因為(wei)汽(qi)車正常(chang)行駛時,發(fa)(fa)動機(ji)轉速變化范圍(wei)很大,對發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)輸出電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的大小肯定會有很大影響(xiang),而電(dian)(dian)機(ji)調節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)器作(zuo)為(wei)調節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)使電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)保持(chi)一定范圍(wei)有著非常(chang)重要的作(zuo)用。汽(qi)車發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)調節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)器工作(zuo)原理(li)是(shi)什么?汽(qi)車發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)調節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)器原理(li)圖是(shi)怎么樣的呢(ni)?汽(qi)車發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)調節(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)器故障判斷(duan)方法又是(shi)什么?下面(mian)一起來(lai)了解一下。
電(dian)壓調節器是協(xie)助(zhu)發(fa)電(dian)機工作的重要部(bu)件。因為汽車正(zheng)常行駛時(shi),由(you)于交(jiao)流發(fa)電機(ji)的轉子是由(you)發(fa)動機(ji)通過(guo)皮(pi)帶(dai)驅動旋轉的,發(fa)動機(ji)的轉速從最低約800轉/分的(de)轉(zhuan)到最高約(yue)6000轉/分鐘,發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速變(bian)化(hua)范圍很(hen)大(da),對發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)大(da)小肯定會有很(hen)大(da)影(ying)響,引起(qi)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓發(fa)(fa)生較(jiao)大(da)變(bian)化(hua),無法滿足汽車用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備的(de)(de)工作要求。為使(shi)(shi)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓在(zai)不(bu)同的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速下均能(neng)保持(chi)(chi)一定,且能(neng)隨發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速的(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)而(er)自動(dong)調(diao)節,使(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值保持(chi)(chi)在(zai)某一特定范圍,就必(bi)須裝(zhuang)置電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓調(diao)節器,使(shi)(shi)其輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓在(zai)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機所有工況下基本(ben)保持(chi)(chi)恒定。
而電(dian)(dian)壓調節(jie)器(qi)的(de)(de)正常工(gong)作,對保(bao)證整個汽(qi)車電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)系統(tong)的(de)(de)正常工(gong)作和對延長汽(qi)車電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設備的(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)壽(shou)命關(guan)系極大。汽(qi)車發電(dian)(dian)機調節(jie)器(qi)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)壓(或充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓)對蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)壽(shou)命有著很大的(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang),其作用(yong)是保(bao)護蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池,是蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)保(bao)護裝置,以(yi)免過(guo)度充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)而影(ying)響(xiang)壽(shou)命。
