1、充電樁的影響

簡單來講，充電樁輸出功率越(yue)大，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)時間(jian)越(yue)短，不過目前充(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)分(fen)為了交流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)和直(zhi)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)，我(wo)們(men)可(ke)以分(fen)開來進行(xing)解(jie)釋(shi)。

從交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)樁來講(jiang)，國(guo)內大部分(fen)慢(man)速(su)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁或充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)盒(he)均(jun)采(cai)用220v交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)分(fen)別(bie)(bie)為(wei)(wei)16A或32A，理論功率分(fen)別(bie)(bie)可(ke)達(da)到(dao)3.3kw或6.6kw，考慮到(dao)10%的功率損耗，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度還(huan)是(shi)很慢(man)的，例如(ru)對于一般電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量為(wei)(wei)20kwh左右的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車，采(cai)用目前主流(liu)(liu)3.3kw交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式就需要6-8個小時才能夠充滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。對于特斯拉220v的HPWC(高功率壁掛(gua)適配器)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)可(ke)達(da)50A，輸(shu)出功率11kw，我們還(huan)是(shi)不用想(xiang)了，這是(shi)專門為(wei)(wei)MODEL S設計(ji)的，并且特斯拉與(yu)國(guo)標接口也(ye)不通用，不符合國(guo)情，看看就好。

對于直流(liu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)來講，不同于交流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)220v電(dian)(dian)壓接入，直流(liu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)接入的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓為380v，功率一(yi)般(ban)達到10kw以上(shang)，例如市面(mian)上(shang)針對于電(dian)(dian)動(dong)乘用(yong)車，國網建的(de)直流(liu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)大部分(fen)是37.5kw，普天建的(de)也在10kw、15kw以上(shang)。對于一(yi)般(ban)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)量為20kwh左(zuo)右(you)的(de)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車來講，用(yong)10kw直流(liu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)充電(dian)(dian)2-3小時(shi)既可以滿電(dian)(dian)。

由此可見，僅(jin)僅(jin)從輸出(chu)功(gong)率上來(lai)判斷(duan)，交(jiao)流和直(zhi)流的(de)(de)充電(dian)快慢便(bian)見分曉，據(ju)說一些早期的(de)(de)電(dian)動汽車車型只配備(bei)了交(jiao)流充電(dian)口，那充電(dian)速度(du)自(zi)然也快不(bu)起來(lai)了，所(suo)以在行業內(nei)就有交(jiao)流慢充、直(zhi)流快充的(de)(de)說法(fa)。

該圖片由注冊用戶"小英"提供，版權聲明反饋

所(suo)(suo)以(yi)，對于剛使用電(dian)動汽車的車主，這(zhe)里可(ke)以(yi)給大家提供一個(ge)簡單估算(suan)愛(ai)車充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)的方法，在愛(ai)車充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)過程中，等充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁顯示界(jie)面上輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)流(liu)、電(dian)壓(ya)穩定的時(shi)(shi)候，看下輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)壓(ya)值和電(dian)流(liu)值，計算(suan)一下輸(shu)(shu)出功(gong)率，然后對比自己車準(zhun)備(bei)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)的電(dian)量，就能大概(gai)推算(suan)出充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)所(suo)(suo)需要的時(shi)(shi)間(jian)。

2、整車車載充電機的影響

在(zai)整(zheng)車(che)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中(zhong)，會有車(che)載(zai)(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)參與到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)轉換(huan)過(guo)程中(zhong)，通常交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)會經過(guo)車(che)載(zai)(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)轉換(huan)成直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)作為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)儲存到(dao)動力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)中(zhong)。因(yin)此，對于整(zheng)車(che)的車(che)載(zai)(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)設計，其(qi)功率(lv)(lv)需(xu)要與交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)輸出(chu)(chu)功率(lv)(lv)進行匹配，一(yi)般在(zai)3.3kw左(zuo)(zuo)右，就算用更高功率(lv)(lv)的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)也(ye)只能(neng)在(zai)16A左(zuo)(zuo)右，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度(du)也(ye)快不(bu)起來，不(bu)過(guo)可(ke)以預見的是，隨(sui)著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量的增加，未(wei)來車(che)載(zai)(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)功率(lv)(lv)應(ying)該在(zai)6.6kw以上，才能(neng)保證用戶對充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度(du)的最低需(xu)求，有一(yi)次在(zai)考察充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)的過(guo)程中(zhong)，發現(xian)紳寶(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)達到(dao)220V/32A，經過(guo)了解得知車(che)載(zai)(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)功率(lv)(lv)可(ke)達到(dao)6.6kw，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度(du)比E150EV快了不(bu)少。

