1、充電樁的影響

簡單來講，充電樁輸出功率(lv)越大，充(chong)電(dian)時(shi)間越短(duan)，不過目前充(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)分(fen)為了(le)交流充(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)和直(zhi)流充(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)，我們可以(yi)分(fen)開來進行解釋。

從(cong)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)樁來講，國內(nei)大(da)部分慢(man)速(su)充(chong)電(dian)樁或充(chong)電(dian)盒(he)均(jun)采(cai)用(yong)220v交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)，輸出電(dian)流(liu)(liu)分別為16A或32A，理論功(gong)率(lv)分別可達(da)到(dao)(dao)3.3kw或6.6kw，考慮到(dao)(dao)10%的(de)(de)功(gong)率(lv)損(sun)耗(hao)，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)速(su)度(du)還是(shi)(shi)很慢(man)的(de)(de)，例如對于一般電(dian)池電(dian)量為20kwh左(zuo)右的(de)(de)電(dian)動汽車，采(cai)用(yong)目(mu)前主(zhu)流(liu)(liu)3.3kw交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)方(fang)式就(jiu)需要6-8個小時才能夠充(chong)滿電(dian)。對于特斯拉220v的(de)(de)HPWC(高功(gong)率(lv)壁掛適配器)輸出電(dian)流(liu)(liu)可達(da)50A，輸出功(gong)率(lv)11kw，我們還是(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)用(yong)想了，這是(shi)(shi)專(zhuan)門為MODEL S設計的(de)(de)，并且特斯拉與國標接口也不(bu)(bu)通用(yong)，不(bu)(bu)符(fu)合(he)國情，看(kan)看(kan)就(jiu)好。

對(dui)于(yu)直(zhi)流樁來(lai)講(jiang)，不同于(yu)交流充電(dian)(dian)樁220v電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)接入，直(zhi)流樁接入的電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為380v，功率一(yi)(yi)般達到10kw以上(shang)，例如(ru)市面上(shang)針對(dui)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)乘用(yong)車，國(guo)網建的直(zhi)流樁大部分是37.5kw，普天(tian)建的也在10kw、15kw以上(shang)。對(dui)于(yu)一(yi)(yi)般電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)量為20kwh左右的電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車來(lai)講(jiang)，用(yong)10kw直(zhi)流樁充電(dian)(dian)2-3小時既可(ke)以滿電(dian)(dian)。

由此(ci)可(ke)見，僅僅從(cong)輸出功率上(shang)來(lai)判斷，交流(liu)和(he)直(zhi)流(liu)的(de)(de)充電快慢(man)便見分曉，據說(shuo)(shuo)一些早(zao)期的(de)(de)電動汽車(che)車(che)型只配備了(le)交流(liu)充電口，那充電速度自(zi)然(ran)也快不起來(lai)了(le)，所以在行(xing)業(ye)內就(jiu)有(you)交流(liu)慢(man)充、直(zhi)流(liu)快充的(de)(de)說(shuo)(shuo)法。

該圖片由注冊用戶"小英"提供，版權聲明反饋

所(suo)(suo)以，對(dui)于(yu)剛使用電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)的(de)(de)車(che)主，這里(li)可以給大(da)家提供一(yi)個簡單(dan)估算愛(ai)車(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間的(de)(de)方法，在愛(ai)車(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中，等(deng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)顯示(shi)界面(mian)上(shang)輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)穩定的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)候(hou)，看下輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值(zhi)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)值(zhi)，計算一(yi)下輸(shu)出(chu)功率，然后對(dui)比(bi)自己車(che)準備充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量，就能大(da)概推算出(chu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)需要的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間。

2、整車車載充電機的影響

在(zai)整車(che)交流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中，會有車(che)載充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)參與到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流轉(zhuan)換過(guo)程(cheng)中，通常交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)會經過(guo)車(che)載充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)換成直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)作(zuo)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)儲(chu)存到(dao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池中。因(yin)此，對(dui)于整車(che)的(de)車(che)載充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)設計，其功(gong)(gong)率(lv)需(xu)要與交流輸出功(gong)(gong)率(lv)進(jin)行匹(pi)配，一般在(zai)3.3kw左右，就算用更高(gao)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流也(ye)只能(neng)在(zai)16A左右，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速度(du)也(ye)快(kuai)不(bu)起來(lai)，不(bu)過(guo)可以預(yu)見的(de)是，隨(sui)著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)增加，未來(lai)車(che)載充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)應(ying)該(gai)在(zai)6.6kw以上(shang)，才能(neng)保(bao)證用戶對(dui)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速度(du)的(de)最低需(xu)求，有一次在(zai)考察充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁的(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中，發現(xian)紳寶(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可達(da)到(dao)220V/32A，經過(guo)了(le)解(jie)得知車(che)載充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)可達(da)到(dao)6.6kw，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速度(du)比E150EV快(kuai)了(le)不(bu)少(shao)。

