天(tian)(tian)師張(zhang)道(dao)(dao)陵,于東(dong)漢中期“自(zi)天(tian)(tian)目(mu)山游南(nan)岳,謁青玉、光天(tian)(tian)二壇(tan),禮(li)祝融君祠”,東(dong)漢末(mo)至魏晉(jin)之(zhi)交,先后又有張(zhang)正禮(li)、冶(ye)明期和陳興(xing)明等名道(dao)(dao)在(zai)南(nan)岳棲止修真,上(shang)清派第一代宗師魏華存,于東(dong)晉(jin)初入南(nan)岳,開壇(tan)布道(dao)(dao)。從東(dong)漢至晚清,在(zai)湖(hu)南(nan)境內從事修真、傳道(dao)(dao)的著(zhu)名高道(dao)(dao),達數百人(ren)之(zhi)多,其中南(nan)岳高道(dao)(dao)一百一十(shi)余人(ren)。在(zai)“三(san)十(shi)六(liu)洞(dong)天(tian)(tian)”、“七十(shi)二福(fu)地”中,湖(hu)南(nan)分別(bie)占有六(liu)“洞(dong)天(tian)(tian)”和十(shi)二“福(fu)地”。
湖南道教宮(gong)(gong)觀的興建(jian),始于魏晉,盛于唐(tang)宋,全盛時達(da)數百所。目前(qian),全省正式對外開放(fang)的著名宮(gong)(gong)觀除南岳廟東(dong)八觀以及黃庭、玄都(dou)、紫竹林(lin)、祖(zu)師(shi)殿、朱陵(ling)(ling)宮(gong)(gong)等宮(gong)(gong)觀外,尚有長(chang)沙(sha)云麓宮(gong)(gong)、河圖觀、陶公(gong)廟,桃源九龍(long)山、株州(zhou)仙岳山、茶(cha)陵(ling)(ling)云陽仙、郴州(zhou)蘇(su)仙觀,永順祖(zu)師(shi)殿等宮(gong)(gong)觀50余座(zuo)。
道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)是中國(guo)土生(sheng)土長的(de)(de)宗教(jiao)。湖南(nan)(nan)是道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)傳(chuan)播(bo)(bo)和活動(dong)的(de)(de)重要(yao)地區。據傳(chuan)說,早(zao)在(zai)道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)創(chuang)始(shi)期(qi),東漢(han)末年(nian)創(chuang)建(jian)五斗米道(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)張道(dao)(dao)陵,“嘗自天(tian)目山游(you)南(nan)(nan)岳(yue),謁表玉、光天(tian)二壇,禮祝融(rong)君祠”。道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)在(zai)湖南(nan)(nan)的(de)(de)正式傳(chuan)播(bo)(bo),當始(shi)于東晉時期(qi)的(de)(de)著(zhu)名(ming)女道(dao)(dao)姑魏(wei)華存,在(zai)南(nan)(nan)岳(yue)潛(qian)心(xin)修道(dao)(dao)16年(nian),傳(chuan)播(bo)(bo)上清經(jing)錄,為道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)上清派的(de)(de)創(chuang)始(shi)人,在(zai)湖南(nan)(nan)最(zui)早(zao)播(bo)(bo)下(xia)了道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)的(de)(de)種子。被封為南(nan)(nan)岳(yue)夫人,人稱魏(wei)夫人。唐代道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)鼎盛,湖南(nan)(nan)亦獲得長足發展。
當時(shi)全國(guo)道(dao)教活動(dong)地(di)址,逐步有(you)(you)三(san)山五岳(yue)、三(san)十(shi)六(liu)洞(dong)天(tian)、七(qi)十(shi)二福(fu)地(di)之稱。而在三(san)山五岳(yue)中(zhong),湖(hu)(hu)南(nan)占其(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi),即南(nan)岳(yue)衡山;三(san)十(shi)六(liu)洞(dong)天(tian)中(zhong),湖(hu)(hu)南(nan)占其(qi)(qi)(qi)六(liu);七(qi)十(shi)二福(fu)地(di)中(zhong),湖(hu)(hu)南(nan)有(you)(you)其(qi)(qi)(qi)十(shi)三(san)。明(ming)代(dai),湖(hu)(hu)南(nan)道(dao)教多(duo)為武當道(dao)的(de)繼(ji)承(cheng)和傳播者,各地(di)多(duo)建有(you)(you)供奉真(zhen)武大(da)帝神像(xiang)的(de)“祖師(shi)殿(dian)”。著名的(de)有(you)(you)長沙岳(yue)麓山云麓宮、慈利五雷山、岳(yue)陽大(da)云山、張(zhang)家界朝(chao)天(tian)觀等。近代(dai)時(shi)期,湖(hu)(hu)南(nan)道(dao)教在總的(de)趨(qu)向衰落過程中(zhong),仍(reng)有(you)(you)所(suo)建樹(shu),主要(yao)是新建和重建了一(yi)些宮觀,如:長沙河圖(tu)觀、斗姥閣,南(nan)岳(yue)祖師(shi)殿(dian),及(ji)瀏陽青陽山道(dao)院等。
