新能源汽車電池分類

電池分類

從全球新(xin)能源(yuan)汽(qi)車的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)來看(kan)，其(qi)動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)主(zhu)要(yao)包括(kuo)鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器，其(qi)中鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器大多以輔助動(dong)力源(yuan)的(de)形(xing)式(shi)出現(xian)。主(zhu)要(yao)原因(yin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)技(ji)術還不(bu)完(wan)全成熟或缺(que)點明顯(xian)，與(yu)傳統汽(qi)車相(xiang)比不(bu)管是(shi)(shi)(shi)從成本(ben)上、動(dong)力還是(shi)(shi)(shi)續航里程上都有不(bu)少差距(ju)，這(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)制約(yue)新(xin)能源(yuan)汽(qi)車的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)重要(yao)原因(yin)。

鉛酸蓄電池

鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池已(yi)有100多年的歷史，廣(guang)泛用(yong)作內燃(ran)機汽車的起(qi)動(dong)(dong)動(dong)(dong)力源。它(ta)也是(shi)成熟的電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車蓄電(dian)(dian)池，它(ta)可靠性好、原材料易得、價格便宜；比(bi)功率也基本(ben)(ben)上能滿足電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車的動(dong)(dong)力性要求。但它(ta)有兩大缺點；一(yi)是(shi)比(bi)能量低，所占的質量和體(ti)積太大，且一(yi)次充電(dian)(dian)行駛(shi)里程較短；另一(yi)個是(shi)使用(yong)壽命短，使用(yong)成本(ben)(ben)過高。

鎳氫蓄電池

鎳氫蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)屬于堿性電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，鎳氫蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)循環使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)較(jiao)長，無記憶效應，但價格較(jiao)高。國外生產(chan)(chan)電(dian)(dian)動汽車鎳氫蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)公司主要(yao)是(shi)Ovonie、豐田和(he)松(song)下的(de)(de)一(yi)個合資公司。Ovonie現有80A·h和(he)130A·h兩(liang)種(zhong)單(dan)元(yuan)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，其(qi)比能量(liang)達75－80W·h/kg，循環使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)超過(guo)600次。這種(zhong)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)裝(zhuang)在幾種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)動汽車上試(shi)用(yong)，其(qi)中一(yi)類(lei)車一(yi)次充(chong)電(dian)(dian)可行駛345km，有一(yi)輛(liang)車一(yi)年中行駛了8萬多公里。由于價格較(jiao)高，目前尚未大批(pi)量(liang)生產(chan)(chan)。國內已開發出55A·h和(he)100A·h 單(dan)元(yuan)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，比能量(liang)達65 W·h/kg，功率(lv)密度(du)大于800W/kg的(de)(de)鎳氫蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。

鋰離子電池

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)鋰(li)(li)離子二(er)次(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)作為新型高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、高(gao)能(neng)量密度(du)的(de)(de)可(ke)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，其獨特的(de)(de)物理和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學性能(neng)，具有廣泛的(de)(de)民用(yong)(yong)和國防應用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)前(qian)景。其突出的(de)(de)特點是(shi)：重量輕、儲能(neng)大、無(wu)污染、無(wu)記(ji)憶效應、使用(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)長。在同體積重量情況下，鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)力是(shi)鎳氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)1.6倍(bei)(bei)，是(shi)鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)4倍(bei)(bei)，并(bing)且人類只開(kai)(kai)發利用(yong)(yong)了其理論電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)(de)20%～30%，開(kai)(kai)發前(qian)景非常光明。同時它是(shi)一種真正的(de)(de)綠色(se)環(huan)保電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，不會對環(huan)境造成污染，是(shi)目(mu)前(qian)最佳的(de)(de)能(neng)應用(yong)(yong)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車上的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。我國從二(er)十世(shi)紀九十年(nian)代(dai)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)開(kai)(kai)發和利用(yong)(yong)鋰(li)(li)離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，至今已取得(de)突破性進展(zhan)，研制(zhi)出了完全擁有自主知識(shi)產權的(de)(de)鋰(li)(li)離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。

鎳鎘電池

鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)應用(yong)(yong)廣泛程度僅次于鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，其比能(neng)量可(ke)達55W·h/kg，比功(gong)率超過190W/kg。可(ke)快速(su)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，循環使用(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)較(jiao)長(chang)，是鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)兩(liang)倍多，可(ke)達到2000多次，但(dan)價格為鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)4～5倍。它的(de)初期(qi)購(gou)置成(cheng)本雖高，但(dan)由于其在能(neng)量和使用(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)方面的(de)優勢，因此其長(chang)期(qi)的(de)實(shi)際使用(yong)(yong)成(cheng)本并不(bu)高。缺(que)點是有“記(ji)憶效應”，容易因為充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)良(liang)而導(dao)致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池可(ke)用(yong)(yong)容量減小(xiao)。須在使用(yong)(yong)十次左右后，作(zuo)一次完全充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，如果已經有了“記(ji)憶效應”，應連續作(zuo)3～5次完全充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，以(yi)釋放記(ji)憶。另外(wai)鎘有毒，使用(yong)(yong)中要注(zhu)意做好回收(shou)工作(zuo)，以(yi)免(mian)鎘造成(cheng)環境污(wu)染。

鈉硫蓄電池

鈉硫(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的優點：一(yi)個(ge)是比能(neng)量高。其(qi)(qi)(qi)理論(lun)比能(neng)量為(wei)760W·h/kg，實際已(yi)大于100W·h/kg，是鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的3～4倍(bei)；另一(yi)個(ge)是可(ke)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流、高功率(lv)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流密度一(yi)般可(ke)達200～300mA/mm2,并(bing)瞬時間可(ke)放(fang)出其(qi)(qi)(qi)3倍(bei)的固有(you)(you)能(neng)量；再(zai)一(yi)個(ge)是充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)高。由于采用固體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)，所(suo)(suo)以沒有(you)(you)通(tong)常采用液體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)二次電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的那種自放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及副反應(ying)，充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)幾乎100%。鈉硫(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)缺點，主要其(qi)(qi)(qi)工作(zuo)(zuo)溫(wen)(wen)度在300～350℃，所(suo)(suo)以，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)工作(zuo)(zuo)時需要一(yi)定的加熱保(bao)溫(wen)(wen)。而高溫(wen)(wen)腐(fu)蝕嚴重(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命較短。已(yi)有(you)(you)采用高性(xing)(xing)能(neng)的真空絕熱保(bao)溫(wen)(wen)技(ji)術(shu)，可(ke)有(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)地解決這一(yi)問題。也有(you)(you)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)穩定性(xing)(xing)及使(shi)用安全性(xing)(xing)不太理想等問題。