地龍燈是湖北省(sheng)來鳳縣舊司鄉牛王(wang)節流傳下來的(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)民(min)間藝術文化。“地龍(long)燈(deng)(deng),地龍(long)燈(deng)(deng),不(bu)用篾簍不(bu)用棍(gun),巴(ba)地梭著走,活像(xiang)其龍(long)行。站(zhan)的(de)(de)騎馬樁,弓腰箭步行,似同獅子燈(deng)(deng)。”300多年前(qian)起源于來鳳縣舊司鄉大巖板村(cun)、板沙(sha)界(jie)村(cun)一(yi)帶的(de)(de)地龍(long)燈(deng)(deng),以(yi)“巴(ba)地梭”的(de)(de)舞蹈形式,生動(dong)靈活地展(zhan)現出龍(long)“游于水、爬(pa)于山、騰(teng)于空”等神奇造型,在(zai)千姿(zi)百(bai)態的(de)(de)民(min)間舞龍(long)藝術中堪稱一(yi)絕(jue),深受國內外專家(jia)、學者(zhe)的(de)(de)青睞(lai),成為民(min)族民(min)間藝術舞臺的(de)(de)新寵。
一.發展歷史
龍(long)燈(deng)在我國流傳了幾千年(nian),由于(yu)地(di)(di)域特征、物(wu)質條件、民族性格、歷史(shi)文化等(deng)方(fang)(fang)面的(de)差異,其(qi)藝術(shu)風格和表演方(fang)(fang)式千姿(zi)百態。流傳在來鳳縣(xian)舊司鄉大巖(yan)板、板沙界一帶(dai)的(de)地(di)(di)龍(long)燈(deng),不同于(yu)常見的(de)“布龍(long)”、“草把龍(long)”、“板凳龍(long)”、“火(huo)龍(long)”等(deng)龍(long)燈(deng),而是以(yi)其(qi)獨特的(de)形象構造、精(jing)湛的(de)表演技巧取(qu)勝,堪稱龍(long)燈(deng)一絕。
(1)上世紀三四十年代(dai)
農(nong)村缺乏(fa)文化(hua)生活,地龍(long)燈(deng)最受(shou)歡迎。春節,龍(long)燈(deng)走到(dao)(dao)哪里(li)人們就追(zhui)到(dao)(dao)哪里(li),很是風(feng)光。解(jie)放(fang)后(hou),這一群眾性文化(hua)活動被作(zuo)為“四舊”清除,一直到(dao)(dao)改(gai)革開放(fang)后(hou),在地方民族文化(hua)部門的支持下(xia),地龍(long)燈(deng)才慢慢恢復。
(2)1979年(nian)8月
來鳳縣(xian)文化(hua)館(guan)音(yin)舞組組長王(wang)蘭馨負責到當(dang)時的(de)高洞鄉尋(xun)訪、組織(zhi)民間(jian)文藝節目,文化(hua)站長李逢貴向(xiang)他推薦(jian)了地龍(long)燈。隨后,他們召集大(da)巖(yan)板(ban)及板(ban)沙(sha)界(jie)的(de)長者和民間(jian)藝人,研(yan)究地龍(long)燈道具(ju)制作和表演技(ji)巧(qiao),道具(ju)為一龍(long)、一鳳、一虎、一蚌、一魚、一蝦、一寶(龍(long)珠),樂(le)器定(ding)為一鼓(gu)兩(liang)鈸一鑼,伴奏(zou)曲名為《龍(long)歸(gui)海(hai)》,鑼鼓(gu)經為“咚不隆咚”、“龍(long)歸(gui)海(hai)、龍(long)歸(gui)海(hai)、龍(long)歸(gui)大(da)海(hai)”;表演技(ji)巧(qiao)編成順口(kou)溜:“地龍(long)燈,地龍(long)燈,不用篾(mie)簍不用棍,巴地梭著走(zou),活像其龍(long)行(xing)。站的(de)騎馬樁,弓腰箭步行(xing),似同(tong)獅子燈。”
經過不(bu)到一(yi)個月時間的(de)(de)(de)排練(lian),新的(de)(de)(de)地龍(long)(long)(long)燈在國慶晚會上(shang)(shang)亮相,贏(ying)得上(shang)(shang)萬名觀眾(zhong)喝彩。地龍(long)(long)(long)燈的(de)(de)(de)整套道具制(zhi)作精(jing)巧古(gu)樸,色彩鮮艷明亮,造型美觀別致。