【啤機(ji)(ji)】啤機(ji)(ji)是(shi)什么意(yi)思 啤機(ji)(ji)是(shi)做什么用的機(ji)(ji)器

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啤機類型

注(zhu)塑機的類型(xing)有(you):立式、臥(wo)式、全電(dian)式，但是無論那種注(zhu)塑機，其(qi)基(ji)本功(gong)能有(you)兩個(ge)：

（1）加熱塑料，使其達到熔化狀態；

（2）對熔融塑料(liao)施(shi)加高壓，使其射出而充滿模具型(xing)腔。

注(zhu)塑機(ji)通(tong)常由注(zhu)射系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)、合(he)模系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)、液壓傳達(da)動(dong)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)、電氣控制系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)、潤滑系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)、加熱及(ji)冷卻系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)、安全監(jian)測系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)等組成。

（3）注塑系統

注射系(xi)統的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)：注射系(xi)統是注塑機最(zui)主(zhu)(zhu)要的(de)組(zu)成部分之(zhi)一(yi)，一(yi)般有柱塞(sai)式(shi)、螺(luo)桿(gan)式(shi)、螺(luo)桿(gan)預塑柱塞(sai)注射式(shi)3種主(zhu)(zhu)要形(xing)式(shi)。目前(qian)應用(yong)最(zui)廣泛的(de)是螺(luo)桿(gan)式(shi)。其(qi)作(zuo)用(yong)是，在(zai)注塑料(liao)(liao)機的(de)一(yi)個循環中，能在(zai)規定(ding)(ding)的(de)時間(jian)內(nei)將一(yi)定(ding)(ding)數量(liang)的(de)塑料(liao)(liao)加(jia)熱塑化(hua)后，在(zai)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)壓(ya)力(li)和速度下(xia)，通過(guo)螺(luo)桿(gan)將熔融塑料(liao)(liao)注入(ru)模具型腔中。注射結束后，對注射到模腔中的(de)熔料(liao)(liao)保持定(ding)(ding)型。

注(zhu)射系統(tong)的組成：注(zhu)射系統(tong)由塑化裝置和動力傳(chuan)遞裝置組成。

螺(luo)桿(gan)式注(zhu)塑機塑化裝(zhuang)置主(zhu)要(yao)由加料裝(zhuang)置、料筒、螺(luo)桿(gan)、射咀部(bu)分(fen)組成。動力傳遞裝(zhuang)置包括注(zhu)射油缸、注(zhu)射座移動油缸以及螺(luo)桿(gan)驅(qu)動裝(zhuang)置（熔膠馬(ma)達(da)）。

（4）合模系統

合(he)(he)模(mo)(mo)系統(tong)的作(zuo)用(yong)：合(he)(he)模(mo)(mo)系統(tong)的作(zuo)用(yong)是保(bao)證模(mo)(mo)具閉(bi)合(he)(he)、開(kai)啟(qi)及頂出制(zhi)品。同(tong)時，在模(mo)(mo)具閉(bi)合(he)(he)后，供給予模(mo)(mo)具足(zu)夠的鎖模(mo)(mo)力，以抵抗熔融塑(su)料進入(ru)模(mo)(mo)腔(qiang)產生的模(mo)(mo)腔(qiang)壓力，防止模(mo)(mo)具開(kai)縫，造成制(zhi)品的不(bu)良現狀(zhuang)。

合(he)模(mo)(mo)系(xi)統的組成：合(he)模(mo)(mo)系(xi)統主要由(you)合(he)模(mo)(mo)裝(zhuang)置、調模(mo)(mo)機構、頂出機構、前后固(gu)定模(mo)(mo)板、移動模(mo)(mo)板、合(he)模(mo)(mo)油缸(gang)和安全保護機構組成。

（5）液壓系統

液壓(ya)傳動系統的(de)作(zuo)用是(shi)實現(xian)注(zhu)塑機按(an)工藝(yi)過程所要求(qiu)的(de)各(ge)(ge)(ge)種動作(zuo)提供動力，并(bing)滿足注(zhu)塑機各(ge)(ge)(ge)部分所需壓(ya)力、速(su)度、溫度等的(de)要求(qiu)。它主要由各(ge)(ge)(ge)自(zi)種液壓(ya)元件和(he)液壓(ya)輔助元件所組成(cheng)，其中油泵和(he)電機是(shi)注(zhu)塑機的(de)動力來源(yuan)。各(ge)(ge)(ge)種閥控制油液壓(ya)力和(he)流量(liang)，從而(er)滿足注(zhu)射成(cheng)型(xing)工藝(yi)各(ge)(ge)(ge)項要求(qiu)。

（6）電氣控制系統

電(dian)氣控制系統與液壓系統合(he)(he)理配合(he)(he)，可實(shi)現注射機的工藝(yi)過程要(yao)求（壓力、溫度、速(su)度、時間）和各種(zhong)程序動作。主要(yao)由電(dian)器(qi)、電(dian)子元件、儀(yi)表、加熱(re)器(qi)、傳感器(qi)等(deng)組成(cheng)。一般有四種(zhong)控制方式，手動、半自(zi)動、全自(zi)動、調整。

（7）加熱/冷卻系統

加熱(re)系統(tong)是用來(lai)加熱(re)料(liao)(liao)筒及注射噴嘴的，注塑(su)機(ji)料(liao)(liao)筒一般(ban)采用電(dian)熱(re)圈作為加熱(re)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置，安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)在(zai)(zai)料(liao)(liao)筒的外部，并用熱(re)電(dian)偶分段檢測。熱(re)量通(tong)過筒壁導(dao)熱(re)為物料(liao)(liao)塑(su)化(hua)提供熱(re)源；冷(leng)卻(que)系統(tong)主要是用來(lai)冷(leng)卻(que)油(you)(you)溫(wen)，油(you)(you)溫(wen)過高會(hui)引(yin)起(qi)多種(zhong)故障出(chu)現所以(yi)(yi)油(you)(you)溫(wen)必(bi)須加以(yi)(yi)控制。另一處需要冷(leng)卻(que)的位置在(zai)(zai)料(liao)(liao)管下(xia)料(liao)(liao)口附近，防(fang)止原料(liao)(liao)在(zai)(zai)下(xia)料(liao)(liao)口熔化(hua)，導(dao)致原料(liao)(liao)不能正常下(xia)料(liao)(liao)。

（8）潤滑系統

潤(run)滑系統是注塑機(ji)的(de)動(dong)模(mo)板、調模(mo)裝(zhuang)置、連(lian)桿機(ji)鉸等(deng)處有相(xiang)對(dui)運動(dong)的(de)部位(wei)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)潤(run)滑條(tiao)件的(de)回路，以(yi)便減少能耗和提(ti)(ti)高零件壽命，潤(run)滑可(ke)以(yi)是定期的(de)手動(dong)潤(run)滑，也可(ke)以(yi)是自(zi)動(dong)電(dian)動(dong)潤(run)滑；

