新能源汽車電池分類

電池分類

從全(quan)球新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)汽車(che)的(de)發(fa)展來(lai)看，其動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)主要(yao)包括鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器，其中鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器大多以輔助(zhu)動(dong)力源(yuan)的(de)形式出現。主要(yao)原(yuan)因是這些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)技術還(huan)不(bu)完全(quan)成熟或缺點明顯，與傳統(tong)汽車(che)相(xiang)比不(bu)管是從成本上(shang)、動(dong)力還(huan)是續航(hang)里(li)程上(shang)都(dou)有不(bu)少差距，這也是制約新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)汽車(che)的(de)發(fa)展的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)原(yuan)因。

鉛酸蓄電池

鉛酸蓄電池已有(you)100多年的(de)歷史，廣(guang)泛用作內燃機(ji)汽車(che)的(de)起動動力源(yuan)。它也是(shi)(shi)成熟的(de)電動汽車(che)蓄電池，它可靠性好、原材料易(yi)得、價格便宜；比(bi)功率也基(ji)本(ben)上能(neng)滿足電動汽車(che)的(de)動力性要(yao)求。但它有(you)兩大缺點(dian)；一是(shi)(shi)比(bi)能(neng)量(liang)低，所占的(de)質(zhi)量(liang)和體積太大，且(qie)一次充電行駛里(li)程較短；另一個是(shi)(shi)使用壽(shou)命短，使用成本(ben)過(guo)高。

鎳氫蓄電池

鎳氫蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)屬于堿性電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，鎳氫蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)循環使(shi)用壽(shou)命較(jiao)長，無記憶效應(ying)，但價(jia)(jia)格較(jiao)高(gao)。國(guo)(guo)外生產電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車鎳氫蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)公司(si)主要是Ovonie、豐田和(he)松下(xia)的(de)一個合資公司(si)。Ovonie現有80A·h和(he)130A·h兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)單(dan)元(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，其比(bi)能量達75－80W·h/kg，循環使(shi)用壽(shou)命超過600次。這種(zhong)(zhong)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)裝在(zai)幾種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車上(shang)試用，其中一類車一次充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)可行(xing)(xing)駛345km，有一輛車一年(nian)中行(xing)(xing)駛了8萬多公里。由于價(jia)(jia)格較(jiao)高(gao)，目(mu)前尚(shang)未(wei)大批量生產。國(guo)(guo)內已開(kai)發出55A·h和(he)100A·h 單(dan)元(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，比(bi)能量達65 W·h/kg，功(gong)率密度大于800W/kg的(de)鎳氫蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。

鋰離子電池

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)鋰(li)離子二次電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)作(zuo)為新型高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、高能量密度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，其獨特的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)理(li)(li)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學性能，具有廣泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)用(yong)(yong)和(he)國(guo)防應(ying)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前景。其突出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點是：重(zhong)量輕(qing)、儲能大、無污染、無記(ji)憶(yi)效應(ying)、使用(yong)(yong)壽命長(chang)。在同(tong)體積重(zhong)量情況下，鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能力是鎳(nie)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1.6倍，是鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)4倍，并且人類只開(kai)發利(li)用(yong)(yong)了其理(li)(li)論電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)20%～30%，開(kai)發前景非常光明。同(tong)時它是一種真正的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綠色環(huan)保電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，不會對環(huan)境造成污染，是目前最佳的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能應(ying)用(yong)(yong)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。我國(guo)從(cong)二十(shi)世紀九十(shi)年代(dai)開(kai)始開(kai)發和(he)利(li)用(yong)(yong)鋰(li)離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，至今已取得突破性進展(zhan)，研制出了完全(quan)擁(yong)有自(zi)主知識產權的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋰(li)離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。

鎳鎘電池

鎳(nie)鎘(ge)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)廣泛程度(du)僅次于(yu)鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，其比能量(liang)可(ke)(ke)達55W·h/kg，比功率超過190W/kg。可(ke)(ke)快速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)，循(xun)環使(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)較長，是鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)兩倍多(duo)(duo)，可(ke)(ke)達到2000多(duo)(duo)次，但(dan)價格為鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)4～5倍。它(ta)的(de)(de)初期購置(zhi)成本雖(sui)高，但(dan)由(you)于(yu)其在(zai)能量(liang)和使(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)方面的(de)(de)優勢，因此其長期的(de)(de)實際使(shi)用(yong)(yong)成本并不高。缺點是有“記(ji)憶(yi)效應”，容易因為充(chong)(chong)放(fang)電(dian)不良而導致電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)容量(liang)減(jian)小。須在(zai)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)十次左(zuo)右(you)后，作一次完(wan)全(quan)充(chong)(chong)放(fang)電(dian)，如果已經有了“記(ji)憶(yi)效應”，應連(lian)續作3～5次完(wan)全(quan)充(chong)(chong)放(fang)電(dian)，以釋(shi)放(fang)記(ji)憶(yi)。另外(wai)鎘(ge)有毒(du)，使(shi)用(yong)(yong)中要(yao)注意做好回收(shou)工作，以免(mian)鎘(ge)造(zao)成環境污染(ran)。

鈉硫蓄電池

鈉硫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)優(you)點：一(yi)(yi)個是比能(neng)量(liang)高(gao)(gao)。其理論比能(neng)量(liang)為760W·h/kg，實際已大(da)于100W·h/kg，是鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)3～4倍(bei)；另(ling)一(yi)(yi)個是可(ke)(ke)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)、高(gao)(gao)功率(lv)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。其放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)密度(du)一(yi)(yi)般可(ke)(ke)達200～300mA/mm2,并瞬時間可(ke)(ke)放(fang)出其3倍(bei)的(de)固有(you)(you)能(neng)量(liang)；再一(yi)(yi)個是充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效率(lv)高(gao)(gao)。由于采用固體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質，所(suo)以沒(mei)有(you)(you)通常采用液體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質二次電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)那種(zhong)自放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及(ji)副(fu)反應，充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)效率(lv)幾乎100%。鈉硫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)缺點，主(zhu)要其工作溫度(du)在300～350℃，所(suo)以，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)工作時需(xu)要一(yi)(yi)定的(de)加熱保(bao)溫。而高(gao)(gao)溫腐蝕嚴(yan)重(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽(shou)命較(jiao)短(duan)。已有(you)(you)采用高(gao)(gao)性(xing)能(neng)的(de)真(zhen)空絕熱保(bao)溫技術，可(ke)(ke)有(you)(you)效地(di)解決這一(yi)(yi)問(wen)題。也有(you)(you)性(xing)能(neng)穩定性(xing)及(ji)使用安全性(xing)不太(tai)理想等問(wen)題。