新能源汽車電池分類

電池分類

從全(quan)球(qiu)新能源汽(qi)車(che)的發(fa)展來看，其動力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源主要(yao)包括鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器，其中鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器大(da)多以輔助動力(li)源的形(xing)式出現。主要(yao)原因是這(zhe)些電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)技術還(huan)不完全(quan)成熟或(huo)缺點(dian)明顯，與傳統汽(qi)車(che)相比不管是從成本(ben)上(shang)、動力(li)還(huan)是續航里程上(shang)都有不少差距，這(zhe)也是制約新能源汽(qi)車(che)的發(fa)展的重要(yao)原因。

鉛酸蓄電池

鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)已(yi)有(you)100多年的(de)歷史，廣(guang)泛(fan)用(yong)(yong)作內燃機汽車的(de)起動動力(li)源。它也是(shi)成熟的(de)電(dian)動汽車蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)，它可靠(kao)性好、原(yuan)材料(liao)易得、價格便宜(yi)；比功(gong)率也基本上能(neng)滿足電(dian)動汽車的(de)動力(li)性要求(qiu)。但它有(you)兩大缺(que)點；一是(shi)比能(neng)量(liang)低，所占(zhan)的(de)質量(liang)和體(ti)積太大，且一次充電(dian)行駛(shi)里程(cheng)較短(duan)；另一個(ge)是(shi)使用(yong)(yong)壽命短(duan)，使用(yong)(yong)成本過高(gao)。

鎳氫蓄電池

鎳氫(qing)(qing)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)屬于堿性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，鎳氫(qing)(qing)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)循(xun)環使用(yong)壽命(ming)較長(chang)，無(wu)記憶效應，但價格較高。國外生(sheng)產(chan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車鎳氫(qing)(qing)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)公(gong)司主要(yao)是(shi)Ovonie、豐(feng)田和松下(xia)的(de)(de)一(yi)個合資公(gong)司。Ovonie現有80A·h和130A·h兩種單(dan)元(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，其比能量達(da)(da)75－80W·h/kg，循(xun)環使用(yong)壽命(ming)超過600次。這(zhe)種蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)裝(zhuang)在(zai)幾種電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車上(shang)試用(yong)，其中(zhong)一(yi)類車一(yi)次充電(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)行駛(shi)345km，有一(yi)輛車一(yi)年(nian)中(zhong)行駛(shi)了8萬(wan)多公(gong)里。由于價格較高，目前尚未(wei)大批量生(sheng)產(chan)。國內已開發出55A·h和100A·h 單(dan)元(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，比能量達(da)(da)65 W·h/kg，功(gong)率密度大于800W/kg的(de)(de)鎳氫(qing)(qing)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。

鋰離子電池

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池鋰(li)離(li)子二次(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池作為新型高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、高(gao)能(neng)(neng)量密度(du)的(de)(de)可充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，其(qi)(qi)獨特(te)的(de)(de)物理和(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學性能(neng)(neng)，具有(you)廣泛的(de)(de)民(min)用(yong)和(he)(he)(he)國防應用(yong)的(de)(de)前景(jing)(jing)。其(qi)(qi)突出的(de)(de)特(te)點是(shi)(shi)：重(zhong)量輕、儲能(neng)(neng)大、無污染(ran)、無記憶效應、使用(yong)壽命(ming)長。在同體積重(zhong)量情況下，鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力是(shi)(shi)鎳(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)1.6倍(bei)，是(shi)(shi)鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)4倍(bei)，并且人類只開發利(li)用(yong)了(le)其(qi)(qi)理論(lun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)(de)20%～30%，開發前景(jing)(jing)非(fei)常光(guang)明。同時它是(shi)(shi)一種(zhong)真正(zheng)的(de)(de)綠色環保電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，不會對環境造成污染(ran)，是(shi)(shi)目前最佳的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)應用(yong)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)上的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。我國從二十世紀九十年代開始(shi)開發和(he)(he)(he)利(li)用(yong)鋰(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，至今(jin)已取得突破性進展，研制(zhi)出了(le)完(wan)全擁(yong)有(you)自主知識產(chan)權的(de)(de)鋰(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。

鎳鎘電池

鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)廣泛程度僅次于鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)，其比(bi)能量(liang)可達(da)55W·h/kg，比(bi)功(gong)率超過190W/kg。可快速充電(dian)，循環(huan)使用(yong)(yong)壽命較長(chang)，是鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)兩倍多，可達(da)到(dao)2000多次，但價格(ge)為鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)4～5倍。它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)初期購(gou)置成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本雖高(gao)，但由于其在能量(liang)和使用(yong)(yong)壽命方面的(de)(de)(de)優勢，因此(ci)其長(chang)期的(de)(de)(de)實際使用(yong)(yong)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本并不(bu)高(gao)。缺點是有“記憶(yi)效(xiao)應(ying)”，容易因為充放(fang)電(dian)不(bu)良而導致電(dian)池(chi)可用(yong)(yong)容量(liang)減(jian)小(xiao)。須在使用(yong)(yong)十(shi)次左右后，作一(yi)次完全充放(fang)電(dian)，如(ru)果(guo)已經有了“記憶(yi)效(xiao)應(ying)”，應(ying)連續作3～5次完全充放(fang)電(dian)，以釋放(fang)記憶(yi)。另外(wai)鎘(ge)有毒，使用(yong)(yong)中(zhong)要注意做(zuo)好回收工作，以免鎘(ge)造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)環(huan)境污染。

鈉硫蓄電池

鈉(na)硫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的優點：一(yi)(yi)個(ge)是(shi)(shi)比能(neng)(neng)(neng)量高。其(qi)理論比能(neng)(neng)(neng)量為(wei)760W·h/kg，實際(ji)已大于(yu)100W·h/kg，是(shi)(shi)鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的3～4倍；另(ling)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)是(shi)(shi)可(ke)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)、高功率(lv)(lv)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。其(qi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)密度(du)一(yi)(yi)般可(ke)達200～300mA/mm2,并(bing)瞬時間可(ke)放(fang)出(chu)其(qi)3倍的固有能(neng)(neng)(neng)量；再一(yi)(yi)個(ge)是(shi)(shi)充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效率(lv)(lv)高。由于(yu)采用固體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質，所以沒有通常(chang)采用液體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質二次電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的那種自放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及副反(fan)應(ying)，充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)效率(lv)(lv)幾乎100%。鈉(na)硫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)缺(que)點，主(zhu)要其(qi)工作溫(wen)度(du)在(zai)300～350℃，所以，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)工作時需(xu)要一(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)的加熱(re)保溫(wen)。而(er)高溫(wen)腐蝕嚴重，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)壽命較短(duan)。已有采用高性能(neng)(neng)(neng)的真空絕熱(re)保溫(wen)技術，可(ke)有效地(di)解(jie)決這一(yi)(yi)問題。也有性能(neng)(neng)(neng)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)性及使用安全(quan)性不太理想等問題。