【啤機(ji)】啤機(ji)是什么意思 啤機(ji)是做什么用的機(ji)器

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啤機類型

注(zhu)塑(su)機的類型有:立(li)式、臥式、全電式，但是無論那種注(zhu)塑(su)機，其基本功(gong)能有兩(liang)個：

（1）加熱塑料，使其達到熔化狀態；

（2）對熔(rong)融塑(su)料施加高壓，使其(qi)射出而充滿模(mo)具(ju)型腔。

注塑(su)機通常由注射系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)、合模系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)、液壓傳達動系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)、電氣控制系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)、潤滑系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)、加(jia)熱(re)及冷卻系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)、安全監測系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)等組成。

（3）注塑系統

注(zhu)射(she)系(xi)統的(de)作用：注(zhu)射(she)系(xi)統是(shi)注(zhu)塑機(ji)最主要(yao)(yao)的(de)組成部分之一，一般有柱(zhu)(zhu)塞(sai)式、螺(luo)桿(gan)式、螺(luo)桿(gan)預塑柱(zhu)(zhu)塞(sai)注(zhu)射(she)式3種主要(yao)(yao)形式。目(mu)前(qian)應用最廣泛的(de)是(shi)螺(luo)桿(gan)式。其(qi)作用是(shi)，在(zai)注(zhu)塑料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)機(ji)的(de)一個循環中(zhong)，能在(zai)規定的(de)時間內將(jiang)一定數量的(de)塑料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)加熱(re)塑化后，在(zai)一定的(de)壓力和速度下，通過螺(luo)桿(gan)將(jiang)熔(rong)融塑料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)注(zhu)入模(mo)具型腔中(zhong)。注(zhu)射(she)結束后，對注(zhu)射(she)到(dao)模(mo)腔中(zhong)的(de)熔(rong)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)保持定型。

注射(she)系(xi)(xi)統的組成：注射(she)系(xi)(xi)統由塑化(hua)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)和(he)動力傳遞(di)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)組成。

螺桿(gan)式(shi)注(zhu)塑機塑化裝置(zhi)(zhi)主要由(you)加料裝置(zhi)(zhi)、料筒、螺桿(gan)、射咀(ju)部分(fen)組(zu)成。動力傳遞裝置(zhi)(zhi)包括注(zhu)射油缸、注(zhu)射座(zuo)移動油缸以及螺桿(gan)驅動裝置(zhi)(zhi)（熔膠馬達）。

（4）合模系統

合(he)模(mo)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的作用：合(he)模(mo)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的作用是保證模(mo)具(ju)閉合(he)、開啟(qi)及頂(ding)出制品。同時，在(zai)模(mo)具(ju)閉合(he)后，供(gong)給予模(mo)具(ju)足夠的鎖模(mo)力(li)，以抵抗熔融塑料進(jin)入模(mo)腔(qiang)產生(sheng)的模(mo)腔(qiang)壓力(li)，防(fang)止模(mo)具(ju)開縫，造成(cheng)制品的不良現狀。

合模(mo)系統的(de)組成(cheng)：合模(mo)系統主要由合模(mo)裝置、調模(mo)機構、頂出機構、前后固定(ding)模(mo)板、移動模(mo)板、合模(mo)油缸和安全保護機構組成(cheng)。

（5）液壓系統

液(ye)壓傳動(dong)(dong)系(xi)統的(de)(de)作用是實現(xian)注塑(su)機(ji)按工藝過程所要(yao)求的(de)(de)各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)動(dong)(dong)作提(ti)供動(dong)(dong)力(li)，并滿(man)足注塑(su)機(ji)各(ge)(ge)部分(fen)所需壓力(li)、速度(du)、溫度(du)等(deng)的(de)(de)要(yao)求。它主(zhu)要(yao)由各(ge)(ge)自種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)液(ye)壓元件(jian)和液(ye)壓輔助元件(jian)所組(zu)成，其中油泵和電機(ji)是注塑(su)機(ji)的(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)力(li)來源。各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)閥控制油液(ye)壓力(li)和流量，從而滿(man)足注射成型工藝各(ge)(ge)項要(yao)求。

（6）電氣控制系統

電氣控制系(xi)統與(yu)液壓系(xi)統合理配合，可(ke)實現注射機(ji)的(de)工藝過程要(yao)求（壓力、溫度(du)(du)、速度(du)(du)、時(shi)間）和(he)各種(zhong)程序動作。主(zhu)要(yao)由電器、電子元(yuan)件、儀表、加(jia)熱(re)器、傳(chuan)感(gan)器等組成。一般有四種(zhong)控制方(fang)式，手動、半(ban)自動、全自動、調整。

（7）加熱/冷卻系統

加熱(re)系統是用(yong)來加熱(re)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)筒及注(zhu)射噴嘴的，注(zhu)塑(su)機料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)筒一般采(cai)用(yong)電熱(re)圈作(zuo)為加熱(re)裝(zhuang)置，安裝(zhuang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)筒的外部(bu)，并用(yong)熱(re)電偶分段檢測。熱(re)量通過筒壁(bi)導熱(re)為物料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)塑(su)化提供熱(re)源(yuan)；冷卻系統主要是用(yong)來冷卻油(you)溫(wen)，油(you)溫(wen)過高會(hui)引起多(duo)種故障出(chu)現所以(yi)油(you)溫(wen)必須(xu)加以(yi)控制。另一處需要冷卻的位(wei)置在(zai)(zai)(zai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)管下料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)口附近，防(fang)止原料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)下料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)口熔化，導致原料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)不能正常下料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)。

（8）潤滑系統

潤(run)(run)滑(hua)系統是(shi)(shi)注塑機(ji)的(de)動(dong)模(mo)板、調模(mo)裝(zhuang)置、連(lian)桿機(ji)鉸等處(chu)有相對(dui)運動(dong)的(de)部位提(ti)(ti)供潤(run)(run)滑(hua)條件的(de)回路，以(yi)便減少能(neng)耗和(he)提(ti)(ti)高零件壽命(ming)，潤(run)(run)滑(hua)可(ke)以(yi)是(shi)(shi)定期(qi)的(de)手動(dong)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)，也可(ke)以(yi)是(shi)(shi)自動(dong)電動(dong)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)；

（9）安全保護與監測系統

注塑機的安全(quan)裝(zhuang)置主要是用來保護(hu)人(ren)、機安全(quan)的裝(zhuang)置。主要由安全(quan)門(men)、液壓(ya)閥(fa)、限(xian)位開關、光電檢測(ce)元件(jian)等組(zu)成，實(shi)現電氣——機械——液壓(ya)的聯(lian)鎖保護(hu)。

