1、充電樁的影響

簡單來講，充電樁輸出功率越大(da)，充電時間越短，不過目前充電樁(zhuang)分為了交流充電樁(zhuang)和直(zhi)流充電樁(zhuang)，我們可以(yi)分開來進行(xing)解釋。

從交(jiao)流樁來講，國(guo)(guo)內(nei)大部分慢速(su)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁或(huo)(huo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)盒均采(cai)用(yong)220v交(jiao)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流分別為(wei)16A或(huo)(huo)32A，理論功(gong)率(lv)分別可達到(dao)3.3kw或(huo)(huo)6.6kw，考慮到(dao)10%的(de)(de)功(gong)率(lv)損耗，交(jiao)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度還是(shi)很慢的(de)(de)，例如對于一般(ban)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)量為(wei)20kwh左右的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)，采(cai)用(yong)目前主流3.3kw交(jiao)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式就需要6-8個小時才(cai)能夠(gou)充(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)。對于特(te)斯拉220v的(de)(de)HPWC(高功(gong)率(lv)壁掛適配器(qi))輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流可達50A，輸出(chu)功(gong)率(lv)11kw，我們還是(shi)不(bu)用(yong)想(xiang)了，這是(shi)專門為(wei)MODEL S設計的(de)(de)，并且特(te)斯拉與國(guo)(guo)標接口(kou)也不(bu)通(tong)用(yong)，不(bu)符合國(guo)(guo)情，看(kan)(kan)看(kan)(kan)就好。

對于直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)來講(jiang)，不同于交流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)220v電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓接(jie)入(ru)，直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)接(jie)入(ru)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為380v，功率一般達(da)到10kw以(yi)(yi)上(shang)，例如市面上(shang)針對于電(dian)(dian)(dian)動乘用(yong)車(che)，國網建的(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)大部分是37.5kw，普(pu)天建的(de)也在10kw、15kw以(yi)(yi)上(shang)。對于一般電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)量為20kwh左右的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)來講(jiang)，用(yong)10kw直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)2-3小時既可以(yi)(yi)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

由此可見，僅(jin)(jin)僅(jin)(jin)從輸(shu)出功率上來(lai)判斷，交(jiao)流和直流的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)快(kuai)慢便見分曉，據說一些(xie)早期的電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)車(che)型只配(pei)備了(le)(le)交(jiao)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)口(kou)，那充(chong)電(dian)(dian)速度(du)自然也快(kuai)不起來(lai)了(le)(le)，所以在行業內就有交(jiao)流慢充(chong)、直流快(kuai)充(chong)的說法(fa)。

該圖片由注冊用戶"小英"提供，版權聲明反饋

所以(yi)，對于剛使用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車的(de)(de)車主，這里可以(yi)給大(da)家提供一個簡單估算(suan)愛車充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間的(de)(de)方(fang)法，在(zai)愛車充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中，等充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁顯(xian)示界(jie)面(mian)上(shang)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)穩定的(de)(de)時(shi)候，看下(xia)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值(zhi)(zhi)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流值(zhi)(zhi)，計算(suan)一下(xia)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)功率(lv)，然后對比自己車準備充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量，就能(neng)大(da)概推算(suan)出(chu)(chu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所需要的(de)(de)時(shi)間。

2、整車車載充電機的影響

在(zai)(zai)整(zheng)車(che)(che)(che)交流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，會有(you)(you)車(che)(che)(che)載(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機參(can)與到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)轉(zhuan)換過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，通(tong)常(chang)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)會經過車(che)(che)(che)載(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機轉(zhuan)換成直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)作為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能儲存到動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池中(zhong)(zhong)。因此，對于整(zheng)車(che)(che)(che)的(de)車(che)(che)(che)載(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機設計，其功率(lv)(lv)(lv)需(xu)要(yao)與交流(liu)輸(shu)出功率(lv)(lv)(lv)進行匹配，一般在(zai)(zai)3.3kw左(zuo)右，就(jiu)算用更高功率(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)也只能在(zai)(zai)16A左(zuo)右，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度(du)也快不起來，不過可以預見的(de)是，隨(sui)著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)增加(jia)，未來車(che)(che)(che)載(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機功率(lv)(lv)(lv)應該(gai)在(zai)(zai)6.6kw以上，才能保證用戶對充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度(du)的(de)最低需(xu)求，有(you)(you)一次在(zai)(zai)考察充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)的(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，發現紳寶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可達(da)(da)到220V/32A，經過了解得知(zhi)車(che)(che)(che)載(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機功率(lv)(lv)(lv)可達(da)(da)到6.6kw，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度(du)比(bi)E150EV快了不少(shao)。

