【啤機】啤機是什(shen)么意思 啤機是做什(shen)么用的(de)機器

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啤機類型

注(zhu)塑機(ji)的類型(xing)有:立式、臥(wo)式、全(quan)電(dian)式，但是無(wu)論那(nei)種注(zhu)塑機(ji)，其(qi)基(ji)本功能(neng)有兩(liang)個(ge)：

（1）加熱塑料，使其達到熔化狀態；

（2）對(dui)熔融塑料(liao)施加高壓，使其射(she)出(chu)而充滿模具型腔。

注塑(su)機通常由注射系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)、合模(mo)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)、液壓傳達動系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)、電(dian)氣控制系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)、潤滑系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)、加熱及冷(leng)卻系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)、安(an)全監測系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)等組成。

（3）注塑系統

注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)系(xi)統(tong)的作(zuo)用(yong)：注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)系(xi)統(tong)是注(zhu)(zhu)塑(su)(su)機(ji)最(zui)主要(yao)的組(zu)成部分之一(yi)，一(yi)般有柱塞式(shi)(shi)、螺桿(gan)式(shi)(shi)、螺桿(gan)預塑(su)(su)柱塞注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)式(shi)(shi)3種主要(yao)形式(shi)(shi)。目前應用(yong)最(zui)廣泛的是螺桿(gan)式(shi)(shi)。其作(zuo)用(yong)是，在注(zhu)(zhu)塑(su)(su)料(liao)機(ji)的一(yi)個循環中(zhong)，能在規定的時(shi)間內將一(yi)定數量的塑(su)(su)料(liao)加熱塑(su)(su)化(hua)后，在一(yi)定的壓(ya)力和速度下(xia)，通過螺桿(gan)將熔(rong)融塑(su)(su)料(liao)注(zhu)(zhu)入(ru)模具型腔(qiang)中(zhong)。注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)結束后，對(dui)注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)到模腔(qiang)中(zhong)的熔(rong)料(liao)保持定型。

注射系統的組(zu)成：注射系統由塑化裝置(zhi)(zhi)和動力(li)傳遞(di)裝置(zhi)(zhi)組(zu)成。

螺桿式(shi)注塑機塑化裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)主要(yao)由加料裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)、料筒(tong)、螺桿、射(she)(she)咀部(bu)分(fen)組成。動(dong)(dong)力傳遞裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)包括注射(she)(she)油(you)缸、注射(she)(she)座移動(dong)(dong)油(you)缸以(yi)及(ji)螺桿驅動(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)（熔膠馬達）。

（4）合模系統

合模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)作用：合模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)作用是保(bao)證模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)具(ju)閉合、開(kai)啟及頂出制(zhi)品(pin)(pin)。同時，在模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)具(ju)閉合后，供給予模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)具(ju)足夠的(de)鎖模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)力，以抵抗熔(rong)融塑(su)料進入模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)腔產生的(de)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)腔壓力，防止模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)具(ju)開(kai)縫，造成制(zhi)品(pin)(pin)的(de)不(bu)良現(xian)狀。

合模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)系統(tong)(tong)的組成：合模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)系統(tong)(tong)主要(yao)由合模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)裝(zhuang)置、調(diao)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)機構、頂出機構、前后(hou)固定模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板、移動模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板、合模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)油缸和安(an)全保(bao)護機構組成。

（5）液壓系統

液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)傳動(dong)系統的作用是實現(xian)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)塑機按工(gong)藝過程所要(yao)(yao)求的各(ge)種動(dong)作提供動(dong)力(li)，并滿足注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)塑機各(ge)部分(fen)所需壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)、速度、溫度等的要(yao)(yao)求。它(ta)主要(yao)(yao)由各(ge)自種液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)元件(jian)和液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輔助(zhu)元件(jian)所組(zu)成，其中油泵和電機是注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)塑機的動(dong)力(li)來源。各(ge)種閥控制(zhi)油液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)和流量，從(cong)而(er)滿足注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射成型工(gong)藝各(ge)項要(yao)(yao)求。

（6）電氣控制系統

電(dian)氣控制(zhi)系統與液壓系統合理配合，可實(shi)現注射機的工藝過程要(yao)求（壓力、溫(wen)度(du)、速度(du)、時間(jian)）和各(ge)種程序(xu)動作。主要(yao)由電(dian)器、電(dian)子(zi)元件、儀(yi)表、加熱(re)器、傳感器等組成。一般有四種控制(zhi)方式，手動、半自(zi)動、全自(zi)動、調整。

（7）加熱/冷卻系統

加熱系(xi)統是(shi)(shi)用(yong)來加熱料(liao)(liao)筒(tong)及(ji)注射噴嘴(zui)的，注塑(su)機料(liao)(liao)筒(tong)一般采用(yong)電熱圈作為(wei)加熱裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，安裝(zhuang)在料(liao)(liao)筒(tong)的外部，并用(yong)熱電偶分段檢測。熱量通(tong)過(guo)筒(tong)壁(bi)導熱為(wei)物(wu)料(liao)(liao)塑(su)化(hua)提供熱源；冷卻系(xi)統主要是(shi)(shi)用(yong)來冷卻油溫，油溫過(guo)高會引起(qi)多種故障(zhang)出現所以油溫必須加以控制(zhi)。另一處需要冷卻的位(wei)置(zhi)在料(liao)(liao)管下料(liao)(liao)口附近，防止(zhi)原(yuan)料(liao)(liao)在下料(liao)(liao)口熔化(hua)，導致原(yuan)料(liao)(liao)不能正常下料(liao)(liao)。

（8）潤滑系統

潤(run)滑(hua)系統是注塑機的(de)(de)動(dong)模板、調模裝(zhuang)置、連(lian)桿機鉸等處有(you)相對運動(dong)的(de)(de)部位提(ti)(ti)供(gong)潤(run)滑(hua)條件(jian)的(de)(de)回(hui)路，以(yi)便減少能耗和提(ti)(ti)高零件(jian)壽命，潤(run)滑(hua)可以(yi)是定期的(de)(de)手動(dong)潤(run)滑(hua)，也可以(yi)是自(zi)動(dong)電(dian)動(dong)潤(run)滑(hua)；

（9）安全保護與監測系統

注塑(su)機(ji)的(de)安(an)全裝置主要是用(yong)來(lai)保護人、機(ji)安(an)全的(de)裝置。主要由安(an)全門、液壓閥(fa)、限位開關、光電檢測元件等(deng)組成(cheng)，實現電氣(qi)——機(ji)械——液壓的(de)聯鎖保護。

監測(ce)系統(tong)(tong)主(zhu)要對注塑機的油溫(wen)、料溫(wen)、系統(tong)(tong)超載(zai)，以及工藝和設備故障進行(xing)監測(ce)，發現異常情況進行(xing)指示或報警。

