【啤機(ji)】啤機(ji)是(shi)什么意思(si) 啤機(ji)是(shi)做什么用的(de)機(ji)器(qi)

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啤機類型

注塑機(ji)的類(lei)型有(you):立式(shi)、臥式(shi)、全電(dian)式(shi)，但是無論那(nei)種注塑機(ji)，其基本功(gong)能有(you)兩個：

（1）加熱塑料，使其達到熔化狀態；

（2）對(dui)熔(rong)融塑料施加高壓(ya)，使(shi)其射出而充(chong)滿模具型腔。

注塑機(ji)通常由注射(she)系(xi)(xi)統、合模系(xi)(xi)統、液(ye)壓傳(chuan)達動(dong)系(xi)(xi)統、電氣(qi)控制系(xi)(xi)統、潤(run)滑系(xi)(xi)統、加熱及冷(leng)卻系(xi)(xi)統、安全(quan)監測系(xi)(xi)統等組成。

（3）注塑系統

注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射(she)系(xi)統的(de)(de)作用：注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射(she)系(xi)統是(shi)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)塑(su)(su)機最主要的(de)(de)組成部分之一(yi)，一(yi)般有柱塞(sai)式、螺桿(gan)式、螺桿(gan)預塑(su)(su)柱塞(sai)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射(she)式3種主要形式。目前應用最廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)是(shi)螺桿(gan)式。其作用是(shi)，在注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)塑(su)(su)料(liao)機的(de)(de)一(yi)個循環(huan)中(zhong)，能在規定的(de)(de)時間(jian)內將一(yi)定數(shu)量(liang)的(de)(de)塑(su)(su)料(liao)加熱塑(su)(su)化后，在一(yi)定的(de)(de)壓(ya)力(li)和(he)速度下，通過螺桿(gan)將熔融塑(su)(su)料(liao)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)入模具型腔中(zhong)。注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射(she)結束(shu)后，對(dui)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射(she)到模腔中(zhong)的(de)(de)熔料(liao)保持定型。

注(zhu)射系統的組成：注(zhu)射系統由塑化裝(zhuang)置(zhi)和動力傳(chuan)遞(di)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)組成。

螺(luo)桿式注(zhu)塑(su)(su)機塑(su)(su)化裝置(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)要(yao)由(you)加(jia)料(liao)裝置(zhi)(zhi)、料(liao)筒、螺(luo)桿、射咀部(bu)分組成。動力傳遞裝置(zhi)(zhi)包括注(zhu)射油(you)缸、注(zhu)射座移動油(you)缸以及螺(luo)桿驅(qu)動裝置(zhi)(zhi)（熔(rong)膠馬達）。

（4）合模系統

合模(mo)(mo)系統的(de)(de)(de)作用：合模(mo)(mo)系統的(de)(de)(de)作用是保證模(mo)(mo)具閉(bi)合、開啟(qi)及頂(ding)出制品。同(tong)時，在模(mo)(mo)具閉(bi)合后(hou)，供給予(yu)模(mo)(mo)具足(zu)夠的(de)(de)(de)鎖模(mo)(mo)力，以抵(di)抗熔(rong)融(rong)塑料(liao)進(jin)入模(mo)(mo)腔產生的(de)(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)腔壓力，防止模(mo)(mo)具開縫，造成制品的(de)(de)(de)不良(liang)現狀(zhuang)。

合(he)(he)模(mo)系(xi)統的組(zu)成：合(he)(he)模(mo)系(xi)統主要(yao)由合(he)(he)模(mo)裝置(zhi)、調模(mo)機構、頂出機構、前后固定模(mo)板(ban)(ban)、移動模(mo)板(ban)(ban)、合(he)(he)模(mo)油缸(gang)和安全(quan)保護機構組(zu)成。

（5）液壓系統

液(ye)壓(ya)傳動(dong)(dong)系統的(de)作用是實現注塑機(ji)按工(gong)藝(yi)過程所要求的(de)各種(zhong)動(dong)(dong)作提供動(dong)(dong)力(li)，并(bing)滿足注塑機(ji)各部分所需壓(ya)力(li)、速度、溫度等(deng)的(de)要求。它主(zhu)要由(you)各自種(zhong)液(ye)壓(ya)元(yuan)件(jian)和液(ye)壓(ya)輔助元(yuan)件(jian)所組成(cheng)，其中(zhong)油泵和電機(ji)是注塑機(ji)的(de)動(dong)(dong)力(li)來源(yuan)。各種(zhong)閥控制(zhi)油液(ye)壓(ya)力(li)和流量，從而滿足注射成(cheng)型(xing)工(gong)藝(yi)各項(xiang)要求。

（6）電氣控制系統

電氣控制(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統與液壓系(xi)(xi)統合理配合，可實現注射(she)機(ji)的工(gong)藝過程(cheng)要(yao)求（壓力、溫度、速(su)度、時間）和(he)各(ge)種程(cheng)序動(dong)作。主要(yao)由電器、電子元件、儀表(biao)、加熱器、傳感器等組成。一般有四種控制(zhi)方式，手動(dong)、半自動(dong)、全自動(dong)、調整。

（7）加熱/冷卻系統

加(jia)熱(re)系統是用(yong)(yong)來(lai)加(jia)熱(re)料(liao)(liao)(liao)筒及注(zhu)射(she)噴嘴的(de)，注(zhu)塑機料(liao)(liao)(liao)筒一(yi)般采(cai)用(yong)(yong)電熱(re)圈作為加(jia)熱(re)裝置(zhi)，安裝在(zai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)筒的(de)外(wai)部，并用(yong)(yong)熱(re)電偶分(fen)段檢測。熱(re)量(liang)通過筒壁導熱(re)為物料(liao)(liao)(liao)塑化提供熱(re)源；冷卻系統主(zhu)要是用(yong)(yong)來(lai)冷卻油溫，油溫過高會(hui)引起多種(zhong)故障出現所(suo)以油溫必須加(jia)以控(kong)制。另一(yi)處需(xu)要冷卻的(de)位置(zhi)在(zai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)管下(xia)料(liao)(liao)(liao)口附近，防(fang)止原料(liao)(liao)(liao)在(zai)下(xia)料(liao)(liao)(liao)口熔(rong)化，導致(zhi)原料(liao)(liao)(liao)不能正常下(xia)料(liao)(liao)(liao)。

（8）潤滑系統

潤(run)滑系統是(shi)(shi)注塑機(ji)(ji)的動(dong)模板、調模裝置、連桿機(ji)(ji)鉸等處有相(xiang)對運(yun)動(dong)的部位提供潤(run)滑條件的回路，以便減少能(neng)耗和提高零(ling)件壽命(ming)，潤(run)滑可以是(shi)(shi)定期的手動(dong)潤(run)滑，也可以是(shi)(shi)自(zi)動(dong)電動(dong)潤(run)滑；