而如果采用直流充電的方式，由于采取與交流充電不同的接口，直流電作為電能直接儲存到動力電池內，不經過(guo)車(che)載充(chong)電(dian)(dian)機這一關，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)速度自然快了不少，但是為了保證電(dian)(dian)池壽(shou)命，避免過(guo)充(chong)過(guo)放，車(che)廠會(hui)對整車(che)動力電(dian)(dian)池的(de)BMS(電(dian)(dian)池管理系統)進行設(she)置，例如在(zai)深圳(zhen)運營的(de)比亞迪E6的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)倍率在(zai)0.5C左右(E6充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)流326V/100A)。

3、動力電池的影響

在充電(dian)(dian)樁端輸(shu)出固(gu)定功率相同的(de)(de)情況(kuang)下，整車動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)量越(yue)(yue)大(da)，充電(dian)(dian)時間(jian)就越(yue)(yue)長(chang)，這就如同小學生的(de)(de)數學題(ti)一般，在同樣(yang)口徑的(de)(de)放(fang)水管(guan)向(xiang)池(chi)子里注水，池(chi)子越(yue)(yue)大(da)，放(fang)滿水需(xu)要(yao)的(de)(de)時間(jian)越(yue)(yue)長(chang)，這個道(dao)理(li)比較簡單。

另外，三元材料鋰(li)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)能(neng)量(liang)密度一(yi)(yi)般比(bi)磷(lin)酸鐵鋰(li)電(dian)池(chi)高(gao)，那么對于同一(yi)(yi)車型(xing)來講(jiang)，如果要(yao)求(qiu)續駛里程一(yi)(yi)致，三元電(dian)池(chi)裝的(de)肯定比(bi)鐵鋰(li)要(yao)少，充電(dian)速度自然就快了(le)一(yi)(yi)些。

還(huan)有(you)(you)個現象(xiang)北(bei)方的(de)(de)(de)(de)朋友們(men)感受會比較深，就是(shi)在(zai)冬(dong)季的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候愛(ai)車(che)充(chong)不(bu)(bu)上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，或者充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度(du)慢得令人抓狂，這是(shi)怎么回(hui)事(shi)(shi)呢？這與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)本身的(de)(de)(de)(de)化學特(te)性有(you)(you)關(guan)，就是(shi)所謂的(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)溫(wen)保護，在(zai)氣(qi)溫(wen)過(guo)低(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)下，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)屬鋰會產生沉積現象(xiang)，不(bu)(bu)再和物質發(fa)生化學反應，從而發(fa)生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內部短(duan)路的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)。特(te)別要(yao)提一下磷酸(suan)鐵鋰的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)低(di)(di)溫(wen)性能(neng)比較差，據(ju)相關(guan)材料顯示其(qi)0℃時的(de)(de)(de)(de)容量保持率約60～70%，-10℃時為40～55%，-20℃時為20～40%，三元電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)略(lve)優于(yu)磷酸(suan)鐵鋰。以前(qian)(qian)有(you)(you)些(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)用(yong)戶需(xu)要(yao)將車(che)開出(chu)去(qu)跑幾圈熱(re)熱(re)車(che)才能(neng)充(chong)上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，估計電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)熱(re)車(che)這事(shi)(shi)也就是(shi)在(zai)北(bei)方地區才會有(you)(you)，不(bu)(bu)過(guo)現在(zai)大(da)部分車(che)廠(chang)都有(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)加熱(re)模塊，寒冷的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候邊(bian)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)邊(bian)加熱(re)，在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中激活電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)自然也會耗費不(bu)(bu)少。總之冬(dong)季充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度(du)慢的(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)是(shi)肯(ken)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)，但是(shi)不(bu)(bu)同車(che)廠(chang)解決的(de)(de)(de)(de)方案及效率會略(lve)有(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)同，對于(yu)這個問題車(che)主們(men)在(zai)買車(che)前(qian)(qian)還(huan)是(shi)要(yao)仔細詢問清楚了。

4、其他影響因素

這里提一下電力負載的影響因素，特別在夏季的時候，家家戶戶都開空調或其他大功率設備，變壓器負載達到高峰，電(dian)壓是(shi)會出現下降的情況，這也會影(ying)響到電(dian)動汽(qi)車的充(chong)電(dian)速度(du)(du)。不過正規的小區一(yi)(yi)般都是(shi)專用(yong)變壓器(qi)，對充(chong)電(dian)速度(du)(du)影(ying)響有(you)限(xian)，而一(yi)(yi)些自(zi)(zi)建房、城(cheng)中村等用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)用(yong)電(dian)一(yi)(yi)般來(lai)自(zi)(zi)區域公用(yong)變壓器(qi)，影(ying)響就(jiu)大(da)一(yi)(yi)些了。因此，對于電(dian)動汽(qi)車用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)，建議選擇(ze)用(yong)電(dian)谷期(qi)進行充(chong)電(dian)，充(chong)電(dian)速度(du)(du)就(jiu)會快(kuai)一(yi)(yi)些。