啤機工作原理

注塑機的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工作原理與(yu)打(da)針用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)注射(she)器相似(si)，它是借助螺桿(gan)（或柱塞）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推力，將已塑化好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熔融狀(zhuang)態(tai)（即(ji)粘流態(tai)）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)塑料(liao)注射(she)入閉合好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模腔內，經固化定型后取得制(zhi)品的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工藝過程(cheng)。

注射(she)成(cheng)型是一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)循(xun)環(huan)的過(guo)(guo)程，每(mei)一(yi)(yi)周期主要(yao)包括：定量加料—熔(rong)融塑(su)(su)(su)化(hua)(hua)—施(shi)壓注射(she)—充(chong)模(mo)(mo)(mo)冷(leng)卻(que)—啟模(mo)(mo)(mo)取(qu)(qu)件。取(qu)(qu)出塑(su)(su)(su)件后(hou)又(you)再閉模(mo)(mo)(mo)，進(jin)行下(xia)(xia)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)循(xun)環(huan)。注射(she)成(cheng)型是一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)循(xun)環(huan)的過(guo)(guo)程，每(mei)一(yi)(yi)周期主要(yao)包括：定量加料—熔(rong)融塑(su)(su)(su)化(hua)(hua)—施(shi)壓注射(she)—充(chong)模(mo)(mo)(mo)冷(leng)卻(que)—啟模(mo)(mo)(mo)取(qu)(qu)件，取(qu)(qu)出塑(su)(su)(su)件后(hou)又(you)再閉模(mo)(mo)(mo)，進(jin)行下(xia)(xia)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)循(xun)環(huan)。

注(zhu)塑機(ji)操(cao)(cao)作項目：注(zhu)塑機(ji)操(cao)(cao)作項目包括控制鍵盤操(cao)(cao)作、電器控制系統(tong)操(cao)(cao)作和(he)液(ye)壓系統(tong)操(cao)(cao)作三個方面。分(fen)別進(jin)行注(zhu)射(she)(she)過程動作、加料動作、注(zhu)射(she)(she)壓力、注(zhu)射(she)(she)速度(du)、頂(ding)出型(xing)式(shi)的(de)選(xuan)擇，料筒各段溫度(du)的(de)監控，注(zhu)射(she)(she)壓力和(he)背壓壓力的(de)調節等(deng)。

一(yi)般螺(luo)桿式(shi)注塑(su)機的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)型工藝過程是(shi)：首先將粒狀(zhuang)或粉(fen)狀(zhuang)塑(su)料加入機筒(tong)內(nei)，并通過螺(luo)桿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)旋轉和(he)(he)(he)(he)機筒(tong)外壁加熱使塑(su)料成(cheng)為熔(rong)融狀(zhuang)態，然后機器(qi)進行(xing)合模(mo)(mo)和(he)(he)(he)(he)注射(she)座前(qian)移，使噴嘴貼緊模(mo)(mo)具(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)澆(jiao)口道，接著向(xiang)注射(she)缸(gang)通人壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)油，使螺(luo)桿向(xiang)前(qian)推進，從而以很高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)較快(kuai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)速(su)度(du)將熔(rong)料注入溫度(du)較低的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)閉合模(mo)(mo)具(ju)內(nei)，經過一(yi)定(ding)時間(jian)和(he)(he)(he)(he)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)保(bao)(bao)持（又稱保(bao)(bao)壓(ya)(ya)）、冷卻，使其固(gu)化成(cheng)型，便可(ke)開模(mo)(mo)取出(chu)制品(pin)（保(bao)(bao)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)防止(zhi)模(mo)(mo)腔中熔(rong)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)流、向(xiang)模(mo)(mo)腔內(nei)補(bu)充物(wu)料，以及保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)制品(pin)具(ju)有(you)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)密(mi)度(du)和(he)(he)(he)(he)尺(chi)寸公差）。注射(she)成(cheng)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本要求是(shi)塑(su)化、注射(she)和(he)(he)(he)(he)成(cheng)型。塑(su)化是(shi)實(shi)現(xian)和(he)(he)(he)(he)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)成(cheng)型制品(pin)質量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)提，而為滿足(zu)成(cheng)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求，注射(she)必須保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)有(you)足(zu)夠(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)速(su)度(du)。同(tong)時，由于(yu)注射(she)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)很高(gao)，相應地在(zai)模(mo)(mo)腔中產生很高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)（模(mo)(mo)腔內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平均(jun)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)一(yi)般在(zai)20~45MPa之間(jian)），因此必須有(you)足(zu)夠(gou)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合模(mo)(mo)力(li)(li)。由此可(ke)見，注射(she)裝置和(he)(he)(he)(he)合模(mo)(mo)裝置是(shi)注塑(su)機的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵部件(jian)。

對(dui)塑料制(zhi)品的評價主要(yao)(yao)有三個方面，第(di)一是外觀質(zhi)量，包括完整(zheng)性(xing)、顏色(se)、光(guang)澤等(deng)；第(di)二是尺寸和(he)相對(dui)位置間的準確(que)性(xing)；第(di)三是與用(yong)途相應的物理性(xing)能(neng)、化學(xue)性(xing)能(neng)、電性(xing)能(neng)等(deng)。這(zhe)些質(zhi)量要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)又根據制(zhi)品使用(yong)場合(he)的不同，要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)的尺度(du)(du)也不同。制(zhi)品的缺陷主要(yao)(yao)在于模具的設(she)計(ji)、制(zhi)造(zao)精度(du)(du)和(he)磨損程度(du)(du)等(deng)方面。但(dan)事實(shi)上，塑料加工廠的技術人員往往苦于面對(dui)用(yong)工藝(yi)手段來彌補(bu)模具缺陷帶來的問(wen)題而成效不大的困難(nan)局(ju)面。

