1、充電樁的影響

簡單來講，充電樁輸出功(gong)率越大(da)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時間越短，不過目前充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)分為了交流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)和直(zhi)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)，我們可以分開來進行解釋。

從交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)樁來講，國內大部分慢(man)(man)速充(chong)(chong)電樁或(huo)充(chong)(chong)電盒均采用(yong)220v交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電，輸出電流(liu)(liu)(liu)分別為16A或(huo)32A，理論功(gong)率(lv)分別可(ke)達到(dao)3.3kw或(huo)6.6kw，考慮到(dao)10%的功(gong)率(lv)損(sun)耗，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電速度還是很慢(man)(man)的，例(li)如對于一般電池電量為20kwh左右(you)的電動汽車，采用(yong)目前主流(liu)(liu)(liu)3.3kw交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電方式(shi)就需要6-8個小時才能夠(gou)充(chong)(chong)滿電。對于特斯拉220v的HPWC(高功(gong)率(lv)壁掛適(shi)配器)輸出電流(liu)(liu)(liu)可(ke)達50A，輸出功(gong)率(lv)11kw，我們還是不用(yong)想了，這是專門為MODEL S設計的，并且特斯拉與國標接(jie)口也不通用(yong)，不符合國情，看看就好。

對于直(zhi)(zhi)流樁(zhuang)(zhuang)來講(jiang)，不(bu)同于交流充電(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)220v電(dian)壓接(jie)入(ru)，直(zhi)(zhi)流樁(zhuang)(zhuang)接(jie)入(ru)的電(dian)壓為380v，功率一(yi)般(ban)(ban)達到10kw以上(shang)，例如(ru)市(shi)面(mian)上(shang)針對于電(dian)動(dong)乘用車，國網建的直(zhi)(zhi)流樁(zhuang)(zhuang)大部分是37.5kw，普天建的也在10kw、15kw以上(shang)。對于一(yi)般(ban)(ban)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)量為20kwh左(zuo)右(you)的電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車來講(jiang)，用10kw直(zhi)(zhi)流樁(zhuang)(zhuang)充電(dian)2-3小時既可以滿(man)電(dian)。

由(you)此可見(jian)，僅僅從(cong)輸(shu)出功率上來判斷，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)和直流(liu)的(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)快慢便見(jian)分曉，據說一些(xie)早期(qi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)動汽車車型只配備(bei)了交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)口(kou)，那充電(dian)(dian)速度自然也快不起來了，所以在(zai)行業內就(jiu)有交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)慢充、直流(liu)快充的(de)(de)說法(fa)。

該圖片由注冊用戶"小英"提供，版權聲明反饋

所(suo)以，對(dui)于剛使用電(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)的(de)車(che)主，這里可以給(gei)大家(jia)提(ti)供一個簡單估算(suan)愛(ai)車(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時間的(de)方法(fa)，在愛(ai)車(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)，等充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁顯示界(jie)面(mian)上(shang)輸出電(dian)(dian)流、電(dian)(dian)壓穩定的(de)時候，看下(xia)輸出電(dian)(dian)壓值和電(dian)(dian)流值，計算(suan)一下(xia)輸出功率，然后對(dui)比自己車(che)準備充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)，就(jiu)能大概(gai)推算(suan)出充(chong)電(dian)(dian)所(suo)需要的(de)時間。

2、整車車載充電機的影響

在(zai)整車(che)交流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中(zhong)，會有車(che)載(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)參與到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)轉換過(guo)程中(zhong)，通常交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)會經(jing)過(guo)車(che)載(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)轉換成(cheng)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)作為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能儲存到(dao)動力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)中(zhong)。因此，對于整車(che)的車(che)載(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)設計，其功(gong)率(lv)(lv)需(xu)要與交流(liu)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)進行匹(pi)配，一(yi)般(ban)在(zai)3.3kw左右，就算(suan)用更高功(gong)率(lv)(lv)的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)也只能在(zai)16A左右，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)(su)度(du)也快不起來，不過(guo)可(ke)以預見的是，隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)的增(zeng)加，未來車(che)載(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)應該在(zai)6.6kw以上，才(cai)能保證用戶對充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)(su)度(du)的最低需(xu)求，有一(yi)次在(zai)考察(cha)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)的過(guo)程中(zhong)，發現紳寶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)達到(dao)220V/32A，經(jing)過(guo)了解得知車(che)載(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)可(ke)達到(dao)6.6kw，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)(su)度(du)比E150EV快了不少。