（9）安全保護與監測系統

注(zhu)塑機(ji)的安(an)(an)全(quan)裝置主要是用來保護人、機(ji)安(an)(an)全(quan)的裝置。主要由安(an)(an)全(quan)門、液壓閥、限位開關、光電檢測元(yuan)件等組成(cheng)，實現電氣——機(ji)械——液壓的聯(lian)鎖保護。

監測系(xi)統主要對(dui)注塑機的油溫(wen)、料溫(wen)、系(xi)統超載(zai)，以及(ji)工藝和設備故障進(jin)行(xing)監測，發現異常情況進(jin)行(xing)指示或報警。

啤機工作原理

注塑(su)機(ji)的工作原(yuan)理與打針用的注射器相似，它是借助螺桿（或柱塞）的推力，將已塑(su)化好的熔融狀態(tai)（即粘流態(tai)）的塑(su)料注射入閉(bi)合好的模(mo)腔內，經固(gu)化定型后取得制品的工藝過程。

注(zhu)射(she)成型(xing)是(shi)一個循(xun)環的過程，每一周期主(zhu)要(yao)包括：定量(liang)加料(liao)—熔(rong)融塑(su)化(hua)—施壓(ya)注(zhu)射(she)—充模(mo)冷卻—啟(qi)模(mo)取件。取出(chu)(chu)塑(su)件后又再(zai)閉(bi)(bi)模(mo)，進行下一個循(xun)環。注(zhu)射(she)成型(xing)是(shi)一個循(xun)環的過程，每一周期主(zhu)要(yao)包括：定量(liang)加料(liao)—熔(rong)融塑(su)化(hua)—施壓(ya)注(zhu)射(she)—充模(mo)冷卻—啟(qi)模(mo)取件，取出(chu)(chu)塑(su)件后又再(zai)閉(bi)(bi)模(mo)，進行下一個循(xun)環。

注(zhu)(zhu)塑(su)機操作項(xiang)目：注(zhu)(zhu)塑(su)機操作項(xiang)目包括控制鍵盤操作、電器控制系統操作和液(ye)壓(ya)系統操作三個方(fang)面。分別進行注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)(she)過程動作、加(jia)料(liao)動作、注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)(she)壓(ya)力(li)、注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)(she)速度、頂出型式(shi)的選擇，料(liao)筒各段溫(wen)度的監控，注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)(she)壓(ya)力(li)和背壓(ya)壓(ya)力(li)的調節等。

一(yi)般(ban)螺(luo)桿式(shi)注(zhu)塑(su)機的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)工(gong)藝過(guo)程是(shi)：首先(xian)將粒(li)狀或粉(fen)狀塑(su)料(liao)加(jia)入機筒(tong)內，并通(tong)過(guo)螺(luo)桿的(de)(de)(de)旋(xuan)轉和(he)機筒(tong)外壁加(jia)熱使(shi)(shi)塑(su)料(liao)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)熔(rong)融(rong)狀態，然后機器進行合模(mo)(mo)和(he)注(zhu)射(she)座(zuo)前移，使(shi)(shi)噴嘴貼緊模(mo)(mo)具的(de)(de)(de)澆口道，接著向(xiang)(xiang)注(zhu)射(she)缸(gang)通(tong)人壓(ya)力油，使(shi)(shi)螺(luo)桿向(xiang)(xiang)前推進，從而以很(hen)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)力和(he)較快的(de)(de)(de)速度將熔(rong)料(liao)注(zhu)入溫(wen)度較低的(de)(de)(de)閉合模(mo)(mo)具內，經過(guo)一(yi)定時(shi)(shi)間和(he)壓(ya)力保(bao)持（又(you)稱保(bao)壓(ya)）、冷卻(que)，使(shi)(shi)其(qi)固化成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)，便可開(kai)模(mo)(mo)取出制(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)（保(bao)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)防止模(mo)(mo)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)中熔(rong)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)反(fan)流、向(xiang)(xiang)模(mo)(mo)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)內補(bu)充物(wu)料(liao)，以及保(bao)證制(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)具有(you)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)密度和(he)尺寸公(gong)差）。注(zhu)射(she)成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)要求是(shi)塑(su)化、注(zhu)射(she)和(he)成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)。塑(su)化是(shi)實現和(he)保(bao)證成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)質量的(de)(de)(de)前提，而為(wei)滿足(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)要求，注(zhu)射(she)必須保(bao)證有(you)足(zu)夠的(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)力和(he)速度。同時(shi)(shi)，由(you)于注(zhu)射(she)壓(ya)力很(hen)高(gao)，相應(ying)地在模(mo)(mo)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)中產生(sheng)很(hen)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)力（模(mo)(mo)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)內的(de)(de)(de)平均壓(ya)力一(yi)般(ban)在20~45MPa之間），因此必須有(you)足(zu)夠大的(de)(de)(de)合模(mo)(mo)力。由(you)此可見，注(zhu)射(she)裝(zhuang)置和(he)合模(mo)(mo)裝(zhuang)置是(shi)注(zhu)塑(su)機的(de)(de)(de)關鍵部(bu)件。

對(dui)塑料制(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)評價主要(yao)有三個方面(mian)，第(di)一(yi)是(shi)外觀質量，包括完整性、顏色、光澤等；第(di)二是(shi)尺(chi)寸和(he)(he)相(xiang)對(dui)位置間的(de)(de)(de)準確性；第(di)三是(shi)與用(yong)途相(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)物理(li)性能(neng)、化(hua)學(xue)性能(neng)、電(dian)性能(neng)等。這些質量要(yao)求又根據制(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)使用(yong)場合的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同，要(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)尺(chi)度也(ye)不(bu)同。制(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)缺陷(xian)主要(yao)在(zai)于(yu)模具的(de)(de)(de)設計、制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)精度和(he)(he)磨損程度等方面(mian)。但事實上，塑料加工廠的(de)(de)(de)技術人員往(wang)往(wang)苦于(yu)面(mian)對(dui)用(yong)工藝手段來(lai)彌(mi)補模具缺陷(xian)帶來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題而成效(xiao)不(bu)大的(de)(de)(de)困(kun)難局(ju)面(mian)。