監測(ce)系統主要(yao)對注塑機(ji)的油溫(wen)、料溫(wen)、系統超(chao)載，以及(ji)工藝和(he)設備故(gu)障(zhang)進(jin)行監測(ce)，發(fa)現異常情況(kuang)進(jin)行指示或報警。

啤機工作原理

注(zhu)(zhu)塑(su)機的工作(zuo)原(yuan)理與(yu)打針用的注(zhu)(zhu)射器(qi)相似，它是借助螺桿（或柱(zhu)塞）的推力(li)，將已(yi)塑(su)化好(hao)的熔(rong)融(rong)狀態(tai)（即粘流態(tai)）的塑(su)料注(zhu)(zhu)射入閉合好(hao)的模腔(qiang)內，經(jing)固(gu)化定型后取得(de)制(zhi)品的工藝過(guo)程。

注(zhu)射成(cheng)型(xing)是一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)循(xun)(xun)環的過(guo)程，每一(yi)(yi)周(zhou)期主要包括(kuo)：定(ding)量(liang)加(jia)料(liao)—熔融(rong)塑(su)化—施壓(ya)(ya)注(zhu)射—充模冷(leng)卻(que)—啟模取件(jian)。取出塑(su)件(jian)后又再閉(bi)模，進(jin)行下(xia)(xia)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)循(xun)(xun)環。注(zhu)射成(cheng)型(xing)是一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)循(xun)(xun)環的過(guo)程，每一(yi)(yi)周(zhou)期主要包括(kuo)：定(ding)量(liang)加(jia)料(liao)—熔融(rong)塑(su)化—施壓(ya)(ya)注(zhu)射—充模冷(leng)卻(que)—啟模取件(jian)，取出塑(su)件(jian)后又再閉(bi)模，進(jin)行下(xia)(xia)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)循(xun)(xun)環。

注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)塑(su)機操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)項目：注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)塑(su)機操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)項目包括控制(zhi)鍵盤操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)、電器(qi)控制(zhi)系(xi)統操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)和液壓(ya)系(xi)統操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)三個(ge)方面。分別進行注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射(she)過程動作(zuo)、加料動作(zuo)、注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射(she)壓(ya)力(li)、注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射(she)速度(du)、頂出型式的(de)選擇(ze)，料筒各段溫(wen)度(du)的(de)監控，注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射(she)壓(ya)力(li)和背壓(ya)壓(ya)力(li)的(de)調節等。

一(yi)般螺桿式注(zhu)(zhu)塑(su)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)工(gong)藝過程是(shi)：首先將粒狀(zhuang)或粉狀(zhuang)塑(su)料(liao)加(jia)入(ru)機(ji)(ji)筒內(nei)，并通(tong)過螺桿的(de)(de)(de)(de)旋轉和(he)(he)(he)機(ji)(ji)筒外壁加(jia)熱使塑(su)料(liao)成(cheng)為熔融狀(zhuang)態，然(ran)后(hou)機(ji)(ji)器進行(xing)合(he)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)和(he)(he)(he)注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)座前移，使噴嘴貼緊模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)具的(de)(de)(de)(de)澆口道，接(jie)著向(xiang)注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)缸通(tong)人(ren)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)油，使螺桿向(xiang)前推進，從而以很高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)和(he)(he)(he)較快的(de)(de)(de)(de)速(su)度將熔料(liao)注(zhu)(zhu)入(ru)溫度較低的(de)(de)(de)(de)閉合(he)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)具內(nei)，經過一(yi)定時間(jian)和(he)(he)(he)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)保(bao)持（又稱(cheng)保(bao)壓(ya)(ya)）、冷卻，使其(qi)固化成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)，便可(ke)開(kai)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)取出制品(pin)（保(bao)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)防止模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)腔中(zhong)熔料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)反流、向(xiang)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)腔內(nei)補充(chong)物(wu)料(liao)，以及(ji)保(bao)證制品(pin)具有(you)(you)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)密(mi)度和(he)(he)(he)尺寸公(gong)差(cha)）。注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本要求(qiu)(qiu)是(shi)塑(su)化、注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)和(he)(he)(he)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)。塑(su)化是(shi)實現和(he)(he)(he)保(bao)證成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)制品(pin)質量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)前提，而為滿足(zu)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)(qiu)，注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)必須保(bao)證有(you)(you)足(zu)夠(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)和(he)(he)(he)速(su)度。同時，由(you)于注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)很高(gao)，相應地在模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)腔中(zhong)產(chan)生很高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)（模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)腔內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)均壓(ya)(ya)力(li)一(yi)般在20~45MPa之間(jian)），因(yin)此必須有(you)(you)足(zu)夠(gou)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)力(li)。由(you)此可(ke)見，注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)裝置和(he)(he)(he)合(he)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)裝置是(shi)注(zhu)(zhu)塑(su)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵部件。

對(dui)塑(su)料制品的(de)評價主要有三(san)(san)個(ge)方(fang)面(mian)，第(di)一(yi)是外觀質(zhi)量(liang)，包括完整性(xing)、顏色、光澤等(deng)；第(di)二是尺寸和(he)相對(dui)位置間(jian)的(de)準確性(xing)；第(di)三(san)(san)是與用途相應的(de)物理性(xing)能(neng)、化學性(xing)能(neng)、電(dian)性(xing)能(neng)等(deng)。這些質(zhi)量(liang)要求又根據(ju)制品使用場(chang)合的(de)不(bu)同(tong)，要求的(de)尺度也不(bu)同(tong)。制品的(de)缺(que)陷主要在(zai)于(yu)模具的(de)設計、制造(zao)精度和(he)磨損程度等(deng)方(fang)面(mian)。但(dan)事實上，塑(su)料加工廠(chang)的(de)技術人員往往苦于(yu)面(mian)對(dui)用工藝手段來彌補模具缺(que)陷帶來的(de)問題而成效(xiao)不(bu)大的(de)困難(nan)局面(mian)。

