一、什么是驅動電機系統

驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)系統(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)純電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)三大核心部(bu)件之一，是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的動(dong)(dong)力來源。驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)系統(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)直(zhi)接將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉換(huan)為機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械能的部(bu)分，決定(ding)了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的性能指標。驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)系統(tong)(tong)由驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)（DM）和(he)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)控制(zhi)器（MCU）構成，通過高低壓線(xian)束、冷卻管路，與整車(che)其他系統(tong)(tong)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣和(he)散熱(re)連接。

整車(che)控制(zhi)器根據(ju)加速踏板(ban)、制(zhi)動(dong)踏板(ban)、擋位等(deng)(deng)信號通(tong)過CAN網絡向(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)控制(zhi)器驅動(dong)電(dian)車(che)控制(zhi)器發送指令，實時調節驅動(dong)電(dian)機(ji)的(de)扭矩輸出，以實現整車(che)的(de)怠速、加速、能(neng)量回收(shou)等(deng)(deng)功能(neng)。

電(dian)(dian)機(ji)控(kong)制器(qi)能(neng)對自(zi)身溫度、電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的運行(xing)溫度、轉子(zi)位置進行(xing)實時(shi)監測，并(bing)把相關信息(xi)傳遞(di)給整車控(kong)制器(qi)VCU，進而調節水泵和冷(leng)卻(que)風扇(shan)工(gong)作，使電(dian)(dian)機(ji)保持(chi)在理想溫度下工(gong)作。

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二、汽車驅動電機系統的組成部分

1、驅動電動機

（1）永(yong)磁同步(bu)電(dian)機：一種典型(xing)的(de)驅動電(dian)機，具(ju)有效率(lv)高(gao)、體積小、可靠性高(gao)等優(you)點(dian)，是(shi)(shi)動力系(xi)統的(de)執行機構，是(shi)(shi)電(dian)能轉化為機械能載體。它依靠內置旋轉變壓器、溫(wen)度傳感(gan)器，來(lai)提供電(dian)機的(de)工作狀(zhuang)態信(xin)息(xi)，并將電(dian)機運行狀(zhuang)態信(xin)息(xi)實時發送給MCU。

（2）旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)：檢測電機(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子位(wei)置，經過(guo)電機(ji)(ji)控制器(qi)內旋(xuan)變(bian)(bian)解碼器(qi)解碼后(hou)，電機(ji)(ji)控制器(qi)可獲知(zhi)電機(ji)(ji)當前轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子位(wei)置，從而控制相(xiang)應的IGBT功率管導通，按順序給定子三個線圈(quan)通電，驅(qu)動電機(ji)(ji)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)。

（3）溫度傳(chuan)感器：作用是檢測電機繞組(zu)溫度，并提(ti)信息(xi)供(gong)給MCU，再由MCU通(tong)過CAN線(xian)傳(chuan)給VCU，進而控制水泵工(gong)作、水路循環、冷(leng)卻電子扇(shan)工(gong)作，調(diao)節電機工(gong)作溫度。

2、驅動電機控制器

（1）驅(qu)(qu)動電機(ji)(ji)控制器對所有(you)的輸入信號(hao)進行處(chu)理，并(bing)將驅(qu)(qu)動電機(ji)(ji)控制系統(tong)運行狀態信息通過網絡(luo)發送(song)給(gei)整車控制器。驅(qu)(qu)動電機(ji)(ji)控制器內含(han)故障診斷電路，當電機(ji)(ji)出現異(yi)常時，達(da)到一(yi)定(ding)條件后，它(ta)將會(hui)激(ji)活一(yi)個(ge)錯誤代碼并(bing)發送(song)給(gei)VCU整車控制器，同時也會(hui)儲存該故障碼和相(xiang)關數據。

（2）驅動電(dian)機控(kong)(kong)制器主要依(yi)靠(kao)電(dian)流(liu)傳感(gan)(gan)器、電(dian)壓傳感(gan)(gan)器和溫度傳感(gan)(gan)器來進行(xing)(xing)電(dian)機運行(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)態的(de)監測，根(gen)據(ju)相應(ying)參數進行(xing)(xing)電(dian)壓、電(dian)流(liu)的(de)調整控(kong)(kong)制以(yi)及其它(ta)控(kong)(kong)制功能的(de)完成。