生產(chan)過程(cheng)中工(gong)藝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)節是提(ti)高制品質(zhi)量和產(chan)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必要(yao)(yao)途徑(jing)(jing)。由于注(zhu)塑周(zhou)期本身很短，如果工(gong)藝條件(jian)掌(zhang)握不(bu)好,廢品就會源(yuan)源(yuan)不(bu)絕。在(zai)調(diao)(diao)整工(gong)藝時最(zui)好一次只(zhi)改變一個(ge)條件(jian)，多觀察幾回(hui)，如果壓(ya)力(li)、溫度(du)、時間統統一起調(diao)(diao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話，很易造成混(hun)亂(luan)和誤解，出(chu)了(le)問題也不(bu)知道是何(he)道理(li)。調(diao)(diao)整工(gong)藝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)措施(shi)、手段是多方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。例如：解決制品注(zhu)不(bu)滿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題就有十多個(ge)可(ke)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解決途徑(jing)(jing)，要(yao)(yao)選擇出(chu)解決問題癥結的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一、二個(ge)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)方案，才能真正解決問題。此(ci)外，還(huan)應注(zhu)意解決方案中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辨證關系。比如：制品出(chu)現了(le)凹陷(xian)，有時要(yao)(yao)提(ti)高料溫，有時要(yao)(yao)降低料溫；有時要(yao)(yao)增加料量，有時要(yao)(yao)減少料量。要(yao)(yao)承認逆向措施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解決問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)行性。

啤機用途

注塑機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)具有(you)能(neng)一次(ci)成型外型復雜、尺寸精確(que)或帶有(you)金屬嵌件的(de)質地(di)密致的(de)塑料制品，被廣泛應用于國(guo)防(fang)、機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電、汽(qi)車、交通運(yun)輸(shu)、建(jian)材、包裝、農業(ye)、文教衛生(sheng)及人們日(ri)常生(sheng)活(huo)各個領域(yu)。在塑料工業(ye)迅速發展(zhan)的(de)今(jin)天，注塑機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)不論在數量(liang)(liang)上或品種上都占有(you)重(zhong)要地(di)位，其生(sheng)產總(zong)數占整個塑料成型設(she)備(bei)的(de)20%--30%，從而成為目前塑料機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械中增長最快，生(sheng)產數量(liang)(liang)最多的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)種之(zhi)一。據有(you)關資(zi)料統計，1996--1998年(nian)(nian)我國(guo)出口(kou)注塑機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)8383臺(tai)（套），進口(kou)注塑機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)42959臺(tai)（套），其中1998年(nian)(nian)我國(guo)注塑機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)產量(liang)(liang)達到20000臺(tai)，其銷(xiao)售額(e)占塑機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)總(zong)銷(xiao)售額(e)的(de)42.9%。

啤機選擇方法

一般而言，從事注塑(su)行業多(duo)年的(de)客(ke)戶(hu)(hu)多(duo)半有(you)能(neng)力自行判斷(duan)并選擇合適的(de)注塑(su)機(ji)來生(sheng)產(chan)。但(dan)是在某些狀況下，客(ke)戶(hu)(hu)可(ke)能(neng)需要(yao)廠商的(de)協(xie)助才(cai)能(neng)決定采用(yong)哪(na)一個(ge)規格的(de)注塑(su)機(ji)，甚至客(ke)戶(hu)(hu)可(ke)能(neng)只有(you)產(chan)品的(de)樣品或(huo)構想，然(ran)后詢(xun)問廠商的(de)機(ji)器是否能(neng)生(sheng)產(chan)，或(huo)是哪(na)一種機(ji)型比較(jiao)適合。

此(ci)外(wai)，某些(xie)特殊(shu)產(chan)品可(ke)能(neng)需要搭配特殊(shu)裝(zhuang)置如(ru)蓄壓(ya)(ya)器、閉回路、射(she)出壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)等，才能(neng)更有效率地生(sheng)產(chan)。由此(ci)可(ke)見，如(ru)何決定(ding)合(he)適的(de)注塑機(ji)來生(sheng)產(chan)，是一個極(ji)為重要的(de)問題。以下(xia)資訊(xun)提供(gong)給讀者參考。

通常影響(xiang)射出機選(xuan)(xuan)擇的重要(yao)(yao)因素包括模(mo)具(ju)、產品(pin)、塑料、成型要(yao)(yao)求等，因此，在進行(xing)選(xuan)(xuan)擇前必(bi)須先收集或具(ju)備下列(lie)資(zi)訊：

模具(ju)尺寸(寬度(du)、高(gao)度(du)、厚度(du)）、重量(liang)、特(te)殊設計等；

使用塑料的種類及(ji)數量（單一原料或多種塑料）；

注塑(su)成品的(de)外觀(guan)尺(chi)寸（長、寬、高、厚(hou)度）、重量等；

成型要求，如(ru)品質條件、生產速度(du)等(deng)。

在獲得(de)以(yi)上資(zi)訊(xun)后，即可按照下列步驟來選擇合適的(de)射出機：

1、選對型: 由產(chan)品及塑料決(jue)定(ding)機種及系列。

由(you)于射(she)出機有非(fei)常多的種類，因此一(yi)開始要先正確(que)判斷此產(chan)(chan)品應由(you)哪(na)一(yi)種注塑機，或(huo)(huo)是(shi)(shi)哪(na)一(yi)個系(xi)(xi)列來(lai)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)，例(li)如(ru)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)般(ban)熱塑性塑膠或(huo)(huo)電木(mu)原料或(huo)(huo)PET原料等(deng)(deng)，是(shi)(shi)單(dan)色、雙色、多色、夾層(ceng)或(huo)(huo)混色等(deng)(deng)。此外，某些(xie)產(chan)(chan)品需(xu)要高(gao)(gao)穩定（閉回路(lu)）、高(gao)(gao)精密(mi)、超高(gao)(gao)射(she)速、高(gao)(gao)射(she)壓或(huo)(huo)快速生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)（多回路(lu)）等(deng)(deng)條件，也必須選擇合適的系(xi)(xi)列來(lai)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)。

2、放得下(xia) ：由模具尺寸(cun)判定機臺(tai)的“大柱內距(ju)”、“模厚”、“模具最小尺寸(cun)”及“模盤尺寸(cun)”是否適當(dang)，以確認模具是否放得下(xia)。

模具的(de)寬度(du)及(ji)高(gao)度(du)需(xu)小于(yu)或至少(shao)有一(yi)邊小于(yu)大柱內距；

模具的(de)寬度及高度最好(hao)在模盤尺寸范圍內(nei)；

模具的厚度需介(jie)于(yu)注塑(su)機(ji)的模厚之間(jian)；

模具(ju)的寬度及高(gao)度需符合該注(zhu)塑機(ji)建議的最小模具(ju)尺寸，太小也(ye)不行；

3、拿(na)得出(chu) ：由模(mo)具及成品(pin)判定“開模(mo)行程”及“托(tuo)模(mo)行程”是否足(zu)以讓成品(pin)取出(chu)。

◆ 開模行程至少需(xu)大(da)于成品在開關模方向的(de)高度(du)的(de)兩倍(bei)以上，且需(xu)含豎(shu)澆道（sprue）的(de)長度(du)；