生產過程中工(gong)藝(yi)的(de)調(diao)節是(shi)提高(gao)制品質量和產量的(de)必要(yao)(yao)(yao)途(tu)徑。由(you)于注(zhu)塑周期本身很短，如(ru)(ru)果工(gong)藝(yi)條件掌(zhang)握不(bu)(bu)好,廢品就會源(yuan)源(yuan)不(bu)(bu)絕。在調(diao)整(zheng)工(gong)藝(yi)時(shi)(shi)最好一(yi)次只改變(bian)一(yi)個條件，多觀察幾回，如(ru)(ru)果壓(ya)力、溫(wen)(wen)度、時(shi)(shi)間(jian)統(tong)統(tong)一(yi)起調(diao)的(de)話，很易(yi)造成混亂和誤解，出了(le)問題(ti)也不(bu)(bu)知道是(shi)何道理(li)。調(diao)整(zheng)工(gong)藝(yi)的(de)措施(shi)、手段是(shi)多方面的(de)。例如(ru)(ru)：解決(jue)(jue)制品注(zhu)不(bu)(bu)滿的(de)問題(ti)就有(you)十多個可能的(de)解決(jue)(jue)途(tu)徑，要(yao)(yao)(yao)選擇(ze)出解決(jue)(jue)問題(ti)癥結(jie)的(de)一(yi)、二個主要(yao)(yao)(yao)方案，才能真正(zheng)解決(jue)(jue)問題(ti)。此外，還(huan)應(ying)注(zhu)意解決(jue)(jue)方案中的(de)辨證關系。比如(ru)(ru)：制品出現了(le)凹陷，有(you)時(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)提高(gao)料溫(wen)(wen)，有(you)時(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)降低料溫(wen)(wen)；有(you)時(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)增加料量，有(you)時(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)減少(shao)料量。要(yao)(yao)(yao)承(cheng)認逆向措施(shi)的(de)解決(jue)(jue)問題(ti)的(de)可行性。

啤機用途

注(zhu)塑(su)(su)(su)機(ji)(ji)具(ju)有能一(yi)次成型外型復雜(za)、尺寸(cun)精確或帶有金屬嵌件的質地密(mi)致的塑(su)(su)(su)料制品，被廣泛應用于國(guo)防、機(ji)(ji)電、汽(qi)車、交通運輸(shu)、建材、包裝、農業、文教衛生及人們(men)日常生活(huo)各(ge)個領域(yu)。在塑(su)(su)(su)料工(gong)業迅速發展的今天，注(zhu)塑(su)(su)(su)機(ji)(ji)不(bu)論在數量上(shang)或品種上(shang)都占(zhan)(zhan)有重要(yao)地位，其(qi)生產(chan)總(zong)數占(zhan)(zhan)整(zheng)個塑(su)(su)(su)料成型設備的20%--30%，從(cong)而成為目前(qian)塑(su)(su)(su)料機(ji)(ji)械中增長最快，生產(chan)數量最多的機(ji)(ji)種之(zhi)一(yi)。據有關資料統(tong)計(ji)，1996--1998年我(wo)(wo)國(guo)出口(kou)注(zhu)塑(su)(su)(su)機(ji)(ji)8383臺(tai)（套(tao)），進(jin)口(kou)注(zhu)塑(su)(su)(su)機(ji)(ji)42959臺(tai)（套(tao)），其(qi)中1998年我(wo)(wo)國(guo)注(zhu)塑(su)(su)(su)機(ji)(ji)產(chan)量達到20000臺(tai)，其(qi)銷售額占(zhan)(zhan)塑(su)(su)(su)機(ji)(ji)總(zong)銷售額的42.9%。

啤機選擇方法

一(yi)般(ban)而言，從事注(zhu)塑行業多(duo)年的客(ke)戶多(duo)半有能力自(zi)行判斷并(bing)選擇(ze)合(he)(he)適(shi)的注(zhu)塑機來生產(chan)。但是在某(mou)些狀況下，客(ke)戶可能需要廠商(shang)的協助才能決(jue)定采(cai)用哪(na)一(yi)個規格的注(zhu)塑機，甚至(zhi)客(ke)戶可能只(zhi)有產(chan)品(pin)的樣品(pin)或構想，然后詢問廠商(shang)的機器是否能生產(chan)，或是哪(na)一(yi)種機型(xing)比較適(shi)合(he)(he)。

此(ci)(ci)外，某些特殊產(chan)品可(ke)(ke)能需要(yao)搭配特殊裝置如蓄壓(ya)器(qi)、閉回路、射出壓(ya)縮(suo)等，才能更有效率地生(sheng)產(chan)。由此(ci)(ci)可(ke)(ke)見，如何決定合適的注塑機來生(sheng)產(chan)，是(shi)一個極為(wei)重要(yao)的問題。以下資(zi)訊(xun)提供給讀(du)者參(can)考。

通常(chang)影響射出機選擇的重要因素包括模具、產品、塑料、成型要求等，因此(ci)，在進行選擇前必須先收集或具備下列資訊：

模具尺寸(寬度(du)、高度(du)、厚度(du)）、重量、特(te)殊設計等(deng)；

使用塑料的種(zhong)類(lei)及數量(liang)（單一原(yuan)料或多(duo)種(zhong)塑料）；

注(zhu)塑成品的(de)外觀尺寸（長(chang)、寬、高、厚度）、重量等；

成型要求，如品質條件、生產速度(du)等。

在獲得(de)以上資訊后，即(ji)可(ke)按照(zhao)下列步驟(zou)來選擇合(he)適的射出機(ji)：

1、選對型: 由(you)產品及塑料決定機種及系列(lie)。

由于射出機(ji)有非常多的(de)種(zhong)類，因(yin)此(ci)一開始要先正確(que)判斷此(ci)產品應由哪一種(zhong)注(zhu)塑(su)機(ji)，或(huo)(huo)(huo)是哪一個系(xi)列來生(sheng)產，例如(ru)是一般熱塑(su)性塑(su)膠或(huo)(huo)(huo)電(dian)木原(yuan)料或(huo)(huo)(huo)PET原(yuan)料等(deng)，是單(dan)色(se)、雙色(se)、多色(se)、夾(jia)層(ceng)或(huo)(huo)(huo)混色(se)等(deng)。此(ci)外，某些產品需要高穩定（閉回(hui)路(lu)）、高精密、超(chao)高射速、高射壓或(huo)(huo)(huo)快速生(sheng)產（多回(hui)路(lu)）等(deng)條件(jian)，也必須選擇(ze)合適的(de)系(xi)列來生(sheng)產。

2、放得(de)(de)下 ：由模(mo)具(ju)尺寸(cun)判定(ding)機臺的(de)“大柱內距”、“模(mo)厚”、“模(mo)具(ju)最小尺寸(cun)”及“模(mo)盤尺寸(cun)”是否(fou)適當，以確認模(mo)具(ju)是否(fou)放得(de)(de)下。

模具(ju)的寬度(du)及高度(du)需小于或至少(shao)有一邊小于大(da)柱內距；

模(mo)具的寬度及高度最(zui)好(hao)在(zai)模(mo)盤尺寸范圍內；

模(mo)具的厚(hou)度需介(jie)于注塑機的模(mo)厚(hou)之(zhi)間；

模具的(de)寬(kuan)度及高度需符(fu)合該(gai)注塑(su)機建議的(de)最小模具尺寸，太小也不行；

3、拿得(de)出 ：由(you)模(mo)具及(ji)成品判定(ding)“開模(mo)行程”及(ji)“托(tuo)模(mo)行程”是否足以讓成品取出。

◆ 開模行(xing)程至少需(xu)(xu)大于成品在(zai)開關模方向的高度的兩倍以上，且(qie)需(xu)(xu)含(han)豎澆道（sprue）的長(chang)度；