對于12V的汽車電(dian)器(qi)系統,調節(jie)(jie)器(qi)調節(jie)(jie)發電(dian)機的輸出電(dian)壓范(fan)圍在13.8-14.4伏之間。
發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)輸出電(dian)(dian)壓取決于發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機定子(zi)(zi)線圈的(de)(de)匝數、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)轉速和轉子(zi)(zi)線圈產生磁(ci)場(chang)的(de)(de)強度(du),而我們只能調節的(de)(de)是轉子(zi)(zi)線圈產生磁(ci)場(chang)的(de)(de)強度(du)。電(dian)(dian)壓調節器通過控制轉子(zi)(zi)線圈的(de)(de)通電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流來控制磁(ci)場(chang)的(de)(de)強度(du)。
汽車發(fa)電(dian)機電(dian)壓調節器原理(li)圖
汽車發電機(ji)電壓調(diao)節(jie)器(qi)原理圖
從發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)調(diao)(diao)節器發(fa)(fa)展來看,經歷(li)了觸(chu)點(dian)式(shi)、電(dian)子式(shi)的微機(ji)(ji)(ji)控(kong)(kong)制式(shi)三種。觸(chu)點(dian)式(shi)利用機(ji)(ji)(ji)械觸(chu)點(dian)控(kong)(kong)制轉(zhuan)子線(xian)圈的接通和(he)(he)切斷;電(dian)子式(shi)電(dian)壓調(diao)(diao)節器利用三極管或集(ji)成電(dian)路(lu)控(kong)(kong)制轉(zhuan)子線(xian)圈的接通和(he)(he)切斷;而微機(ji)(ji)(ji)控(kong)(kong)制式(shi)由發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)控(kong)(kong)制單(dan)元或單(dan)獨的電(dian)源管理系(xi)統控(kong)(kong)制轉(zhuan)子線(xian)圈的接通和(he)(he)切斷。
提到電(dian)壓(ya)調(diao)(diao)節器(qi)(qi)(qi),必提外搭(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鐵(tie)型(xing)電(dian)壓(ya)調(diao)(diao)節器(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)內搭(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鐵(tie)型(xing)電(dian)壓(ya)調(diao)(diao)節器(qi)(qi)(qi)。內搭(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鐵(tie)型(xing)電(dian)壓(ya)調(diao)(diao)節器(qi)(qi)(qi)控(kong)制(zhi)轉子線(xian)圈(quan)的搭(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鐵(tie)點(dian)在發電(dian)機內部;外搭(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鐵(tie)型(xing)電(dian)壓(ya)調(diao)(diao)節器(qi)(qi)(qi)控(kong)制(zhi)轉子線(xian)圈(quan)的搭(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鐵(tie)點(dian)在發電(dian)機外部。在這一(yi)定(ding)義時期,發電(dian)機電(dian)壓(ya)調(diao)(diao)節器(qi)(qi)(qi)采用(yong)外置式設(she)計,如此(ci)一(yi)來的實(shi)質是(shi):內搭(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鐵(tie)型(xing)電(dian)壓(ya)調(diao)(diao)節器(qi)(qi)(qi)控(kong)制(zhi)轉子線(xian)圈(quan)供電(dian);而(er)外搭(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鐵(tie)型(xing)電(dian)壓(ya)調(diao)(diao)節器(qi)(qi)(qi)控(kong)制(zhi)轉子線(xian)圈(quan)搭(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鐵(tie)。