而如果采用直流充電的方式，由于采取與交流充電不同的接口，直流電作為電能直接儲存到動力電池內，不(bu)經過車(che)載充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機這一關，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速度自(zi)然快了(le)不(bu)少，但是為了(le)保證電(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽(shou)命(ming)，避免過充(chong)過放，車(che)廠會對整車(che)動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)BMS(電(dian)(dian)(dian)池管(guan)理系統)進(jin)行(xing)設置，例如(ru)在(zai)深圳運營的(de)比亞(ya)迪E6的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)倍(bei)率在(zai)0.5C左右(E6充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)流326V/100A)。

3、動力電池的影響

在(zai)充電(dian)樁端輸(shu)出(chu)固定功率(lv)相同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)情況下，整(zheng)車動力電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)量越(yue)大，充電(dian)時間就越(yue)長，這就如同(tong)小學生的(de)(de)(de)數學題一般，在(zai)同(tong)樣(yang)口徑(jing)的(de)(de)(de)放水(shui)管向池(chi)子(zi)(zi)里(li)注水(shui)，池(chi)子(zi)(zi)越(yue)大，放滿水(shui)需要的(de)(de)(de)時間越(yue)長，這個道理比(bi)較簡單。

另(ling)外(wai)，三元(yuan)材(cai)料鋰(li)電池的能量密(mi)度(du)一般比(bi)磷酸(suan)鐵鋰(li)電池高，那么對(dui)于同一車型來(lai)講，如(ru)果要求續駛里程一致，三元(yuan)電池裝的肯(ken)定(ding)比(bi)鐵鋰(li)要少，充電速(su)度(du)自然就快了(le)一些。

還(huan)(huan)有(you)個現象北方的(de)(de)朋友們感受會(hui)比較深，就是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)冬(dong)季的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)候(hou)愛車(che)充(chong)不(bu)上(shang)電(dian)(dian)，或者充(chong)電(dian)(dian)速(su)度慢(man)(man)得令人抓狂，這是(shi)(shi)(shi)怎么回事(shi)呢？這與(yu)電(dian)(dian)池本(ben)身的(de)(de)化學特性有(you)關(guan)，就是(shi)(shi)(shi)所謂的(de)(de)低溫保(bao)護，在(zai)氣溫過(guo)低的(de)(de)情況下，電(dian)(dian)池中的(de)(de)金屬鋰(li)會(hui)產生沉積現象，不(bu)再和物質發(fa)生化學反(fan)應(ying)，從(cong)而發(fa)生電(dian)(dian)池內(nei)部短路的(de)(de)情況。特別要提一下磷酸鐵鋰(li)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池低溫性能比較差，據相關(guan)材料顯示(shi)其0℃時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)容量保(bao)持(chi)率(lv)約60～70%，-10℃時(shi)(shi)為40～55%，-20℃時(shi)(shi)為20～40%，三元電(dian)(dian)池略(lve)優于磷酸鐵鋰(li)。以前有(you)些(xie)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)用戶需要將(jiang)車(che)開出去(qu)跑(pao)幾圈(quan)熱(re)(re)熱(re)(re)車(che)才能充(chong)上(shang)電(dian)(dian)，估計電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)熱(re)(re)車(che)這事(shi)也就是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)北方地(di)區才會(hui)有(you)，不(bu)過(guo)現在(zai)大(da)部分車(che)廠都有(you)電(dian)(dian)池加熱(re)(re)模(mo)塊，寒(han)冷的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)候(hou)邊(bian)(bian)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)邊(bian)(bian)加熱(re)(re)，在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中激活電(dian)(dian)池，電(dian)(dian)能自然也會(hui)耗費不(bu)少(shao)。總之冬(dong)季充(chong)電(dian)(dian)速(su)度慢(man)(man)的(de)(de)事(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)肯定(ding)的(de)(de)，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)同車(che)廠解決的(de)(de)方案(an)及效率(lv)會(hui)略(lve)有(you)不(bu)同，對于這個問題車(che)主們在(zai)買車(che)前還(huan)(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)要仔細詢問清楚了。

4、其他影響因素

這里提一下電力負載的影響因素，特別在夏季的時候，家家戶戶都開空調或其他大功率設備，變壓器負載(zai)達到高(gao)峰，電(dian)壓(ya)是會出(chu)現下降的情況(kuang)，這也(ye)會影響到電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)速(su)(su)度。不過正規的小區一(yi)(yi)般(ban)都(dou)是專用(yong)變壓(ya)器(qi)，對充(chong)(chong)電(dian)速(su)(su)度影響有限，而一(yi)(yi)些(xie)自建房、城中村等用(yong)戶用(yong)電(dian)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)來自區域公用(yong)變壓(ya)器(qi)，影響就大一(yi)(yi)些(xie)了。因此(ci)，對于電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)用(yong)戶，建議選擇用(yong)電(dian)谷期進行充(chong)(chong)電(dian)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)速(su)(su)度就會快一(yi)(yi)些(xie)。