托(tuo)模行程(cheng)需足夠將成(cheng)品頂出；

4、鎖得住 ：由產(chan)品及塑(su)料決定“鎖模(mo)力”噸數。

當原料以(yi)高(gao)壓注入模(mo)穴內(nei)時會產(chan)生(sheng)一(yi)個撐模(mo)的(de)(de)力量，因此(ci)注塑(su)機的(de)(de)鎖模(mo)單(dan)元必須提(ti)供足夠的(de)(de)“鎖模(mo)力”使模(mo)具不至于被撐開。鎖模(mo)力需(xu)求(qiu)的(de)(de)計算如(ru)下：

由(you)成(cheng)品(pin)外觀尺(chi)寸求出成(cheng)品(pin)在開關(guan)模方向的投影面積；

撐模力量(liang)=成品在(zai)開關模方向的投影面積(cm2)×模穴數×模內(nei)壓力(kg/cm2)；

模內壓力隨(sui)原(yuan)料而不同, 一般(ban)原(yuan)料取350～400kg/cm2；

機器鎖(suo)模(mo)力(li)需大(da)(da)于(yu)撐模(mo)力(li)量(liang)，且為(wei)了(le)保險起(qi)見，機器鎖(suo)模(mo)力(li)通常需大(da)(da)于(yu)撐模(mo)力(li)量(liang)的1.17倍以上；

至此已(yi)初步決定夾模(mo)單元(yuan)(yuan)的規格(ge)，并(bing)大致確(que)定機(ji)種噸數，接著必須(xu)再進行下(xia)列步驟，以確(que)認哪(na)一個(ge)射出單元(yuan)(yuan)的螺桿直徑比較符合所需。

5、射得飽(bao): 由成品重量及模穴數判定所需“射出量”并選擇合適(shi)的“螺桿直徑”。

計算(suan)成品重量需考慮模(mo)穴(xue)數（一(yi)模(mo)幾穴(xue)）；

為(wei)(wei)(wei)了穩(wen)定性起(qi)見(jian)，射(she)出(chu)(chu)量(liang)需為(wei)(wei)(wei)成(cheng)品(pin)重量(liang)的(de)1.35倍(bei)以上，亦即成(cheng)品(pin)重量(liang)需為(wei)(wei)(wei)射(she)出(chu)(chu)量(liang)的(de)75%以內；

6、射(she)得好 ：由塑(su)料判(pan)定“螺桿壓縮比”及“射(she)出壓力”等條件。

有些工程(cheng)塑(su)料需要較高的(de)射出壓力及合(he)適(shi)的(de)螺桿壓縮(suo)比設(she)計，才有較好的(de)成(cheng)型效果，因此(ci)為了使成(cheng)品(pin)射得(de)更好，在選擇螺桿時亦需考(kao)慮射壓的(de)需求及壓縮(suo)比的(de)問題。

一(yi)般而言，直徑較(jiao)小(xiao)的螺桿(gan)可(ke)提供較(jiao)高的射出壓力。

7、射得快 ：及“射出(chu)速度”的確認。

有些(xie)成(cheng)品需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)高射(she)(she)出率速(su)射(she)(she)出才能(neng)穩定成(cheng)型，如超薄類成(cheng)品，在(zai)此情況下(xia)，可能(neng)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)確認機器(qi)的射(she)(she)出率及(ji)射(she)(she)速(su)是(shi)否足夠，是(shi)否需(xu)(xu)(xu)搭(da)配蓄(xu)壓器(qi)、閉回路控制(zhi)等裝置。一般而言，在(zai)相(xiang)同(tong)條件下(xia)，可提供較(jiao)高射(she)(she)壓的螺(luo)桿(gan)通常(chang)射(she)(she)速(su)較(jiao)低，相(xiang)反的，可提供較(jiao)低射(she)(she)壓的螺(luo)桿(gan)通常(chang)射(she)(she)速(su)較(jiao)高。因(yin)此，選擇螺(luo)桿(gan)直徑時，射(she)(she)出量、射(she)(she)出壓力(li)及(ji)射(she)(she)出率（射(she)(she)出速(su)度(du)），需(xu)(xu)(xu)交叉考量及(ji)取舍。

此外，也可以(yi)采用多(duo)回路(lu)設計，以(yi)同步復合動作縮短成型時間。

經過以(yi)上步驟之后，原則上已經可(ke)以(yi)決(jue)定符(fu)合需求(qiu)的注塑(su)機(ji)，但是有一些特殊問題(ti)可(ke)能也必須再加以(yi)考(kao)慮(lv)，包括：

大小配的問題：

在某(mou)些特殊(shu)狀況下，客戶(hu)的(de)模(mo)具或(huo)產品可(ke)能(neng)模(mo)具體積小但(dan)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)需射量大(da)(da)，或(huo)模(mo)具體積大(da)(da)但(dan)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)需射量小，在這種(zhong)況下，廠家所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)預先設定的(de)標準(zhun)規格可(ke)能(neng)無法符合客戶(hu)需求(qiu)，而(er)必須進行所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)謂“大(da)(da)小配”，亦(yi)即“大(da)(da)壁小射”或(huo)“小壁大(da)(da)射”。所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)謂“大(da)(da)壁小射”指(zhi)以原先標準(zhun)的(de)夾(jia)模(mo)單元(yuan)搭(da)配較小的(de)射出(chu)螺桿(gan)，反(fan)之(zhi)，“小壁大(da)(da)射”即是(shi)以原先標準(zhun)的(de)夾(jia)模(mo)單元(yuan)搭(da)配較大(da)(da)的(de)射出(chu)螺桿(gan)。當然(ran)，在搭(da)配上也可(ke)能(neng)夾(jia)模(mo)與射出(chu)相差好幾級。

快速機或高速機的觀念：

在實際運用中，越來越多的(de)客戶會要求購(gou)買所謂(wei)“高(gao)速(su)機(ji)”或“快速(su)機(ji)”。一般而(er)言，其目的(de)除了產品本(ben)身的(de)需求外(wai)，其他大多是要縮短成型周期、提高(gao)單位時間(jian)的(de)產量，進而(er)降低生產成本(ben)，提高(gao)競爭(zheng)力。通常，要達到上述目的(de)，有幾種做(zuo)法(fa)：

