1、充電樁的影響

簡單來講，充電樁輸出功率越(yue)大，充(chong)(chong)電時間越(yue)短，不過目前充(chong)(chong)電樁(zhuang)分(fen)為(wei)了交流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電樁(zhuang)和直流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電樁(zhuang)，我們可以分(fen)開來(lai)進行(xing)解(jie)釋。

從交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)樁來講，國(guo)內大(da)部分慢速(su)充(chong)電(dian)樁或充(chong)電(dian)盒均(jun)采用(yong)(yong)220v交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)，輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)分別(bie)為16A或32A，理論功率分別(bie)可(ke)達到(dao)3.3kw或6.6kw，考慮到(dao)10%的(de)功率損耗，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)速(su)度還(huan)是(shi)很(hen)慢的(de)，例如對(dui)于一般(ban)電(dian)池電(dian)量為20kwh左右的(de)電(dian)動汽車，采用(yong)(yong)目前主流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)3.3kw交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)方式就(jiu)需(xu)要6-8個小時才能夠充(chong)滿電(dian)。對(dui)于特(te)斯(si)拉220v的(de)HPWC(高功率壁(bi)掛適配(pei)器)輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)可(ke)達50A，輸出(chu)(chu)功率11kw，我們還(huan)是(shi)不用(yong)(yong)想了，這是(shi)專門為MODEL S設計的(de)，并且特(te)斯(si)拉與國(guo)標接口也不通用(yong)(yong)，不符(fu)合國(guo)情，看(kan)(kan)看(kan)(kan)就(jiu)好(hao)。

對(dui)于直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)樁(zhuang)來(lai)講(jiang)，不同于交流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)220v電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)接(jie)入，直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)樁(zhuang)接(jie)入的電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)380v，功率(lv)一般(ban)達到10kw以(yi)上，例如市(shi)面上針對(dui)于電(dian)(dian)動乘(cheng)用(yong)車(che)，國網建的直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)樁(zhuang)大部(bu)分是37.5kw，普天(tian)建的也在10kw、15kw以(yi)上。對(dui)于一般(ban)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)量(liang)為(wei)20kwh左右(you)的電(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)來(lai)講(jiang)，用(yong)10kw直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)樁(zhuang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)2-3小時既可(ke)以(yi)滿電(dian)(dian)。

由此可見(jian)，僅僅從輸出(chu)功率上(shang)來(lai)判(pan)斷，交流(liu)(liu)和(he)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)的(de)充電(dian)快慢便見(jian)分曉，據說一些早期的(de)電(dian)動汽車(che)車(che)型(xing)只配(pei)備了(le)交流(liu)(liu)充電(dian)口，那(nei)充電(dian)速度自然也快不起(qi)來(lai)了(le)，所以在行業內就有交流(liu)(liu)慢充、直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)快充的(de)說法。

該圖片由注冊用戶"小英"提供，版權聲明反饋

所以，對(dui)于剛(gang)使用電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車的(de)車主，這(zhe)里可以給(gei)大家提供一(yi)個簡(jian)單估算(suan)(suan)(suan)愛車充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時間(jian)的(de)方法(fa)，在愛車充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程中，等充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)顯示界(jie)面上輸出電(dian)(dian)流(liu)、電(dian)(dian)壓穩定的(de)時候，看(kan)下(xia)輸出電(dian)(dian)壓值(zhi)和電(dian)(dian)流(liu)值(zhi)，計算(suan)(suan)(suan)一(yi)下(xia)輸出功(gong)率(lv)，然后對(dui)比自己車準(zhun)備充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)量，就能大概推算(suan)(suan)(suan)出充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)所需要的(de)時間(jian)。

2、整車車載充電機的影響

在(zai)(zai)整(zheng)(zheng)車交流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中，會(hui)(hui)有(you)車載(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)參與到電(dian)(dian)流(liu)轉換過程(cheng)中，通(tong)常交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)會(hui)(hui)經(jing)過車載(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)轉換成(cheng)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)作為電(dian)(dian)能儲(chu)存到動力電(dian)(dian)池(chi)中。因此，對(dui)于整(zheng)(zheng)車的(de)(de)車載(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)設計，其功率需要與交流(liu)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)功率進行匹配，一般在(zai)(zai)3.3kw左右，就算用(yong)更高功率的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)也只能在(zai)(zai)16A左右，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)速(su)度(du)(du)也快(kuai)不(bu)起來(lai)，不(bu)過可以預見的(de)(de)是，隨著電(dian)(dian)動汽車電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)量的(de)(de)增(zeng)加，未(wei)來(lai)車載(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)功率應該在(zai)(zai)6.6kw以上，才能保(bao)證用(yong)戶(hu)對(dui)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)速(su)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)最低需求(qiu)，有(you)一次在(zai)(zai)考察(cha)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)過程(cheng)中，發現紳寶電(dian)(dian)動汽車充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)可達到220V/32A，經(jing)過了解得知車載(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)功率可達到6.6kw，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)速(su)度(du)(du)比E150EV快(kuai)了不(bu)少。

