1、充電樁的影響

簡單來講，充電樁輸出功率(lv)越大(da)，充(chong)電(dian)時(shi)間越短，不過目(mu)前充(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)分為了交流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)和直流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)，我(wo)們可(ke)以分開來(lai)進行解(jie)釋。

從交(jiao)流樁(zhuang)來(lai)講，國內大(da)部分(fen)(fen)慢速(su)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)或(huo)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)盒(he)均(jun)采用(yong)220v交(jiao)流充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流分(fen)(fen)別為16A或(huo)32A，理論功(gong)率(lv)分(fen)(fen)別可(ke)達(da)(da)到(dao)(dao)3.3kw或(huo)6.6kw，考慮到(dao)(dao)10%的(de)(de)功(gong)率(lv)損(sun)耗，交(jiao)流充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度還是(shi)(shi)很慢的(de)(de)，例如對(dui)(dui)于一般(ban)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)為20kwh左(zuo)右的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車，采用(yong)目前主流3.3kw交(jiao)流充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式就(jiu)需要6-8個(ge)小時才能夠充滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。對(dui)(dui)于特(te)斯拉(la)220v的(de)(de)HPWC(高功(gong)率(lv)壁掛適配器(qi))輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流可(ke)達(da)(da)50A，輸(shu)出功(gong)率(lv)11kw，我們還是(shi)(shi)不(bu)用(yong)想了，這是(shi)(shi)專門為MODEL S設(she)計的(de)(de)，并且特(te)斯拉(la)與國標接口也不(bu)通用(yong)，不(bu)符合國情，看看就(jiu)好。

對(dui)于(yu)直(zhi)流樁(zhuang)來講，不同于(yu)交流充(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)220v電(dian)壓(ya)接入(ru)，直(zhi)流樁(zhuang)接入(ru)的電(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)380v，功率一般達到10kw以(yi)上，例如市面上針對(dui)于(yu)電(dian)動(dong)乘用車，國網建(jian)的直(zhi)流樁(zhuang)大(da)部分是37.5kw，普天(tian)建(jian)的也在10kw、15kw以(yi)上。對(dui)于(yu)一般電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)量為(wei)20kwh左右的電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車來講，用10kw直(zhi)流樁(zhuang)充(chong)電(dian)2-3小時既可以(yi)滿電(dian)。

由(you)此可(ke)見，僅(jin)僅(jin)從(cong)輸出功率(lv)上來判斷，交流(liu)和(he)直(zhi)流(liu)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)快慢便見分曉，據(ju)說(shuo)一些早期的(de)電(dian)動汽車車型只配備了交流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)口，那充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)速度自然(ran)也快不起(qi)來了，所以在行業內就(jiu)有(you)交流(liu)慢充(chong)(chong)(chong)、直(zhi)流(liu)快充(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)說(shuo)法。

該圖片由注冊用戶"小英"提供，版權聲明反饋

所(suo)以，對于剛使用電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)的(de)(de)車(che)主(zhu)，這里可以給大家(jia)提供(gong)一個簡(jian)單估算愛車(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)的(de)(de)方(fang)法，在愛車(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中，等充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁顯(xian)示界面上輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)穩定(ding)的(de)(de)時(shi)候，看下(xia)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值和電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)值，計算一下(xia)輸(shu)出功率，然后對比自己車(che)準備充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量，就能大概(gai)推算出充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)需要的(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)。

2、整車車載充電機的影響

在(zai)整車(che)(che)(che)交流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中(zhong)，會有(you)車(che)(che)(che)載充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)參(can)與(yu)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流轉換(huan)過(guo)程中(zhong)，通常交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)會經(jing)過(guo)車(che)(che)(che)載充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)轉換(huan)成直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)作為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)儲(chu)存到動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池中(zhong)。因此，對于整車(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)車(che)(che)(che)載充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)設計(ji)，其功(gong)(gong)率需(xu)要與(yu)交流輸出功(gong)(gong)率進行匹配，一般在(zai)3.3kw左右(you)，就算用更(geng)高功(gong)(gong)率的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流也(ye)只(zhi)能(neng)在(zai)16A左右(you)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度(du)也(ye)快不(bu)起(qi)來，不(bu)過(guo)可(ke)以(yi)預見的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)，隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)增加，未來車(che)(che)(che)載充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)功(gong)(gong)率應該(gai)在(zai)6.6kw以(yi)上，才(cai)能(neng)保證用戶對充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最低需(xu)求，有(you)一次在(zai)考察充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程中(zhong)，發現(xian)紳(shen)寶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)達到220V/32A，經(jing)過(guo)了(le)解得知(zhi)車(che)(che)(che)載充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)功(gong)(gong)率可(ke)達到6.6kw，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度(du)比E150EV快了(le)不(bu)少。

