我們可以通過觀察詢問,提供(gong)情境或材(cai)料等手(shou)段,了(le)解幼(you)(you)兒(er)(er)興(xing)趣和需要(yao)。在墻(qiang)(qiang)面裝(zhuang)飾中體現幼(you)(you)兒(er)(er)認(ren)知特(te)點,色(se)彩(cai)上以艷麗純色(se)為主(zhu);造型以稚(zhi)拙、簡潔為主(zhu)要(yao)表現手(shou)法(fa);內(nei)容(rong)(rong)應以幼(you)(you)兒(er)(er)熟(shu)悉東西為主(zhu)。環境布(bu)置(zhi)(zhi)還要(yao)注意根據(ju)各(ge)年(nian)齡(ling)班(ban)幼(you)(you)兒(er)(er)不同(tong)心理特(te)點來(lai)設計(ji)墻(qiang)(qiang)面布(bu)置(zhi)(zhi)。小班(ban)教室和活(huo)動(dong)區宜采用形(xing)象(xiang)活(huo)潑、造型簡單明確(que)畫面,內(nei)容(rong)(rong)要(yao)與(yu)幼(you)(you)兒(er)(er)日常生(sheng)活(huo)相結(jie)合,是(shi)幼(you)(you)兒(er)(er)熟(shu)悉事(shi)物,如(ru)“水果娃娃”、“小貓吃飯”等,這些(xie)都利用簡單夸張(zhang)形(xing)象(xiang)幫助幼(you)(you)兒(er)(er)認(ren)識(shi)事(shi)物或進行生(sheng)活(huo)常規教育,中班(ban)幼(you)(you)兒(er)(er)思(si)維(wei)有(you)了(le)進一(yi)(yi)(yi)步發展,墻(qiang)(qiang)面布(bu)置(zhi)(zhi)內(nei)容(rong)(rong)可以更(geng)加豐(feng)富,可以設置(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)情節,增(zeng)加一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)細部表現,如(ru)“動(dong)物火車(che)”、“豐(feng)收果園”等;到了(le)大(da)班(ban),幼(you)(you)兒(er)(er)思(si)維(wei)更(geng)為活(huo)躍(yue),審美能(neng)力有(you)了(le)提高,知識(shi)面也拓寬了(le)墻(qiang)(qiang)面布(bu)置(zhi)(zhi)就(jiu)可以偏重知識(shi)性內(nei)容(rong)(rong),形(xing)象(xiang)也更(geng)為豐(feng)富、抽象(xiang),以啟迪(di)幼(you)(you)兒(er)(er)想象(xiang)力,豐(feng)富幼(you)(you)兒(er)(er)知識(shi),如(ru)“太空旅行”、“祖國各(ge)地”、“海底世(shi)界”等,同(tong)時還可以增(zeng)加一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)工藝裝(zhuang)飾性內(nei)容(rong)(rong),如(ru)皺紙編(bian)織、浮雕、風景畫等給(gei)幼(you)(you)兒(er)(er)以美感受。
從(cong)審美觀點(dian)看(kan),成(cheng)功裝飾并不(bu)在于各(ge)種美麗形(xing)象和鮮艷色彩(cai)任(ren)意堆砌和組合(he),而(er)通過和諧畫(hua)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)、相應(ying)(ying)擺(bai)設(she)巧妙地構(gou)成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)種獨特風格(ge)(ge),突出(chu)一(yi)(yi)個鮮明(ming)主(zhu)(zhu)題(ti)(ti)。這(zhe)同樣(yang)適用于幼兒園墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)布(bu)置,就(jiu)(jiu)一(yi)(yi)個班(ban)級來(lai)說,墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)布(bu)置內容也多(duo)樣(yang)化,除了(le)(le)(le)教室墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)外,還(huan)有家園聯系(xi)(xi)角(jiao),小(xiao)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)及各(ge)活動角(jiao)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)飾等,應(ying)(ying)將這(zhe)些畫(hua)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)作統一(yi)(yi)安(an)(an)排(pai)布(bu)局,以大墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)體設(she)計(ji)一(yi)(yi)個主(zhu)(zhu)題(ti)(ti),小(xiao)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)布(bu)置則圍(wei)繞(rao)這(zhe)個主(zhu)(zhu)題(ti)(ti)安(an)(an)排(pai)相呼(hu)應(ying)(ying)畫(hua)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)。