托模(mo)行程(cheng)需足(zu)夠將成品頂出；

4、鎖得住 ：由產品及塑料決定“鎖模力”噸數。

當(dang)原料(liao)以高壓注入模(mo)(mo)穴內時會產生一個撐模(mo)(mo)的力量，因此(ci)注塑機的鎖(suo)模(mo)(mo)單元(yuan)必須(xu)提供(gong)足(zu)夠的“鎖(suo)模(mo)(mo)力”使模(mo)(mo)具不至于被(bei)撐開。鎖(suo)模(mo)(mo)力需求的計(ji)算如(ru)下：

由成品外觀尺寸求出成品在開關模方向(xiang)的投影面(mian)積；

撐模(mo)力(li)量(liang)=成品(pin)在(zai)開關(guan)模(mo)方(fang)向(xiang)的投影(ying)面積(ji)(cm2)×模(mo)穴數×模(mo)內(nei)壓(ya)力(li)(kg/cm2)；

模內壓力隨(sui)原料(liao)(liao)而不同, 一般原料(liao)(liao)取350～400kg/cm2；

機器鎖模力需大于撐模力量，且為了保(bao)險(xian)起(qi)見，機器鎖模力通常需大于撐模力量的1.17倍以(yi)上；

至此已(yi)初步決定夾模單元(yuan)的規格，并大致(zhi)確(que)定機種噸數(shu)，接著(zhu)必須再進行下列(lie)步驟，以確(que)認哪(na)一個射出單元(yuan)的螺桿直徑比(bi)較符合所需。

5、射(she)得飽: 由成(cheng)品重(zhong)量及模穴數判定所需“射(she)出量”并選擇合適的“螺桿直徑”。

計算(suan)成品重量(liang)需考(kao)慮模(mo)穴數（一模(mo)幾穴）；

為(wei)(wei)了(le)穩(wen)定性起見，射(she)出量需為(wei)(wei)成品重(zhong)量的1.35倍以上，亦即成品重(zhong)量需為(wei)(wei)射(she)出量的75%以內；

6、射得好 ：由塑料判定“螺桿壓縮比”及“射出壓力”等條件(jian)。

有些工程塑料(liao)需要較(jiao)高的(de)(de)射(she)出壓(ya)力及(ji)(ji)合適的(de)(de)螺(luo)桿壓(ya)縮比設計，才(cai)有較(jiao)好(hao)的(de)(de)成型效果(guo)，因此為了(le)使(shi)成品射(she)得更好(hao)，在(zai)選擇(ze)螺(luo)桿時(shi)亦需考慮射(she)壓(ya)的(de)(de)需求(qiu)及(ji)(ji)壓(ya)縮比的(de)(de)問題(ti)。

一(yi)般而言，直徑較小的螺(luo)桿可提供較高的射(she)出壓力。

7、射得快(kuai) ：及(ji)“射出速度(du)”的確認。

有些成(cheng)品需要(yao)高射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)出(chu)(chu)率速射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)出(chu)(chu)才(cai)能穩定成(cheng)型，如超薄類成(cheng)品，在(zai)此情況下(xia)，可能需要(yao)確(que)認機器(qi)的(de)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)出(chu)(chu)率及射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)速是否足夠，是否需搭配(pei)蓄壓器(qi)、閉回路(lu)控(kong)制(zhi)等裝置。一般而(er)言(yan)，在(zai)相(xiang)同條件下(xia)，可提供(gong)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)壓的(de)螺桿通(tong)常射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)速較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)低，相(xiang)反的(de)，可提供(gong)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)低射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)壓的(de)螺桿通(tong)常射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)速較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高。因此，選擇螺桿直(zhi)徑時，射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)出(chu)(chu)量(liang)、射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)出(chu)(chu)壓力及射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)出(chu)(chu)率（射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)出(chu)(chu)速度），需交叉考量(liang)及取舍。

此(ci)外(wai)，也可以采用(yong)多回路設計，以同步復合動作(zuo)縮短(duan)成型時間(jian)。

經(jing)(jing)過以上步驟之后，原則上已經(jing)(jing)可以決(jue)定符(fu)合需求(qiu)的注塑機(ji)，但是有一些特殊問(wen)題可能也必(bi)須(xu)再加以考(kao)慮，包(bao)括：

大小配的問題：

在某(mou)些特殊狀況(kuang)下，客戶(hu)的(de)(de)模具(ju)或(huo)產(chan)品可能模具(ju)體(ti)積小(xiao)但所(suo)需(xu)射量(liang)大(da)(da)，或(huo)模具(ju)體(ti)積大(da)(da)但所(suo)需(xu)射量(liang)小(xiao)，在這種況(kuang)下，廠家(jia)所(suo)預先設定的(de)(de)標準(zhun)規格可能無法符合客戶(hu)需(xu)求，而必須進(jin)行所(suo)謂“大(da)(da)小(xiao)配”，亦即(ji)“大(da)(da)壁小(xiao)射”或(huo)“小(xiao)壁大(da)(da)射”。所(suo)謂“大(da)(da)壁小(xiao)射”指以原(yuan)先標準(zhun)的(de)(de)夾(jia)模單元搭配較(jiao)小(xiao)的(de)(de)射出(chu)螺(luo)(luo)桿(gan)，反(fan)之(zhi)，“小(xiao)壁大(da)(da)射”即(ji)是以原(yuan)先標準(zhun)的(de)(de)夾(jia)模單元搭配較(jiao)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)射出(chu)螺(luo)(luo)桿(gan)。當然(ran)，在搭配上也(ye)可能夾(jia)模與射出(chu)相差好幾級。

快速機或高速機的觀念：

在實際運用中，越(yue)來越(yue)多(duo)的(de)客戶會要(yao)(yao)求購買(mai)所謂“高速機”或“快速機”。一般而言，其目的(de)除了產品(pin)本(ben)(ben)身的(de)需(xu)求外，其他大多(duo)是(shi)要(yao)(yao)縮短成型周(zhou)期(qi)、提高單(dan)位時間的(de)產量，進(jin)而降低生產成本(ben)(ben)，提高競爭力。通常，要(yao)(yao)達到上述目的(de)，有幾種(zhong)做法：

射(she)出速(su)度加(jia)快：將(jiang)電機馬達(da)及泵浦加(jia)大，或加(jia)蓄壓器（最好加(jia)閉(bi)回路(lu)控制）；

加料速度加快(kuai)：將電機馬達及泵浦加大，或加料油壓馬達改小，使(shi)螺桿轉(zhuan)速加快(kuai)；

多回(hui)路系統：采(cai)用雙(shuang)回(hui)路或三回(hui)路設(she)計(ji)，以同步進行復合動作，縮短(duan)成型時間；

增加(jia)模(mo)(mo)具水路(lu)，提升模(mo)(mo)具的冷卻(que)效率；

然(ran)而，“天(tian)下沒有白吃(chi)的(de)(de)午餐”，機(ji)器性(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)提(ti)升及(ji)改造(zao)固(gu)然(ran)可以增加生產(chan)效(xiao)率，但往往也(ye)增加投(tou)資成(cheng)本(ben)及(ji)運轉成(cheng)本(ben)，因(yin)此，投(tou)資前(qian)的(de)(de)效(xiao)益評估需仔細衡量，才能(neng)以最合適的(de)(de)機(ji)型產(chan)生最高的(de)(de)效(xiao)益。