（9）安全保護與監測系統

注(zhu)塑機的安(an)全裝(zhuang)置主要(yao)是用來保(bao)護人、機安(an)全的裝(zhuang)置。主要(yao)由安(an)全門(men)、液(ye)(ye)壓(ya)閥、限位開關、光電檢測元(yuan)件(jian)等組成，實現電氣——機械(xie)——液(ye)(ye)壓(ya)的聯(lian)鎖保(bao)護。

監測(ce)系(xi)統主(zhu)要對注塑機的油溫、料溫、系(xi)統超載，以及(ji)工藝和設備故障(zhang)進行(xing)監測(ce)，發(fa)現異常(chang)情況(kuang)進行(xing)指示(shi)或報警(jing)。

啤機工作原理

注(zhu)塑機的(de)工作原理與(yu)打針(zhen)用的(de)注(zhu)射器相似，它是借助(zhu)螺(luo)桿（或柱(zhu)塞）的(de)推(tui)力，將已(yi)塑化好(hao)的(de)熔融(rong)狀態(tai)(tai)（即粘流態(tai)(tai)）的(de)塑料(liao)注(zhu)射入閉(bi)合好(hao)的(de)模腔(qiang)內，經固(gu)化定(ding)型后取得制(zhi)品的(de)工藝(yi)過程。

注(zhu)射成型(xing)是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)循(xun)(xun)環的過程，每一(yi)周期(qi)主要(yao)包括(kuo)：定(ding)量(liang)加(jia)料(liao)—熔融塑化—施(shi)壓注(zhu)射—充模冷卻(que)—啟模取件(jian)。取出塑件(jian)后(hou)又再閉模，進(jin)行下一(yi)個(ge)(ge)循(xun)(xun)環。注(zhu)射成型(xing)是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)循(xun)(xun)環的過程，每一(yi)周期(qi)主要(yao)包括(kuo)：定(ding)量(liang)加(jia)料(liao)—熔融塑化—施(shi)壓注(zhu)射—充模冷卻(que)—啟模取件(jian)，取出塑件(jian)后(hou)又再閉模，進(jin)行下一(yi)個(ge)(ge)循(xun)(xun)環。

注(zhu)塑機操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)項(xiang)目：注(zhu)塑機操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)項(xiang)目包括控(kong)制鍵盤操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)、電器(qi)控(kong)制系統(tong)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)和液壓(ya)系統(tong)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)三個方面。分別進(jin)行注(zhu)射過程動作(zuo)(zuo)、加料動作(zuo)(zuo)、注(zhu)射壓(ya)力、注(zhu)射速度(du)、頂出型式的選(xuan)擇，料筒各段溫度(du)的監(jian)控(kong)，注(zhu)射壓(ya)力和背壓(ya)壓(ya)力的調(diao)節等(deng)。

一(yi)般螺(luo)桿式注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)塑機的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)工藝過(guo)程是(shi)：首(shou)先將(jiang)粒狀(zhuang)或(huo)粉狀(zhuang)塑料(liao)加入機筒內，并通過(guo)螺(luo)桿的(de)(de)(de)旋轉和(he)(he)(he)(he)機筒外壁加熱使(shi)塑料(liao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為熔(rong)融(rong)狀(zhuang)態，然后機器進(jin)行合(he)模(mo)和(he)(he)(he)(he)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射(she)座前移，使(shi)噴嘴貼緊模(mo)具(ju)的(de)(de)(de)澆口道(dao)，接(jie)著向(xiang)(xiang)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射(she)缸通人壓(ya)(ya)力(li)油，使(shi)螺(luo)桿向(xiang)(xiang)前推進(jin)，從而(er)以很(hen)(hen)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)較(jiao)(jiao)快的(de)(de)(de)速度將(jiang)熔(rong)料(liao)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)入溫度較(jiao)(jiao)低的(de)(de)(de)閉合(he)模(mo)具(ju)內，經過(guo)一(yi)定時間和(he)(he)(he)(he)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)保(bao)(bao)持(chi)（又(you)稱保(bao)(bao)壓(ya)(ya)）、冷卻(que)，使(shi)其(qi)固化成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)，便可開模(mo)取出制(zhi)(zhi)品（保(bao)(bao)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)防止模(mo)腔中(zhong)熔(rong)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)反流(liu)、向(xiang)(xiang)模(mo)腔內補充物料(liao)，以及保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)制(zhi)(zhi)品具(ju)有(you)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)密度和(he)(he)(he)(he)尺(chi)寸公差）。注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射(she)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)基本要求(qiu)是(shi)塑化、注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射(she)和(he)(he)(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)。塑化是(shi)實(shi)現和(he)(he)(he)(he)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)品質(zhi)量的(de)(de)(de)前提，而(er)為滿(man)足成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)，注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射(she)必須(xu)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)有(you)足夠的(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)速度。同(tong)時，由于注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射(she)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)很(hen)(hen)高(gao)，相(xiang)應(ying)地(di)在(zai)模(mo)腔中(zhong)產生很(hen)(hen)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)（模(mo)腔內的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)均(jun)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)一(yi)般在(zai)20~45MPa之間），因此必須(xu)有(you)足夠大的(de)(de)(de)合(he)模(mo)力(li)。由此可見，注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射(she)裝置和(he)(he)(he)(he)合(he)模(mo)裝置是(shi)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)塑機的(de)(de)(de)關鍵部件。

對(dui)塑(su)料(liao)制(zhi)品(pin)的(de)評價主要有三個方面(mian)(mian)，第一是(shi)外觀(guan)質量，包(bao)括完整(zheng)性(xing)、顏色、光澤等(deng)；第二是(shi)尺寸和(he)相對(dui)位置間的(de)準確性(xing)；第三是(shi)與(yu)用途(tu)相應的(de)物理性(xing)能、化(hua)學性(xing)能、電性(xing)能等(deng)。這(zhe)些(xie)質量要求又(you)根據制(zhi)品(pin)使(shi)用場合的(de)不(bu)同(tong)，要求的(de)尺度也不(bu)同(tong)。制(zhi)品(pin)的(de)缺(que)陷主要在于(yu)(yu)模具的(de)設計、制(zhi)造精度和(he)磨損程度等(deng)方面(mian)(mian)。但事實上，塑(su)料(liao)加(jia)工廠的(de)技(ji)術人員(yuan)往往苦于(yu)(yu)面(mian)(mian)對(dui)用工藝手段來(lai)彌補模具缺(que)陷帶來(lai)的(de)問題而成效不(bu)大的(de)困難局(ju)面(mian)(mian)。