舞時不(bu)用木棍舉,9節(jie)龍(long)(long)(long)身(shen)分別由(you)(you)9人控制(zhi),其中一(yi)人執(zhi)龍(long)(long)(long)頭,一(yi)人背龍(long)(long)(long)尾,其余(yu)每節(jie)均由(you)(you)一(yi)人單(dan)手抓(zhua)住龍(long)(long)(long)身(shen)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)圓形篾圈或(huo)以頭托龍(long)(long)(long),另一(yi)只手抓(zhua)住前(qian)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)腰帶(dai),表演者(zhe)上(shang)(shang)身(shen)藏于龍(long)(long)(long)身(shen)內(nei),雙腳(jiao)為(wei)彩色龍(long)(long)(long)衣所遮。傳統(tong)舞單(dan)龍(long)(long)(long)只有十來個人、五六個動作,雙龍(long)(long)(long)齊舞,人數增(zeng)加(jia)到二三(san)十個,動作增(zeng)加(jia)到12個。
縣(xian)文化館干部向代元從事地(di)(di)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)燈挖掘、整理、創新23年。他說,每一(yi)(yi)次小(xiao)小(xiao)的(de)(de)創新,都是當地(di)(di)民情(qing)(qing)風(feng)俗(su)和(he)群眾(zhong)智慧的(de)(de)結果。表(biao)(biao)(biao)演(yan)(yan)開始時(shi),由(you)一(yi)(yi)男(nan)子(zi)舉“元寶(bao)(bao)”,在喧天的(de)(de)鑼鼓聲中引龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)上場,并不時(shi)轉動(dong)元寶(bao)(bao),即(ji)興(xing)穿插各種跟斗技巧,逗(dou)引雙龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)追(zhui)珠搶寶(bao)(bao)。地(di)(di)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)則憨拙地(di)(di)晃(huang)頭(tou)(tou)擺尾跟隨,形象(xiang)栩栩如生,動(dong)作(zuo)靈活多變,其(qi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)演(yan)(yan)套(tao)路有(you)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)起身”、“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)搶寶(bao)(bao)”、“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)盤餅”、“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)回首(shou)”、“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)過橋”、“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)盤樹”、“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)困灘”、“鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)騎龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)”、“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)盤鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)”、“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)走(zou)太極”等12種。