汽車(che)發電機外搭鐵電壓(ya)調(diao)節器的原理(li)圖(tu)
汽(qi)車發(fa)電機(ji)外搭鐵電壓調節(jie)器(qi)的原(yuan)理圖
外(wai)搭(da)鐵型電子調(diao)節器的(de)基本電路:基本電路是由三(san)只電阻R1、R2、R3,兩只三極管(guan)VT1、VT3,一只(zhi)穩壓二極管VS組(zu)成。
電阻R1和R2組成一個分(fen)壓器(qi),分(fen)壓器(qi)R1、R2兩(liang)端的電(dian)(dian)壓為發電(dian)(dian)機電(dian)(dian)壓。
VT3是大功(gong)率三極(ji)管(NPN型(xing)),和發電機的磁(ci)場(chang)繞組串聯,起開關作用,用來(lai)接通與切斷發電機的勵(li)磁(ci)電路(lu);
VT1是小功(gong)率三(san)極管(NPN型),用來放大控制信號;
穩(wen)壓管VS是感受元件,串聯在VT1的(de)基極(ji)電(dian)路中(zhong),電(dian)阻R1和R2選擇與VS匹配:當發電機輸出電壓(ya)UB達(da)到規定的調整值時(如桑塔納為(wei)14V時),R2上電(dian)壓正好等于穩壓管VS的反向擊穿(chuan)電壓。
(1)當發電機電壓(ya)低(di)于設定值時,VS不(bu)能被反(fan)向擊(ji)穿,三極(ji)管VT1沒有(you)基(ji)極電(dian)流(liu),所以VT1截(jie)止;電阻(zu)R3為三極管VT3提供(gong)基極(ji)電流,三(san)極(ji)管VT3導通(tong)(tong),控制轉(zhuan)子線圈(quan)的(de)搭鐵端(duan)接(jie)通(tong)(tong),接(jie)通(tong)(tong)轉(zhuan)子線圈(quan)電(dian)流。
(2)當發電(dian)機電(dian)壓達(da)到(dao)設(she)定(ding)值時,VS能(neng)被反(fan)向擊穿,為三極管VT1提(ti)供(gong)基極電流(liu),所以(yi)VT1導通(tong);VT1導通(tong)導致電阻R3直接(jie)搭(da)鐵(tie),因為三極(ji)管VT3沒有了基極電流(liu),三(san)極管VT3截(jie)止,控(kong)制(zhi)轉(zhuan)子線(xian)圈的搭(da)鐵(tie)端(duan)切(qie)斷(duan),切(qie)斷(duan)轉(zhuan)子線(xian)圈電(dian)流。使發電(dian)機(ji)輸(shu)出電(dian)壓下降(jiang)。
現(xian)在說電壓(ya)調(diao)節器,很(hen)多地(di)方提夏(xia)利(li)汽車的(de)電壓(ya)調(diao)節器,并(bing)且很(hen)多時候將此(ci)電壓(ya)調(diao)節器稱為(wei)IC調(diao)節器,相對于(yu)傳統(tong)的(de)分散部(bu)件,此(ci)電壓(ya)調(diao)節器內部(bu)應有一個集成控(kong)制芯片,即實(shi)現(xian)了對轉子線圈接通和切(qie)斷的(de)控(kong)制,還實(shi)現(xian)對儀表的(de)充電指示(shi)燈的(de)控(kong)制。夏(xia)利(li)來自由日本,這(zhe)一控(kong)制思路為(wei)很(hen)多汽車的(de)設計(ji)思路。
電壓調節器結(jie)構(gou)原理(li)圖
夏利電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)調節器電(dian)(dian)路圖(tu)
發電機電壓檢測電路的優點:發電機到(dao)檢測電路距離近,可(ke)不(bu)用導線連接,直接接在發電機輸出端,連接可(ke)靠,不(bu)致(zhi)使檢測電路檢測不(bu)到(dao)信號(hao)。
發電機電壓檢測電路的缺點:當(dang)發電(dian)(dian)機到(dao)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)之間(jian)連接電(dian)(dian)阻大(da)時,蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓會偏低,使(shi)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian)不足。
該調(diao)節器(qi)有6個接(jie)線(xian)端子F、P、E三個端子用螺釘直接(jie)和發(fa)電(dian)機連接(jie),B端用螺母(mu)固定在發(fa)電(dian)機的(de)輸(shu)出端子“B”上,IG、L兩個端子傭(yong)金屬線(xian)引到(dao)調(diao)節器(qi)的(de)外部接(jie)線(xian)插座(zuo)上。
磁場電流控制:VT2是大功(gong)率三極管,和磁場(chang)串聯,由集成片(pian)IC控制(zhi)VT2的導通和截止,從(cong)而控制(zhi)磁場(chang)電(dian)(dian)路通斷,使發電(dian)(dian)機電(dian)(dian)壓得(de)到控制(zhi)。
夏利(li)充電(dian)指示燈電(dian)路圖