湖南(nan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)不(bu)僅由來已久,而且(qie)歷代高道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)輩出。僅清(qing)《南(nan)岳志》記載,從東漢(han)至明清(qing)時代,在南(nan)岳隱居和授(shou)業(ye)的名羽(yu)高道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)就有(you)109人,或結廬修道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),或參訪云游,或談玄講(jiang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),或立說著(zhu)書。近代湖南(nan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)人士(shi)還適應時代潮(chao)流,組(zu)織過(guo)一些道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)社團和機構,如(ru)1912年成(cheng)立的中(zhong)國道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)會湘支部。
特(te)別有影響的(de)是1939年在南(nan)岳成(cheng)立的(de)“南(nan)岳佛道(dao)救難協會(hui)”。這是周(zhou)恩來(lai)、葉(xie)劍英(ying)同志親自動員(yuan)支持并建(jian)議定(ding)(ding)名(ming)的(de)抗日救亡組(zu)織(zhi),葉(xie)劍英(ying)應邀參加了成(cheng)立會(hui),并發表講演(yan),號(hao)召愛國(guo)宗教(jiao)徒走出禪房道(dao)觀,積極投入抗日救亡運動,在全國(guo)產(chan)生了良好的(de)影響在中國(guo)的(de)許多旅游勝地(di),常常見到洞(dong)天(tian)(tian)(tian)、福地(di)之(zhi)名(ming),所謂“洞(dong)天(tian)(tian)(tian)福地(di)”,是道(dao)教(jiao)選定(ding)(ding)的(de)仙境:“洞(dong)天(tian)(tian)(tian)”,指有山巒(luan)合抱中虛,兼采(cai)陰陽二氣的(de)“洞(dong)室(shi)”通達上天(tian)(tian)(tian),神仙主治,眾仙所居(ju)(ju),凡(fan)夫道(dao)士居(ju)(ju)此修煉,即(ji)可登仙;“福地(di)”即(ji)謂“得福之(zhi)地(di)”,多為地(di)仙、真人主宰,居(ju)(ju)此即(ji)可受福度世(shi)成(cheng)仙。
洞(dong)(dong)天(tian)福(fu)地觀(guan)念(nian)形成(cheng)于(yu)東晉以(yi)(yi)前,早期(qi)道(dao)經(jing)《道(dao)跡經(jing)》、《真誥》均(jun)已(yi)提到“十(shi)大洞(dong)(dong)天(tian)”、“福(fu)地志”。南北(bei)朝道(dao)書《敷齋威儀經(jing)》將天(tian)下分為(wei)“二(er)十(shi)四治、三(san)十(shi)六(liu)靖(jing)廬,七十(shi)二(er)福(fu)地,三(san)百六(liu)十(shi)五名(ming)山……”,洞(dong)(dong)天(tian)福(fu)地具體名(ming)目(mu)則首先載(zai)于(yu)唐(tang)(tang)道(dao)士司馬(ma)承禎(647——735)所編《天(tian)地宮府(fu)圖》,以(yi)(yi)及后來唐(tang)(tang)道(dao)士杜光庭(850——933)《洞(dong)(dong)天(tian)福(fu)地岳瀆名(ming)山記》和北(bei)宋道(dao)士李(li)思(si)聰《洞(dong)(dong)淵集》等書中(zhong)。