而如果采用直流充電的方式，由于采取與交流充電不同的接口，直流電作為電能直接儲存到動力電池內，不(bu)經過車(che)載(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機這(zhe)一關，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度(du)自然(ran)快了不(bu)少，但是為(wei)了保證(zheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命，避(bi)免過充(chong)過放，車(che)廠會對整車(che)動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)BMS(電(dian)(dian)(dian)池管理系統)進(jin)行設置，例如在深圳運營的(de)比亞迪E6的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)倍率在0.5C左右(E6充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)流326V/100A)。

3、動力電池的影響

在充電樁端輸出固定功率相同(tong)的(de)情況下，整車動力(li)電池電量(liang)越(yue)大，充電時(shi)間就越(yue)長，這就如同(tong)小學生的(de)數學題一般，在同(tong)樣口徑的(de)放(fang)水(shui)管向(xiang)池子里(li)注水(shui)，池子越(yue)大，放(fang)滿水(shui)需要的(de)時(shi)間越(yue)長，這個道理(li)比較簡單。

另外，三(san)元材料(liao)鋰電池的(de)能量密度一般比(bi)磷酸鐵鋰電池高，那么(me)對于同一車(che)型(xing)來講(jiang)，如果(guo)要求續駛里程(cheng)一致，三(san)元電池裝(zhuang)的(de)肯定(ding)比(bi)鐵鋰要少(shao)，充電速度自然就快了一些。

還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)個(ge)現(xian)象北方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)朋友們(men)感受會(hui)比較深(shen)，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)冬(dong)季的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候(hou)愛車(che)(che)(che)充(chong)不(bu)(bu)上(shang)(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，或者充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度慢(man)得令人抓狂，這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)怎么回事(shi)呢？這(zhe)(zhe)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)本身的(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)學特性(xing)有(you)(you)(you)關，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)所(suo)謂的(de)(de)(de)(de)低溫保護，在(zai)氣溫過低的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)金屬鋰(li)會(hui)產生沉積現(xian)象，不(bu)(bu)再(zai)和物質發生化(hua)學反(fan)應，從而發生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內部短(duan)路的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況。特別要提一下磷酸鐵(tie)鋰(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)低溫性(xing)能比較差，據(ju)相關材(cai)料顯(xian)示其(qi)0℃時的(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量保持率約(yue)60～70%，-10℃時為40～55%，-20℃時為20～40%，三元(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)略優(you)于(yu)磷酸鐵(tie)鋰(li)。以(yi)前有(you)(you)(you)些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)用戶需要將車(che)(che)(che)開出去跑幾圈熱(re)熱(re)車(che)(che)(che)才(cai)能充(chong)上(shang)(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，估計電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)熱(re)車(che)(che)(che)這(zhe)(zhe)事(shi)也(ye)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)北方(fang)地(di)區才(cai)會(hui)有(you)(you)(you)，不(bu)(bu)過現(xian)在(zai)大部分車(che)(che)(che)廠都有(you)(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)加熱(re)模塊，寒冷(leng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候(hou)邊充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)邊加熱(re)，在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中激(ji)活電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能自然(ran)也(ye)會(hui)耗(hao)費不(bu)(bu)少。總之(zhi)冬(dong)季充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度慢(man)的(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)是(shi)(shi)肯定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，但是(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)同車(che)(che)(che)廠解決的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)案及效率會(hui)略有(you)(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)同，對于(yu)這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)問題(ti)車(che)(che)(che)主們(men)在(zai)買車(che)(che)(che)前還(huan)是(shi)(shi)要仔細詢問清楚了。

4、其他影響因素

這里提一下電力負載的影響因素，特別在夏季的時候，家家戶戶都開空調或其他大功率設備，變壓器負(fu)載達(da)到高(gao)峰，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)是會(hui)出(chu)現下降的情況，這(zhe)也會(hui)影(ying)(ying)響到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)的充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速度。不過正規(gui)的小區一(yi)(yi)(yi)般都是專用變壓(ya)器，對充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速度影(ying)(ying)響有(you)限，而(er)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)自建房、城中村(cun)等用戶(hu)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般來自區域公(gong)用變壓(ya)器，影(ying)(ying)響就(jiu)大一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)了。因此，對于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)用戶(hu)，建議選擇用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)谷(gu)期進行充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速度就(jiu)會(hui)快一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)。