而如果采用直流充電的方式，由于采取與交流充電不同的接口，直流電作為電能直接儲存到動力電池內，不(bu)(bu)經過車載充電(dian)(dian)機這一關，充電(dian)(dian)速度自(zi)然快(kuai)了(le)不(bu)(bu)少，但是(shi)為了(le)保證電(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命，避免過充過放(fang)，車廠會對整車動力(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的BMS(電(dian)(dian)池(chi)管理系統)進(jin)行設置，例(li)如(ru)在(zai)深圳(zhen)運營(ying)的比亞迪E6的充電(dian)(dian)倍率在(zai)0.5C左右(you)(E6充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓電(dian)(dian)流(liu)326V/100A)。

3、動力電池的影響

在(zai)充電(dian)(dian)樁端輸出固定功率相同的(de)情況下(xia)，整車動力電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)量越(yue)大(da)，充電(dian)(dian)時間就越(yue)長，這就如同小學生(sheng)的(de)數學題一般(ban)，在(zai)同樣口徑的(de)放(fang)水(shui)管向(xiang)池子里注水(shui)，池子越(yue)大(da)，放(fang)滿水(shui)需要的(de)時間越(yue)長，這個道理比較(jiao)簡單。

另外，三(san)元材料鋰(li)電(dian)池的能(neng)量密度一般(ban)比(bi)磷酸鐵鋰(li)電(dian)池高，那么對于(yu)同一車型來講(jiang)，如果(guo)要求續駛里(li)程(cheng)一致(zhi)，三(san)元電(dian)池裝(zhuang)的肯定比(bi)鐵鋰(li)要少(shao)，充電(dian)速度自然就快(kuai)了一些。

還有個(ge)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)北方(fang)的(de)朋友們感受會(hui)比(bi)較深，就(jiu)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)冬(dong)季的(de)時候愛車(che)(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)不上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，或者(zhe)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速度慢得令人(ren)抓狂(kuang)，這是(shi)怎么(me)回事(shi)呢？這與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)本身(shen)的(de)化學特性(xing)有關，就(jiu)是(shi)所謂的(de)低(di)溫保(bao)護，在(zai)(zai)氣(qi)溫過低(di)的(de)情況下，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)中(zhong)的(de)金屬鋰會(hui)產生沉積現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)，不再和(he)物質發(fa)生化學反應，從而發(fa)生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)內部(bu)短路的(de)情況。特別要(yao)提一下磷酸鐵鋰的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)低(di)溫性(xing)能(neng)比(bi)較差，據相關材料顯示其0℃時的(de)容量(liang)保(bao)持率(lv)約60～70%，-10℃時為40～55%，-20℃時為20～40%，三元(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)略(lve)優于磷酸鐵鋰。以前(qian)有些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)(che)用戶需要(yao)將車(che)(che)(che)開出(chu)去跑幾圈熱(re)熱(re)車(che)(che)(che)才能(neng)充(chong)(chong)上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，估計電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)(che)熱(re)車(che)(che)(che)這事(shi)也就(jiu)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)北方(fang)地區才會(hui)有，不過現(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)大部(bu)分車(che)(che)(che)廠(chang)都有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)加熱(re)模塊，寒冷的(de)時候邊(bian)(bian)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)邊(bian)(bian)加熱(re)，在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)激活電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)自然也會(hui)耗費(fei)不少。總(zong)之冬(dong)季充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速度慢的(de)事(shi)是(shi)肯(ken)定的(de)，但(dan)是(shi)不同(tong)(tong)車(che)(che)(che)廠(chang)解決(jue)的(de)方(fang)案及效(xiao)率(lv)會(hui)略(lve)有不同(tong)(tong)，對于這個(ge)問(wen)題車(che)(che)(che)主(zhu)們在(zai)(zai)買車(che)(che)(che)前(qian)還是(shi)要(yao)仔細詢問(wen)清楚了。

4、其他影響因素

這里提一下電力負載的影響因素，特別在夏季的時候，家家戶戶都開空調或其他大功率設備，變壓器負載達到高峰，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓是(shi)會出(chu)現下(xia)降的(de)情況，這也(ye)會影(ying)響到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度(du)。不過正規的(de)小區(qu)一般都(dou)是(shi)專用變壓器，對充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度(du)影(ying)響有限，而一些(xie)(xie)自建房、城中村等用戶用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一般來自區(qu)域公用變壓器，影(ying)響就大一些(xie)(xie)了(le)。因此，對于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車用戶，建議選擇用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)谷期進行充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度(du)就會快(kuai)一些(xie)(xie)。