（3）電(dian)流傳(chuan)感器(qi)用于檢(jian)測電(dian)機工作實際(ji)電(dian)流，包(bao)括(kuo)母線(xian)電(dian)流、三相交(jiao)流電(dian)流。

（4）電(dian)壓傳(chuan)感器用于檢測供給電(dian)機控制(zhi)器工作的實(shi)際電(dian)壓，包括動力電(dian)池電(dian)壓、12V蓄電(dian)池電(dian)壓。

（5）溫(wen)(wen)度(du)傳感器用于檢測電機控制(zhi)系統(tong)的工作溫(wen)(wen)度(du)，包(bao)括IGBT模塊的溫(wen)(wen)度(du)。

三、新能源汽車驅動電機系統的工作過程

1、D擋加速行駛

駕(jia)駛員(yuan)掛D擋并踩加(jia)速踏(ta)板，此時擋位(wei)信息(xi)和加(jia)速信息(xi)通過(guo)信號線傳(chuan)遞給整(zheng)車控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器，整(zheng)車控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器把駕(jia)駛員(yuan)的操作意圖(tu)傳(chuan)遞給驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)機控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器，再(zai)由驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)機控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器結(jie)合旋變傳(chuan)感器信息(xi)（轉(zhuan)子(zi)位(wei)置(zhi)），進(jin)而向永(yong)磁同(tong)步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機的定(ding)子(zi)通入三相(xiang)交流電(dian)(dian)，三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)流在定(ding)子(zi)繞組的電(dian)(dian)阻上產(chan)生電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)降。

由(you)三相交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)產生的(de)旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞磁動(dong)勢(shi)(shi)及建立的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞磁場，一方面切割定(ding)子繞組，并在定(ding)子繞組中產生感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)(shi)；另一方面以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁力拖動(dong)轉(zhuan)子以同步轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)正向旋轉(zhuan)。隨著(zhu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)速(su)(su)踏(ta)板行程不斷加(jia)(jia)(jia)大，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)控(kong)制器控(kong)制的(de)6個(ge)IGBT導通頻率上升(sheng)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)轉(zhuan)矩隨著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)而增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)，因此，起步時基(ji)本上擁(yong)有最大的(de)轉(zhuan)矩。隨著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)的(de)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)功率也增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)，同時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓也隨之增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)。

與(yu)此同時，電機控制器(qi)也會通(tong)過電流(liu)傳(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)和電壓傳(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)，感(gan)知電機當前功率、消耗電流(liu)大小(xiao)(xiao)、電壓大小(xiao)(xiao)，并把這些信息數據傳(chuan)(chuan)送給儀表、整車控制器(qi)。

2、R擋倒車時

當(dang)駕駛(shi)員掛(gua)R擋時，駕駛(shi)員請求(qiu)信號發(fa)給(gei)(gei)驅動電(dian)機系統(tong)，再通過CAN線發(fa)送給(gei)(gei)MCU，此時MCU結合當(dang)前轉(zhuan)子(zi)位置（旋(xuan)變(bian)傳感器）信息，通過改變(bian)IGBT模塊改變(bian)WVU通電(dian)順序，進而控制電(dian)機反(fan)轉(zhuan)。

3、制動時能量回收

駕駛員松(song)開(kai)加速踏(ta)板時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)由(you)于慣性仍(reng)在旋轉，設(she)車(che)輪轉速為(wei)V輪、電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)轉速為(wei)V電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，設(she)車(che)輪與電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)之間固(gu)定傳動比為(wei)K，當車(che)輛減速時(shi)(shi)，V輪K＜V電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)仍(reng)是動力源，隨著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)轉速下降，當 V輪K＞V電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)，此(ci)時(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)由(you)于被車(che)輛拖動而旋轉，此(ci)時(shi)(shi)驅動電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)變為(wei)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。