如大班(ban)教育重點(dian)之一(yi)(yi)愛國(guo)主(zhu)(zhu)義教育,我就(jiu)(jiu)選擇了(le)(le)(le)“偉大祖國(guo)”這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)主(zhu)(zhu)題(ti)(ti),大幅墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)布(bu)置了(le)(le)(le)“各(ge)民族娃娃歌唱祖國(guo)”內容,而(er)家園聯系(xi)(xi)角(jiao)應(ying)(ying)用了(le)(le)(le)“天(tian)安(an)(an)門”墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)飾,小(xiao)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)布(bu)置了(le)(le)(le)“我愛祖國(guo)好山河”照片專欄,并用彩(cai)紙、布(bu)條編拼出(chu)各(ge)活動角(jiao)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)飾,這(zhe)樣(yang)就(jiu)(jiu)形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)既多(duo)樣(yang)又統一(yi)(yi)裝飾風格(ge)(ge)。當然,隨著時間推移(yi),主(zhu)(zhu)題(ti)(ti)也要變化,最好以半學期為(wei)單位換(huan)一(yi)(yi)個主(zhu)(zhu)題(ti)(ti),來(lai)一(yi)(yi)次全面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)更換(huan)。
幼兒園墻面(mian)(mian)布置(zhi)(zhi)雖然有很強(qiang)裝飾(shi)性(xing),但(dan)若只(zhi)純粹(cui)擺設(she),則(ze)又美中(zhong)不(bu)(bu)足,應結合每一(yi)時期(qi)教(jiao)育內容(rong)和(he)(he)要(yao)求(qiu)設(she)計畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)面(mian)(mian),力求(qiu)欣賞性(xing)、教(jiao)育性(xing)、實用(yong)(yong)性(xing)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)體(ti)。如小(xiao)班墻飾(shi)“雞一(yi)家(jia)”就(jiu)(jiu)根據(ju)認(ren)(ren)識活(huo)(huo)動(dong)內容(rong)設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)的,還可用(yong)(yong)于(yu)區別1和(he)(he)許多,數(shu)數(shu)認(ren)(ren)圖(tu)形等;中(zhong)班設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)“動(dong)物運動(dong)會”畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)面(mian)(mian),既可以用(yong)(yong)來編(bian)故(gu)事,又可用(yong)(yong)作(zuo)認(ren)(ren)識序(xu)數(shu)、數(shu)字(zi)以及故(gu)事教(jiao)學教(jiao)具;大班墻飾(shi)可幫助幼兒認(ren)(ren)識各民族服飾(shi),了(le)解祖國山河。再如四(si)面(mian)(mian)墻壁分別畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)春夏秋(qiu)冬大幅油畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),可使之成為(wei)(wei)季(ji)節(jie)教(jiao)學永久背景圖(tu),既美觀又實用(yong)(yong)。當然,考慮到整(zheng)體(ti)性(xing),這一(yi)點(dian)在(zai)家(jia)園(yuan)聯(lian)系角上(shang)比較(jiao)難(nan)處理,因為(wei)(wei)家(jia)園(yuan)角上(shang)文(wen)(wen)字(zi)內容(rong)多,更換頻(pin)率快,往往注意了(le)裝飾(shi)性(xing),就(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)(bu)利于(yu)文(wen)(wen)字(zi)安(an)排(pai)和(he)(he)更換,而以文(wen)(wen)字(zi)為(wei)(wei)重(zhong)點(dian)又難(nan)安(an)排(pai)較(jiao)完美畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)面(mian)(mian),為(wei)(wei)了(le)使家(jia)園(yuan)角便(bian)于(yu)人閱讀,又體(ti)現(xian)幼兒審美要(yao)求(qiu),我(wo)就(jiu)(jiu)盡(jin)量利用(yong)(yong)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)面(mian)(mian)形象特點(dian),做成活(huo)(huo)動(dong)的,將(jiang)文(wen)(wen)字(zi)內容(rong)與(yu)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)面(mian)(mian)融為(wei)(wei)一(yi)體(ti)。如“秋(qiu)天”主題中(zhong)我(wo)用(yong)(yong)果(guo)樹作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)家(jia)園(yuan)角墻飾(shi),樹上(shang)果(guo)子活(huo)(huo)動(dong)打開“水果(guo)門”就(jiu)(jiu)文(wen)(wen)字(zi)內容(rong),合上(shang)又完整(zheng)果(guo)樹;若用(yong)(yong)記錄本就(jiu)(jiu)將(jiang)本子制成果(guo)子形狀或將(jiang)封(feng)面(mian)(mian)貼(tie)成果(guo)籃樣子,使之融畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)面(mian)(mian)之中(zhong)。