生(sheng)產(chan)過程中工(gong)藝的(de)(de)調(diao)節是提高制(zhi)品(pin)質量(liang)和(he)產(chan)量(liang)的(de)(de)必要(yao)途(tu)(tu)徑(jing)。由于(yu)注塑周(zhou)期(qi)本身很短，如(ru)果工(gong)藝條件掌握(wo)不好(hao),廢品(pin)就(jiu)(jiu)會源(yuan)源(yuan)不絕。在(zai)調(diao)整(zheng)工(gong)藝時最好(hao)一(yi)次只改變一(yi)個條件，多觀(guan)察幾回(hui)，如(ru)果壓(ya)力、溫度、時間統(tong)統(tong)一(yi)起調(diao)的(de)(de)話，很易造成(cheng)混亂和(he)誤解(jie)，出了(le)問題(ti)也不知道是何(he)道理。調(diao)整(zheng)工(gong)藝的(de)(de)措施、手段(duan)是多方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)。例如(ru)：解(jie)決制(zhi)品(pin)注不滿的(de)(de)問題(ti)就(jiu)(jiu)有十(shi)多個可(ke)(ke)能的(de)(de)解(jie)決途(tu)(tu)徑(jing)，要(yao)選擇(ze)出解(jie)決問題(ti)癥結的(de)(de)一(yi)、二個主要(yao)方(fang)案，才能真正解(jie)決問題(ti)。此外，還應注意解(jie)決方(fang)案中的(de)(de)辨(bian)證關系。比如(ru)：制(zhi)品(pin)出現了(le)凹陷，有時要(yao)提高料(liao)溫，有時要(yao)降低料(liao)溫；有時要(yao)增加料(liao)量(liang)，有時要(yao)減少料(liao)量(liang)。要(yao)承(cheng)認逆向措施的(de)(de)解(jie)決問題(ti)的(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)行性。

啤機用途

注(zhu)塑(su)機(ji)(ji)(ji)具(ju)有(you)能一次(ci)成型(xing)外型(xing)復(fu)雜、尺寸精(jing)確或(huo)(huo)帶有(you)金屬嵌件的(de)(de)(de)(de)質地(di)密致的(de)(de)(de)(de)塑(su)料制品(pin)，被廣泛應用于國(guo)(guo)防、機(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)、汽車、交通運輸、建材(cai)、包裝、農(nong)業、文教衛生(sheng)(sheng)及人們日常生(sheng)(sheng)活各個領域。在塑(su)料工(gong)業迅速發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)今天，注(zhu)塑(su)機(ji)(ji)(ji)不論(lun)在數量(liang)上(shang)或(huo)(huo)品(pin)種上(shang)都占有(you)重要地(di)位，其(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)總數占整個塑(su)料成型(xing)設備的(de)(de)(de)(de)20%--30%，從而成為目(mu)前塑(su)料機(ji)(ji)(ji)械中增長最快，生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)數量(liang)最多的(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)種之一。據有(you)關資料統計，1996--1998年我(wo)國(guo)(guo)出口(kou)注(zhu)塑(su)機(ji)(ji)(ji)8383臺(tai)（套(tao)），進口(kou)注(zhu)塑(su)機(ji)(ji)(ji)42959臺(tai)（套(tao)），其(qi)中1998年我(wo)國(guo)(guo)注(zhu)塑(su)機(ji)(ji)(ji)產(chan)量(liang)達到(dao)20000臺(tai)，其(qi)銷(xiao)售額占塑(su)機(ji)(ji)(ji)總銷(xiao)售額的(de)(de)(de)(de)42.9%。

啤機選擇方法

一般(ban)而言，從事注塑(su)行(xing)業多(duo)年的客戶多(duo)半(ban)有能力自行(xing)判斷并(bing)選擇(ze)合適的注塑(su)機來(lai)生(sheng)產(chan)。但是(shi)在某些狀況(kuang)下，客戶可能需(xu)要(yao)廠(chang)商的協(xie)助才(cai)能決定采用哪一個規格的注塑(su)機，甚至客戶可能只有產(chan)品的樣品或(huo)構想，然后詢問(wen)廠(chang)商的機器(qi)是(shi)否(fou)能生(sheng)產(chan)，或(huo)是(shi)哪一種機型(xing)比較適合。

此(ci)外，某(mou)些特(te)殊(shu)產品可能需要(yao)搭配特(te)殊(shu)裝置如(ru)蓄壓(ya)器、閉回路、射出(chu)壓(ya)縮等，才(cai)能更有效率地生(sheng)產。由(you)此(ci)可見，如(ru)何決定合適的注塑機來生(sheng)產，是一個極為重要(yao)的問題。以下資訊提供給讀者參考(kao)。

通常影(ying)響射出機選(xuan)擇的重(zhong)要(yao)因素包(bao)括模具、產品、塑料、成(cheng)型要(yao)求等，因此，在進行選(xuan)擇前(qian)必須先收集或具備(bei)下(xia)列資訊：

模(mo)具尺寸(寬度、高度、厚度）、重量、特(te)殊設(she)計等；

使用塑料的(de)種(zhong)類(lei)及數量（單一原料或(huo)多種(zhong)塑料）；

注塑成品的外(wai)觀尺寸（長、寬(kuan)、高、厚度(du)）、重量等；

成型要求，如品質條件、生產速度等。

在(zai)獲得以(yi)上資訊后，即可按照下列步驟來選擇合適的射出(chu)機：

1、選對型: 由產品(pin)及塑料(liao)決(jue)定機(ji)種(zhong)及系列。

由于射出機有非常多(duo)的種類，因此一(yi)開始要先(xian)正(zheng)確判斷(duan)此產(chan)(chan)(chan)品應由哪一(yi)種注塑機，或是(shi)哪一(yi)個系列來生產(chan)(chan)(chan)，例如是(shi)一(yi)般熱塑性塑膠或電木原料(liao)或PET原料(liao)等(deng)，是(shi)單色(se)、雙色(se)、多(duo)色(se)、夾層或混(hun)色(se)等(deng)。此外(wai)，某些產(chan)(chan)(chan)品需要高(gao)穩(wen)定(ding)（閉回路）、高(gao)精密、超高(gao)射速、高(gao)射壓或快速生產(chan)(chan)(chan)（多(duo)回路）等(deng)條件，也必須(xu)選(xuan)擇(ze)合適的系列來生產(chan)(chan)(chan)。

2、放得下 ：由模(mo)具(ju)尺寸判定機(ji)臺(tai)的“大柱內距”、“模(mo)厚”、“模(mo)具(ju)最小尺寸”及“模(mo)盤(pan)尺寸”是否(fou)適當，以確(que)認模(mo)具(ju)是否(fou)放得下。

模(mo)具(ju)的寬(kuan)度及高(gao)度需(xu)小于或至少有一(yi)邊小于大(da)柱內(nei)距(ju)；

模具的寬度(du)及(ji)高度(du)最(zui)好(hao)在模盤尺(chi)寸范圍內；

模具的厚(hou)度需介于注塑機的模厚(hou)之(zhi)間；

模(mo)具(ju)的寬度(du)及(ji)高度(du)需(xu)符合該注(zhu)塑(su)機(ji)建議的最小(xiao)模(mo)具(ju)尺寸(cun)，太小(xiao)也(ye)不行；

3、拿得出(chu) ：由(you)模具及成(cheng)品判定“開(kai)模行程(cheng)”及“托模行程(cheng)”是否足以(yi)讓(rang)成(cheng)品取出(chu)。

◆ 開(kai)模行(xing)程(cheng)至少需(xu)大于成品在開(kai)關模方向的高度(du)的兩倍以上，且(qie)需(xu)含豎澆(jiao)道（sprue）的長度(du)；