在熱烈的(de)(de)氣氛中,彩(cai)鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(一(yi)(yi)男(nan)子(zi)套(tao)鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)頭(tou)(tou)、鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)身和(he)鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)翅(chi)扮演(yan)(yan))長鳴(ming)一(yi)(yi)聲翩翩上場,圍繞地(di)(di)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)左右(you)飛舞(wu),忽(hu)而(er)與龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)嬉(xi)鬧,忽(hu)而(er)展翅(chi)為龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)遮陽。鑼、鈸、鼓等打(da)擊(ji)樂伴奏的(de)(de)樂曲(qu)的(de)(de)力度和(he)速度緊隨舞(wu)蹈者的(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)緒及舞(wu)蹈的(de)(de)內(nei)容而(er)自(zi)由(you)轉換,表(biao)(biao)(biao)演(yan)(yan)至高潮時(shi),彩(cai)鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)騰(teng)身躍上龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)背,頓時(shi)紅鞭齊爆(bao),鼓樂高奏,表(biao)(biao)(biao)演(yan)(yan)者情(qing)(qing)緒激(ji)昂、高聲呼叫(jiao),形成鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)鳴(ming)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)吟、龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)呈祥(xiang)的(de)(de)祥(xiang)瑞(rui)氣象(xiang)。
(3)21世紀
2004年(nian),鄧(deng)斌(bin)(bin)(bin)代表(biao)舊司鄉地龍(long)燈(deng)參加武(wu)漢(han)國際旅游(you)節展(zhan)(zhan)演;2005年(nian),地龍(long)燈(deng)應邀(yao)參加武(wu)漢(han)東湖民俗游(you)園(yuan)會展(zhan)(zhan)演;2005年(nian)底,地龍(long)燈(deng)被張家港市博物館收購,成了“首屆(jie)(張家港)長江流域民族民間(jian)藝術主題展(zhan)(zhan)覽”首位展(zhan)(zhan)品。春節,地龍(long)燈(deng)在央視“小崔說事(shi)”欄目展(zhan)(zhan)播了4分鐘(zhong)。活躍(yue)于舞(wu)臺(tai)2000年(nian)以來,地龍(long)燈(deng)走(zou)出(chu)土(tu)家山寨,活躍(yue)在省內外文藝舞(wu)臺(tai),很大程度(du)上得力于已80高齡(ling)的鄧(deng)斌(bin)(bin)(bin)的熱(re)心(xin)傳承(cheng)。鄧(deng)斌(bin)(bin)(bin)是2003年(nian)命名的州(zhou)民間(jian)藝術大師(shi),他從小隨父(fu)練就一身武(wu)功,可赤腳攀爬鋒利的刀梯,裸身在碎玻璃上打滾,裸胸用刀尖頂(ding)著做高空(kong)盤旋動作(zuo)。
(4)解放前
地龍燈主要是在春節慶祝、消災辟邪(xie)、求雨謝(xie)神時表(biao)演(yan)(yan),繁雜的(de)準備工作(zuo)及演(yan)(yan)出成本(ben)都由村寨院落居民(min)集體分擔。解放后,流傳(chuan)(chuan)面本(ben)來(lai)就(jiu)很窄的(de)地(di)龍(long)(long)燈(deng)曾(ceng)一度面臨消亡的(de)危險。為(wei)(wei)了弘揚這一民(min)族民(min)間藝術,鄧斌(bin)盡管家庭(ting)經濟困難(nan),但他(ta)仍(reng)把賣糧食換得的(de)錢(qian)用來(lai)為(wei)(wei)地(di)龍(long)(long)燈(deng)演(yan)(yan)出添(tian)置(zhi)行頭。他(ta)自己雕龍(long)(long)頭,用麻布口袋縫龍(long)(long)衣,組織(zhi)培養表(biao)演(yan)(yan)班子,每(mei)逢春節都要牽頭組織(zhi)表(biao)演(yan)(yan),在(zai)全鄉(xiang)各村寨影響甚廣,引起歷屆政(zheng)府及文化部門的(de)重(zhong)視,并(bing)給予(yu)他(ta)大力支持(chi),為(wei)(wei)地(di)龍(long)(long)燈(deng)的(de)宣傳(chuan)(chuan)推介(jie)起到了十分重(zhong)要的(de)作(zuo)用。
