因為汽車(che)(che)(che)正常行(xing)駛(shi)時,發(fa)(fa)(fa)動機(ji)(ji)轉速變化范(fan)圍很(hen)大(da),對發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)輸出電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)大(da)小肯定會有很(hen)大(da)影響,而電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)調(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)器作為調(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)使電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)保(bao)持一(yi)定范(fan)圍有著非常重(zhong)要的(de)作用。汽車(che)(che)(che)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)調(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)器工作原理(li)是(shi)(shi)什么?汽車(che)(che)(che)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)調(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)器原理(li)圖是(shi)(shi)怎么樣的(de)呢(ni)?汽車(che)(che)(che)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)調(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)器故障判斷方法又是(shi)(shi)什么?下(xia)面一(yi)起來了解一(yi)下(xia)。
電壓調(diao)節器(qi)是協助發電機工作的重要部件。因為(wei)汽車正常行駛時(shi),由于交流發電機的(de)(de)(de)轉子是由發動機通過皮帶(dai)驅動旋轉的(de)(de)(de),發動機的(de)(de)(de)轉速(su)從最低約800轉/分的轉到最高約6000轉/分鐘,發(fa)動機(ji)轉速(su)(su)變(bian)化(hua)范圍很(hen)(hen)大(da)(da),對發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)小肯定會有(you)很(hen)(hen)大(da)(da)影響,引起(qi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)發(fa)生較大(da)(da)變(bian)化(hua),無法滿足汽車用電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)要求。為使(shi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)在不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)轉速(su)(su)下均(jun)能(neng)保持一定,且能(neng)隨發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)轉速(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)而自動調節,使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)值保持在某一特定范圍,就必須裝(zhuang)置電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)調節器,使(shi)其輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)在發(fa)動機(ji)所有(you)工況下基本(ben)保持恒定。
而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓調節器(qi)的(de)(de)正常(chang)工作(zuo)(zuo),對保(bao)(bao)證整個汽車電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)系(xi)統的(de)(de)正常(chang)工作(zuo)(zuo)和對延長汽車電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設備的(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)關系(xi)極大。汽車發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)調節器(qi)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(或充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓)對蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)有著(zhu)很大的(de)(de)影(ying)響,其作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)是(shi)保(bao)(bao)護蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池,是(shi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護裝置,以免(mian)過度(du)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)而(er)影(ying)響壽命(ming)。