托模行程需足夠將成品頂出；

4、鎖(suo)得住 ：由產(chan)品(pin)及塑料決定“鎖(suo)模力”噸數。

當原料(liao)以高壓注入模(mo)(mo)穴內時會產生一個撐模(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)力量，因(yin)此注塑機的(de)(de)鎖模(mo)(mo)單元(yuan)必(bi)須提供足夠的(de)(de)“鎖模(mo)(mo)力”使模(mo)(mo)具不至于被撐開(kai)。鎖模(mo)(mo)力需求的(de)(de)計算如(ru)下：

由成(cheng)品外觀尺寸(cun)求出成(cheng)品在開關模方向(xiang)的投影面積(ji)；

撐模(mo)力量=成品在開關模(mo)方向(xiang)的投影面積(cm2)×模(mo)穴數(shu)×模(mo)內(nei)壓力(kg/cm2)；

模(mo)內(nei)壓力隨(sui)原(yuan)料而不同, 一般(ban)原(yuan)料取350～400kg/cm2；

機器鎖模力需(xu)大(da)于撐模力量(liang)，且為了(le)保險起見，機器鎖模力通常(chang)需(xu)大(da)于撐模力量(liang)的1.17倍以上；

至此已初(chu)步決定夾模(mo)單元的(de)規格，并大致確定機種噸(dun)數，接著必須(xu)再(zai)進行下列步驟(zou)，以確認哪一個射出單元的(de)螺桿直(zhi)徑比(bi)較符合所需。

5、射得飽(bao): 由成品重量(liang)及模穴數判定所需“射出(chu)量(liang)”并選擇合適的“螺(luo)桿(gan)直徑”。

計(ji)算成品重量需考慮模穴數(shu)（一模幾穴）；

為(wei)(wei)了穩定性起見，射(she)出量需(xu)為(wei)(wei)成品(pin)(pin)重量的(de)1.35倍以上，亦即成品(pin)(pin)重量需(xu)為(wei)(wei)射(she)出量的(de)75%以內；

6、射(she)得好 ：由塑料(liao)判定“螺(luo)桿壓縮(suo)比”及“射(she)出壓力”等(deng)條件。

有(you)些工程(cheng)塑料需要(yao)較高的(de)射(she)出壓(ya)(ya)力及(ji)合適(shi)的(de)螺桿壓(ya)(ya)縮比設計，才有(you)較好(hao)的(de)成(cheng)型效果(guo)，因此(ci)為了使(shi)成(cheng)品(pin)射(she)得更(geng)好(hao)，在選(xuan)擇螺桿時亦需考慮射(she)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)需求及(ji)壓(ya)(ya)縮比的(de)問題。

一般(ban)而(er)言，直(zhi)徑(jing)較小的螺桿可提供較高(gao)的射出壓力。

7、射得快 ：及“射出速度(du)”的確(que)認。

有(you)些(xie)成(cheng)品(pin)需(xu)要(yao)高(gao)射出(chu)(chu)率速(su)(su)射出(chu)(chu)才能(neng)穩定成(cheng)型，如超(chao)薄(bo)類成(cheng)品(pin)，在此情況下，可能(neng)需(xu)要(yao)確認機器(qi)的射出(chu)(chu)率及射速(su)(su)是(shi)否(fou)足夠，是(shi)否(fou)需(xu)搭(da)配蓄壓器(qi)、閉回路控制等裝置(zhi)。一般而言，在相同(tong)條件下，可提供較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)射壓的螺(luo)桿(gan)通常(chang)射速(su)(su)較(jiao)(jiao)低(di)，相反的，可提供較(jiao)(jiao)低(di)射壓的螺(luo)桿(gan)通常(chang)射速(su)(su)較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)。因此，選擇螺(luo)桿(gan)直(zhi)徑時，射出(chu)(chu)量(liang)、射出(chu)(chu)壓力及射出(chu)(chu)率（射出(chu)(chu)速(su)(su)度），需(xu)交叉(cha)考量(liang)及取舍。

此外，也可以采用多回(hui)路(lu)設計，以同步復合動(dong)作縮短成型時間。

經(jing)過以上(shang)步驟之后，原則上(shang)已(yi)經(jing)可(ke)以決定符合需求的注塑機，但是有一(yi)些(xie)特殊(shu)問題可(ke)能也必須再加以考慮(lv)，包括：

大小配的問題：

在(zai)某(mou)些特(te)殊狀況下(xia)，客(ke)戶(hu)(hu)的模(mo)具(ju)或產品可(ke)能(neng)模(mo)具(ju)體積小但(dan)所需(xu)(xu)(xu)射量(liang)大(da)(da)(da)，或模(mo)具(ju)體積大(da)(da)(da)但(dan)所需(xu)(xu)(xu)射量(liang)小，在(zai)這種況下(xia)，廠(chang)家所預(yu)先(xian)設(she)定(ding)的標(biao)準規格可(ke)能(neng)無(wu)法符(fu)合客(ke)戶(hu)(hu)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求，而(er)必須進行所謂(wei)“大(da)(da)(da)小配”，亦即(ji)“大(da)(da)(da)壁小射”或“小壁大(da)(da)(da)射”。所謂(wei)“大(da)(da)(da)壁小射”指以(yi)原先(xian)標(biao)準的夾(jia)模(mo)單(dan)元搭配較(jiao)小的射出螺桿，反之，“小壁大(da)(da)(da)射”即(ji)是以(yi)原先(xian)標(biao)準的夾(jia)模(mo)單(dan)元搭配較(jiao)大(da)(da)(da)的射出螺桿。當然，在(zai)搭配上也可(ke)能(neng)夾(jia)模(mo)與射出相差好幾級。

快速機或高速機的觀念：

在實(shi)際運用中，越來越多的客(ke)戶會要求購買所謂(wei)“高(gao)速機”或“快速機”。一(yi)般而(er)言(yan)，其目的除了產品本身的需求外，其他(ta)大多是要縮短成型周期、提高(gao)單位時(shi)間的產量(liang)，進而(er)降低生產成本，提高(gao)競爭力。通(tong)常，要達到(dao)上述(shu)目的，有幾(ji)種做(zuo)法：

射出速度加(jia)快：將電機馬達及(ji)泵浦(pu)加(jia)大(da)，或加(jia)蓄壓器(qi)（最好加(jia)閉回路控制）；

加(jia)(jia)料(liao)(liao)速度加(jia)(jia)快：將電機(ji)馬(ma)達(da)及泵浦加(jia)(jia)大，或(huo)加(jia)(jia)料(liao)(liao)油壓馬(ma)達(da)改小，使螺桿轉速加(jia)(jia)快；