生產過程中(zhong)工(gong)藝的(de)(de)調(diao)節是(shi)提(ti)高(gao)制(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)質量(liang)(liang)和產量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)必要(yao)途徑。由于注塑周期本身很(hen)短，如(ru)(ru)(ru)果(guo)工(gong)藝條件掌握不(bu)好,廢品(pin)就(jiu)會源(yuan)源(yuan)不(bu)絕(jue)。在(zai)調(diao)整(zheng)工(gong)藝時最好一次只改變一個(ge)(ge)條件，多觀察幾回(hui)，如(ru)(ru)(ru)果(guo)壓力(li)、溫度、時間(jian)統統一起調(diao)的(de)(de)話，很(hen)易造成混亂(luan)和誤解，出(chu)(chu)了(le)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)也不(bu)知道是(shi)何道理。調(diao)整(zheng)工(gong)藝的(de)(de)措(cuo)施(shi)、手段是(shi)多方面的(de)(de)。例如(ru)(ru)(ru)：解決(jue)(jue)制(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)注不(bu)滿的(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)就(jiu)有(you)十多個(ge)(ge)可能(neng)的(de)(de)解決(jue)(jue)途徑，要(yao)選擇出(chu)(chu)解決(jue)(jue)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)癥結(jie)的(de)(de)一、二個(ge)(ge)主要(yao)方案(an)，才能(neng)真正解決(jue)(jue)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)。此外，還應注意(yi)解決(jue)(jue)方案(an)中(zhong)的(de)(de)辨證關系(xi)。比(bi)如(ru)(ru)(ru)：制(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)出(chu)(chu)現了(le)凹陷，有(you)時要(yao)提(ti)高(gao)料溫，有(you)時要(yao)降(jiang)低料溫；有(you)時要(yao)增加料量(liang)(liang)，有(you)時要(yao)減少料量(liang)(liang)。要(yao)承認逆向措(cuo)施(shi)的(de)(de)解決(jue)(jue)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)可行性。

啤機用途

注(zhu)(zhu)塑(su)(su)機(ji)(ji)(ji)具(ju)有能一次(ci)成型(xing)(xing)外型(xing)(xing)復雜、尺寸精確或帶(dai)有金屬嵌件的(de)質地(di)密致的(de)塑(su)(su)料制品(pin)，被廣泛應用于國防、機(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)、汽車、交通運輸、建材、包(bao)裝、農業、文教衛生及人(ren)們日常生活各個領域(yu)。在塑(su)(su)料工業迅速發展的(de)今天，注(zhu)(zhu)塑(su)(su)機(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)論在數(shu)量上或品(pin)種上都(dou)占(zhan)有重要地(di)位(wei)，其(qi)生產總(zong)數(shu)占(zhan)整個塑(su)(su)料成型(xing)(xing)設備的(de)20%--30%，從(cong)而成為目(mu)前(qian)塑(su)(su)料機(ji)(ji)(ji)械中(zhong)增長最(zui)快，生產數(shu)量最(zui)多的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)種之一。據有關資料統計，1996--1998年(nian)我(wo)國出(chu)口注(zhu)(zhu)塑(su)(su)機(ji)(ji)(ji)8383臺（套），進口注(zhu)(zhu)塑(su)(su)機(ji)(ji)(ji)42959臺（套），其(qi)中(zhong)1998年(nian)我(wo)國注(zhu)(zhu)塑(su)(su)機(ji)(ji)(ji)產量達到20000臺，其(qi)銷(xiao)售額(e)占(zhan)塑(su)(su)機(ji)(ji)(ji)總(zong)銷(xiao)售額(e)的(de)42.9%。

啤機選擇方法

一般而言，從事注(zhu)(zhu)塑(su)行(xing)業多(duo)年(nian)的(de)(de)客戶多(duo)半(ban)有(you)能(neng)(neng)力自行(xing)判斷并選(xuan)擇合(he)適的(de)(de)注(zhu)(zhu)塑(su)機(ji)(ji)來(lai)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)。但是在某些狀況下，客戶可能(neng)(neng)需(xu)要廠(chang)商的(de)(de)協助(zhu)才能(neng)(neng)決(jue)定(ding)采用(yong)哪一個規格的(de)(de)注(zhu)(zhu)塑(su)機(ji)(ji)，甚至客戶可能(neng)(neng)只(zhi)有(you)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)樣品(pin)或構想，然(ran)后詢問廠(chang)商的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)器是否能(neng)(neng)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)，或是哪一種機(ji)(ji)型比較(jiao)適合(he)。

此外，某些特殊產品可能需要(yao)搭配(pei)特殊裝置如蓄壓器、閉回路、射出壓縮等，才能更有效率(lv)地(di)生(sheng)產。由此可見，如何(he)決定(ding)合適的(de)注塑機來(lai)生(sheng)產，是一(yi)個極為重要(yao)的(de)問題。以下資訊提供給讀者參考。

通常影響射出機選擇的重要因素包括模(mo)具(ju)、產品、塑料(liao)、成型要求等，因此，在(zai)進行選擇前必須先收(shou)集或具(ju)備下列(lie)資訊：

模具尺(chi)寸(寬度、高度、厚度）、重量、特殊設計(ji)等；

使用塑料的種(zhong)類及數量（單一原料或多種(zhong)塑料）；

注塑成品的外(wai)觀尺(chi)寸（長、寬、高、厚度）、重量等(deng)；

成型要求，如品(pin)質(zhi)條件、生產速(su)度等。

在獲得以上資訊后，即可按(an)照下列(lie)步(bu)驟來(lai)選擇(ze)合適(shi)的射(she)出機：

1、選對型: 由產品(pin)及塑(su)料決定機(ji)種及系列。

由于射出機(ji)有非常多的種類，因此(ci)一開始要先正(zheng)確判斷此(ci)產(chan)(chan)品應由哪一種注塑機(ji)，或(huo)(huo)是哪一個系列來生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)，例如是一般(ban)熱塑性塑膠或(huo)(huo)電木原料(liao)或(huo)(huo)PET原料(liao)等(deng)，是單色(se)(se)、雙色(se)(se)、多色(se)(se)、夾(jia)層或(huo)(huo)混色(se)(se)等(deng)。此(ci)外，某些產(chan)(chan)品需要高(gao)穩定（閉回路）、高(gao)精密(mi)、超高(gao)射速、高(gao)射壓或(huo)(huo)快速生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)（多回路）等(deng)條(tiao)件，也(ye)必須選擇合適的系列來生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)。

2、放(fang)(fang)得下 ：由模具尺寸判定機臺的“大柱內(nei)距”、“模厚”、“模具最小尺寸”及(ji)“模盤(pan)尺寸”是否適當，以(yi)確認模具是否放(fang)(fang)得下。