對于12V的(de)汽(qi)車電(dian)器系(xi)統(tong),調(diao)(diao)節(jie)器調(diao)(diao)節(jie)發電(dian)機的(de)輸出電(dian)壓范圍(wei)在13.8-14.4伏之間。
發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓取決于發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)定(ding)子線圈(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)匝數(shu)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)和(he)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子線圈(quan)(quan)(quan)產(chan)生(sheng)磁(ci)場的(de)(de)強度(du),而我(wo)們(men)只能調(diao)節的(de)(de)是(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子線圈(quan)(quan)(quan)產(chan)生(sheng)磁(ci)場的(de)(de)強度(du)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓調(diao)節器(qi)通(tong)過控制轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子線圈(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流來控制磁(ci)場的(de)(de)強度(du)。
汽車發(fa)電機電壓調節器原(yuan)理圖(tu)
汽車發電機(ji)電壓調(diao)節器原理圖(tu)
從發電(dian)機調節(jie)器發展來(lai)看,經歷了觸(chu)點式、電(dian)子式的微機控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)式三種。觸(chu)點式利用(yong)機械觸(chu)點控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)轉子線圈的接(jie)通和(he)切(qie)斷;電(dian)子式電(dian)壓調節(jie)器利用(yong)三極(ji)管或集成電(dian)路控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)轉子線圈的接(jie)通和(he)切(qie)斷;而微機控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)式由發動機控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)單元或單獨的電(dian)源管理系統控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)轉子線圈的接(jie)通和(he)切(qie)斷。
提(ti)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)調節(jie)器(qi),必提(ti)外搭鐵型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)調節(jie)器(qi)和內搭鐵型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)調節(jie)器(qi)。內搭鐵型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)調節(jie)器(qi)控制(zhi)轉子(zi)(zi)線圈(quan)的搭鐵點(dian)在(zai)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機內部(bu);外搭鐵型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)調節(jie)器(qi)控制(zhi)轉子(zi)(zi)線圈(quan)的搭鐵點(dian)在(zai)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機外部(bu)。在(zai)這(zhe)一定(ding)義(yi)時期,發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)調節(jie)器(qi)采(cai)用外置式設(she)計,如此一來的實質是(shi):內搭鐵型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)調節(jie)器(qi)控制(zhi)轉子(zi)(zi)線圈(quan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian);而外搭鐵型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)調節(jie)器(qi)控制(zhi)轉子(zi)(zi)線圈(quan)搭鐵。
汽車發(fa)電(dian)機外搭(da)鐵電(dian)壓調節(jie)器的(de)原理(li)圖(tu)
汽(qi)車發電(dian)機外搭(da)鐵電(dian)壓調節(jie)器的(de)原理圖(tu)
外搭鐵(tie)型電子調節器的基本電路:基本電路是由(you)三只電阻R1、R2、R3,兩只三極管VT1、VT3,一只穩壓二極管(guan)VS組成。
電(dian)阻R1和(he)R2組成一個分壓(ya)器,分壓(ya)器R1、R2兩端的電壓(ya)為發電機電壓(ya)。
VT3是大功(gong)率三極(ji)管(NPN型),和發(fa)電機的(de)磁場(chang)繞組串聯,起開(kai)關作用(yong),用(yong)來接通與切斷發(fa)電機的(de)勵磁電路(lu);