射出速度加快：將電機馬(ma)達及(ji)泵浦加大，或加蓄壓器（最(zui)好加閉(bi)回路控制）；

加料(liao)速度加快：將電機馬達及泵(beng)浦(pu)加大，或加料(liao)油壓馬達改小，使螺桿(gan)轉速加快；

多回(hui)路系統(tong)：采用(yong)雙回(hui)路或三回(hui)路設計，以同步進行復合(he)動作，縮短(duan)成型(xing)時間；

增加模具(ju)水路，提升模具(ju)的冷卻效率(lv)；

然(ran)而(er)，“天下沒有白(bai)吃(chi)的午餐”，機(ji)器性能的提升及(ji)改造固然(ran)可以增(zeng)加生產(chan)效率(lv)，但往往也增(zeng)加投資成(cheng)本及(ji)運轉成(cheng)本，因此(ci)，投資前的效益(yi)(yi)評估需仔細(xi)衡量，才能以最(zui)合適的機(ji)型產(chan)生最(zui)高的效益(yi)(yi)。

相關術語

電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)荷的(de)定向(xiang)移動叫(jiao)做(zuo)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)常用(yong)I表(biao)示。電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)分直流(liu)(liu)和(he)交流(liu)(liu)兩種(zhong)。電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)大小(xiao)和(he)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)不隨時間變化的(de)叫(jiao)做(zuo)直流(liu)(liu)。電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)大小(xiao)和(he)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)隨時間變化的(de)叫(jiao)做(zuo)交流(liu)(liu)。電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)單位是安(an)（A），也常用(yong)毫安(an)（mA)或者微(wei)安(an)(uA)做(zuo)單位。1A=1000mA,1mA=1000uA。

電(dian)流可以用電(dian)流表測量。測量的時候，把電(dian)流表串聯在電(dian)路中(zhong)，要選(xuan)擇電(dian)流表指針接近滿偏轉的量程。這樣可以防止電(dian)流過大而損壞(huai)電(dian)流表。

電壓

河水之所(suo)以(yi)能夠流動，是(shi)因為有(you)水位(wei)(wei)差；電(dian)荷(he)之所(suo)以(yi)能夠流動，是(shi)因為有(you)電(dian)位(wei)(wei)差。電(dian)位(wei)(wei)差也就是(shi)電(dian)壓(ya)。電(dian)壓(ya)是(shi)形成電(dian)流的(de)原(yuan)因。在電(dian)路中(zhong)，電(dian)壓(ya)常用U表(biao)示。電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)是(shi)伏(fu)（V），也常用毫伏(fu)（mV）或者(zhe)微伏(fu)（uV）做單(dan)位(wei)(wei)。1V=1000mV，1mV=1000uV。

電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)可以(yi)用電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)表測量。測量的(de)時候(hou)，把(ba)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)表并聯在(zai)電(dian)(dian)路上，要選擇電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)表指針接(jie)近滿偏(pian)轉的(de)量程。如果電(dian)(dian)路上的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)大(da)(da)小估計不(bu)出(chu)來，要先用大(da)(da)的(de)量程，粗略(lve)測量后再用合適(shi)的(de)量程。這樣可以(yi)防(fang)止由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)過大(da)(da)而損壞電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)表。

電阻

電(dian)路中對電(dian)流通過(guo)有阻(zu)(zu)礙作(zuo)用(yong)并且造成能量消耗的(de)部(bu)分(fen)叫(jiao)做(zuo)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)。電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)常用(yong)R表示。電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)的(de)單位(wei)是歐(ou)（Ω），也(ye)常用(yong)千歐(ou)（kΩ）或者兆歐(ou)（MΩ）做(zuo)單位(wei)。1kΩ=1000Ω,1MΩ=1000000Ω。導體(ti)的(de)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)由(you)導體(ti)的(de)材料、橫截面積(ji)和長度決定。

電(dian)阻(zu)可以用(yong)(yong)萬用(yong)(yong)表歐(ou)姆(mu)檔(dang)測量(liang)。測量(liang)的時候，要選擇電(dian)表指(zhi)針接近偏轉一(yi)半的歐(ou)姆(mu)檔(dang)。如(ru)果(guo)電(dian)阻(zu)在電(dian)路中，要把電(dian)阻(zu)的一(yi)頭(tou)燙開(kai)后再(zai)測量(liang)。

歐(ou)姆定律導(dao)體中的電(dian)流I和(he)導(dao)體兩端的電(dian)壓U成正比，和(he)導(dao)體的電(dian)阻R成反比，即I=U/R

這(zhe)個(ge)規(gui)律(lv)叫做歐姆(mu)定(ding)律(lv)。如(ru)果知(zhi)道電(dian)壓、電(dian)流、電(dian)阻(zu)三個(ge)量(liang)中的兩個(ge)，就(jiu)可(ke)以根(gen)據歐姆(mu)定(ding)律(lv)求(qiu)出第(di)三個(ge)量(liang)，即

I=U/R，R=U/I，U=I×R

在(zai)交(jiao)流(liu)電路中，歐姆(mu)定(ding)律(lv)同樣成(cheng)立，但電阻(zu)R應該改成(cheng)阻(zu)抗Z，即(ji)I=U/Z

電源

把(ba)(ba)其他形(xing)式的(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)叫(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)把(ba)(ba)機(ji)械能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)把(ba)(ba)化學能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)、干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池等叫(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。通過變壓器和整流(liu)(liu)器，把(ba)(ba)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變成(cheng)(cheng)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)叫(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)整流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)提供信(xin)(xin)號的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子設備叫(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)信(xin)(xin)號源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。晶(jing)體三極管(guan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)把(ba)(ba)前面(mian)送來(lai)的(de)信(xin)(xin)號加以放大(da)，又把(ba)(ba)放大(da)了(le)的(de)信(xin)(xin)號傳(chuan)送到后面(mian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中去。晶(jing)體三極管(guan)對后面(mian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路來(lai)說，也可以看做(zuo)(zuo)是信(xin)(xin)號源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。整流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、信(xin)(xin)號源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)有時也叫(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。

負載

把(ba)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉換(huan)成其他(ta)形式的(de)能(neng)的(de)裝置叫做負(fu)載(zai)(zai)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)能(neng)把(ba)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉換(huan)成機(ji)械能(neng)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻能(neng)把(ba)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉換(huan)成熱能(neng)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)燈泡能(neng)把(ba)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉換(huan)成熱能(neng)和光能(neng)，揚聲(sheng)器(qi)(qi)能(neng)把(ba)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉換(huan)成聲(sheng)能(neng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)燈泡、揚聲(sheng)器(qi)(qi)等都叫做負(fu)載(zai)(zai)。晶體三(san)極管對(dui)于前面(mian)的(de)信號源來說，也可以(yi)看作是負(fu)載(zai)(zai)。

