一、什么是驅動電機系統

驅(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)機系(xi)統(tong)是純(chun)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車三大核心部件之一，是電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車的動(dong)(dong)力來源。驅(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)機系(xi)統(tong)是直接(jie)將電(dian)能轉換(huan)為機械能的部分，決定(ding)了電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車的性能指(zhi)標。驅(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)機系(xi)統(tong)由驅(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機（DM）和(he)驅(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)機控制器（MCU）構成，通過高(gao)低壓線束、冷卻管路(lu)，與整車其(qi)他系(xi)統(tong)作電(dian)氣(qi)和(he)散熱連接(jie)。

整(zheng)車(che)控(kong)制器根據加速踏板(ban)、制動踏板(ban)、擋位等信號通過CAN網絡(luo)向電機(ji)控(kong)制器驅動電車(che)控(kong)制器發送指令，實時調節驅動電機(ji)的扭矩輸出，以實現(xian)整(zheng)車(che)的怠速、加速、能量回收等功能。

電(dian)機控(kong)制器能對自身溫(wen)度、電(dian)機的運行(xing)(xing)溫(wen)度、轉(zhuan)子位(wei)置進(jin)行(xing)(xing)實時監測(ce)，并把(ba)相關信(xin)息傳(chuan)遞(di)給整車(che)控(kong)制器VCU，進(jin)而調節水泵和冷卻風扇工(gong)作，使電(dian)機保持在理想溫(wen)度下(xia)工(gong)作。

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二、汽車驅動電機系統的組成部分

1、驅動電動機

（1）永磁同步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)：一種(zhong)典型的(de)驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，具(ju)有效率(lv)高(gao)、體積小、可靠性高(gao)等優點，是動力(li)系(xi)統的(de)執行機(ji)(ji)構，是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉化為機(ji)(ji)械能載體。它(ta)依(yi)靠內置旋(xuan)轉變壓器、溫度傳感器，來提供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)工作狀態信息，并(bing)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)運行狀態信息實(shi)時(shi)發送給MCU。

（2）旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)變壓器：檢測電(dian)(dian)機轉(zhuan)子位置(zhi)，經(jing)過電(dian)(dian)機控制器內旋(xuan)變解碼器解碼后，電(dian)(dian)機控制器可(ke)獲(huo)知(zhi)電(dian)(dian)機當前轉(zhuan)子位置(zhi)，從(cong)而控制相應的IGBT功率管導通，按順序(xu)給定(ding)子三個線圈通電(dian)(dian)，驅動電(dian)(dian)機旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)。

（3）溫度(du)傳感器：作用是檢測電機繞(rao)組溫度(du)，并提信息供給MCU，再由MCU通過CAN線傳給VCU，進而控制水泵工(gong)作、水路循環、冷(leng)卻電子扇工(gong)作，調節電機工(gong)作溫度(du)。

2、驅動電機控制器

（1）驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)電(dian)機控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)對所有的輸入信(xin)號進(jin)行處(chu)理，并(bing)將(jiang)驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)電(dian)機控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)系統運行狀態(tai)信(xin)息通過網絡發送給整車控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)。驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)電(dian)機控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)內含(han)故障(zhang)診斷電(dian)路，當電(dian)機出現異(yi)常時，達到一(yi)定條件后，它將(jiang)會(hui)(hui)激活一(yi)個(ge)錯誤代(dai)碼并(bing)發送給VCU整車控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)，同時也會(hui)(hui)儲(chu)存該故障(zhang)碼和相關數據。

（2）驅動電(dian)(dian)機(ji)控制(zhi)器(qi)主要依靠(kao)電(dian)(dian)流傳(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)、電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)傳(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)和溫(wen)度傳(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)來(lai)進(jin)行電(dian)(dian)機(ji)運行狀態(tai)的監測，根據相(xiang)應參數(shu)進(jin)行電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、電(dian)(dian)流的調整控制(zhi)以及其(qi)它控制(zhi)功能的完成。