模具的(de)寬度及高度需小于或至(zhi)少(shao)有一邊小于大柱(zhu)內(nei)距；

模具的(de)寬度及高度最好(hao)在模盤尺(chi)寸范(fan)圍內；

模具的厚(hou)度需介于注塑(su)機的模厚(hou)之間；

模具的(de)寬度及高度需符合該注塑機建議的(de)最小模具尺(chi)寸，太(tai)小也(ye)不行；

3、拿得出 ：由模(mo)具及(ji)成(cheng)品判(pan)定“開模(mo)行(xing)程(cheng)”及(ji)“托模(mo)行(xing)程(cheng)”是否足以讓成(cheng)品取出。

◆ 開(kai)模(mo)(mo)行(xing)程(cheng)至少(shao)需大于成(cheng)品在開(kai)關模(mo)(mo)方向的(de)高度的(de)兩倍以上，且需含豎澆道(dao)（sprue）的(de)長度；

托模行程需足(zu)夠將成(cheng)品頂出；

4、鎖(suo)得住 ：由產品及塑料決定“鎖(suo)模力”噸數。

當(dang)原料以高壓注入(ru)模穴(xue)內時會(hui)產生一個撐(cheng)模的力(li)量，因此注塑機的鎖模單(dan)元(yuan)必須提(ti)供足夠(gou)的“鎖模力(li)”使模具不至于被(bei)撐(cheng)開。鎖模力(li)需求的計算如下：

由成品外(wai)觀尺寸求出成品在開關模方向(xiang)的投(tou)影面積；

撐模(mo)力量=成(cheng)品在開關模(mo)方(fang)向的(de)投影面積(cm2)×模(mo)穴數×模(mo)內(nei)壓(ya)力(kg/cm2)；

模內壓力隨原料(liao)而不同, 一般原料(liao)取350～400kg/cm2；

機(ji)器(qi)鎖(suo)模力需大于撐(cheng)模力量，且為了保險起(qi)見(jian)，機(ji)器(qi)鎖(suo)模力通(tong)常(chang)需大于撐(cheng)模力量的1.17倍以上；

至(zhi)此已初(chu)步決定(ding)夾模單元的規格(ge)，并(bing)大致確定(ding)機種噸數，接著必須再進(jin)行下列(lie)步驟，以確認哪一個射出單元的螺桿直徑比(bi)較符合所需。

5、射(she)得飽: 由成品重(zhong)量(liang)及(ji)模穴數判定所需“射(she)出量(liang)”并(bing)選擇合(he)適(shi)的“螺(luo)桿直徑(jing)”。

計算成品重量需考慮模穴(xue)數（一模幾穴(xue)）；

為(wei)了穩定性起見，射(she)(she)出量(liang)需為(wei)成(cheng)品(pin)重量(liang)的1.35倍以上，亦即(ji)成(cheng)品(pin)重量(liang)需為(wei)射(she)(she)出量(liang)的75%以內(nei)；

6、射得好 ：由塑料判定(ding)“螺(luo)桿壓(ya)縮比”及“射出壓(ya)力”等條件。

有些(xie)工(gong)程塑料需要較高的(de)(de)射(she)(she)出(chu)壓(ya)力(li)及(ji)合適的(de)(de)螺(luo)桿壓(ya)縮比(bi)設(she)計，才(cai)有較好的(de)(de)成型(xing)效果，因此為(wei)了使成品射(she)(she)得更好，在選擇螺(luo)桿時(shi)亦(yi)需考慮射(she)(she)壓(ya)的(de)(de)需求及(ji)壓(ya)縮比(bi)的(de)(de)問題。

一般而(er)言，直徑較小的螺桿可提供較高的射出壓力(li)。

7、射(she)得快(kuai) ：及“射(she)出速度(du)”的確認。

有些成(cheng)品(pin)(pin)需(xu)(xu)要高射(she)(she)出(chu)(chu)率速(su)射(she)(she)出(chu)(chu)才能穩(wen)定成(cheng)型，如超薄類成(cheng)品(pin)(pin)，在此情況下(xia)，可能需(xu)(xu)要確認機器(qi)的(de)射(she)(she)出(chu)(chu)率及射(she)(she)速(su)是(shi)否足(zu)夠，是(shi)否需(xu)(xu)搭配蓄(xu)壓(ya)器(qi)、閉(bi)回路控(kong)制等裝置。一般而(er)言，在相同條件下(xia)，可提(ti)供(gong)較高射(she)(she)壓(ya)的(de)螺桿(gan)通常(chang)射(she)(she)速(su)較低(di)，相反的(de)，可提(ti)供(gong)較低(di)射(she)(she)壓(ya)的(de)螺桿(gan)通常(chang)射(she)(she)速(su)較高。因此，選擇螺桿(gan)直徑(jing)時，射(she)(she)出(chu)(chu)量、射(she)(she)出(chu)(chu)壓(ya)力及射(she)(she)出(chu)(chu)率（射(she)(she)出(chu)(chu)速(su)度(du)），需(xu)(xu)交叉考量及取舍。

此外，也可以采用多(duo)回路設計，以同步復(fu)合動作縮(suo)短(duan)成型(xing)時(shi)間。

經過以上步驟之后，原則上已經可(ke)以決(jue)定符(fu)合(he)需求的注塑機，但是有一(yi)些特殊問題可(ke)能也(ye)必須再(zai)加以考(kao)慮，包(bao)括：

大小配的問題：

在某(mou)些特(te)殊狀(zhuang)況下，客戶(hu)的(de)(de)模具或產品(pin)可(ke)能(neng)模具體(ti)積小(xiao)但所(suo)需(xu)射(she)(she)量大，或模具體(ti)積大但所(suo)需(xu)射(she)(she)量小(xiao)，在這(zhe)種況下，廠家所(suo)預先設定的(de)(de)標準規格可(ke)能(neng)無法符合客戶(hu)需(xu)求，而必須進行(xing)所(suo)謂(wei)“大小(xiao)配”，亦即“大壁(bi)小(xiao)射(she)(she)”或“小(xiao)壁(bi)大射(she)(she)”。所(suo)謂(wei)“大壁(bi)小(xiao)射(she)(she)”指以(yi)原先標準的(de)(de)夾模單元搭配較(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao)的(de)(de)射(she)(she)出螺(luo)桿(gan)，反之，“小(xiao)壁(bi)大射(she)(she)”即是(shi)以(yi)原先標準的(de)(de)夾模單元搭配較(jiao)(jiao)大的(de)(de)射(she)(she)出螺(luo)桿(gan)。當然(ran)，在搭配上也可(ke)能(neng)夾模與射(she)(she)出相差好幾級。