相關術語

電流(liu)(liu)電荷的定向移動叫(jiao)做電流(liu)(liu)，電流(liu)(liu)常用I表示。電流(liu)(liu)分直流(liu)(liu)和(he)交流(liu)(liu)兩種。電流(liu)(liu)的大(da)小和(he)方向不隨(sui)時間變化的叫(jiao)做直流(liu)(liu)。電流(liu)(liu)的大(da)小和(he)方向隨(sui)時間變化的叫(jiao)做交流(liu)(liu)。電流(liu)(liu)的單位(wei)是安(an)（A），也常用毫(hao)安(an)（mA)或者(zhe)微(wei)安(an)(uA)做單位(wei)。1A=1000mA,1mA=1000uA。

電(dian)(dian)流可以用電(dian)(dian)流表(biao)測量。測量的時候(hou)，把電(dian)(dian)流表(biao)串(chuan)聯在電(dian)(dian)路中，要選擇電(dian)(dian)流表(biao)指針接近滿偏(pian)轉的量程。這樣可以防止電(dian)(dian)流過大而損壞電(dian)(dian)流表(biao)。

電壓

河水之(zhi)所(suo)以能夠(gou)流(liu)動，是(shi)因(yin)為有(you)水位差(cha)；電(dian)荷之(zhi)所(suo)以能夠(gou)流(liu)動，是(shi)因(yin)為有(you)電(dian)位差(cha)。電(dian)位差(cha)也就是(shi)電(dian)壓(ya)。電(dian)壓(ya)是(shi)形(xing)成電(dian)流(liu)的(de)原因(yin)。在(zai)電(dian)路中，電(dian)壓(ya)常(chang)用(yong)U表示(shi)。電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)單位是(shi)伏(fu)（V），也常(chang)用(yong)毫(hao)伏(fu)（mV）或者(zhe)微伏(fu)（uV）做單位。1V=1000mV，1mV=1000uV。

電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)可(ke)以用電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)表(biao)測量(liang)。測量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)時候，把電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)表(biao)并聯在電(dian)(dian)路上(shang)，要選擇電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)表(biao)指針(zhen)接近(jin)滿偏(pian)轉的(de)(de)(de)量(liang)程。如(ru)果電(dian)(dian)路上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)大(da)小估計不出來，要先用大(da)的(de)(de)(de)量(liang)程，粗略測量(liang)后再用合適(shi)的(de)(de)(de)量(liang)程。這(zhe)樣可(ke)以防止由于電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)過(guo)大(da)而損壞電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)表(biao)。

電阻

電(dian)(dian)路中對電(dian)(dian)流通過(guo)有阻(zu)礙作用(yong)并且造成(cheng)能量消耗(hao)的(de)(de)部分叫(jiao)做電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)。電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)常(chang)用(yong)R表示。電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)的(de)(de)單位(wei)是歐（Ω），也常(chang)用(yong)千歐（kΩ）或者兆歐（MΩ）做單位(wei)。1kΩ=1000Ω,1MΩ=1000000Ω。導體的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)由導體的(de)(de)材(cai)料、橫截面積和長度(du)決定。

電(dian)阻(zu)可以(yi)用萬用表歐姆(mu)(mu)檔測量(liang)。測量(liang)的時候，要選擇電(dian)表指針(zhen)接近偏(pian)轉一半的歐姆(mu)(mu)檔。如(ru)果(guo)電(dian)阻(zu)在電(dian)路中，要把電(dian)阻(zu)的一頭燙(tang)開(kai)后再測量(liang)。

歐(ou)姆定律導體(ti)中的電(dian)(dian)流I和導體(ti)兩端的電(dian)(dian)壓U成正比，和導體(ti)的電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)R成反比，即I=U/R

這(zhe)個(ge)規律(lv)叫做歐(ou)姆定(ding)律(lv)。如果知(zhi)道電壓、電流、電阻三個(ge)量中的兩個(ge)，就可以根據歐(ou)姆定(ding)律(lv)求出第三個(ge)量，即

I=U/R，R=U/I，U=I×R

在(zai)交流電(dian)路中，歐姆定律同(tong)樣成立，但電(dian)阻(zu)R應該改(gai)成阻(zu)抗Z，即I=U/Z

電源

把其(qi)他形式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)成電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)裝(zhuang)置叫(jiao)做(zuo)電(dian)(dian)源。發電(dian)(dian)機能(neng)(neng)把機械能(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)成電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，干(gan)(gan)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)能(neng)(neng)把化(hua)學能(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)成電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)。發電(dian)(dian)機、干(gan)(gan)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)等叫(jiao)做(zuo)電(dian)(dian)源。通過變壓器(qi)和整流器(qi)，把交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)變成直流電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)裝(zhuang)置叫(jiao)做(zuo)整流電(dian)(dian)源。能(neng)(neng)提供信號(hao)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)設(she)備叫(jiao)做(zuo)信號(hao)源。晶體三極管能(neng)(neng)把前(qian)面送來的(de)(de)(de)信號(hao)加以放大，又把放大了的(de)(de)(de)信號(hao)傳送到后(hou)(hou)面的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)中去。晶體三極管對后(hou)(hou)面的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)來說，也(ye)可(ke)以看做(zuo)是(shi)信號(hao)源。整流電(dian)(dian)源、信號(hao)源有時也(ye)叫(jiao)做(zuo)電(dian)(dian)源。

負載

把(ba)(ba)電(dian)能(neng)轉換(huan)成其他形式(shi)的能(neng)的裝置叫(jiao)做(zuo)負載。電(dian)動機能(neng)把(ba)(ba)電(dian)能(neng)轉換(huan)成機械能(neng)，電(dian)阻能(neng)把(ba)(ba)電(dian)能(neng)轉換(huan)成熱能(neng)，電(dian)燈(deng)泡(pao)能(neng)把(ba)(ba)電(dian)能(neng)轉換(huan)成熱能(neng)和光能(neng)，揚聲器能(neng)把(ba)(ba)電(dian)能(neng)轉換(huan)成聲能(neng)。電(dian)動機、電(dian)阻、電(dian)燈(deng)泡(pao)、揚聲器等都叫(jiao)做(zuo)負載。晶體三極管(guan)對于前面的信號源來(lai)說，也可以看(kan)作是負載。

電路

最(zui)簡單(dan)的(de)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)由電(dian)(dian)源、負載和(he)導線(xian)、開(kai)關等元件組成。電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)處處連通(tong)(tong)叫做通(tong)(tong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)。只有(you)通(tong)(tong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)，電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)中才(cai)有(you)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)通(tong)(tong)過。電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)某一處斷開(kai)叫做斷路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)或(huo)者開(kai)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)。電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)某一部(bu)分(fen)的(de)兩端直接接通(tong)(tong)，使這部(bu)分(fen)的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓變成零(ling)，叫做短路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)。