充電指示燈:充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)指(zhi)示燈串(chuan)接在VT1集(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極上(shang),VT1導通(tong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)指(zhi)示燈亮,VT1截(jie)止充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)指(zhi)示燈熄滅。在集(ji)成(cheng)片IC中有控制VT1導通(tong)和截(jie)止的電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu),控制信(xin)號(hao)由p點提供,p點提供的是發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機單(dan)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的交流信(xin)號(hao),其信(xin)號(hao)幅(fu)值大小可(ke)反映發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓高低(di)。
夏利充電指示燈電路圖
當發(fa)電機輸出電壓低于(yu)蓄電池電壓時(shi),IC中(zhong)控制(zhi)電路使VT1導通,充(chong)電指(zhi)示(shi)燈(deng)亮,當發(fa)電機輸出電壓高(gao)于(yu)蓄電池電壓時(shi),IC中(zhong)控制(zhi)電路使VT1截(jie)止,充(chong)電指(zhi)示(shi)熄滅。
帶有勵磁二極管的電壓調節器控制電路:
桑塔納充(chong)電(dian)指示(shi)燈(deng)電(dian)路圖(tu)
調節器在(zai)使(shi)用(yong)過程中一(yi)般不允許拆卸護(hu)蓋,正常情況是(shi)每工(gong)作200h左右(you)進行一(yi)次全面檢查和維護(hu),其內容如下:
1、拆下護殼(ke),檢查觸點(dian)表面有無污物和(he)燒損。若有污物,可用較干凈的(de)紙擦(ca)拭(shi)觸點(dian)表面。若觸點(dian)出(chu)現燒蝕或(huo)平面不平而導致接觸不良,一般用“00”號砂紙或(huo)砂條(tiao)將其磨平,最后再(zai)用干凈的(de)紙擦(ca)凈。
2、檢查各個(ge)接頭的牢固程度,測量(liang)電(dian)阻(zu)和各個(ge)線圈的電(dian)阻(zu)值(zhi)。若有損壞,應及時修復或更換(huan)新件。
3、檢驗斷流(liu)器(qi)的(de)(de)閉合電壓和逆電流(liu)、節壓器(qi)的(de)(de)限(xian)額電壓、節流(liu)器(qi)的(de)(de)限(xian)額電流(liu)以及各種觸(chu)點的(de)(de)間隙和氣隙。若不符合要求,應進行調整。
4、檢查(cha)調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)節器(qi)(qi),在起動柴(chai)油(you)機時要注意(yi)觀察充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流表指針的(de)(de)(de)指示。若柴(chai)油(you)機以中等以上轉速運轉時電(dian)(dian)流表的(de)(de)(de)指針仍(reng)(reng)指向(xiang)“-”一邊(bian),這(zhe)說明(ming)(ming)斷流器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)觸點未斷開,應迅(xun)速斷開接地開關;否則(ze),會(hui)損壞(huai)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)、調(diao)(diao)節器(qi)(qi)和充(chong)電(dian)(dian)發電(dian)(dian)機等。若柴(chai)油(you)機起動至(zhi)額定轉速后(hou)電(dian)(dian)流表的(de)(de)(de)指針仍(reng)(reng)指向(xiang)“0”處,說明(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)時未按技術(shu)要求進(jin)行(xing)調(diao)(diao)整(zheng),應重新進(jin)行(xing)檢查(cha)和調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)。
調節器有三個柱,一個是(shi)正極柱,一個是(shi)搭(da)鐵柱,還有一個是(shi)磁場柱,試法:正(zheng)極接到(dao)調(diao)節器(qi)正(zheng)極柱,搭(da)(da)鐵接到(dao)調(diao)節器(qi)搭(da)(da)鐵柱,另個用條電(dian)線把調(diao)節器(qi)磁場柱接到(dao)碳(tan)刷(shua)一個,另一個碳(tan)刷(shua)搭(da)(da)鐵,用試燈試碳(tan)刷(shua)有沒有電(dian),燈泡亮(liang)是好,不亮(liang)就(jiu)是調(diao)節器(qi)壞(huai)了。
判(pan)斷調節器的好壞的另外的方法:
1、發電機不發電,用試燈量磁場端(duan)沒電,調節器F也沒電,但B有電,E搭(da)鐵(tie)正常,那(nei)就是調(diao)節(jie)器壞了,更換。
2、發電(dian)機發電(dian)量太大超過15.0v甚至更高那一(yi)般(ban)也是(shi)調節器壞了,更換(huan)。
3、用表測量(liang)發(fa)電機發(fa)電量(liang),正常14.8左右,高啦就是調節器(qi)(qi)損壞。如果燈(deng)泡經常燒還找不出其他問題(ti),除了(le)電池(chi)溫(wen)度高,消耗快等,就是調壓器(qi)(qi)壞了(le)。
1、發電機不充電:發(fa)動機中速(su)以上運轉,電流表指示放電,充電指示燈不熄滅。測量發(fa)電機端電壓為≯蓄電池電壓。