快速機或高速機的觀念：

在實際運(yun)用中，越來越多(duo)的(de)(de)客(ke)戶會(hui)要(yao)(yao)求購買所謂“高速(su)機(ji)”或“快速(su)機(ji)”。一般而言，其(qi)(qi)目的(de)(de)除了產品(pin)本(ben)身的(de)(de)需(xu)求外，其(qi)(qi)他大多(duo)是要(yao)(yao)縮短成(cheng)型周(zhou)期、提(ti)高單位時間的(de)(de)產量，進而降低生產成(cheng)本(ben)，提(ti)高競爭力。通常，要(yao)(yao)達(da)到上述目的(de)(de)，有幾(ji)種做法：

射(she)出速度加快：將電機馬達及泵浦加大，或加蓄壓器(qi)（最(zui)好(hao)加閉回路控制(zhi)）；

加(jia)(jia)(jia)料速度加(jia)(jia)(jia)快：將電(dian)機(ji)馬(ma)達及泵浦(pu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)大，或(huo)加(jia)(jia)(jia)料油壓馬(ma)達改小，使螺(luo)桿轉速加(jia)(jia)(jia)快；

多回(hui)路(lu)系統：采用雙回(hui)路(lu)或三回(hui)路(lu)設(she)計，以同步進行復合動(dong)作(zuo)，縮短成型時間；

增加模具水路，提升模具的冷卻效率；

然而，“天下(xia)沒有白吃的午餐”，機器(qi)性能的提升及改造(zao)固(gu)然可以增(zeng)加生(sheng)產效率(lv)，但往往也增(zeng)加投資成本及運(yun)轉成本，因此，投資前的效益(yi)評(ping)估需仔細衡量，才能以最合適的機型(xing)產生(sheng)最高(gao)的效益(yi)。

相關術語

電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的(de)(de)定(ding)向(xiang)移動叫(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)常用I表(biao)示。電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)分直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)和交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)兩種。電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)大小(xiao)和方向(xiang)不隨時間變化的(de)(de)叫(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)大小(xiao)和方向(xiang)隨時間變化的(de)(de)叫(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)單位(wei)是安（A），也(ye)常用毫(hao)安（mA)或(huo)者微安(uA)做(zuo)單位(wei)。1A=1000mA,1mA=1000uA。

電流(liu)可以(yi)(yi)用電流(liu)表測量(liang)。測量(liang)的(de)(de)時候，把電流(liu)表串聯(lian)在電路(lu)中(zhong)，要(yao)選擇電流(liu)表指針接近滿偏轉的(de)(de)量(liang)程(cheng)。這(zhe)樣可以(yi)(yi)防止電流(liu)過大而(er)損壞電流(liu)表。

電壓

河水(shui)(shui)之所以能(neng)夠流(liu)動(dong)，是(shi)因為有水(shui)(shui)位(wei)(wei)差(cha)；電(dian)荷之所以能(neng)夠流(liu)動(dong)，是(shi)因為有電(dian)位(wei)(wei)差(cha)。電(dian)位(wei)(wei)差(cha)也就是(shi)電(dian)壓。電(dian)壓是(shi)形(xing)成電(dian)流(liu)的原因。在電(dian)路中，電(dian)壓常用(yong)U表示。電(dian)壓的單(dan)位(wei)(wei)是(shi)伏（V），也常用(yong)毫伏（mV）或(huo)者(zhe)微伏（uV）做(zuo)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)。1V=1000mV，1mV=1000uV。

電壓(ya)可以用電壓(ya)表測量。測量的(de)(de)時候(hou)，把電壓(ya)表并聯在電路(lu)上，要(yao)選(xuan)擇電壓(ya)表指針接近(jin)滿偏(pian)轉的(de)(de)量程。如果電路(lu)上的(de)(de)電壓(ya)大小(xiao)估計不出來，要(yao)先用大的(de)(de)量程，粗略測量后(hou)再用合適的(de)(de)量程。這(zhe)樣(yang)可以防(fang)止由于電壓(ya)過(guo)大而損壞電壓(ya)表。

電阻

電路中對電流通過有阻礙作用(yong)并(bing)且造(zao)成能量消耗的部分叫做電阻。電阻常(chang)用(yong)R表示(shi)。電阻的單位是歐(ou)(ou)（Ω），也常(chang)用(yong)千歐(ou)(ou)（kΩ）或者兆(zhao)歐(ou)(ou)（MΩ）做單位。1kΩ=1000Ω,1MΩ=1000000Ω。導體(ti)(ti)的電阻由導體(ti)(ti)的材料、橫截面積和(he)長(chang)度決定(ding)。

電(dian)阻(zu)可(ke)以用萬用表歐姆檔測(ce)量。測(ce)量的(de)時候(hou)，要選(xuan)擇(ze)電(dian)表指針接近偏轉一(yi)半(ban)的(de)歐姆檔。如(ru)果電(dian)阻(zu)在(zai)電(dian)路中，要把電(dian)阻(zu)的(de)一(yi)頭(tou)燙開(kai)后再測(ce)量。

歐姆定律導體(ti)(ti)中(zhong)的(de)電(dian)流I和(he)導體(ti)(ti)兩端(duan)的(de)電(dian)壓U成(cheng)正比(bi)，和(he)導體(ti)(ti)的(de)電(dian)阻R成(cheng)反比(bi)，即I=U/R

這(zhe)個規律(lv)(lv)叫做(zuo)歐姆定律(lv)(lv)。如果(guo)知道(dao)電壓、電流(liu)、電阻(zu)三(san)個量中的兩(liang)個，就可以根(gen)據歐姆定律(lv)(lv)求出(chu)第三(san)個量，即

I=U/R，R=U/I，U=I×R

在交(jiao)流電(dian)路中，歐姆定(ding)律同樣成立(li)，但(dan)電(dian)阻(zu)R應該(gai)改(gai)成阻(zu)抗(kang)Z，即I=U/Z

電源

把(ba)其他形式的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)裝置(zhi)叫(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)把(ba)機(ji)械能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池能(neng)(neng)(neng)把(ba)化學(xue)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)、干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池等叫(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。通過變壓器(qi)和整流(liu)器(qi)，把(ba)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變成(cheng)(cheng)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)裝置(zhi)叫(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)整流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。能(neng)(neng)(neng)提供信號的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子設(she)備叫(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)信號源(yuan)。晶體三(san)極(ji)管能(neng)(neng)(neng)把(ba)前面(mian)送來的(de)(de)(de)信號加以放大(da)，又把(ba)放大(da)了的(de)(de)(de)信號傳送到后(hou)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中去。晶體三(san)極(ji)管對(dui)后(hou)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路來說，也可以看做(zuo)是信號源(yuan)。整流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)、信號源(yuan)有(you)時也叫(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。

負載

把電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)(cheng)其(qi)他形式的(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)裝置叫做負載(zai)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)把電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)(cheng)機械能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)把電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)(cheng)熱(re)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)燈泡能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)把電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)(cheng)熱(re)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)和光能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，揚(yang)聲器能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)把電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)(cheng)聲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機、電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)燈泡、揚(yang)聲器等都(dou)叫做負載(zai)。晶(jing)體三極管對于前(qian)面的(de)信號(hao)源來說(shuo)，也(ye)可以看作是負載(zai)。