環(huan)境(jing)創設教(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)與(yu)(yu)幼(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)合作(zuo)。幼(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)能(neng)以小(xiao)主(zhu)人身份親自(zi)參與(yu)(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)育過程/而僅僅由教(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)單方面策劃、忙(mang)碌(liu)、布(bu)置(zhi)好了(le)之后,對(dui)幼(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)說聲“請進(jin)(jin)”做法(fa),只會在無形中扼殺幼(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)主(zhu)體性和參與(yu)(yu)精神。雖然讓(rang)幼(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)參與(yu)(yu)布(bu)置(zhi)比老師(shi)獨(du)立完成要(yao)花費更(geng)多(duo)時(shi)間(jian)和精力,但就(jiu)教(jiao)(jiao)育效果來(lai)(lai)說,這樣更(geng)能(neng)提高(gao)幼(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)興趣(qu)和創造性,使幼(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)具有改變環(huan)境(jing)成功感(gan)和責任感(gan),也(ye)有助于(yu)對(dui)幼(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)進(jin)(jin)行愛惜(xi)勞動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)成果教(jiao)(jiao)育。幼(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)參與(yu)(yu)布(bu)置(zhi)內容可根據幼(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)能(neng)力發展(zhan)(zhan)循序漸進(jin)(jin)地進(jin)(jin)行,先提供一(yi)些模型和半成品(pin)(pin)讓(rang)幼(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)加工,再過渡到(dao)由幼(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)自(zi)己(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)手(shou)制作(zuo)。如(ru)在主(zhu)題活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)進(jin)(jin)行中,墻(qiang)面環(huan)境(jing)就(jiu)像“骨架”一(yi)樣把主(zhu)題活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)中一(yi)系列活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)呈現出來(lai)(lai),使墻(qiang)飾(shi)與(yu)(yu)幼(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)產生(sheng)互動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。例(li)如(ru)小(xiao)班幼(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)在進(jin)(jin)行“彩色(se)世界(jie)”這一(yi)主(zhu)題活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)中,孩(hai)子(zi)們(men)(men)對(dui)色(se)彩各(ge)異(yi)顏(yan)(yan)色(se)產生(sheng)了(le)濃厚興趣(qu)。從(cong)(cong)談話(hua)活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)中,我了(le)解(jie)到(dao)每個孩(hai)子(zi)喜(xi)(xi)歡(huan)(huan)顏(yan)(yan)色(se)各(ge)不(bu)相同,加上小(xiao)班孩(hai)子(zi)認知能(neng)力比較差,很多(duo)寶寶對(dui)顏(yan)(yan)色(se)認識不(bu)具體,不(bu)準確。