VT1是小功率三(san)極(ji)管(NPN型(xing)),用來放大控制信號;
穩壓(ya)管VS是感受元件,串聯在VT1的基極電(dian)路中,電(dian)阻R1和R2選擇與VS匹配(pei):當(dang)發電機輸出電壓UB達到規定的調整值時(如桑塔(ta)納為14V時(shi)),R2上電(dian)壓正好等于穩(wen)壓管(guan)VS的(de)反向擊穿電壓。
(1)當發電(dian)機電(dian)壓低于(yu)設定值時(shi),VS不能(neng)被反向擊穿,三極管VT1沒有基極電流(liu),所以VT1截止;電阻R3為三極管(guan)VT3提(ti)供基(ji)極電流(liu),三(san)極管VT3導通,控制(zhi)轉子(zi)線圈(quan)的搭鐵端接(jie)通,接(jie)通轉子(zi)線圈(quan)電流。
(2)當發電機電壓達到設(she)定值時,VS能被反向擊穿,為三極管VT1提供基極電流,所以VT1導通;VT1導(dao)通導(dao)致電(dian)阻R3直(zhi)接搭鐵,因為(wei)三極管VT3沒有了基(ji)極(ji)電流,三(san)極(ji)管VT3截止,控制(zhi)轉(zhuan)子(zi)線圈的搭鐵端(duan)切(qie)斷(duan)(duan),切(qie)斷(duan)(duan)轉(zhuan)子(zi)線圈電(dian)流。使發電(dian)機輸出電(dian)壓下降。
現在(zai)說電(dian)壓(ya)調(diao)(diao)節器(qi)(qi)(qi),很(hen)多地(di)方提夏(xia)利汽車(che)的(de)電(dian)壓(ya)調(diao)(diao)節器(qi)(qi)(qi),并且很(hen)多時候(hou)將此(ci)電(dian)壓(ya)調(diao)(diao)節器(qi)(qi)(qi)稱為(wei)IC調(diao)(diao)節器(qi)(qi)(qi),相對于(yu)傳統的(de)分散部(bu)件,此(ci)電(dian)壓(ya)調(diao)(diao)節器(qi)(qi)(qi)內部(bu)應有一(yi)個(ge)集成控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)芯(xin)片,即實現了對轉子(zi)線(xian)圈接通和(he)切(qie)斷的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi),還實現對儀表的(de)充電(dian)指示燈的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。夏(xia)利來自由日本,這(zhe)一(yi)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)思路為(wei)很(hen)多汽車(che)的(de)設計思路。
電壓調(diao)節器結構原理圖
夏利(li)電壓調(diao)節器電路(lu)圖(tu)
發電機電壓檢測電路的優點:發電(dian)機(ji)到檢測(ce)電(dian)路距離近,可不(bu)(bu)用導線(xian)連接(jie),直(zhi)接(jie)接(jie)在發電(dian)機(ji)輸出(chu)端,連接(jie)可靠(kao),不(bu)(bu)致使檢測(ce)電(dian)路檢測(ce)不(bu)(bu)到信號。
發電機電壓檢測電路的缺點:當發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)到蓄電(dian)池(chi)之(zhi)間(jian)連(lian)接(jie)電(dian)阻(zu)大時,蓄電(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓會偏低,使蓄電(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)不足。
該(gai)調節(jie)器(qi)有6個接(jie)線端(duan)(duan)子(zi)F、P、E三個端(duan)(duan)子(zi)用螺釘(ding)直(zhi)接(jie)和發(fa)電機(ji)連(lian)接(jie),B端(duan)(duan)用螺母固定在發(fa)電機(ji)的輸出端(duan)(duan)子(zi)“B”上,IG、L兩個端(duan)(duan)子(zi)傭金屬線引到調節(jie)器(qi)的外部接(jie)線插座上。
磁場電流控制:VT2是(shi)大功(gong)率三極(ji)管,和磁場(chang)串(chuan)聯(lian),由集成片IC控(kong)(kong)制VT2的導(dao)通和截止(zhi),從而控(kong)(kong)制磁場(chang)電(dian)路(lu)通斷(duan),使發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)電(dian)壓得到控(kong)(kong)制。
夏利充電(dian)(dian)指(zhi)示燈電(dian)(dian)路圖
充電指示燈:充(chong)電(dian)指(zhi)示燈串(chuan)接(jie)在VT1集電(dian)極上,VT1導(dao)通充(chong)電(dian)指(zhi)示燈亮,VT1截止充(chong)電(dian)指(zhi)示燈熄(xi)滅。在集成片IC中有控制VT1導(dao)通和截止的電(dian)路,控制信號(hao)(hao)由p點提(ti)(ti)供,p點提(ti)(ti)供的是(shi)發(fa)電(dian)機單相(xiang)電(dian)壓的交流信號(hao)(hao),其信號(hao)(hao)幅(fu)值大小可反(fan)映發(fa)電(dian)機輸出(chu)電(dian)壓高低。
夏利充電(dian)指(zhi)示燈電(dian)路(lu)圖(tu)
當發電(dian)機輸出電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)低于蓄電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)時,IC中控(kong)制電(dian)路使VT1導通(tong),充電(dian)指示燈亮,當發電(dian)機輸出電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)高于蓄電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)時,IC中控(kong)制電(dian)路使VT1截止,充電(dian)指示熄滅(mie)。