電路

最簡單的電(dian)路(lu)(lu)由電(dian)源、負載和(he)導線(xian)、開關等元件組成(cheng)(cheng)。電(dian)路(lu)(lu)處處連通(tong)叫(jiao)做通(tong)路(lu)(lu)。只有通(tong)路(lu)(lu)，電(dian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)才有電(dian)流通(tong)過。電(dian)路(lu)(lu)某(mou)一(yi)處斷開叫(jiao)做斷路(lu)(lu)或者(zhe)開路(lu)(lu)。電(dian)路(lu)(lu)某(mou)一(yi)部分的兩端直接接通(tong)，使這部分的電(dian)壓變(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)零，叫(jiao)做短路(lu)(lu)。

電動勢

電(dian)動(dong)勢是反映電(dian)源(yuan)把其他形式的(de)能轉換(huan)成電(dian)能的(de)本領的(de)物理量(liang)。電(dian)動(dong)勢使電(dian)源(yuan)兩端產生電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。在(zai)電(dian)路中，電(dian)動(dong)勢常(chang)用δ表示。電(dian)動(dong)勢的(de)單位和(he)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)單位相同，也是伏。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)勢可(ke)以用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)表測(ce)(ce)量(liang)。測(ce)(ce)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)時候，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源不要接(jie)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中去，用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)表測(ce)(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源兩(liang)端(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，所得(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)值(zhi)就可(ke)以看(kan)作(zuo)等于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)勢。如(ru)果(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源接(jie)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中，用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)表測(ce)(ce)得(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源兩(liang)端(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)就會小(xiao)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)勢。這是因(yin)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源有內(nei)(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)。在閉合的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流通過內(nei)(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)r有內(nei)(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)降，通過外電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)R有外電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)降。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)勢δ等于(yu)內(nei)(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)Ur和(he)外電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)UR之(zhi)和(he)，即δ=Ur+UR 。嚴格(ge)來說，即使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源不接(jie)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)，用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)表測(ce)(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源兩(liang)端(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)表成了外電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)，測(ce)(ce)得(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)也小(xiao)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)勢。但是，由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)表的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)很(hen)(hen)大，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)很(hen)(hen)小(xiao)，內(nei)(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)可(ke)以忽略。因(yin)此，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)表測(ce)(ce)得(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源兩(liang)端(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)是可(ke)以看(kan)作(zuo)等于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)勢的(de)(de)(de)。

干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)用舊了(le)(le)，用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓用測(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)兩(liang)(liang)端(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，有(you)(you)時(shi)候依(yi)然比較高(gao)，但(dan)是(shi)接(jie)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)后卻不能使負(fu)(fu)(fu)載（收音(yin)機、錄音(yin)機等）正(zheng)常(chang)工(gong)作(zuo)。這種(zhong)情(qing)況(kuang)是(shi)因(yin)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻變大(da)(da)了(le)(le)，甚至比負(fu)(fu)(fu)載的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻還大(da)(da)，但(dan)是(shi)依(yi)然比電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓表(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻小。用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓表(biao)(biao)測(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)兩(liang)(liang)端(duan)(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻分(fen)得的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓還不大(da)(da)，所以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓表(biao)(biao)測(ce)得的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓依(yi)然比較高(gao)。但(dan)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)接(jie)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻分(fen)得的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓增大(da)(da)，負(fu)(fu)(fu)載電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻分(fen)得的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓就減小，因(yin)此(ci)不能使負(fu)(fu)(fu)載正(zheng)常(chang)工(gong)作(zuo)。為(wei)了(le)(le)判(pan)斷舊電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)能不能用，應該(gai)在有(you)(you)負(fu)(fu)(fu)載的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候測(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)兩(liang)(liang)端(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。有(you)(you)些(xie)性(xing)能較差的(de)(de)(de)(de)穩壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，有(you)(you)負(fu)(fu)(fu)載和(he)沒有(you)(you)負(fu)(fu)(fu)載兩(liang)(liang)種(zhong)情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)測(ce)得的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)兩(liang)(liang)端(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓相差較大(da)(da)，也(ye)是(shi)因(yin)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻較大(da)(da)造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

周 期交流電完成一次完整的變化所(suo)需要的時(shi)間(jian)叫做(zuo)周期，常用T表示。周期的單位是秒（s）,也常用毫秒（ms）或微(wei)秒（us）做(zuo)單位。1s=1000ms，1s=1000000us。

頻 率交(jiao)流電(dian)在1s內(nei)完(wan)成周(zhou)期性變化(hua)的次(ci)數(shu)叫做頻率，常(chang)用f表示(shi)。頻率的單位是(shi)赫(he)（Hz），也常(chang)用千赫(he)（kHz）或兆赫(he)（MHz）做單位。1kHz=1000Hz，1MHz=1000000Hz。交(jiao)流電(dian)頻率f是(shi)周(zhou)期T的倒數(shu)，即f =1/T

電容

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容是(shi)衡量(liang)(liang)導體(ti)儲(chu)存電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷能力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物理量(liang)(liang)。在兩個相(xiang)互絕(jue)緣(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)導體(ti)上(shang)(shang)，加(jia)上(shang)(shang)一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，它(ta)們就會(hui)儲(chu)存一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)。其中一個導體(ti)儲(chu)存著正電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷，另一個導體(ti)儲(chu)存著大(da)小(xiao)相(xiang)等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷。加(jia)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)越(yue)(yue)大(da)，儲(chu)存的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)就越(yue)(yue)多(duo)。儲(chu)存的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)和加(jia)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)是(shi)成正比的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，它(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比值叫做電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容。如(ru)果(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)用U表示(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)用Q表示(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容用C表示(shi)，那么C=Q/U