原因(yin):發電(dian)機(ji)皮(pi)帶斷或(huo)打(da)滑(hua)嚴重;發電(dian)機(ji)勵磁線(xian)路(lu)或(huo)充電(dian)線(xian)路(lu)斷路(lu);發電(dian)機(ji)故障(zhang);調節器故障(zhang)
故障診斷和維修
(1)依次檢查皮帶松緊、導線連接(松脫(tuo)或接錯)情況。
(2)若正(zheng)常(chang)(chang),對發電(dian)(dian)機進行電(dian)(dian)磁吸力試驗,若不正(zheng)常(chang)(chang),檢查(cha)勵磁電(dian)(dian)路。應首(shou)先區分是(shi)發電(dian)(dian)機的故障還(huan)是(shi)調節器的故障(給發電(dian)(dian)機轉子繞組通電(dian)(dian),通過試驗其是(shi)否(fou)有電(dian)(dian)磁吸力,來證(zheng)明(ming))。若正(zheng)常(chang)(chang),進行下一(yi)步(bu)。
(3)檢查電樞(shu)回路。用(yong)試燈檢查發電機(ji)“B”接(jie)線(xian)端是否有(you)電的方法來確定(ding)故(gu)障是在(zai)外線(xian)路還(huan)是在(zai)發電機(ji)內(nei)部(bu)。
(4)診斷電路故障時,可用試燈或萬用表的電阻檔或電壓檔。【詳細>>】
2、發電機充電電流過小:在蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池虧電(dian)(dian)(dian)的情(qing)況下,發動(dong)機中(zhong)高(gao)速運(yun)轉時(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流很小,或蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池經(jing)常虧電(dian)(dian)(dian)。
原因(yin):充電(dian)(dian)線(xian)路接觸不良;傳動帶(dai)打滑;發電(dian)(dian)機有故障(zhang);調節(jie)器調節(jie)電(dian)(dian)壓過(guo)低或(huo)有故障(zhang)。
故障診斷維修:
(1)檢(jian)查(cha)發(fa)電機(ji)傳動(dong)帶(dai)的松緊或油污(wu)、檢(jian)查(cha)導(dao)線的連接;
(2)拆下發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機“F”導線,用試燈兩端接發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機“B”和(he)“F”接線柱,起(qi)動(dong)發(fa)動(dong)機并(bing)逐漸提高轉速,若(ruo)試燈發(fa)紅證(zheng)明發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機有故障;若(ruo)兩度(du)增加較(jiao)大說明發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機正常(chang),故障在調(diao)節器。有電(dian)(dian)(dian)流表可(ke)在此(ci)情況下觀察其充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流大小,區分是發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機還是調(diao)節器的(de)故障。
3、發電機充電電流過大:在蓄電池不虧電的情況下(xia),電流(liu)表指示充電仍(reng)在10A以上,或電解(jie)液消耗過(guo)快。
原因:調節(jie)器調節(jie)電(dian)壓值過(guo)高;晶(jing)體管(guan)調節(jie)器大功率三極(ji)管(guan)不能(neng)有效截止或(huo)短路;電(dian)磁震動式調節(jie)器的磁化線圈(quan)或(huo)調解電(dian)阻斷路、高速(su)觸點臟污等;發電(dian)機的勵磁線路與“B+”短接。
故障診斷維修:拆下調節(jie)器(qi)磁(ci)場接線,逐步(bu)提高發電機轉(zhuan)速并觀察電流(liu)表(biao)。若仍(reng)指示充電,即為(wei)發電機的故障;否(fou)則(ze),為(wei)調節(jie)器(qi)的故障,對于電磁(ci)震動(dong)調節(jie)器(qi)可進(jin)行(xing)調整與(yu)檢修;若是(shi)晶(jing)體管(guan)調節(jie)器(qi),則(ze)應進(jin)行(xing)更換(huan)。
4、發電機充電不穩:發動機在(zai)怠速以上運轉(zhuan)時,電流表指示不穩(wen)或(huo)開燈后又閃(shan)亮現象(xiang)。
原因:轉動(dong)帶(dai)松動(dong)有(you)時打(da)滑;充電系導線(xian)接觸(chu)不良;發電機故障;調(diao)(diao)節器調(diao)(diao)節觸(chu)點燒蝕或臟污,觸(chu)點臂彈簧過軟等(deng)。
故障診斷維修:
1)首先排除(chu)傳(chuan)動帶打(da)滑和導(dao)線基礎不(bu)良等外(wai)在故障。
2)應(ying)先(xian)檢(jian)(jian)查調節器(qi)的故障再檢(jian)(jian)查發電機的故障。
3)發電機故(gu)障(zhang):①軸(zhou)承故(gu)障(zhang);②轉子與(yu)定子相(xiang)碰;③電刷磨損過大或與(yu)滑環(huan)接觸不良;④轉子軸(zhou)彎曲等。