多(duo)回路系(xi)統：采用雙回路或(huo)三回路設計，以同步進行復合(he)動作，縮短成型時間(jian)；

增(zeng)加模具水路(lu)，提(ti)升模具的冷卻(que)效率；

然(ran)而，“天下沒有(you)白吃(chi)的午餐”，機器性能的提升(sheng)及(ji)改(gai)造固(gu)然(ran)可(ke)以增加(jia)生產效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率，但往往也增加(jia)投資成(cheng)本及(ji)運轉成(cheng)本，因此(ci)，投資前的效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)益評估需仔細衡量，才能以最合適的機型產生最高的效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)益。

相關術語

電(dian)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)荷的(de)定向(xiang)移動叫做電(dian)流(liu)(liu)，電(dian)流(liu)(liu)常用(yong)I表示(shi)。電(dian)流(liu)(liu)分直流(liu)(liu)和(he)交流(liu)(liu)兩種。電(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)大(da)(da)小和(he)方向(xiang)不隨(sui)時間變化的(de)叫做直流(liu)(liu)。電(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)大(da)(da)小和(he)方向(xiang)隨(sui)時間變化的(de)叫做交流(liu)(liu)。電(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)單位(wei)(wei)是安（A），也常用(yong)毫(hao)安（mA)或者微安(uA)做單位(wei)(wei)。1A=1000mA,1mA=1000uA。

電(dian)流可(ke)以用(yong)電(dian)流表測量。測量的時(shi)候，把電(dian)流表串(chuan)聯在電(dian)路中，要選擇電(dian)流表指針接近滿偏轉的量程。這(zhe)樣可(ke)以防止(zhi)電(dian)流過大(da)而損(sun)壞電(dian)流表。

電壓

河水之所(suo)以能夠流(liu)動(dong)，是因(yin)為(wei)有水位(wei)差；電(dian)(dian)荷(he)之所(suo)以能夠流(liu)動(dong)，是因(yin)為(wei)有電(dian)(dian)位(wei)差。電(dian)(dian)位(wei)差也(ye)就(jiu)是電(dian)(dian)壓。電(dian)(dian)壓是形成電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)原因(yin)。在電(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)壓常用U表(biao)示(shi)。電(dian)(dian)壓的(de)單(dan)位(wei)是伏(fu)(fu)（V），也(ye)常用毫(hao)伏(fu)(fu)（mV）或者微(wei)伏(fu)(fu)（uV）做單(dan)位(wei)。1V=1000mV，1mV=1000uV。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)可(ke)以用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)表(biao)測量(liang)。測量(liang)的時候(hou)，把(ba)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)表(biao)并聯在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路上(shang)，要選擇(ze)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)表(biao)指(zhi)針接近滿(man)偏轉的量(liang)程。如(ru)果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路上(shang)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)大小估計不出來，要先用(yong)大的量(liang)程，粗(cu)略測量(liang)后(hou)再用(yong)合適的量(liang)程。這樣可(ke)以防止由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)過大而(er)損壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)表(biao)。

電阻

電(dian)路中對電(dian)流通過有阻(zu)礙作用并且造成能量消(xiao)耗(hao)的部分(fen)叫做電(dian)阻(zu)。電(dian)阻(zu)常(chang)(chang)用R表示。電(dian)阻(zu)的單(dan)位是歐（Ω），也常(chang)(chang)用千歐（kΩ）或者(zhe)兆(zhao)歐（MΩ）做單(dan)位。1kΩ=1000Ω,1MΩ=1000000Ω。導(dao)體的電(dian)阻(zu)由導(dao)體的材料、橫截面積和長度(du)決定。

電(dian)阻可(ke)以用(yong)萬用(yong)表(biao)(biao)歐姆檔(dang)測量。測量的時(shi)候，要選擇電(dian)表(biao)(biao)指針接近偏轉一(yi)半的歐姆檔(dang)。如(ru)果電(dian)阻在電(dian)路(lu)中，要把電(dian)阻的一(yi)頭燙開(kai)后再測量。

歐姆定律導體中的(de)電流I和(he)導體兩端(duan)的(de)電壓(ya)U成(cheng)正比，和(he)導體的(de)電阻R成(cheng)反比，即I=U/R

這個規律叫做歐(ou)姆定律。如果知道(dao)電壓(ya)、電流、電阻(zu)三個量(liang)中的兩個，就可以根據歐(ou)姆定律求出(chu)第三個量(liang)，即

I=U/R，R=U/I，U=I×R

在交流(liu)電路中，歐姆定律同(tong)樣成立，但電阻R應該改成阻抗Z，即I=U/Z

電源

把(ba)(ba)其他形式的(de)能(neng)(neng)轉換成電(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)裝置叫(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。發電(dian)機(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)把(ba)(ba)機(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)轉換成電(dian)能(neng)(neng)，干(gan)(gan)電(dian)池能(neng)(neng)把(ba)(ba)化學(xue)能(neng)(neng)轉換成電(dian)能(neng)(neng)。發電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、干(gan)(gan)電(dian)池等叫(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。通過變(bian)壓器(qi)和整(zheng)流器(qi)，把(ba)(ba)交流電(dian)變(bian)成直流電(dian)的(de)裝置叫(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)整(zheng)流電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。能(neng)(neng)提供信號(hao)的(de)電(dian)子設備叫(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)信號(hao)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。晶(jing)體三(san)(san)極管(guan)能(neng)(neng)把(ba)(ba)前面(mian)送(song)來的(de)信號(hao)加(jia)以放大，又(you)把(ba)(ba)放大了的(de)信號(hao)傳送(song)到后面(mian)的(de)電(dian)路(lu)中去。晶(jing)體三(san)(san)極管(guan)對后面(mian)的(de)電(dian)路(lu)來說，也(ye)可以看做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)是信號(hao)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。整(zheng)流電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、信號(hao)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)有(you)時也(ye)叫(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。

負載

把(ba)(ba)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)其(qi)他形式的(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)裝置叫做負載(zai)(zai)。電(dian)動機(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)把(ba)(ba)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)機(ji)械能(neng)(neng)(neng)，電(dian)阻能(neng)(neng)(neng)把(ba)(ba)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)熱(re)(re)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，電(dian)燈泡(pao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)把(ba)(ba)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)熱(re)(re)能(neng)(neng)(neng)和光能(neng)(neng)(neng)，揚(yang)聲器能(neng)(neng)(neng)把(ba)(ba)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)聲能(neng)(neng)(neng)。電(dian)動機(ji)、電(dian)阻、電(dian)燈泡(pao)、揚(yang)聲器等(deng)都叫做負載(zai)(zai)。晶體三極管對(dui)于(yu)前面的(de)信號源來說，也可以看作是負載(zai)(zai)。