電容的單位是(shi)法(fa)(fa)（F），也常用微(wei)法(fa)(fa)（uF）或者微(wei)微(wei)法(fa)(fa)（pF）做單位。1F=10uF，1F=10pF。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)測(ce)試(shi)儀測(ce)量(liang)，也可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)用(yong)(yong)萬用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表(biao)歐(ou)(ou)姆(mu)檔粗略估測(ce)。歐(ou)(ou)姆(mu)表(biao)紅(hong)(hong)、黑(hei)兩表(biao)筆分別碰接電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)兩腳(jiao)，歐(ou)(ou)姆(mu)表(biao)內的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池就(jiu)會給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，指(zhi)針偏(pian)轉，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)完了(le)，指(zhi)針回零。調換(huan)紅(hong)(hong)、黑(hei)兩表(biao)筆，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)又會反向充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)越(yue)(yue)大，指(zhi)針偏(pian)轉也越(yue)(yue)大。對(dui)比被(bei)(bei)測(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)和已知電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)偏(pian)轉情況，就(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)粗略估計被(bei)(bei)測(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)量(liang)值(zhi)。在一般的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中，除了(le)調諧回路(lu)等需(xu)要(yao)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)較(jiao)準(zhun)確的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)外(wai)，用(yong)(yong)得最多的(de)(de)隔直(zhi)、旁路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)、濾波電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)等，都不(bu)需(xu)要(yao)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)準(zhun)確的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)。因(yin)此(ci)，用(yong)(yong)歐(ou)(ou)姆(mu)檔粗略估測(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)值(zhi)是(shi)有實際意義的(de)(de)。但是(shi)，普通(tong)萬用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表(biao)歐(ou)(ou)姆(mu)檔只(zhi)能估測(ce)量(liang)值(zhi)較(jiao)大的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，量(liang)值(zhi)較(jiao)小(xiao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)就(jiu)要(yao)用(yong)(yong)中值(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻很大的(de)(de)晶體管(guan)萬用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表(biao)歐(ou)(ou)姆(mu)檔來估測(ce)，小(xiao)于幾十個微微法(fa)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)就(jiu)只(zhi)好用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)測(ce)試(shi)儀測(ce)量(liang)了(le)。

容(rong)(rong)(rong) 抗交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)能夠通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)，但(dan)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)對交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)仍然有阻(zu)(zu)(zu)礙(ai)(ai)作(zuo)用(yong)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)對交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)礙(ai)(ai)作(zuo)用(yong)叫做容(rong)(rong)(rong)抗。電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量大(da)，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)易(yi)通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)，說(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量大(da)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)礙(ai)(ai)作(zuo)用(yong)小(xiao)；交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)頻率(lv)高(gao)，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)也容(rong)(rong)(rong)易(yi)通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)，說(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)頻率(lv)高(gao)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)礙(ai)(ai)作(zuo)用(yong)也小(xiao)。實驗證明(ming)(ming)，容(rong)(rong)(rong)抗和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)成(cheng)反(fan)比(bi)，和(he)頻率(lv)也成(cheng)反(fan)比(bi)。如果容(rong)(rong)(rong)抗用(yong)XC表示(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)用(yong)C表示(shi)，頻率(lv)用(yong)f表示(shi)，那么(me)XC=1/(2πfC)

容抗的單位是歐。知道了(le)交流電的頻率(lv)f和電容C，就可以用上式把容抗計算出來。

電(dian) 感(gan)(gan)電(dian)感(gan)(gan)是(shi)衡量(liang)(liang)(liang)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)產生電(dian)磁(ci)感(gan)(gan)應能(neng)力的(de)(de)(de)物理量(liang)(liang)(liang)。給一個線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)通(tong)(tong)入電(dian)流(liu)，線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)周圍就(jiu)會產生磁(ci)場(chang)，線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)就(jiu)有磁(ci)通(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)。通(tong)(tong)入線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)源越(yue)大，磁(ci)場(chang)就(jiu)越(yue)強(qiang)，通(tong)(tong)過(guo)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)磁(ci)通(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)就(jiu)越(yue)大。實驗證(zheng)明，通(tong)(tong)過(guo)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)磁(ci)通(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)和通(tong)(tong)入的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)流(liu)是(shi)成正比(bi)的(de)(de)(de)，它們的(de)(de)(de)比(bi)值叫做自感(gan)(gan)系(xi)數，也叫做電(dian)感(gan)(gan)。如果通(tong)(tong)過(guo)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)磁(ci)通(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)用φ表示，電(dian)流(liu)用I表示，電(dian)感(gan)(gan)用L表示，那么L= φ/I電(dian)感(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)單位是(shi)亨(heng)(heng)（H），也常用毫亨(heng)(heng)（mH）或微亨(heng)(heng)（uH）做單位。1H=1000mH，1H=1000000uH。

抗(kang)(kang)(kang)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)也(ye)可(ke)以(yi)通過線(xian)(xian)圈，但(dan)是(shi)線(xian)(xian)圈的電(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)對交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)有阻礙(ai)作(zuo)用，這個阻礙(ai)叫做感(gan)(gan)(gan)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)。電(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)量(liang)大，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)難以(yi)通過線(xian)(xian)圈，說(shuo)明(ming)(ming)電(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)量(liang)大，電(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)的阻礙(ai)作(zuo)用大；交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)的頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)高，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)也(ye)難以(yi)通過線(xian)(xian)圈，說(shuo)明(ming)(ming)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)高，電(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)的阻礙(ai)作(zuo)用也(ye)大。實(shi)驗證明(ming)(ming)，感(gan)(gan)(gan)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)和電(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)成正比(bi)，和頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)也(ye)成正比(bi)。如果感(gan)(gan)(gan)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)用XL表示，電(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)用L表示，頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)用f表示，那(nei)么XL= 2πfL感(gan)(gan)(gan)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)的單位是(shi)歐。知道了交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)的頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)f和線(xian)(xian)圈的電(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)L，就(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)用上(shang)式把感(gan)(gan)(gan)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)計算出來(lai)。

阻(zu) 抗具有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路里(li)，對交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所起的(de)(de)阻(zu)礙作用叫做阻(zu)抗。阻(zu)抗常用Z表(biao)示。阻(zu)抗由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)、感抗和容抗三者(zhe)組成，但(dan)不是(shi)三者(zhe)簡單相加(jia)。如果三者(zhe)是(shi)串聯的(de)(de)，又知道交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)頻率f、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)R、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感L和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C，那么串聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)(de)阻(zu)抗阻(zu)抗的(de)(de)單位(wei)是(shi)歐(ou)。

對(dui)于一(yi)個具(ju)體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)，阻(zu)抗不(bu)是(shi)不(bu)變(bian)的，而是(shi)隨著(zhu)頻率(lv)變(bian)化而變(bian)化。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)串聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的阻(zu)抗一(yi)般來說比電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)大。也就是(shi)阻(zu)抗減小(xiao)(xiao)到最小(xiao)(xiao)值。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)并(bing)聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中，諧振的時候(hou)阻(zu)抗增(zeng)加到最大值，這和(he)(he)串聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)相反。