帶有勵磁二極管的電壓調節器控制電路:
桑塔(ta)納充電(dian)指示燈電(dian)路圖
調(diao)節器在使用過程中一(yi)般不(bu)允許拆卸護(hu)蓋,正常情況(kuang)是每工(gong)作200h左右進行一(yi)次全面檢查和維護(hu),其內(nei)容如下:
1、拆(chai)下護殼,檢查觸點(dian)表面有(you)無污物(wu)和燒(shao)損(sun)。若有(you)污物(wu),可用(yong)較干(gan)(gan)凈(jing)的紙(zhi)擦(ca)拭觸點(dian)表面。若觸點(dian)出現燒(shao)蝕(shi)或平(ping)面不平(ping)而導致接觸不良,一般用(yong)“00”號砂(sha)紙(zhi)或砂(sha)條將(jiang)其(qi)磨平(ping),最后再用(yong)干(gan)(gan)凈(jing)的紙(zhi)擦(ca)凈(jing)。
2、檢查(cha)各(ge)個接頭的牢固程度,測量(liang)電阻和各(ge)個線圈的電阻值。若有損壞(huai),應及時修(xiu)復或更(geng)換(huan)新件。
3、檢驗斷流(liu)(liu)器(qi)的(de)閉合(he)電壓和逆(ni)電流(liu)(liu)、節壓器(qi)的(de)限(xian)額(e)電壓、節流(liu)(liu)器(qi)的(de)限(xian)額(e)電流(liu)(liu)以及各種觸(chu)點的(de)間隙(xi)和氣隙(xi)。若不符合(he)要求,應進(jin)行調整。
4、檢查(cha)調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)(zheng)后的(de)調(diao)(diao)節器,在起(qi)動柴(chai)油機(ji)(ji)時要(yao)注意觀(guan)察充(chong)電電流(liu)(liu)表(biao)指(zhi)針的(de)指(zhi)示(shi)。若(ruo)柴(chai)油機(ji)(ji)以(yi)中等以(yi)上轉速運(yun)轉時電流(liu)(liu)表(biao)的(de)指(zhi)針仍指(zhi)向“-”一(yi)邊,這說明(ming)斷流(liu)(liu)器的(de)觸(chu)點未斷開(kai),應迅速斷開(kai)接地開(kai)關;否(fou)則(ze),會損壞蓄電池、調(diao)(diao)節器和充(chong)電發(fa)電機(ji)(ji)等。若(ruo)柴(chai)油機(ji)(ji)起(qi)動至額(e)定轉速后電流(liu)(liu)表(biao)的(de)指(zhi)針仍指(zhi)向“0”處,說明(ming)的(de)調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)(zheng)時未按技術要(yao)求進行調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)(zheng),應重新進行檢查(cha)和調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)(zheng)。
調節器有(you)三(san)個柱,一個是(shi)正極柱,一個是(shi)搭鐵柱,還有(you)一個是(shi)磁場柱,試法:正極(ji)接(jie)到調(diao)節器(qi)(qi)正極(ji)柱(zhu)(zhu),搭(da)(da)鐵(tie)接(jie)到調(diao)節器(qi)(qi)搭(da)(da)鐵(tie)柱(zhu)(zhu),另(ling)個用條(tiao)電線(xian)把調(diao)節器(qi)(qi)磁場柱(zhu)(zhu)接(jie)到碳刷一個,另(ling)一個碳刷搭(da)(da)鐵(tie),用試(shi)燈試(shi)碳刷有沒有電,燈泡亮是好(hao),不亮就是調(diao)節器(qi)(qi)壞(huai)了。
判(pan)斷調節器的(de)(de)好壞的(de)(de)另外的(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa):
1、發(fa)電機不發(fa)電,用試燈量(liang)磁(ci)場(chang)端沒電,調節器F也沒電,但B有電(dian),E搭鐵正常,那就是調節器壞了,更(geng)換。
2、發電(dian)機(ji)發電(dian)量太大超過(guo)15.0v甚至更(geng)高那(nei)一般也(ye)是調節器壞了,更(geng)換。
3、用表測量(liang)發電(dian)機發電(dian)量(liang),正常14.8左右,高啦(la)就(jiu)是(shi)調(diao)節器損壞。如果燈泡經常燒還找不出(chu)其(qi)他問題,除了電池溫度高,消耗(hao)快等,就(jiu)是(shi)調(diao)壓器壞了。
1、發電機不充電:發(fa)動(dong)機(ji)中速以(yi)上運轉,電流表指示放電,充電指示燈(deng)不熄滅。測量發(fa)電機(ji)端電壓(ya)為≯蓄電池(chi)電壓(ya)。
原因:發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)皮(pi)帶斷(duan)或(huo)打滑嚴重;發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)勵(li)磁線路(lu)或(huo)充電(dian)(dian)線路(lu)斷(duan)路(lu);發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)故(gu)障;調(diao)節器故(gu)障
故障診斷和維修
(1)依次檢查皮(pi)帶(dai)松緊、導線(xian)連接(松脫或接錯)情況。