電動勢

電(dian)動勢是反映電(dian)源把其他形式的(de)(de)(de)能轉換成電(dian)能的(de)(de)(de)本(ben)領(ling)的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)理量(liang)。電(dian)動勢使電(dian)源兩端產生(sheng)電(dian)壓(ya)。在電(dian)路中，電(dian)動勢常用δ表(biao)示(shi)。電(dian)動勢的(de)(de)(de)單位和電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)單位相(xiang)同，也是伏(fu)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)可(ke)以(yi)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)。測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)不要接(jie)(jie)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中去(qu)，用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)兩端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，所(suo)得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)值(zhi)就可(ke)以(yi)看作(zuo)等(deng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)。如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)接(jie)(jie)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中，用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表測(ce)(ce)(ce)得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)兩端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)就會小于(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)。這是因為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)有(you)內(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)。在閉合的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)通過(guo)內(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)r有(you)內(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)降，通過(guo)外電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)R有(you)外電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)降。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)δ等(deng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)內(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)Ur和外電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)UR之和，即(ji)δ=Ur+UR 。嚴格(ge)來說(shuo)，即(ji)使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)不接(jie)(jie)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)兩端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表成(cheng)了(le)外電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，測(ce)(ce)(ce)得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)也小于(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)。但是，由于(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)很大，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)很小，內(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)可(ke)以(yi)忽略。因此，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表測(ce)(ce)(ce)得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)兩端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)是可(ke)以(yi)看作(zuo)等(deng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)用(yong)(yong)舊(jiu)了，用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)用(yong)(yong)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)兩端(duan)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)時(shi)候依(yi)然比較高(gao)，但是(shi)接入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)后(hou)卻不(bu)(bu)能使負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)（收音機、錄音機等(deng)）正常工(gong)作。這種情況是(shi)因為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)變大了，甚(shen)至(zhi)比負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)還(huan)大，但是(shi)依(yi)然比電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)的(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)小。用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)兩端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)時(shi)候，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)分(fen)得(de)的(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)還(huan)不(bu)(bu)大，所以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)測(ce)(ce)(ce)得(de)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)依(yi)然比較高(gao)。但是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)接入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)后(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)分(fen)得(de)的(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)增大，負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)分(fen)得(de)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)就減小，因此不(bu)(bu)能使負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)正常工(gong)作。為了判斷舊(jiu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)能不(bu)(bu)能用(yong)(yong)，應該在有(you)(you)(you)(you)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)時(shi)候測(ce)(ce)(ce)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)兩端(duan)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。有(you)(you)(you)(you)些性能較差的(de)(de)穩壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)和沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)兩種情況下測(ce)(ce)(ce)得(de)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)兩端(duan)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)相差較大，也是(shi)因為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)較大造成的(de)(de)。

周 期交流電完成一(yi)次完整的變(bian)化所需要(yao)的時間叫做(zuo)周期，常用T表示。周期的單位是(shi)秒(miao)（s）,也(ye)常用毫(hao)秒(miao)（ms）或微(wei)秒(miao)（us）做(zuo)單位。1s=1000ms，1s=1000000us。

頻 率(lv)交流電(dian)在1s內完成周期性變(bian)化的(de)次數叫做頻率(lv)，常用f表示(shi)。頻率(lv)的(de)單(dan)位是(shi)赫(he)（Hz），也(ye)常用千赫(he)（kHz）或兆赫(he)（MHz）做單(dan)位。1kHz=1000Hz，1MHz=1000000Hz。交流電(dian)頻率(lv)f是(shi)周期T的(de)倒數，即f =1/T

電容

電(dian)(dian)容是衡量導(dao)(dao)(dao)體儲(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)電(dian)(dian)荷(he)能(neng)力的(de)(de)(de)物理量。在兩個(ge)相互(hu)絕緣的(de)(de)(de)導(dao)(dao)(dao)體上(shang)，加(jia)上(shang)一定的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓，它們就(jiu)會儲(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)一定的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)量。其(qi)中一個(ge)導(dao)(dao)(dao)體儲(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)著正電(dian)(dian)荷(he)，另一個(ge)導(dao)(dao)(dao)體儲(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)著大(da)小相等的(de)(de)(de)負電(dian)(dian)荷(he)。加(jia)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓越大(da)，儲(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)量就(jiu)越多。儲(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)量和加(jia)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓是成正比(bi)的(de)(de)(de)，它們的(de)(de)(de)比(bi)值叫做電(dian)(dian)容。如(ru)果電(dian)(dian)壓用U表(biao)示(shi)，電(dian)(dian)量用Q表(biao)示(shi)，電(dian)(dian)容用C表(biao)示(shi)，那(nei)么C=Q/U

電容的(de)單位是法（F），也常(chang)用微(wei)法（uF）或者微(wei)微(wei)法（pF）做單位。1F=10uF，1F=10pF。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)可(ke)(ke)以用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)測(ce)試儀測(ce)量，也可(ke)(ke)以用(yong)(yong)萬用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表(biao)歐(ou)姆(mu)檔(dang)粗(cu)(cu)略(lve)(lve)估(gu)測(ce)。歐(ou)姆(mu)表(biao)紅、黑兩(liang)表(biao)筆(bi)分別(bie)碰接電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)腳，歐(ou)姆(mu)表(biao)內的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池就(jiu)(jiu)會給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，指針(zhen)偏(pian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)完了，指針(zhen)回零。調換紅、黑兩(liang)表(biao)筆(bi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后又(you)會反向充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)越大(da)(da)，指針(zhen)偏(pian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)也越大(da)(da)。對(dui)比被測(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)和(he)已知(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)偏(pian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)情(qing)況，就(jiu)(jiu)可(ke)(ke)以粗(cu)(cu)略(lve)(lve)估(gu)計被測(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)量值。在一(yi)般的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中，除了調諧回路等(deng)(deng)需要容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量較準確的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)以外，用(yong)(yong)得(de)最多的(de)(de)(de)隔直、旁路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)、濾(lv)波電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)等(deng)(deng)，都不需要容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量準確的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)。因(yin)此，用(yong)(yong)歐(ou)姆(mu)檔(dang)粗(cu)(cu)略(lve)(lve)估(gu)測(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量值是有實(shi)際意義的(de)(de)(de)。但是，普通萬用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表(biao)歐(ou)姆(mu)檔(dang)只能估(gu)測(ce)量值較大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，量值較小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)就(jiu)(jiu)要用(yong)(yong)中值電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻很大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)晶體管(guan)萬用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表(biao)歐(ou)姆(mu)檔(dang)來估(gu)測(ce)，小(xiao)于(yu)幾十個(ge)微微法的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)就(jiu)(jiu)只好用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)測(ce)試儀測(ce)量了。