相(xiang)(xiang) 位(wei)相(xiang)(xiang)位(wei)是(shi)(shi)反映交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)任(ren)何(he)時(shi)刻的(de)(de)(de)狀態(tai)的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)理(li)量(liang)。交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)小和方向是(shi)(shi)隨時(shi)間變化的(de)(de)(de)。比(bi)如正弦交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，它的(de)(de)(de)公式是(shi)(shi)i=Isin2πft。i是(shi)(shi)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)瞬時(shi)值，I是(shi)(shi)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)大(da)值，f是(shi)(shi)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)頻率，t是(shi)(shi)時(shi)間。隨著(zhu)時(shi)間的(de)(de)(de)推移，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)可(ke)以從零(ling)變到最(zui)(zui)大(da)值，從最(zui)(zui)大(da)值變到零(ling)，又從零(ling)變到負(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)大(da)值，從負(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)大(da)值變到零(ling)，，如圖3甲所示。在(zai)三(san)角(jiao)函數(shu)中2πft相(xiang)(xiang)當(dang)于角(jiao)度，它反映了交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)任(ren)何(he)時(shi)刻所處的(de)(de)(de)狀態(tai)，是(shi)(shi)在(zai)增大(da)還是(shi)(shi)在(zai)減(jian)小，是(shi)(shi)正的(de)(de)(de)還是(shi)(shi)負(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)等等。因此把(ba)2πft叫(jiao)做相(xiang)(xiang)位(wei)，或者叫(jiao)做相(xiang)(xiang)。

如(ru)(ru)果t等于零的(de)時候，i并不等于零，公式應該(gai)改(gai)成i=Isin(2πft+ψ),如(ru)(ru)圖(tu)3乙所示。那(nei)么(me)2πft+ψ叫做相(xiang)(xiang)位，ψ叫做初相(xiang)(xiang)位，或者叫做初相(xiang)(xiang)。

相(xiang)(xiang)位(wei)(wei)差(cha)兩(liang)個頻率相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)的交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)相(xiang)(xiang)位(wei)(wei)的差(cha)叫(jiao)(jiao)做相(xiang)(xiang)位(wei)(wei)差(cha)，或者叫(jiao)(jiao)做相(xiang)(xiang)差(cha)。這(zhe)兩(liang)個頻率相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)的交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)，可(ke)以(yi)是兩(liang)個交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)流(liu)，可(ke)以(yi)是兩(liang)個交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)壓，可(ke)以(yi)是兩(liang)個交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)動勢，也可(ke)以(yi)是這(zhe)三種量中的任何兩(liang)個。

例如研究(jiu)加在(zai)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)上的(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)壓(ya)和(he)通(tong)過這(zhe)個(ge)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)相(xiang)位差。如果電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)是(shi)純(chun)電(dian)阻，那么交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)壓(ya)和(he)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)相(xiang)位差等(deng)于(yu)零(ling)(ling)。也(ye)就是(shi)說交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)于(yu)零(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)時(shi)候，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)也(ye)等(deng)于(yu)零(ling)(ling)，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)壓(ya)變到(dao)最(zui)大值(zhi)的(de)(de)時(shi)候，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)也(ye)變到(dao)最(zui)大值(zhi)。這(zhe)種情況叫做同相(xiang)位，或(huo)者叫做同相(xiang)。如果電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)含有(you)電(dian)感和(he)電(dian)容，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)壓(ya)和(he)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)相(xiang)位差一(yi)般(ban)(ban)是(shi)不等(deng)于(yu)零(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)，也(ye)就是(shi)說一(yi)般(ban)(ban)是(shi)不同相(xiang)的(de)(de)，或(huo)者電(dian)壓(ya)超(chao)前于(yu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)，或(huo)者電(dian)流(liu)(liu)超(chao)前于(yu)電(dian)壓(ya)。

加在晶體管放大(da)器(qi)基極上的(de)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)壓和從集電(dian)極輸出的(de)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)壓，這(zhe)兩(liang)者(zhe)的(de)相位(wei)差正好(hao)等于180°。這(zhe)種情況叫做反(fan)相位(wei)，或者(zhe)叫做反(fan)相

注塑機的分(fen)類及(ji)特點　注塑機按照注射裝(zhuang)置(zhi)和鎖模裝(zhuang)置(zhi)的排列方式(shi)，可分(fen)為立(li)式(shi)、臥式(shi)和立(li)臥復合式(shi)。其各自的特點如下。

立式注塑機的特點：

1、注射裝(zhuang)置和鎖模(mo)裝(zhuang)置処于同一垂直中心線上，且模(mo)具是沿上下方向開閉。其(qi)占地面(mian)積只有臥式(shi)機(ji)的約(yue)一半，因此，換(huan)算成占地面(mian)積生產(chan)性(xing)約(yue)有二(er)倍左(zuo)右。

2、容易(yi)實現(xian)嵌件成(cheng)型(xing)。因為模(mo)具(ju)表面(mian)朝上(shang)，嵌件放入(ru)定(ding)位容易(yi)。采(cai)用下(xia)模(mo)板(ban)固(gu)定(ding)、上(shang)模(mo)板(ban)可動的(de)機(ji)種，拉帶輸送裝置與機(ji)械手相組合的(de)話，可容易(yi)地實現(xian)全自動嵌件成(cheng)型(xing)。

3、模具(ju)的(de)(de)重量由(you)水平模板(ban)支承作上下(xia)開(kai)(kai)閉動作，不會(hui)發生(sheng)類(lei)似(si)臥式(shi)機的(de)(de)由(you)于模具(ju)重力(li)引起(qi)的(de)(de)前倒，使得模板(ban)無法開(kai)(kai)閉的(de)(de)現象。有利于持久(jiu)性保(bao)持機械和模具(ju)的(de)(de)精(jing)度。

4、通過簡單的機械手可取出各個(ge)塑件型(xing)腔，有利于精密成(cheng)型(xing)。

5、一般鎖模裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置周圍為開開放(fang)式(shi)，容易配(pei)置各類(lei)自動化裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置，適(shi)應于復雜(za)、精巧產(chan)品的自動成型。

6、拉帶輸(shu)(shu)輸(shu)(shu)送裝置容易實(shi)現串過模具中間安裝，便(bian)于實(shi)現成(cheng)型自動生產。

7、容易保證模具(ju)內樹(shu)脂流動性及模具(ju)溫度分(fen)布的一致性。

8、配備有(you)旋轉臺面、移(yi)動臺面及傾斜臺面等形式，容易實現嵌件成(cheng)(cheng)型、模內組合成(cheng)(cheng)型。

9、小批量(liang)試(shi)生產時，模具構造(zao)簡(jian)單成本低，且便于(yu)卸裝。

10、經受了多次地震的考驗(yan)，立式(shi)機(ji)由(you)于重心低(di)，相對臥式(shi)機(ji)抗震性更好(hao)。

臥式注塑機的特點：

1、即是(shi)大型機由于(yu)機身(shen)低，對于(yu)安置的廠房無高度限制(zhi)。

2、產品可(ke)自動落下的場(chang)合，不(bu)需使用(yong)機械手(shou)也可(ke)實現自動成型。

3、由于機身低，供料方(fang)便，檢修容易(yi)。

4、模具需通過吊(diao)車(che)安裝。

5、多臺并列排列下，成型品(pin)容易由輸送(song)帶收集包裝。