(2)若正(zheng)常,對發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)進(jin)行電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)吸力試驗,若不正(zheng)常,檢(jian)查(cha)勵(li)磁(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路。應首先(xian)區(qu)分是發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)故障還(huan)是調節器的(de)故障(給發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)轉子繞組(zu)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian),通(tong)過試驗其是否有電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)吸力,來證明)。若正(zheng)常,進(jin)行下一步。
(3)檢(jian)查(cha)電樞回路。用試燈(deng)檢(jian)查(cha)發(fa)電機(ji)“B”接線端是(shi)否有(you)電的方法(fa)來確(que)定故(gu)障(zhang)是(shi)在外線路還是(shi)在發(fa)電機(ji)內部。
(4)診斷電路故障時,可用試燈或萬用表的電阻檔或電壓檔。【詳細>>】
2、發電機充電電流過小:在蓄電(dian)池(chi)虧(kui)電(dian)的情況下,發(fa)動(dong)機中高速運轉時充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流很小,或蓄電(dian)池(chi)經常(chang)虧(kui)電(dian)。
原因:充電線路接觸(chu)不良;傳動帶打滑;發電機有故(gu)障;調(diao)節器調(diao)節電壓(ya)過低或有故(gu)障。
故障診斷維修:
(1)檢查發(fa)電(dian)機傳動(dong)帶的松緊(jin)或油污、檢查導線的連(lian)接;
(2)拆下發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機“F”導線(xian),用試燈兩端(duan)接發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機“B”和“F”接線(xian)柱(zhu),起動發(fa)動機并逐漸提高轉速(su),若試燈發(fa)紅證明發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機有(you)故障(zhang);若兩度增加(jia)較大說(shuo)明發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機正常,故障(zhang)在(zai)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)器。有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)表可(ke)在(zai)此情況下觀察(cha)其(qi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大小(xiao),區分是發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機還是調(diao)(diao)節(jie)器的故障(zhang)。
3、發電機充電電流過大:在蓄電(dian)池不虧電(dian)的情況下,電(dian)流表指示(shi)充電(dian)仍(reng)在10A以上(shang),或電(dian)解液消耗過快。
原因:調(diao)節(jie)(jie)器調(diao)節(jie)(jie)電壓值過高;晶體(ti)管調(diao)節(jie)(jie)器大功率三極管不(bu)能有效截止或短路(lu);電磁震(zhen)動(dong)式(shi)調(diao)節(jie)(jie)器的(de)磁化線圈或調(diao)解電阻斷路(lu)、高速觸點(dian)臟污等;發電機的(de)勵磁線路(lu)與“B+”短接。
故障診斷維修:拆(chai)下調(diao)節(jie)(jie)器(qi)(qi)磁場接線(xian),逐步提高發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)轉速并(bing)觀(guan)察(cha)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)表。若仍指(zhi)示充電(dian)(dian),即為(wei)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)故障(zhang);否則(ze),為(wei)調(diao)節(jie)(jie)器(qi)(qi)的(de)故障(zhang),對于電(dian)(dian)磁震動(dong)調(diao)節(jie)(jie)器(qi)(qi)可(ke)進行調(diao)整與檢(jian)修;若是晶體管調(diao)節(jie)(jie)器(qi)(qi),則(ze)應進行更換。
4、發電機充電不穩:發動機在怠速以上運轉時,電流(liu)表(biao)指(zhi)示不穩(wen)或開燈后(hou)又閃亮(liang)現象。
原因:轉動帶(dai)松動有時打(da)滑;充電(dian)系導線接觸(chu)(chu)不良;發電(dian)機故障(zhang);調(diao)節(jie)器調(diao)節(jie)觸(chu)(chu)點燒蝕或臟污,觸(chu)(chu)點臂彈(dan)簧過軟等。
故障診斷維修:
1)首(shou)先排除傳動帶打滑和導線基礎不良等(deng)外在(zai)故障。
2)應先(xian)檢查(cha)(cha)調節器的(de)故障再檢查(cha)(cha)發(fa)電機的(de)故障。
3)發(fa)電機故(gu)障:①軸承故(gu)障;②轉(zhuan)子(zi)與(yu)定(ding)子(zi)相碰;③電刷磨損過大或與(yu)滑環接觸不良;④轉(zhuan)子(zi)軸彎曲等。