ru)房(fang)位(wei)于體表,典型的乳(ru)腺(xian)纖維(wei)腺(xian)瘤相對容易(yi)診斷(duan)。青少年女性,無(wu)(wu)意中或體檢中發現(xian)(xian)乳(ru)房(fang)無(wu)(wu)痛性腫(zhong)塊(kuai)1~3cm,圓形(xing)或卵圓形(xing),與(yu)周圍無(wu)(wu)粘連,活動(dong)度大(da),觸診有滑(hua)脫(tuo)感(gan);生長緩慢(man),與(yu)月經周期無(wu)(wu)關;臨床可考(kao)慮為乳(ru)腺(xian)纖維(wei)腺(xian)瘤。但(dan)對于妊娠(shen)后(hou),特(te)別(bie)(bie)是絕經后(hou)婦女,乳(ru)房(fang)發現(xian)(xian)無(wu)(wu)痛性腫(zhong)塊(kuai),要提高警惕,不要輕易(yi)診斷(duan)乳(ru)腺(xian)纖維(wei)腺(xian)瘤,應借(jie)助影像學檢查鑒(jian)別(bie)(bie)診斷(duan),必要時需(xu)依據病理(li)組織學檢查確診。
1.密切(qie)觀察、定期隨診(zhen)
乳(ru)腺纖維腺瘤是(shi)常見的良性腫瘤,極少惡變。發展緩慢,沒有癥(zheng)狀,不影(ying)響生活(huo)和工作,可以密切觀察定期隨(sui)診。
2.外科手術(shu)切除
(1)觀察過程中,如乳房自(zi)查或去(qu)醫院檢查,發現(xian)纖維(wei)腺瘤(liu)有(you)增大傾向,或彩超(chao)原顯示腫塊內(nei)無血(xue)流信號現(xian)可見大量血(xue)流信號,應手術切除。
(2)乳(ru)腺纖維(wei)瘤患者,準備懷孕(yun)之前,應進行纖維(wei)腺瘤切除術。原因:a.乳(ru)腺纖維(wei)腺瘤的發生與(yu)雌激(ji)素水(shui)(shui)平升高有(you)關,妊娠、哺(bu)(bu)乳(ru)期,隨著體內(nei)激(ji)素水(shui)(shui)平的變化(hua),可導致(zhi)腫(zhong)瘤體積迅(xun)速增大。b.妊娠期乳(ru)腺不(bu)宜(yi)進行手術及有(you)創(chuang)性檢查,哺(bu)(bu)乳(ru)期亦不(bu)適(shi)合手術。
(3)青少年(nian)巨大(da)(da)纖(xian)維(wei)腺瘤(幼年(nian)性(xing)纖(xian)維(wei)腺瘤),因腫瘤生(sheng)長快,體積大(da)(da),對(dui)(dui)正常乳(ru)腺組織產(chan)生(sheng)擠壓,應考慮手術切除,手術不會對(dui)(dui)以后的妊娠、哺乳(ru)產(chan)生(sheng)不良影響。
(4)有乳腺癌(ai)家(jia)族(zu)史(shi)者可考慮手術切(qie)除。
3.乳腺微創旋(xuan)切手(shou)術
選擇(ze)乳腺纖維(wei)腺瘤(liu)(liu)診斷明(ming)確者(不(bu)適宜乳腺癌的治療)。利用真(zhen)空輔(fu)助旋切(qie)設備,在乳腺超(chao)聲引導下,一次進針(zhen)多次切(qie)割(ge)將腫瘤(liu)(liu)切(qie)除。切(qie)口僅0.3cm,恢(hui)復(fu)快,美學效果好。纖維(wei)腺瘤(liu)(liu)完整切(qie)除后很少復(fu)發(fa),但可再發(fa)。
建(jian)立良好地生活飲食(shi)習慣(guan),避免和減(jian)少心理緊張因(yin)素,保(bao)持心情舒暢。控制高脂(zhi)肪、高熱量飲食(shi)的(de)攝入,不亂(luan)服用外源性雌激素。掌握(wo)乳(ru)(ru)房自(zi)我檢查(cha)(cha)方法,養成每月一(yi)次的(de)乳(ru)(ru)房自(zi)查(cha)(cha)習慣(guan),若發現原因(yin)不明的(de)乳(ru)(ru)腺結(jie)節,應及時去醫院診斷。積極參加乳(ru)(ru)腺癌篩查(cha)(cha)。