電路

最簡(jian)單的(de)(de)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)由(you)電(dian)源、負載(zai)和導(dao)線(xian)、開(kai)關等元件組成。電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)處處連通叫(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)通路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)。只(zhi)有通路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)，電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)中才(cai)有電(dian)流通過。電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)某一處斷(duan)開(kai)叫(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)或(huo)者(zhe)開(kai)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)。電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)某一部分(fen)的(de)(de)兩端直接接通，使這部分(fen)的(de)(de)電(dian)壓變成零，叫(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)短路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)。

電動勢

電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)勢(shi)(shi)是反映電(dian)(dian)源把其他形(xing)式的能(neng)轉換成電(dian)(dian)能(neng)的本(ben)領的物(wu)理(li)量。電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)勢(shi)(shi)使電(dian)(dian)源兩(liang)端產生電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)路中，電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)勢(shi)(shi)常(chang)用(yong)δ表(biao)示。電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)勢(shi)(shi)的單位和電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的單位相同(tong)，也是伏(fu)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)可(ke)(ke)以用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表測量。測量的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)不要(yao)接(jie)到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)(zhong)去，用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表測量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)兩(liang)端的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，所得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)值就可(ke)(ke)以看(kan)作(zuo)等(deng)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)。如果(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)接(jie)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)(zhong)，用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表測得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)兩(liang)端的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)就會(hui)小(xiao)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)。這是因(yin)(yin)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)有(you)內(nei)(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)。在(zai)閉合的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)通(tong)過內(nei)(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)r有(you)內(nei)(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)降(jiang)，通(tong)過外(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)R有(you)外(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)降(jiang)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)δ等(deng)于(yu)(yu)內(nei)(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)Ur和(he)(he)外(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)UR之(zhi)和(he)(he)，即δ=Ur+UR 。嚴格來(lai)說，即使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)不接(jie)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表測量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)兩(liang)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表成了外(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，測得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)也(ye)小(xiao)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)。但是，由(you)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)很(hen)大，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)很(hen)小(xiao)，內(nei)(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)可(ke)(ke)以忽略。因(yin)(yin)此，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表測得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)兩(liang)端的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)是可(ke)(ke)以看(kan)作(zuo)等(deng)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)用(yong)舊了，用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)用(yong)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)兩(liang)端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，有時(shi)候依然(ran)比較(jiao)(jiao)高，但是(shi)(shi)接入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路后卻不能(neng)(neng)使負(fu)載(zai)(zai)（收(shou)音(yin)機、錄音(yin)機等）正常(chang)工作。這種情況是(shi)(shi)因為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)變(bian)大了，甚至比負(fu)載(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)還(huan)大，但是(shi)(shi)依然(ran)比電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)小。用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)兩(liang)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)分(fen)得(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)還(huan)不大，所(suo)以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)測(ce)(ce)得(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)依然(ran)比較(jiao)(jiao)高。但是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)接入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)分(fen)得(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)增大，負(fu)載(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)分(fen)得(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)就減小，因此不能(neng)(neng)使負(fu)載(zai)(zai)正常(chang)工作。為(wei)了判斷(duan)舊電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)能(neng)(neng)不能(neng)(neng)用(yong)，應該在有負(fu)載(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候測(ce)(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)兩(liang)端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。有些性能(neng)(neng)較(jiao)(jiao)差(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)(de)穩壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，有負(fu)載(zai)(zai)和沒(mei)有負(fu)載(zai)(zai)兩(liang)種情況下測(ce)(ce)得(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源兩(liang)端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)相差(cha)(cha)較(jiao)(jiao)大，也是(shi)(shi)因為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)較(jiao)(jiao)大造成的(de)(de)(de)。

周(zhou) 期交流電完(wan)成一次完(wan)整的變化所需要的時間(jian)叫做周(zhou)期，常(chang)用(yong)(yong)T表(biao)示。周(zhou)期的單位(wei)是(shi)秒(miao)（s）,也常(chang)用(yong)(yong)毫秒(miao)（ms）或(huo)微秒(miao)（us）做單位(wei)。1s=1000ms，1s=1000000us。

頻(pin)(pin) 率交流(liu)電在1s內完成周期性(xing)變化的(de)(de)次數(shu)叫做頻(pin)(pin)率，常(chang)用(yong)f表示。頻(pin)(pin)率的(de)(de)單位是(shi)(shi)赫(he)(he)（Hz），也常(chang)用(yong)千赫(he)(he)（kHz）或(huo)兆赫(he)(he)（MHz）做單位。1kHz=1000Hz，1MHz=1000000Hz。交流(liu)電頻(pin)(pin)率f是(shi)(shi)周期T的(de)(de)倒數(shu)，即f =1/T

電容

電(dian)(dian)容是衡量(liang)(liang)(liang)導體(ti)(ti)儲(chu)存(cun)電(dian)(dian)荷能力的(de)(de)物理量(liang)(liang)(liang)。在兩個相互絕緣的(de)(de)導體(ti)(ti)上(shang)，加上(shang)一(yi)定的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，它們就會儲(chu)存(cun)一(yi)定的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。其中(zhong)一(yi)個導體(ti)(ti)儲(chu)存(cun)著(zhu)正(zheng)(zheng)電(dian)(dian)荷，另(ling)一(yi)個導體(ti)(ti)儲(chu)存(cun)著(zhu)大(da)小(xiao)相等的(de)(de)負電(dian)(dian)荷。加上(shang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)越大(da)，儲(chu)存(cun)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)就越多。儲(chu)存(cun)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)和加上(shang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)是成正(zheng)(zheng)比(bi)的(de)(de)，它們的(de)(de)比(bi)值叫(jiao)做電(dian)(dian)容。如果電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)用(yong)U表示(shi)，電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)用(yong)Q表示(shi)，電(dian)(dian)容用(yong)C表示(shi)，那么C=Q/U