鄧斌曾多次參加地龍燈表(biao)演。1986年,省、州(zhou)電視臺到來鳳縣拍攝地龍燈電視藝術片,在(zai)中央電視臺的(de)《虎(hu)躍華年三楚樂》節目中播(bo)出,使(shi)地龍燈這一(yi)民族民間藝術瑰寶展現在(zai)全國人民面前(qian)。1992年3月,臺灣“八千里路云和月”劇組(zu)到來鳳縣采風,鄧斌組(zu)織的(de)地龍燈隊(dui)的(de)精(jing)彩表(biao)演,被(bei)攝制(zhi)組(zu)贊為(wei)“玩(wan)龍史上(shang)的(de)一(yi)絕”。
“可惜的是(shi),現在會玩的人(ren)不是(shi)很(hen)多(duo)了(le),技藝也不是(shi)很(hen)高。”鄧斌充滿了(le)憂(you)慮,“60歲(sui)以(yi)上的老藝人(ren)現在只剩(sheng)下(xia)兩三(san)個了(le),新培養的年輕人(ren),雖(sui)然有60多(duo)個,但從內心真正熱愛這門藝術的人(ren)不多(duo),而(er)且表演的功底也待提高……”
當(dang)地(di)(di)政(zheng)府及文化部(bu)門也感(gan)到了壓(ya)力,在(zai)組織民間藝人與文藝工(gong)作者對地(di)(di)龍燈傳承、創新(xin)的同(tong)時(shi),還在(zai)縣武校(xiao)設立了地(di)(di)龍燈表演培訓基地(di)(di),以培養(yang)一批有(you)較好武術(shu)功底(di)的地(di)(di)龍燈傳人。
二.民間傳說
來鳳縣(xian)雖地(di)(di)處五(wu)溪酉水之域,自古被(bei)稱為(wei)蠻夷之地(di)(di),但其所(suo)屬的湘(xiang)、鄂西承(cheng)荊(jing)楚,連瀟湘(xiang),接(jie)川(chuan)蜀,實際上與漢文化有著深遠(yuan)的淵(yuan)源。位(wei)于來鳳中部叢林深處的大巖板(ban)(ban)、板(ban)(ban)沙(sha)界,山高林密(mi),偏僻荒野,人們日出而作(zuo),日落而息。在特殊(shu)的地(di)(di)理環境和生(sheng)活方式下,面對千奇百怪(guai)的自然現象與冷(leng)酷無(wu)情的天災(zai)人禍,人們無(wu)法理解(jie)也無(wu)力抗拒,渴求(qiu)萬能的神為(wei)他們辟(pi)邪、消災(zai)、賜福,因此誕生(sheng)了神龍的傳說。
(1)一說
當(dang)年(nian)(nian)秦(qin)始(shi)(shi)皇(huang)有(you)(you)一(yi)件能趕山填(tian)海(hai)(hai)的(de)稀世珍(zhen)寶―――趕山鞭。有(you)(you)一(yi)年(nian)(nian),秦(qin)始(shi)(shi)皇(huang)打(da)算趕山填(tian)平北海(hai)(hai),秦(qin)王(wang)(wang)三(san)(san)太(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)知道后(hou)非常著急,他與北海(hai)(hai)龍王(wang)(wang)的(de)三(san)(san)女兒正(zheng)暗中(zhong)相愛,且(qie)三(san)(san)公主已有(you)(you)身孕,若北海(hai)(hai)被填(tian)平,龍王(wang)(wang)家族將(jiang)無(wu)處安身,無(wu)奈中(zhong),三(san)(san)太(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)盜取了父王(wang)(wang)的(de)寶物連夜逃走(zou)。三(san)(san)公主有(you)(you)一(yi)天(tian)來海(hai)(hai)灘等候三(san)(san)太(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi),忽(hu)然臨盆,在海(hai)(hai)灘產下一(yi)男嬰(ying)(ying),又不敢帶(dai)回龍宮撫養(yang),只(zhi)好(hao)含淚棄置沙灘而去。嬰(ying)(ying)兒啼哭(ku)不止,深山里有(you)(you)一(yi)只(zhi)白斑(ban)母虎(hu)聽(ting)到(dao)哭(ku)聲后(hou)奔到(dao)海(hai)(hai)邊(bian),將(jiang)乳汁滴進嬰(ying)(ying)兒口中(zhong)喂養(yang)。