而如果采用直流充電的方式，由于采取與交流充電不同的接口，直流電作為電能直接儲存到動力電池內，不(bu)經(jing)過(guo)(guo)車載充(chong)(chong)(chong)電機這一(yi)關，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電速度自然(ran)快(kuai)了(le)不(bu)少，但是為了(le)保證(zheng)電池壽命，避免過(guo)(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)過(guo)(guo)放，車廠會對整車動力電池的(de)(de)BMS(電池管理(li)系(xi)統)進行設置，例如在深(shen)圳運營的(de)(de)比亞(ya)迪E6的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電倍(bei)率在0.5C左右(E6充(chong)(chong)(chong)電電壓電流326V/100A)。

3、動力電池的影響

在充電樁端(duan)輸出(chu)固定功率相(xiang)同的(de)情況下，整車動力電池電量越大(da)(da)，充電時(shi)(shi)間(jian)就越長(chang)，這就如同小學生的(de)數學題一般(ban)，在同樣口(kou)徑的(de)放水(shui)(shui)管向池子里注水(shui)(shui)，池子越大(da)(da)，放滿(man)水(shui)(shui)需要(yao)的(de)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)越長(chang)，這個道理比較簡單(dan)。

另外(wai)，三元材料鋰(li)(li)電池的(de)能量密(mi)度一般(ban)比磷酸鐵(tie)鋰(li)(li)電池高，那么(me)對于(yu)同一車型來講，如果要(yao)求續駛里(li)程一致，三元電池裝的(de)肯定比鐵(tie)鋰(li)(li)要(yao)少，充電速度自然就快了一些。

還有(you)(you)(you)個現(xian)象(xiang)北(bei)方的(de)(de)朋友(you)們(men)感受(shou)會(hui)比較(jiao)深，就是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)冬(dong)季的(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou)愛車(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)上(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，或者充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速度(du)慢得令(ling)人抓狂，這是(shi)(shi)怎么回事(shi)呢(ni)？這與電(dian)(dian)(dian)池本身的(de)(de)化(hua)學(xue)特(te)性(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)(you)關，就是(shi)(shi)所(suo)謂的(de)(de)低(di)溫(wen)保護(hu)，在(zai)(zai)氣溫(wen)過(guo)低(di)的(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)金屬鋰會(hui)產生(sheng)沉(chen)積現(xian)象(xiang)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)再和物質發生(sheng)化(hua)學(xue)反應，從(cong)而發生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池內部(bu)短(duan)路(lu)的(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)。特(te)別要(yao)提一下磷(lin)酸鐵鋰的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池低(di)溫(wen)性(xing)(xing)能比較(jiao)差，據相關材料(liao)顯示(shi)其0℃時(shi)的(de)(de)容量(liang)保持率約60～70%，-10℃時(shi)為40～55%，-20℃時(shi)為20～40%，三元電(dian)(dian)(dian)池略優于磷(lin)酸鐵鋰。以前(qian)有(you)(you)(you)些電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)用戶需要(yao)將車(che)(che)開(kai)出去跑幾圈熱熱車(che)(che)才能充(chong)(chong)上(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，估計電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)熱車(che)(che)這事(shi)也(ye)就是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)北(bei)方地區(qu)才會(hui)有(you)(you)(you)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)過(guo)現(xian)在(zai)(zai)大部(bu)分(fen)車(che)(che)廠都(dou)有(you)(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池加熱模塊，寒冷的(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou)邊充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)邊加熱，在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)激活電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，電(dian)(dian)(dian)能自(zi)然也(ye)會(hui)耗費不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)少。總之冬(dong)季充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速度(du)慢的(de)(de)事(shi)是(shi)(shi)肯(ken)定的(de)(de)，但是(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)車(che)(che)廠解決的(de)(de)方案及效率會(hui)略有(you)(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)，對于這個問題車(che)(che)主們(men)在(zai)(zai)買車(che)(che)前(qian)還是(shi)(shi)要(yao)仔細(xi)詢問清楚了。

4、其他影響因素

這里提一下電力負載的影響因素，特別在夏季的時候，家家戶戶都開空調或其他大功率設備，變壓器負(fu)載達(da)到(dao)高峰，電(dian)(dian)壓是(shi)會出現下降的情況(kuang)，這(zhe)也會影(ying)響到(dao)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)速度。不(bu)過正規的小區一(yi)般(ban)(ban)都(dou)是(shi)專用變(bian)壓器(qi)，對(dui)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)速度影(ying)響有(you)限(xian)，而一(yi)些自(zi)建房、城(cheng)中村等用戶用電(dian)(dian)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)來(lai)自(zi)區域公用變(bian)壓器(qi)，影(ying)響就(jiu)大一(yi)些了(le)。因(yin)此，對(dui)于電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車用戶，建議選擇(ze)用電(dian)(dian)谷期進行充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)速度就(jiu)會快一(yi)些。