容(rong)(rong)(rong) 抗交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)是能夠通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的，但(dan)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)對交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)仍然有(you)阻(zu)礙(ai)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)對交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的阻(zu)礙(ai)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)叫(jiao)做容(rong)(rong)(rong)抗。電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量大，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)易通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)，說明電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量大，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的阻(zu)礙(ai)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)小(xiao)；交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的頻率(lv)高(gao)，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)也容(rong)(rong)(rong)易通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)，說明頻率(lv)高(gao)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的阻(zu)礙(ai)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)也小(xiao)。實驗(yan)證明，容(rong)(rong)(rong)抗和電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)成反(fan)比(bi)，和頻率(lv)也成反(fan)比(bi)。如果容(rong)(rong)(rong)抗用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)XC表(biao)示，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)C表(biao)示，頻率(lv)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)f表(biao)示，那么XC=1/(2πfC)

容抗(kang)的單位是歐(ou)。知道了交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)的頻率f和電(dian)容C，就可以用上式把容抗(kang)計算(suan)出(chu)來。

電(dian) 感(gan)電(dian)感(gan)是衡量(liang)(liang)(liang)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)產生電(dian)磁(ci)感(gan)應能力的(de)(de)物理量(liang)(liang)(liang)。給一個線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)通(tong)入電(dian)流(liu)，線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)周圍就會產生磁(ci)場，線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)就有磁(ci)通(tong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)通(tong)過(guo)。通(tong)入線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)電(dian)源越大，磁(ci)場就越強，通(tong)過(guo)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)磁(ci)通(tong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)就越大。實驗證(zheng)明，通(tong)過(guo)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)磁(ci)通(tong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)和通(tong)入的(de)(de)電(dian)流(liu)是成正(zheng)比的(de)(de)，它們的(de)(de)比值叫做自(zi)感(gan)系數，也(ye)叫做電(dian)感(gan)。如果通(tong)過(guo)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)磁(ci)通(tong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)用(yong)φ表(biao)示(shi)，電(dian)流(liu)用(yong)I表(biao)示(shi)，電(dian)感(gan)用(yong)L表(biao)示(shi)，那么L= φ/I電(dian)感(gan)的(de)(de)單位(wei)(wei)是亨（H），也(ye)常用(yong)毫(hao)亨（mH）或微亨（uH）做單位(wei)(wei)。1H=1000mH，1H=1000000uH。

抗(kang)交流(liu)電(dian)也(ye)(ye)可以(yi)(yi)通(tong)過(guo)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)，但是線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)電(dian)感(gan)(gan)對交流(liu)電(dian)有阻(zu)礙作用(yong)，這(zhe)個阻(zu)礙叫做感(gan)(gan)抗(kang)。電(dian)感(gan)(gan)量大，交流(liu)電(dian)難(nan)以(yi)(yi)通(tong)過(guo)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)，說明電(dian)感(gan)(gan)量大，電(dian)感(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)阻(zu)礙作用(yong)大；交流(liu)電(dian)的(de)(de)頻率(lv)(lv)高，交流(liu)電(dian)也(ye)(ye)難(nan)以(yi)(yi)通(tong)過(guo)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)，說明頻率(lv)(lv)高，電(dian)感(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)阻(zu)礙作用(yong)也(ye)(ye)大。實驗證明，感(gan)(gan)抗(kang)和電(dian)感(gan)(gan)成正比，和頻率(lv)(lv)也(ye)(ye)成正比。如果感(gan)(gan)抗(kang)用(yong)XL表(biao)(biao)示，電(dian)感(gan)(gan)用(yong)L表(biao)(biao)示，頻率(lv)(lv)用(yong)f表(biao)(biao)示，那(nei)么XL= 2πfL感(gan)(gan)抗(kang)的(de)(de)單位(wei)是歐。知道(dao)了交流(liu)電(dian)的(de)(de)頻率(lv)(lv)f和線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)電(dian)感(gan)(gan)L，就(jiu)可以(yi)(yi)用(yong)上式把感(gan)(gan)抗(kang)計算(suan)出來。

阻(zu) 抗(kang)(kang)具有電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)、電(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)和(he)電(dian)(dian)容的(de)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)里，對交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)所起的(de)阻(zu)礙作用(yong)叫做阻(zu)抗(kang)(kang)。阻(zu)抗(kang)(kang)常用(yong)Z表(biao)示。阻(zu)抗(kang)(kang)由電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)、感(gan)(gan)抗(kang)(kang)和(he)容抗(kang)(kang)三(san)者組(zu)成，但(dan)不是(shi)三(san)者簡單(dan)(dan)相加。如果三(san)者是(shi)串(chuan)聯的(de)，又知道(dao)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)的(de)頻率f、電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)R、電(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)L和(he)電(dian)(dian)容C，那(nei)么串(chuan)聯電(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)阻(zu)抗(kang)(kang)阻(zu)抗(kang)(kang)的(de)單(dan)(dan)位是(shi)歐。

對于一個具體電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，阻(zu)抗不(bu)是不(bu)變(bian)的(de)，而是隨著頻率變(bian)化而變(bian)化。在(zai)電(dian)阻(zu)、電(dian)感(gan)和(he)(he)電(dian)容串聯(lian)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)中，電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)阻(zu)抗一般來說比電(dian)阻(zu)大。也就是阻(zu)抗減小(xiao)到(dao)最(zui)小(xiao)值(zhi)(zhi)。在(zai)電(dian)感(gan)和(he)(he)電(dian)容并聯(lian)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)中，諧振(zhen)的(de)時候(hou)阻(zu)抗增加(jia)到(dao)最(zui)大值(zhi)(zhi)，這和(he)(he)串聯(lian)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)相反。

相(xiang) 位(wei)相(xiang)位(wei)是(shi)(shi)反(fan)映交(jiao)(jiao)流電任(ren)何時刻(ke)的(de)(de)狀態的(de)(de)物理(li)量。交(jiao)(jiao)流電的(de)(de)大(da)(da)小和方向是(shi)(shi)隨時間(jian)變(bian)化的(de)(de)。比如正弦交(jiao)(jiao)流電流，它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)公式是(shi)(shi)i=Isin2πft。i是(shi)(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)流電流的(de)(de)瞬時值(zhi)，I是(shi)(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)流電流的(de)(de)最(zui)大(da)(da)值(zhi)，f是(shi)(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)流電的(de)(de)頻(pin)率，t是(shi)(shi)時間(jian)。隨著時間(jian)的(de)(de)推移，交(jiao)(jiao)流電流可以從(cong)零(ling)變(bian)到最(zui)大(da)(da)值(zhi)，從(cong)最(zui)大(da)(da)值(zhi)變(bian)到零(ling)，又從(cong)零(ling)變(bian)到負(fu)的(de)(de)最(zui)大(da)(da)值(zhi)，從(cong)負(fu)的(de)(de)最(zui)大(da)(da)值(zhi)變(bian)到零(ling)，，如圖3甲所(suo)示。在(zai)三角函數(shu)中2πft相(xiang)當于角度，它(ta)(ta)反(fan)映了交(jiao)(jiao)流電任(ren)何時刻(ke)所(suo)處的(de)(de)狀態，是(shi)(shi)在(zai)增大(da)(da)還是(shi)(shi)在(zai)減小，是(shi)(shi)正的(de)(de)還是(shi)(shi)負(fu)的(de)(de)等等。因此把2πft叫做(zuo)相(xiang)位(wei)，或者叫做(zuo)相(xiang)。