如(ru)何在環(huan)境(jing)作(zuo)用下,讓(rang)幼(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)與(yu)(yu)墻(qiang)面環(huan)境(jing)產生(sheng)互動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong),推動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)主(zhu)題活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)發展(zhan)(zhan)?我請幼(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)選出自(zi)己(ji)喜(xi)(xi)歡(huan)(huan)顏(yan)(yan)色(se),制作(zuo)了(le)“我最喜(xi)(xi)歡(huan)(huan)顏(yan)(yan)色(se)”展(zhan)(zhan)板(ban)(ban),幼(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)在展(zhan)(zhan)板(ban)(ban)上做相應顏(yan)(yan)色(se)小(xiao)標記。又如(ru),在“我從(cong)(cong)家中帶來(lai)(lai)顏(yan)(yan)色(se)小(xiao)物品(pin)(pin)”展(zhan)(zhan)板(ban)(ban)中,請幼(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)參與(yu)(yu)到(dao)墻(qiang)飾(shi)布(bu)置(zhi)中來(lai)(lai),孩(hai)子(zi)們(men)(men)從(cong)(cong)家中帶來(lai)(lai)自(zi)己(ji)喜(xi)(xi)歡(huan)(huan)各(ge)種顏(yan)(yan)色(se)小(xiao)物品(pin)(pin),自(zi)己(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)手(shou)布(bu)置(zhi)到(dao)墻(qiang)飾(shi)展(zhan)(zhan)板(ban)(ban)中,在空(kong)閑時(shi)候,他們(men)(men)紛(fen)紛(fen)拉著小(xiao)伙伴在展(zhan)(zhan)板(ban)(ban)前講述著每個小(xiao)朋友(you)帶來(lai)(lai)帶有顏(yan)(yan)色(se)小(xiao)物品(pin)(pin)。
1、墻面處理
墻面(mian)的基(ji)層處(chu)理比較重要,一般是(shi)在刷好乳膠漆的墻面(mian)上畫畫,所以墻面(mian)的找平、刷底漆、圖案規(gui)劃(hua)等要事先準備。
2、打底稿
沒有美術功底的人,要在(zai)墻上畫好底稿,用筆輕輕勾出草稿輪(lun)廓,滿意后(hou)方可上色,否則不容易修改。
3、配涂料
對照圖案效果購買顏料,如購買時對乳膠漆調色(se)效果把握不(bu)住,不(bu)要急于在(zai)(zai)涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)店里做決定(ding),可把色(se)板或涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)樣(yang)品帶回家,分別在(zai)(zai)自(zi)然光(guang)線和夜晚燈光(guang)下(xia)觀察涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)顏色(se)。高光(guang)涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)會(hui)使(shi)房(fang)間看起(qi)來更明亮,但(dan)也易(yi)(yi)突出墻(qiang)面缺點,如果墻(qiang)面不(bu)太平整,建(jian)議選用平光(guang)涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)。涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)千萬不(bu)可過稀(xi),否則(ze)容(rong)易(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)墻(qiang)面留(liu)下(xia)流(liu)痕。丙烯顏料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)可按需要調色(se),謹慎下(xia)筆。
4、準備上色
首先(xian),在要涂鴉的(de)墻(qiang)(qiang)壁前鋪(pu)滿報紙,以免弄臟地面。手繪色(se)彩(cai)單純的(de)圖案時,先(xian)在薄而吸(xi)水性好的(de)紙上(shang)畫好輪廓,然后(hou)將其剪下來(lai),放到墻(qiang)(qiang)面相(xiang)應位置,用拓印的(de)方式著色(se)。如(ru)果怕把(ba)墻(qiang)(qiang)面弄壞,最方便(bian)的(de)方法是拿(na)噴繪不干膠(jiao),噴完后(hou)把(ba)畫面刻(ke)下來(lai),用不干膠(jiao)貼(tie)在墻(qiang)(qiang)上(shang)。丙(bing)烯(xi)顏料在作畫時,如(ru)果發現有錯誤(wu),可以拿(na)濕(shi)抹布擦掉重畫,但乳膠(jiao)漆不能采用此辦法。
5、維護
畫完后要(yao)通風,待(dai)墻面干透(tou)后,才可觸碰。雖然(ran)丙烯顏料干后防水(shui)防劃(hua),但(dan)也不可用水(shui)用力(li)擦洗。