電路

最簡單的(de)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)由(you)電(dian)(dian)源、負(fu)載和導線(xian)、開(kai)關等元件組成(cheng)。電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)處處連通(tong)叫做通(tong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。只有通(tong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)中才有電(dian)(dian)流通(tong)過。電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)某一處斷開(kai)叫做斷路(lu)(lu)(lu)或者開(kai)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)某一部分的(de)兩端直接(jie)接(jie)通(tong)，使這部分的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓變成(cheng)零，叫做短(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。

電動勢

電(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢是反映電(dian)(dian)(dian)源把其他形式的能轉換成電(dian)(dian)(dian)能的本領(ling)的物理(li)量(liang)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢使電(dian)(dian)(dian)源兩(liang)端產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)路中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢常用δ表示。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢的單位和電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的單位相同，也是伏。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢(shi)(shi)可(ke)(ke)以用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)。測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)不要接(jie)到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)(zhong)去，用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)兩(liang)端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，所得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)值就可(ke)(ke)以看作等(deng)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢(shi)(shi)。如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)接(jie)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)(zhong)，用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)測(ce)(ce)(ce)得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)兩(liang)端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)就會小(xiao)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢(shi)(shi)。這是(shi)因為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)有(you)(you)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)。在閉合的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流通(tong)過內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)r有(you)(you)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)降，通(tong)過外(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)R有(you)(you)外(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)降。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢(shi)(shi)δ等(deng)于(yu)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)Ur和(he)外(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)UR之和(he)，即(ji)δ=Ur+UR 。嚴(yan)格來說，即(ji)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)不接(jie)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)兩(liang)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)成了外(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，測(ce)(ce)(ce)得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)也小(xiao)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢(shi)(shi)。但是(shi)，由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)很(hen)大，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)很(hen)小(xiao)，內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)可(ke)(ke)以忽(hu)略。因此，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)測(ce)(ce)(ce)得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)兩(liang)端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)是(shi)可(ke)(ke)以看作等(deng)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)用舊了，用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)用測(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)兩(liang)端(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，有(you)時候依然比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)高，但(dan)是(shi)接入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)后卻不(bu)(bu)能(neng)使(shi)負(fu)載(zai)（收音機(ji)、錄音機(ji)等）正常工作(zuo)。這種(zhong)情況是(shi)因為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻變大(da)了，甚至比(bi)(bi)負(fu)載(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻還(huan)(huan)大(da)，但(dan)是(shi)依然比(bi)(bi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻小。用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表測(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)兩(liang)端(duan)(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻分得的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)還(huan)(huan)不(bu)(bu)大(da)，所以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表測(ce)得的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)依然比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)高。但(dan)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)接入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻分得的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)增大(da)，負(fu)載(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻分得的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)就(jiu)減小，因此(ci)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)使(shi)負(fu)載(zai)正常工作(zuo)。為了判(pan)斷舊電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)能(neng)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)用，應該在有(you)負(fu)載(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候測(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)兩(liang)端(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。有(you)些(xie)性能(neng)較(jiao)差的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，有(you)負(fu)載(zai)和沒(mei)有(you)負(fu)載(zai)兩(liang)種(zhong)情況下測(ce)得的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源兩(liang)端(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)相差較(jiao)大(da)，也是(shi)因為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻較(jiao)大(da)造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。

周(zhou) 期(qi)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)完成(cheng)一次完整的變(bian)化(hua)所需(xu)要的時間叫(jiao)做周(zhou)期(qi)，常用(yong)T表示。周(zhou)期(qi)的單位(wei)是秒(miao)（s）,也常用(yong)毫(hao)秒(miao)（ms）或微(wei)秒(miao)（us）做單位(wei)。1s=1000ms，1s=1000000us。

頻(pin)(pin) 率(lv)(lv)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)在(zai)1s內完成周期(qi)性(xing)變化的次數(shu)叫做頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)，常用(yong)f表(biao)示。頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)的單(dan)位是赫(he)（Hz），也(ye)常用(yong)千赫(he)（kHz）或兆赫(he)（MHz）做單(dan)位。1kHz=1000Hz，1MHz=1000000Hz。交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)f是周期(qi)T的倒數(shu)，即f =1/T

電容

電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)是(shi)衡(heng)量導(dao)體儲存(cun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)能(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)物理量。在兩個(ge)(ge)相互絕(jue)緣的(de)(de)(de)導(dao)體上(shang)，加(jia)上(shang)一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，它們(men)就會儲存(cun)一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量。其中一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)導(dao)體儲存(cun)著(zhu)正(zheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)，另一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)導(dao)體儲存(cun)著(zhu)大小相等的(de)(de)(de)負電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)。加(jia)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)越(yue)(yue)大，儲存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量就越(yue)(yue)多。儲存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量和加(jia)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)是(shi)成正(zheng)比的(de)(de)(de)，它們(men)的(de)(de)(de)比值叫做電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)。如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)用U表(biao)示(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)量用Q表(biao)示(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)用C表(biao)示(shi)，那么(me)C=Q/U

電容的單位是法(fa)（F），也常用微(wei)法(fa)（uF）或者微(wei)微(wei)法(fa)（pF）做單位。1F=10uF，1F=10pF。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)可(ke)以(yi)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)測(ce)(ce)試儀(yi)測(ce)(ce)量，也(ye)(ye)可(ke)以(yi)用(yong)(yong)萬用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表(biao)歐姆(mu)(mu)檔(dang)粗略(lve)估(gu)測(ce)(ce)。歐姆(mu)(mu)表(biao)紅、黑(hei)兩(liang)表(biao)筆(bi)(bi)分(fen)別碰接電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)腳，歐姆(mu)(mu)表(biao)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)就(jiu)會(hui)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，指針偏轉(zhuan)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)完了，指針回零。調換(huan)紅、黑(hei)兩(liang)表(biao)筆(bi)(bi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后又會(hui)反(fan)向充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)越大，指針偏轉(zhuan)也(ye)(ye)越大。對比被測(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)和(he)已知電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)偏轉(zhuan)情況，就(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)粗略(lve)估(gu)計(ji)被測(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)量值。在(zai)一般的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)，除(chu)了調諧(xie)回路等需(xu)要容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量較(jiao)準確的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)以(yi)外，用(yong)(yong)得最(zui)多的(de)(de)(de)隔直(zhi)、旁(pang)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)、濾波電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)等，都不需(xu)要容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量準確的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)。因此(ci)，用(yong)(yong)歐姆(mu)(mu)檔(dang)粗略(lve)估(gu)測(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量值是有實際意(yi)義的(de)(de)(de)。但是，普通(tong)萬用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表(biao)歐姆(mu)(mu)檔(dang)只能(neng)估(gu)測(ce)(ce)量值較(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，量值較(jiao)小的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)就(jiu)要用(yong)(yong)中(zhong)值電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻很大的(de)(de)(de)晶體(ti)管萬用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表(biao)歐姆(mu)(mu)檔(dang)來估(gu)測(ce)(ce)，小于(yu)幾十(shi)個微微法的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)就(jiu)只好用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)測(ce)(ce)試儀(yi)測(ce)(ce)量了。