電容的單位是法(fa)（F），也常用微法(fa)（uF）或者微微法(fa)（pF）做單位。1F=10uF，1F=10pF。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)可(ke)以(yi)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)儀測(ce)(ce)量，也(ye)可(ke)以(yi)用(yong)(yong)萬(wan)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)表歐(ou)姆(mu)檔粗略估(gu)(gu)測(ce)(ce)。歐(ou)姆(mu)表紅、黑(hei)兩(liang)(liang)表筆分別(bie)碰(peng)接電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)兩(liang)(liang)腳(jiao)，歐(ou)姆(mu)表內的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池就(jiu)會給電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，指(zhi)針(zhen)偏(pian)轉，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)完(wan)了(le)，指(zhi)針(zhen)回零。調換紅、黑(hei)兩(liang)(liang)表筆，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)后又會反向(xiang)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)越(yue)(yue)大(da)，指(zhi)針(zhen)偏(pian)轉也(ye)越(yue)(yue)大(da)。對(dui)比被測(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)和(he)已知電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)偏(pian)轉情況，就(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)粗略估(gu)(gu)計被測(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)量值。在一般的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中，除了(le)調諧(xie)回路(lu)等需(xu)(xu)要(yao)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量較準確(que)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)以(yi)外，用(yong)(yong)得最多的(de)(de)隔直、旁路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)、濾波電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)等，都不需(xu)(xu)要(yao)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量準確(que)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)。因此，用(yong)(yong)歐(ou)姆(mu)檔粗略估(gu)(gu)測(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量值是有實際意義(yi)的(de)(de)。但是，普通萬(wan)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)表歐(ou)姆(mu)檔只(zhi)能估(gu)(gu)測(ce)(ce)量值較大(da)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)，量值較小的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)就(jiu)要(yao)用(yong)(yong)中值電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻很大(da)的(de)(de)晶體管萬(wan)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)表歐(ou)姆(mu)檔來估(gu)(gu)測(ce)(ce)，小于幾(ji)十個微(wei)微(wei)法的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)就(jiu)只(zhi)好用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)儀測(ce)(ce)量了(le)。

容(rong)(rong)(rong) 抗(kang)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)是能夠通過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的，但是電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)對交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)仍然(ran)有(you)阻(zu)(zu)礙(ai)作用(yong)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)對交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的阻(zu)(zu)礙(ai)作用(yong)叫做容(rong)(rong)(rong)抗(kang)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)大，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)易通過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)，說明(ming)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)大，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的阻(zu)(zu)礙(ai)作用(yong)小(xiao)；交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的頻率(lv)高(gao)(gao)，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)也(ye)容(rong)(rong)(rong)易通過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)，說明(ming)頻率(lv)高(gao)(gao)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的阻(zu)(zu)礙(ai)作用(yong)也(ye)小(xiao)。實驗(yan)證明(ming)，容(rong)(rong)(rong)抗(kang)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)成(cheng)反比(bi)，和頻率(lv)也(ye)成(cheng)反比(bi)。如果(guo)容(rong)(rong)(rong)抗(kang)用(yong)XC表(biao)示，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)用(yong)C表(biao)示，頻率(lv)用(yong)f表(biao)示，那么(me)XC=1/(2πfC)

容抗(kang)的(de)單位是歐。知道(dao)了(le)交流電的(de)頻率f和電容C，就可以用上式把(ba)容抗(kang)計算出來(lai)。

電(dian) 感(gan)(gan)電(dian)感(gan)(gan)是衡量(liang)(liang)(liang)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)產生電(dian)磁感(gan)(gan)應能力的物理量(liang)(liang)(liang)。給一個線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)通(tong)(tong)入電(dian)流，線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)周(zhou)圍就(jiu)會(hui)產生磁場，線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)就(jiu)有(you)磁通(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)通(tong)(tong)過。通(tong)(tong)入線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)的電(dian)源越(yue)大(da)，磁場就(jiu)越(yue)強，通(tong)(tong)過線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)的磁通(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)就(jiu)越(yue)大(da)。實驗(yan)證明，通(tong)(tong)過線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)的磁通(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)和(he)通(tong)(tong)入的電(dian)流是成正比(bi)的，它(ta)們的比(bi)值叫做自(zi)感(gan)(gan)系數，也叫做電(dian)感(gan)(gan)。如(ru)果通(tong)(tong)過線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)的磁通(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)用φ表示(shi)，電(dian)流用I表示(shi)，電(dian)感(gan)(gan)用L表示(shi)，那么L= φ/I電(dian)感(gan)(gan)的單(dan)位是亨(heng)（H），也常用毫(hao)亨(heng)（mH）或微亨(heng)（uH）做單(dan)位。1H=1000mH，1H=1000000uH。

抗(kang)(kang)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)也可(ke)以通過(guo)線(xian)圈，但是線(xian)圈的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)對交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)有阻(zu)礙(ai)作用，這個阻(zu)礙(ai)叫做感(gan)(gan)抗(kang)(kang)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)量(liang)大，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)難以通過(guo)線(xian)圈，說明(ming)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)量(liang)大，電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)阻(zu)礙(ai)作用大；交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)高，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)也難以通過(guo)線(xian)圈，說明(ming)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)高，電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)阻(zu)礙(ai)作用也大。實(shi)驗證明(ming)，感(gan)(gan)抗(kang)(kang)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)成正比，和頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)也成正比。如果感(gan)(gan)抗(kang)(kang)用XL表示，電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)用L表示，頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)用f表示，那么XL= 2πfL感(gan)(gan)抗(kang)(kang)的(de)(de)(de)單位是歐(ou)。知道了交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)f和線(xian)圈的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)L，就可(ke)以用上式(shi)把感(gan)(gan)抗(kang)(kang)計算出(chu)來(lai)。

阻(zu)(zu) 抗具(ju)有電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)、電(dian)(dian)感和電(dian)(dian)容的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)路里，對交流電(dian)(dian)所起的(de)(de)阻(zu)(zu)礙作用叫(jiao)做阻(zu)(zu)抗。阻(zu)(zu)抗常用Z表示。阻(zu)(zu)抗由電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)、感抗和容抗三者組(zu)成，但不是三者簡單(dan)相加。如(ru)果(guo)三者是串(chuan)聯的(de)(de)，又知道交流電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)頻率f、電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)R、電(dian)(dian)感L和電(dian)(dian)容C，那么(me)串(chuan)聯電(dian)(dian)路的(de)(de)阻(zu)(zu)抗阻(zu)(zu)抗的(de)(de)單(dan)位是歐。

對于一個具體電(dian)(dian)路，阻抗(kang)不是不變的(de)，而是隨(sui)著頻率(lv)變化而變化。在電(dian)(dian)阻、電(dian)(dian)感和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)串(chuan)(chuan)聯(lian)電(dian)(dian)路中，電(dian)(dian)路的(de)阻抗(kang)一般來說比(bi)電(dian)(dian)阻大。也就(jiu)是阻抗(kang)減(jian)小到(dao)最小值。在電(dian)(dian)感和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)并聯(lian)電(dian)(dian)路中，諧(xie)振的(de)時候阻抗(kang)增加到(dao)最大值，這和(he)(he)串(chuan)(chuan)聯(lian)電(dian)(dian)路相(xiang)反。