湖(hu)南地(di)處華(hua)中(zhong),道(dao)教(jiao)文化淵源流長。全國“36小洞(dong)天(tian)(tian)”,湖(hu)南境(jing)內就有(you)6處:即(ji)南岳(yue)衡山(shan)(shan)洞(dong)天(tian)(tian)、醴陵小溈(gui)山(shan)(shan)洞(dong)天(tian)(tian)、醴陵瓷業源頭(tou)——溈(gui)山(shan)(shan)古洞(dong)天(tian)(tian);東堡溈(gui)山(shan)(shan),眾山(shan)(shan)環繞,綿(mian)亙(gen)數十(shi)里,泉(quan)清林茂,風景秀麗,當(dang)地(di)稱“古洞(dong)天(tian)(tian)”。所謂(wei)“洞(dong)天(tian)(tian)福地(di)”,是道(dao)教(jiao)選定(ding)的(de)(de)仙(xian)境(jing)。“洞(dong)天(tian)(tian)”,指有(you)山(shan)(shan)巒合抱,中(zhong)虛而(er)兼采(cai)陰(yin)陽二氣的(de)(de)“洞(dong)室”,可直達(da)上天(tian)(tian),為神仙(xian)所居洞(dong)府,凡(fan)夫、道(dao)士居此修煉,即(ji)可登仙(xian)。
雖(sui)是道(dao)家之(zhi)說,但這些地方確(que)實(shi)是神奇清幽,山靈水(shui)秀,有(you)其(qi)獨(du)特魅力(li)。溈山洞天,峽谷幽深(shen),溪流潺潺,清澈見底。沖口截流筑壩(ba),建望仙橋水(shui)庫。日益成為(wei)令人向往(wang)自然(ran)的旅(lv)游(you)佳境(jing)。相對于十(shi)大洞天,唐代(dai)道(dao)教名人司馬(ma)承楨《天宮地府圖》,列全國道(dao)教36小洞天,72福地中,湖南(nan)有(you)洞天6處,福地12處。
醴(li)陵溈(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)是(shi)第(di)十三小(xiao)(xiao)洞天(tian):小(xiao)(xiao)溈(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)好(hao)生(sheng)玄上(shang)洞天(tian),相傳為仙(xian)人(ren)花邱林和傅(fu)天(tian)師修煉之仙(xian)居。唐代,大(da)(da)緣禪(chan)師在(zai)(zai)溈(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)建寺(si)(si),宋殿元(yuan)易祓(fu)書匾:小(xiao)(xiao)溈(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)寺(si)(si),又名大(da)(da)通寺(si)(si)。清雍(yong)正七年(1729),自(zi)廣東(dong)興寧移居醴(li)陵的廖仲威(wei),在(zai)(zai)溈(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)及附近廣大(da)(da)地(di)區發現瓷(ci)(ci)泥,即向(xiang)小(xiao)(xiao)溈(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)寺(si)(si)住(zhu)持智慧賃山(shan)(shan)(shan)采泥,并邀約同鄉技(ji)工20余人(ren),在(zai)(zai)當地(di)招工,傳授技(ji)藝,創辦(ban)瓷(ci)(ci)廠,生(sheng)產釉下青(qing)花瓷(ci)(ci),是(shi)醴(li)陵瓷(ci)(ci)業(ye)發源地(di)。后逐漸向(xiang)赤(chi)竹嶺(ling)、老鴉山(shan)(shan)(shan)、王仙(xian)、大(da)(da)林、漆家坳、五石窯前等地(di)擴(kuo)展。
興旺時、溈(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)有瓷廠百余家,成(cheng)為(wei)醴陵(ling)的瓷業生產經營中心,成(cheng)為(wei)造福(fu)溈(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)及(ji)其周邊地區的新興產業基地,成(cheng)為(wei)推動醴陵(ling)經濟(ji)社會進步的新“洞(dong)天(tian)(tian)”,曾有“小南京”之美稱。廖仲威等(deng)在小溈(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)寺后為(wei)先師(shi)樊(fan)進德(明朝人)建樊(fan)公廟(miao)。每年農歷五月十六日為(wei)樊(fan)公生日,大開廟(miao)門,各廠業主、技師(shi)、徒工齊(qi)來拜祭(ji)。平時各廠開窯(yao)必祭(ji)祀小溈(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)寺于(yu)1990年前后修復,1996年再建山(shan)(shan)(shan)門。樊(fan)公廟(miao)于(yu)1958年被拆毀。寧(ning)遠九嶷山(shan)(shan)(shan)洞(dong)天(tian)(tian)、望城洞(dong)陽山(shan)(shan)(shan)洞(dong)天(tian)(tian)、辰溪大酉山(shan)(shan)(shan)洞(dong)天(tian)(tian)、桃(tao)源桃(tao)源山(shan)(shan)(shan)洞(dong)天(tian)(tian),第二十五,幕阜山(shan)(shan)(shan)洞(dong),名“玄真太(tai)元天(tian)(tian)”。