容(rong)(rong) 抗(kang)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)能夠通(tong)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)，但是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)對(dui)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)仍然(ran)有阻(zu)(zu)(zu)礙(ai)作用。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)對(dui)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)礙(ai)作用叫做容(rong)(rong)抗(kang)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)大，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)易(yi)通(tong)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)，說明(ming)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)大，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)礙(ai)作用小；交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)頻率(lv)高(gao)，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)容(rong)(rong)易(yi)通(tong)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)，說明(ming)頻率(lv)高(gao)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)礙(ai)作用也(ye)(ye)(ye)小。實驗證明(ming)，容(rong)(rong)抗(kang)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)成反比(bi)(bi)，和(he)頻率(lv)也(ye)(ye)(ye)成反比(bi)(bi)。如果容(rong)(rong)抗(kang)用XC表示(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)用C表示(shi)(shi)，頻率(lv)用f表示(shi)(shi)，那么XC=1/(2πfC)

容(rong)抗的單(dan)位是(shi)歐。知道了交(jiao)流電的頻率f和(he)電容(rong)C，就可以(yi)用上式把(ba)容(rong)抗計算出來。

電 感(gan)(gan)(gan)電感(gan)(gan)(gan)是(shi)衡量(liang)(liang)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)產生(sheng)電磁(ci)感(gan)(gan)(gan)應(ying)能(neng)力的(de)(de)物理量(liang)(liang)。給(gei)一個(ge)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)入電流(liu)，線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)周圍就(jiu)會產生(sheng)磁(ci)場，線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)就(jiu)有磁(ci)通(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)。通(tong)(tong)(tong)入線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)的(de)(de)電源越(yue)大，磁(ci)場就(jiu)越(yue)強，通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)的(de)(de)磁(ci)通(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)就(jiu)越(yue)大。實(shi)驗(yan)證明，通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)的(de)(de)磁(ci)通(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)和通(tong)(tong)(tong)入的(de)(de)電流(liu)是(shi)成正比的(de)(de)，它們(men)的(de)(de)比值叫做自感(gan)(gan)(gan)系數，也叫做電感(gan)(gan)(gan)。如果通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)的(de)(de)磁(ci)通(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)用(yong)φ表(biao)示(shi)，電流(liu)用(yong)I表(biao)示(shi)，電感(gan)(gan)(gan)用(yong)L表(biao)示(shi)，那么L= φ/I電感(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)單位(wei)是(shi)亨(heng)(heng)（H），也常用(yong)毫亨(heng)(heng)（mH）或微亨(heng)(heng)（uH）做單位(wei)。1H=1000mH，1H=1000000uH。

抗(kang)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也可(ke)以(yi)通過線圈(quan)(quan)，但(dan)是(shi)線圈(quan)(quan)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)對交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)有阻(zu)(zu)礙作用，這(zhe)個阻(zu)(zu)礙叫做感(gan)(gan)抗(kang)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)量(liang)(liang)大(da)(da)，交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)難(nan)(nan)以(yi)通過線圈(quan)(quan)，說(shuo)明(ming)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)量(liang)(liang)大(da)(da)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)的(de)阻(zu)(zu)礙作用大(da)(da)；交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)高(gao)，交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也難(nan)(nan)以(yi)通過線圈(quan)(quan)，說(shuo)明(ming)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)高(gao)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)的(de)阻(zu)(zu)礙作用也大(da)(da)。實驗證明(ming)，感(gan)(gan)抗(kang)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)成(cheng)正比(bi)，和頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)也成(cheng)正比(bi)。如果感(gan)(gan)抗(kang)用XL表(biao)示(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)用L表(biao)示(shi)，頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)用f表(biao)示(shi)，那么XL= 2πfL感(gan)(gan)抗(kang)的(de)單位是(shi)歐(ou)。知道了交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)f和線圈(quan)(quan)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)L，就可(ke)以(yi)用上(shang)式把感(gan)(gan)抗(kang)計算出來。

阻(zu)(zu)(zu) 抗(kang)具(ju)有電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)路里，對交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)所起的阻(zu)(zu)(zu)礙作(zuo)用(yong)叫做阻(zu)(zu)(zu)抗(kang)。阻(zu)(zu)(zu)抗(kang)常用(yong)Z表示(shi)。阻(zu)(zu)(zu)抗(kang)由電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)、感(gan)抗(kang)和容(rong)(rong)抗(kang)三者組成(cheng)，但不是(shi)三者簡單相加。如果三者是(shi)串聯(lian)的，又知道(dao)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)的頻率f、電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)R、電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)L和電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)C，那么串聯(lian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路的阻(zu)(zu)(zu)抗(kang)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)抗(kang)的單位是(shi)歐。

對于一(yi)個(ge)具體(ti)電路(lu)，阻(zu)抗(kang)不(bu)是(shi)不(bu)變(bian)的(de)，而(er)是(shi)隨著頻率變(bian)化而(er)變(bian)化。在(zai)電阻(zu)、電感和電容串(chuan)(chuan)聯(lian)電路(lu)中，電路(lu)的(de)阻(zu)抗(kang)一(yi)般來說比電阻(zu)大。也就(jiu)是(shi)阻(zu)抗(kang)減小(xiao)到(dao)最小(xiao)值(zhi)。在(zai)電感和電容并聯(lian)電路(lu)中，諧振(zhen)的(de)時候阻(zu)抗(kang)增(zeng)加到(dao)最大值(zhi)，這和串(chuan)(chuan)聯(lian)電路(lu)相反。