第二天(tian)烈日當(dang)空,嬰(ying)(ying)兒無(wu)遮無(wu)蓋,忽(hu)然從云(yun)中(zhong)落(luo)下一(yi)只(zhi)彩鳳(feng),天(tian)天(tian)為嬰(ying)(ying)兒遮風(feng)擋(dang)雨,人(ren)們稱此(ci)子(zi)(zi)為“龍生虎(hu)養(yang)鳳(feng)遮陰”。孩子(zi)(zi)長大(da)后(hou)力(li)大(da)無(wu)比,本領(ling)高強(qiang),他就是歷史上(shang)赫赫有(you)(you)名的(de)楚(chu)霸(ba)王(wang)(wang)。楚(chu)霸(ba)王(wang)(wang)建(jian)功立(li)業后(hou),下令民間于(yu)(yu)每年(nian)(nian)農歷正(zheng)月初五、十五及五月十五扎龍、鳳(feng)表演,以此(ci)感(gan)念這些神獸的(de)生養(yang)之恩,于(yu)(yu)是傳下了地龍燈(deng)。
(2)二說
唐太宗李世民(min)在(zai)位時,玉(yu)皇大帝(di)(di)封涇(jing)(jing)河(he)(he)龍(long)(long)(long)王(wang)為雨布大臣(chen),并對降雨作了嚴格的規定。有一(yi)天,涇(jing)(jing)河(he)(he)龍(long)(long)(long)王(wang)三(san)太子鰲炳偷走了玉(yu)璽(xi),冒(mao)充涇(jing)(jing)河(he)(he)龍(long)(long)(long)王(wang)行使(shi)雨布大臣(chen)的職責,他無視天條(tiao),逆而行之,使(shi)得(de)民(min)間連年饑(ji)荒,民(min)不聊生。玉(yu)帝(di)(di)查明此事后(hou),怒(nu)不可遏,下令(ling)由魏征監斬將三(san)太子除掉(diao)。此后(hou),其父涇(jing)(jing)河(he)(he)龍(long)(long)(long)王(wang)繼續接管雨布大臣(chen)一(yi)職,他嚴遵天令(ling),處(chu)處(chu)為百姓著想,從此風調雨順(shun),國泰民(min)安。從那時起,人們便(bian)在(zai)每年正月(yue)十(shi)五(wu)前及五(wu)月(yue)十(shi)五(wu)舞地龍(long)(long)(long)燈,以感(gan)謝涇(jing)(jing)河(he)(he)龍(long)(long)(long)王(wang)的施雨之恩。
第(di)一(yi)種(zhong)傳(chuan)說(shuo)在(zai)來(lai)鳳民(min)(min)間(jian)流傳(chuan)較廣,被作為原始資料(liao)收進(jin)《土家族(zu)(zu)民(min)(min)間(jian)故(gu)事集(ji)》、《來(lai)鳳縣志》、《來(lai)鳳民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)志》等文獻中。第(di)二種(zhong)說(shuo)法在(zai)民(min)(min)間(jian)流傳(chuan)較少(shao),各(ge)種(zhong)文史資料(liao)中也(ye)找不到相關(guan)記錄,是大巖板村一(yi)位民(min)(min)間(jian)老藝人口述的。
三.藝術特點
地龍(long)(long)燈的舞(wu)蹈表(biao)(biao)演(yan)性強,從始至終(zhong)龍(long)(long)、鳳、玩寶(bao)者配合默(mo)契,動作靈(ling)活多變,形象栩栩如生。表(biao)(biao)演(yan)中尤以“龍(long)(long)走(zou)太極(ji)圖”和“龍(long)(long)上(shang)(shang)(shang)樹”的難度最大。因為耍寶(bao)人被龍(long)(long)盤(pan)到中間后,眼(yan)看龍(long)(long)快咬(yao)得寶(bao)了急往空中一拋,同時又要(yao)(yao)一只(zhi)手搭在龍(long)(long)背上(shang)(shang)(shang)一個跟頭翻出來并接住搶(qiang)出的寶(bao),準確無誤、精彩異常(chang);“龍(long)(long)上(shang)(shang)(shang)樹”的表(biao)(biao)演(yan)者前者要(yao)(yao)踩在后者的腿上(shang)(shang)(shang)、肩上(shang)(shang)(shang)一圈圈地繞上(shang)(shang)(shang)去,極(ji)為艱(jian)難、剎(cha)是驚險(xian),具有(you)很強的觀賞性。
更多湖北相關文化:湖北傳統習俗文化知識大全>>