如果t等(deng)于零的時(shi)候，i并不等(deng)于零，公式應該改成i=Isin(2πft+ψ),如圖(tu)3乙(yi)所(suo)示。那么2πft+ψ叫(jiao)做(zuo)相位，ψ叫(jiao)做(zuo)初(chu)相位，或者叫(jiao)做(zuo)初(chu)相。

相(xiang)(xiang)位(wei)差兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)頻(pin)率(lv)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)的交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電相(xiang)(xiang)位(wei)的差叫(jiao)做相(xiang)(xiang)位(wei)差，或者(zhe)叫(jiao)做相(xiang)(xiang)差。這(zhe)兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)頻(pin)率(lv)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)的交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電，可(ke)以(yi)是(shi)兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電流(liu)，可(ke)以(yi)是(shi)兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電壓，可(ke)以(yi)是(shi)兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電動(dong)勢，也可(ke)以(yi)是(shi)這(zhe)三種量中的任(ren)何兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)。

例如研究加在電(dian)(dian)路上(shang)的(de)(de)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和通過(guo)這個電(dian)(dian)路的(de)(de)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)相(xiang)位(wei)(wei)(wei)差(cha)。如果電(dian)(dian)路是(shi)純電(dian)(dian)阻，那么交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)相(xiang)位(wei)(wei)(wei)差(cha)等(deng)于零(ling)。也(ye)就(jiu)是(shi)說(shuo)(shuo)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等(deng)于零(ling)的(de)(de)時候，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)也(ye)等(deng)于零(ling)，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)變到最(zui)大值的(de)(de)時候，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)也(ye)變到最(zui)大值。這種情(qing)況叫(jiao)做(zuo)同相(xiang)位(wei)(wei)(wei)，或(huo)者叫(jiao)做(zuo)同相(xiang)。如果電(dian)(dian)路含有電(dian)(dian)感和電(dian)(dian)容(rong)，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)相(xiang)位(wei)(wei)(wei)差(cha)一(yi)般是(shi)不等(deng)于零(ling)的(de)(de)，也(ye)就(jiu)是(shi)說(shuo)(shuo)一(yi)般是(shi)不同相(xiang)的(de)(de)，或(huo)者電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)超前(qian)于電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，或(huo)者電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)超前(qian)于電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。

加在晶體(ti)管(guan)放(fang)大(da)器(qi)基極(ji)上的(de)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓和從集電(dian)(dian)極(ji)輸出的(de)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓，這兩者的(de)相位差正好等于180°。這種(zhong)情況(kuang)叫(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)反(fan)相位，或者叫(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)反(fan)相

注塑機(ji)的(de)分類及特(te)點(dian)　注塑機(ji)按照注射裝置(zhi)和鎖(suo)模裝置(zhi)的(de)排(pai)列方式(shi)，可分為立(li)式(shi)、臥式(shi)和立(li)臥復合式(shi)。其各自的(de)特(te)點(dian)如(ru)下。

立式注塑機的特點：

1、注射裝置(zhi)和(he)鎖模(mo)裝置(zhi)処于同一(yi)垂(chui)直中心線上，且模(mo)具是(shi)沿上下方向開閉(bi)。其(qi)占地(di)面(mian)積只(zhi)有臥式機的約(yue)一(yi)半，因此，換(huan)算成占地(di)面(mian)積生產性約(yue)有二倍左右。

2、容(rong)易實(shi)現嵌(qian)(qian)件(jian)(jian)成型(xing)。因(yin)為模(mo)具(ju)表面朝上(shang)，嵌(qian)(qian)件(jian)(jian)放入定(ding)位容(rong)易。采用下模(mo)板固定(ding)、上(shang)模(mo)板可動的機種(zhong)，拉帶輸送裝置與機械手相(xiang)組合的話，可容(rong)易地實(shi)現全自(zi)動嵌(qian)(qian)件(jian)(jian)成型(xing)。

3、模(mo)具的重量(liang)由水(shui)平模(mo)板(ban)支承(cheng)作(zuo)上下開(kai)閉動作(zuo)，不(bu)會(hui)發生類似臥(wo)式機的由于模(mo)具重力引(yin)起的前倒，使得模(mo)板(ban)無(wu)法(fa)開(kai)閉的現象。有(you)利于持久性保持機械和模(mo)具的精度。

4、通過(guo)簡(jian)單的機(ji)械手可取出(chu)各個塑(su)件型(xing)腔(qiang)，有(you)利(li)于精密成型(xing)。

5、一般(ban)鎖模裝(zhuang)置周圍(wei)為開開放式，容易配(pei)置各類自(zi)(zi)動化裝(zhuang)置，適應(ying)于復雜、精巧產品(pin)的自(zi)(zi)動成(cheng)型。

6、拉帶(dai)輸輸送(song)裝置容易實現串(chuan)過模具(ju)中間安裝，便(bian)于實現成型自動生(sheng)產。

7、容易保證(zheng)模(mo)具內(nei)樹脂流動性(xing)及模(mo)具溫度分布的(de)一致性(xing)。

8、配備有旋轉臺(tai)面、移動(dong)臺(tai)面及傾斜臺(tai)面等形(xing)式(shi)，容(rong)易實現(xian)嵌件成型、模內組(zu)合成型。

9、小(xiao)批量(liang)試生產時，模具構(gou)造簡單成本低，且(qie)便(bian)于(yu)卸裝。

10、經受了多次地震(zhen)的考(kao)驗(yan)，立式(shi)機由于重(zhong)心低，相對臥(wo)式(shi)機抗震(zhen)性更好。

臥式注塑機的特點：

1、即是大型機由于機身(shen)低，對于安置的廠房無高度限制。

2、產(chan)品可自(zi)動落(luo)下的場合，不需使用機械手(shou)也(ye)可實現自(zi)動成型。

3、由于機身(shen)低，供(gong)料方便(bian)，檢(jian)修(xiu)容易。

4、模具需通過(guo)吊車安裝。

5、多臺并列排列下，成型品容易由輸送帶收(shou)集包裝。