相(xiang) 位相(xiang)位是(shi)(shi)(shi)反映(ying)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)任何(he)時(shi)(shi)刻的(de)(de)狀態的(de)(de)物理量(liang)。交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)小(xiao)和方向是(shi)(shi)(shi)隨時(shi)(shi)間變化的(de)(de)。比如(ru)正弦交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，它的(de)(de)公式是(shi)(shi)(shi)i=Isin2πft。i是(shi)(shi)(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)瞬時(shi)(shi)值(zhi)(zhi)，I是(shi)(shi)(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)最大(da)(da)(da)值(zhi)(zhi)，f是(shi)(shi)(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)頻率，t是(shi)(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)間。隨著時(shi)(shi)間的(de)(de)推(tui)移，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)可以從(cong)零(ling)變到(dao)(dao)最大(da)(da)(da)值(zhi)(zhi)，從(cong)最大(da)(da)(da)值(zhi)(zhi)變到(dao)(dao)零(ling)，又從(cong)零(ling)變到(dao)(dao)負的(de)(de)最大(da)(da)(da)值(zhi)(zhi)，從(cong)負的(de)(de)最大(da)(da)(da)值(zhi)(zhi)變到(dao)(dao)零(ling)，，如(ru)圖3甲所(suo)示。在(zai)三(san)角(jiao)函數中2πft相(xiang)當于(yu)角(jiao)度，它反映(ying)了(le)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)任何(he)時(shi)(shi)刻所(suo)處的(de)(de)狀態，是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)增(zeng)大(da)(da)(da)還是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)減(jian)小(xiao)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)正的(de)(de)還是(shi)(shi)(shi)負的(de)(de)等(deng)等(deng)。因此把2πft叫(jiao)做(zuo)相(xiang)位，或者(zhe)叫(jiao)做(zuo)相(xiang)。

如(ru)果t等于(yu)零的時候(hou)，i并不等于(yu)零，公式(shi)應該改(gai)成i=Isin(2πft+ψ),如(ru)圖3乙所示。那么2πft+ψ叫做(zuo)相位(wei)(wei)，ψ叫做(zuo)初(chu)相位(wei)(wei)，或者叫做(zuo)初(chu)相。

相位差(cha)兩個(ge)(ge)(ge)頻(pin)率(lv)相同(tong)(tong)的(de)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)相位的(de)差(cha)叫做(zuo)相位差(cha)，或者叫做(zuo)相差(cha)。這兩個(ge)(ge)(ge)頻(pin)率(lv)相同(tong)(tong)的(de)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)兩個(ge)(ge)(ge)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)兩個(ge)(ge)(ge)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)兩個(ge)(ge)(ge)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動勢(shi)，也可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)這三種量中的(de)任何兩個(ge)(ge)(ge)。

例如(ru)研究加在電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和通過(guo)這(zhe)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)位(wei)(wei)差(cha)。如(ru)果(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)純電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，那么交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)位(wei)(wei)差(cha)等于(yu)(yu)零。也(ye)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)說交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等于(yu)(yu)零的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候，交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)也(ye)等于(yu)(yu)零，交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)變(bian)到最(zui)大(da)值的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候，交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)也(ye)變(bian)到最(zui)大(da)值。這(zhe)種情況叫做(zuo)同(tong)(tong)相(xiang)(xiang)位(wei)(wei)，或者(zhe)叫做(zuo)同(tong)(tong)相(xiang)(xiang)。如(ru)果(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)含有電(dian)(dian)(dian)感和電(dian)(dian)(dian)容，交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)位(wei)(wei)差(cha)一般是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)等于(yu)(yu)零的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，也(ye)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)說一般是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)相(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，或者(zhe)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)超前于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，或者(zhe)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)超前于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。

加在晶體管放大器基(ji)極上的交流電壓(ya)和從(cong)集(ji)電極輸出的交流電壓(ya)，這(zhe)兩者的相(xiang)位差正好等于180°。這(zhe)種情(qing)況叫(jiao)(jiao)做反(fan)相(xiang)位，或者叫(jiao)(jiao)做反(fan)相(xiang)

注(zhu)塑機的分類及特點　注(zhu)塑機按照注(zhu)射裝置(zhi)和鎖(suo)模裝置(zhi)的排(pai)列(lie)方式(shi)，可分為立(li)式(shi)、臥(wo)式(shi)和立(li)臥(wo)復合式(shi)。其各自的特點如下。

立式注塑機的特點：

1、注射裝(zhuang)置和鎖(suo)模裝(zhuang)置処于同(tong)一(yi)(yi)垂(chui)直中(zhong)心線上，且模具(ju)是(shi)沿上下(xia)方向開閉。其占地面(mian)積只(zhi)有(you)臥式機的約一(yi)(yi)半，因此，換算成(cheng)占地面(mian)積生產性約有(you)二(er)倍左右。

2、容(rong)易實現(xian)嵌(qian)件(jian)成型。因為模具表面朝(chao)上，嵌(qian)件(jian)放入(ru)定(ding)位容(rong)易。采用下(xia)模板固定(ding)、上模板可動的機種，拉帶輸送裝(zhuang)置與機械手相組合的話，可容(rong)易地(di)實現(xian)全(quan)自動嵌(qian)件(jian)成型。

3、模(mo)(mo)具的(de)(de)(de)(de)重量由(you)水(shui)平模(mo)(mo)板支(zhi)承(cheng)作上下(xia)開(kai)閉(bi)動作，不會(hui)發生類(lei)似臥式(shi)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)由(you)于模(mo)(mo)具重力引起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)前倒(dao)，使得模(mo)(mo)板無法(fa)開(kai)閉(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)現象(xiang)。有利于持(chi)久性保持(chi)機(ji)械和模(mo)(mo)具的(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)度。

4、通(tong)過簡(jian)單的機械手可取出各個塑件(jian)型(xing)腔，有利于精密成型(xing)。

5、一般(ban)鎖模(mo)裝置周圍為開開放式，容易配置各類自(zi)動化裝置，適應于復雜(za)、精巧產品的(de)自(zi)動成型。

6、拉帶輸(shu)(shu)輸(shu)(shu)送裝置容易實現串(chuan)過(guo)模具中間安裝，便于實現成型(xing)自動生產。

7、容易保證模(mo)具(ju)(ju)內(nei)樹脂流動性及模(mo)具(ju)(ju)溫度(du)分布(bu)的(de)一致性。

8、配(pei)備有旋(xuan)轉臺面(mian)、移動臺面(mian)及傾斜(xie)臺面(mian)等形式，容易實現嵌件成(cheng)型、模(mo)內組合成(cheng)型。

9、小批量試生產時，模具構造簡單成本低，且(qie)便于卸裝。

10、經(jing)受(shou)了多次地(di)震(zhen)的考驗，立式(shi)機(ji)由于(yu)重心低，相對臥式(shi)機(ji)抗震(zhen)性更好。

臥式注塑機的特點：

1、即是大型(xing)機由于機身低，對于安置的廠房無高度限制。

2、產品可(ke)自動落下(xia)的(de)場合，不需使用(yong)機械手也可(ke)實現自動成型(xing)。

3、由于機(ji)身(shen)低(di)，供料方(fang)便，檢修容易。

4、模具需通過吊車安(an)裝。

5、多臺并列(lie)排列(lie)下，成型品(pin)容(rong)易由輸送帶(dai)收集包(bao)裝。