而如果采用直流充電的方式，由于采取與交流充電不同的接口，直流電作為電能直接儲存到動力電池內，不經(jing)過車載充(chong)電(dian)(dian)機這一(yi)關，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)速(su)度自然快了不少，但(dan)是為(wei)了保證電(dian)(dian)池壽命，避免過充(chong)過放，車廠會(hui)對整(zheng)車動力電(dian)(dian)池的(de)BMS(電(dian)(dian)池管理系統)進(jin)行設置，例如在(zai)深圳運(yun)營的(de)比亞(ya)迪E6的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)倍率在(zai)0.5C左右(E6充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓電(dian)(dian)流326V/100A)。

3、動力電池的影響

在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)樁端輸出固定功率相同的(de)情況下(xia)，整車動力電(dian)池電(dian)量越(yue)大，充(chong)電(dian)時間就越(yue)長(chang)，這(zhe)就如同小學(xue)生的(de)數學(xue)題一般，在(zai)同樣口徑的(de)放水(shui)管向池子里注水(shui)，池子越(yue)大，放滿(man)水(shui)需要的(de)時間越(yue)長(chang)，這(zhe)個道理比較簡單。

另外(wai)，三元(yuan)(yuan)材料鋰(li)電(dian)池的(de)能量密度一般比磷(lin)酸鐵鋰(li)電(dian)池高，那么對(dui)于同一車型(xing)來講，如果要(yao)求續(xu)駛里程(cheng)一致，三元(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)池裝的(de)肯定比鐵鋰(li)要(yao)少，充電(dian)速度自然就(jiu)快了一些。

還有(you)個現象北(bei)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)朋友們(men)感受會(hui)(hui)比較(jiao)深，就是(shi)在(zai)冬季的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)候愛車(che)充(chong)(chong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)上電(dian)，或者充(chong)(chong)電(dian)速度慢(man)得令人抓狂(kuang)，這是(shi)怎么回(hui)事呢？這與電(dian)池(chi)本身的(de)(de)(de)化學特(te)性有(you)關，就是(shi)所謂(wei)的(de)(de)(de)低(di)溫(wen)保(bao)護，在(zai)氣溫(wen)過(guo)低(di)的(de)(de)(de)情況下，電(dian)池(chi)中的(de)(de)(de)金(jin)屬(shu)鋰(li)(li)會(hui)(hui)產生沉(chen)積現象，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)再和(he)物質(zhi)發生化學反應(ying)，從而發生電(dian)池(chi)內部短(duan)路的(de)(de)(de)情況。特(te)別要(yao)(yao)提(ti)一下磷酸(suan)鐵(tie)鋰(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)低(di)溫(wen)性能(neng)(neng)比較(jiao)差，據(ju)相關材料顯示其0℃時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量保(bao)持率約60～70%，-10℃時(shi)(shi)為40～55%，-20℃時(shi)(shi)為20～40%，三(san)元電(dian)池(chi)略優于(yu)磷酸(suan)鐵(tie)鋰(li)(li)。以前有(you)些電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)用戶(hu)需要(yao)(yao)將車(che)開出去跑幾(ji)圈(quan)熱(re)(re)熱(re)(re)車(che)才(cai)能(neng)(neng)充(chong)(chong)上電(dian)，估(gu)計電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)熱(re)(re)車(che)這事也(ye)就是(shi)在(zai)北(bei)方(fang)地區才(cai)會(hui)(hui)有(you)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)過(guo)現在(zai)大部分車(che)廠都有(you)電(dian)池(chi)加(jia)熱(re)(re)模塊，寒冷的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)候邊充(chong)(chong)電(dian)邊加(jia)熱(re)(re)，在(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)過(guo)程中激活(huo)電(dian)池(chi)，電(dian)能(neng)(neng)自然也(ye)會(hui)(hui)耗費(fei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)少。總之(zhi)冬季充(chong)(chong)電(dian)速度慢(man)的(de)(de)(de)事是(shi)肯定的(de)(de)(de)，但是(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)車(che)廠解(jie)決的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)案及(ji)效(xiao)率會(hui)(hui)略有(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)，對于(yu)這個問題車(che)主們(men)在(zai)買車(che)前還是(shi)要(yao)(yao)仔細(xi)詢問清楚了。

4、其他影響因素

這里提一下電力負載的影響因素，特別在夏季的時候，家家戶戶都開空調或其他大功率設備，變壓器負載達(da)到(dao)高峰，電(dian)壓是(shi)會(hui)出現下(xia)降(jiang)的(de)情況，這也會(hui)影(ying)響(xiang)到(dao)電(dian)動汽車(che)的(de)充電(dian)速(su)度。不(bu)過(guo)正(zheng)規的(de)小區(qu)一般都(dou)是(shi)專用(yong)變壓器，對(dui)充電(dian)速(su)度影(ying)響(xiang)有限，而一些(xie)自(zi)建房(fang)、城中村等用(yong)戶(hu)用(yong)電(dian)一般來自(zi)區(qu)域公用(yong)變壓器，影(ying)響(xiang)就大(da)一些(xie)了。因此，對(dui)于(yu)電(dian)動汽車(che)用(yong)戶(hu)，建議(yi)選擇用(yong)電(dian)谷期進行充電(dian)，充電(dian)速(su)度就會(hui)快一些(xie)。