相(xiang)(xiang) 位相(xiang)(xiang)位是(shi)(shi)(shi)反映(ying)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電任(ren)(ren)何(he)時刻的(de)(de)(de)狀態的(de)(de)(de)物理量(liang)。交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)小和方(fang)向是(shi)(shi)(shi)隨時間(jian)(jian)變化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)。比(bi)如正(zheng)弦交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)，它的(de)(de)(de)公式是(shi)(shi)(shi)i=Isin2πft。i是(shi)(shi)(shi)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)瞬時值，I是(shi)(shi)(shi)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)最大(da)(da)值，f是(shi)(shi)(shi)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電的(de)(de)(de)頻率，t是(shi)(shi)(shi)時間(jian)(jian)。隨著時間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)推(tui)移，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)可以從零(ling)(ling)(ling)變到最大(da)(da)值，從最大(da)(da)值變到零(ling)(ling)(ling)，又從零(ling)(ling)(ling)變到負的(de)(de)(de)最大(da)(da)值，從負的(de)(de)(de)最大(da)(da)值變到零(ling)(ling)(ling)，，如圖3甲所示。在(zai)三角(jiao)函數中2πft相(xiang)(xiang)當(dang)于角(jiao)度，它反映(ying)了交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電任(ren)(ren)何(he)時刻所處的(de)(de)(de)狀態，是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)增大(da)(da)還(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)減小，是(shi)(shi)(shi)正(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)還(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)負的(de)(de)(de)等(deng)等(deng)。因此把2πft叫做相(xiang)(xiang)位，或者(zhe)叫做相(xiang)(xiang)。

如果t等(deng)于零的時候，i并不等(deng)于零，公式應該改(gai)成i=Isin(2πft+ψ),如圖3乙所示。那(nei)么2πft+ψ叫做(zuo)相(xiang)(xiang)位，ψ叫做(zuo)初相(xiang)(xiang)位，或者叫做(zuo)初相(xiang)(xiang)。

相(xiang)位差兩個(ge)頻率(lv)相(xiang)同(tong)的(de)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)相(xiang)位的(de)差叫(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)相(xiang)位差，或者叫(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)相(xiang)差。這兩個(ge)頻率(lv)相(xiang)同(tong)的(de)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)，可以(yi)是(shi)兩個(ge)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)流(liu)，可以(yi)是(shi)兩個(ge)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)壓，可以(yi)是(shi)兩個(ge)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)動勢，也可以(yi)是(shi)這三種(zhong)量中(zhong)的(de)任何(he)兩個(ge)。

例如(ru)研究加在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)上的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和通(tong)過這個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)相(xiang)位(wei)(wei)差。如(ru)果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)是純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，那么交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)相(xiang)位(wei)(wei)差等(deng)于(yu)零(ling)。也(ye)就是說(shuo)(shuo)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等(deng)于(yu)零(ling)的(de)時候，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)也(ye)等(deng)于(yu)零(ling)，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓變(bian)到(dao)最(zui)大值的(de)時候，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)也(ye)變(bian)到(dao)最(zui)大值。這種情況(kuang)叫做同(tong)(tong)相(xiang)位(wei)(wei)，或者(zhe)叫做同(tong)(tong)相(xiang)。如(ru)果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)含(han)有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)相(xiang)位(wei)(wei)差一(yi)般是不(bu)等(deng)于(yu)零(ling)的(de)，也(ye)就是說(shuo)(shuo)一(yi)般是不(bu)同(tong)(tong)相(xiang)的(de)，或者(zhe)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓超前于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，或者(zhe)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)超前于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。

加在晶體管放大器基極(ji)上的交流電壓和從集電極(ji)輸出(chu)的交流電壓，這兩者的相(xiang)位差正(zheng)好等于180°。這種情況叫(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)反相(xiang)位，或者叫(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)反相(xiang)

注塑(su)機(ji)的(de)分類及特點　注塑(su)機(ji)按照注射裝置(zhi)和(he)(he)鎖模裝置(zhi)的(de)排列方式(shi)，可分為立式(shi)、臥式(shi)和(he)(he)立臥復合式(shi)。其各自的(de)特點如(ru)下。

立式注塑機的特點：

1、注射(she)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)和鎖模裝(zhuang)置(zhi)処于同一垂直(zhi)中心線上，且模具是沿(yan)上下方(fang)向開(kai)閉。其(qi)占(zhan)地(di)面(mian)積只有(you)臥式機的約一半(ban)，因(yin)此(ci)，換算(suan)成占(zhan)地(di)面(mian)積生產性約有(you)二倍左右。

2、容(rong)易(yi)實現嵌(qian)件成(cheng)型。因為模具表面朝上，嵌(qian)件放(fang)入(ru)定位容(rong)易(yi)。采用下模板(ban)固定、上模板(ban)可動(dong)的機(ji)種，拉帶輸(shu)送裝置與(yu)機(ji)械手相組(zu)合(he)的話，可容(rong)易(yi)地實現全(quan)自動(dong)嵌(qian)件成(cheng)型。

3、模具的重(zhong)量由水平(ping)模板支承作上下開閉動(dong)作，不會(hui)發生類(lei)似(si)臥式機(ji)的由于模具重(zhong)力(li)引起的前倒，使得模板無(wu)法開閉的現象(xiang)。有利于持(chi)久(jiu)性保持(chi)機(ji)械和模具的精度。

4、通過簡單的機械手可取出各(ge)個塑件(jian)型(xing)(xing)腔，有利于精密成型(xing)(xing)。

5、一般鎖模裝置周圍為開開放式(shi)，容易(yi)配(pei)置各(ge)類(lei)自動(dong)化裝置，適應于復雜、精巧產(chan)品的自動(dong)成型(xing)。

6、拉帶輸(shu)輸(shu)送裝置(zhi)容(rong)易(yi)實(shi)現串過模(mo)具(ju)中間(jian)安裝，便(bian)于實(shi)現成型自動(dong)生產。

7、容易保證模具內(nei)樹脂流動性及模具溫度分布的一(yi)致性。

8、配備有(you)旋轉(zhuan)臺面、移(yi)動臺面及傾斜臺面等形式，容易實現嵌件成(cheng)型、模內組合成(cheng)型。

9、小(xiao)批量試生產(chan)時(shi)，模具構(gou)造簡單(dan)成本低，且便于卸裝。

10、經受(shou)了(le)多次地震的考(kao)驗(yan)，立式機由于(yu)重心低，相對臥式機抗震性更好(hao)。

臥式注塑機的特點：

1、即是大(da)型機由于(yu)機身低，對于(yu)安置的廠(chang)房無(wu)高度限制(zhi)。

2、產品可(ke)(ke)自動落(luo)下的(de)場合，不需使用機(ji)械手(shou)也可(ke)(ke)實現自動成型。

3、由于(yu)機身低，供料方便，檢(jian)修容易(yi)。

4、模(mo)具需(xu)通過吊車安(an)裝。

5、多臺(tai)并列(lie)排列(lie)下，成型品容易由輸(shu)送(song)帶收集包裝。