（3）電(dian)流(liu)傳感(gan)器用于檢測電(dian)機工作實際電(dian)流(liu)，包括母線電(dian)流(liu)、三相交流(liu)電(dian)流(liu)。

（4）電(dian)壓(ya)傳(chuan)感(gan)器用(yong)于檢測(ce)供給電(dian)機控(kong)制器工作的實際電(dian)壓(ya)，包括動力電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)壓(ya)、12V蓄電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)壓(ya)。

（5）溫度(du)(du)傳感器(qi)用于檢測電機控制(zhi)系統的工作溫度(du)(du)，包括IGBT模塊的溫度(du)(du)。

三、新能源汽車驅動電機系統的工作過程

1、D擋加速行駛

駕駛員(yuan)掛D擋(dang)并踩加速踏板，此時擋(dang)位(wei)信息(xi)和(he)加速信息(xi)通(tong)過信號線(xian)傳(chuan)遞(di)給(gei)整車控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)，整車控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)把駕駛員(yuan)的操(cao)作意圖傳(chuan)遞(di)給(gei)驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)，再(zai)由驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)結(jie)合旋變傳(chuan)感器(qi)(qi)信息(xi)（轉子位(wei)置(zhi)），進而向永磁同步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機的定子通(tong)入三相(xiang)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)，三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流在定子繞組的電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻上產(chan)生電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓降。

由三相交流電(dian)(dian)產生的(de)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)樞磁(ci)動(dong)(dong)勢及建立的(de)電(dian)(dian)樞磁(ci)場，一方(fang)面(mian)切割定子繞組，并在定子繞組中產生感應電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)勢；另一方(fang)面(mian)以電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)力(li)拖(tuo)動(dong)(dong)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子以同(tong)步(bu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)正向旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)。隨著(zhu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)速(su)踏板行程不斷加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)大，電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)控制(zhi)器控制(zhi)的(de)6個IGBT導通(tong)頻率(lv)上升，電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩隨著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)流的(de)增加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)而增加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，因此，起步(bu)時基本上擁有最大的(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩。隨著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)的(de)增加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)功(gong)率(lv)也增加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，同(tong)時電(dian)(dian)壓也隨之增加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)。

與此同時，電(dian)(dian)機控制器(qi)(qi)(qi)也會通過電(dian)(dian)流(liu)傳感器(qi)(qi)(qi)和電(dian)(dian)壓傳感器(qi)(qi)(qi)，感知電(dian)(dian)機當前功率、消耗電(dian)(dian)流(liu)大小、電(dian)(dian)壓大小，并把(ba)這(zhe)些(xie)信(xin)息數(shu)據傳送給儀表(biao)、整車控制器(qi)(qi)(qi)。

2、R擋倒車時

當駕駛員(yuan)掛R擋時，駕駛員(yuan)請求信號(hao)發給(gei)驅動(dong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)系統，再通過CAN線發送給(gei)MCU，此時MCU結合當前轉子位(wei)置(zhi)（旋變(bian)傳感(gan)器(qi)）信息，通過改變(bian)IGBT模塊改變(bian)WVU通電(dian)順序，進而控制電(dian)機(ji)(ji)反轉。

3、制動時能量回收

駕駛員松開加速(su)(su)踏板時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)機由(you)于慣(guan)性仍在旋轉(zhuan)，設(she)(she)車(che)(che)輪(lun)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)為(wei)V輪(lun)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)機轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)為(wei)V電(dian)(dian)(dian)機，設(she)(she)車(che)(che)輪(lun)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機之間固定傳動(dong)比(bi)為(wei)K，當車(che)(che)輛減速(su)(su)時(shi)，V輪(lun)K＜V電(dian)(dian)(dian)機時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)機仍是動(dong)力(li)源(yuan)，隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)機轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)下降，當 V輪(lun)K＞V電(dian)(dian)(dian)機時(shi)，此時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機由(you)于被車(che)(che)輛拖(tuo)動(dong)而旋轉(zhuan)，此時(shi)驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機變(bian)為(wei)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機。