汽車發電機常見故障及維修方法

1、不充電

發動機(ji)在中等以上轉速(su)時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)流表指(zhi)針指(zhi)示不充電(dian)(dian)，充電(dian)(dian)指(zhi)示燈亮，首先要考慮蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)情況，若充電(dian)(dian)不足為發電(dian)(dian)裝置故障。

不(bu)充電除了傳動皮(pi)帶過松打滑，一般要檢查(cha)發電機本(ben)身不(bu)發電或(huo)調節器故障，以(yi)及(ji)充電電路(lu)斷路(lu)故障。如發電機內(nei)部整(zheng)流脫(tuo)落(luo)或(huo)電樞(shu)接線柱底(di)部與二極管元件板接觸處不(bu)通；二極管擊穿短路(lu)，造成定子繞組燒損；電刷在炭(tan)刷架內(nei)卡(ka)住(zhu)接觸不(bu)良，或(huo)磁場繞組斷路(lu)等。

診斷(duan)中(zhong)提(ti)高發動機(ji)轉；開大燈，如電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)表(biao)指針(zhen)瞬間的(de)偏轉放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)，則(ze)為發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)與調(diao)節器工(gong)作(zuo)正常，而是(shi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)已(yi)足(zu)；若(ruo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)表(biao)指針(zhen)較大的(de)偏向(xiang)(xiang)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)，則(ze)故(gu)障在(zai)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)或調(diao)節器，應檢(jian)查(cha)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路各(ge)接頭是(shi)否良好，風扇皮帶(dai)是(shi)否過松及發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)、調(diao)節器的(de)技(ji)術狀(zhuang)況。首先驗證充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統是(shi)否確實有(you)故(gu)障，將發動機(ji)置于(yu)中(zhong)速(su)運轉，在(zai)開前照(zhao)燈的(de)瞬間，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)表(biao)指針(zhen)偏向(xiang)(xiang)“+”方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)或保持原位(wei)不(bu)動，為蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池已(yi)充(chong)(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統工(gong)作(zuo)正常。如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)表(biao)指針(zhen)偏向(xiang)(xiang)“一”方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)，為充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統有(you)故(gu)障，應予檢(jian)修。

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2、充電電流過小

蓄電(dian)池在存電(dian)不足的情況(kuang)下，提高發(fa)動機轉(zhuan)速(su)，電(dian)流(liu)(liu)表指針(zhen)指示(shi)較小的充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)，則為充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)過小故障。這一般是(shi)發(fa)電(dian)機本(ben)身電(dian)壓不足，調節器技術狀態(tai)不良以及充電(dian)線路(lu)中(zhong)電(dian)阻(zu)增(zeng)大所(suo)致。

可按以下步驟判斷和排除：檢查蓄電池、發電機、調節器和電流表等各機件的接線柱及其導線連接是否牢靠。檢查風扇皮帶是(shi)(shi)否(fou)(fou)過松(song)(song)而使發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)轉速不高。在上(shang)述情況(kuang)(kuang)正(zheng)常時，可在發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)中等(deng)轉速下檢查(cha)調(diao)節(jie)器(qi)(qi)的限(xian)額電(dian)壓，拆檢發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)(fou)有(you)磨損(sun)損(sun)壞的異常現象。檢查(cha)調(diao)節(jie)器(qi)(qi)活(huo)動(dong)觸點是(shi)(shi)否(fou)(fou)燒蝕或(huo)有(you)無氧化物(wu)，活(huo)動(dong)觸點臂與(yu)鐵芯間間隙及彈(dan)簧拉力是(shi)(shi)否(fou)(fou)符合技(ji)術要求；調(diao)節(jie)器(qi)(qi)接(jie)(jie)線有(you)無松(song)(song)動(dong)現象。發(fa)(fa)現異常現象應及時修復。發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)在中速以上(shang)運轉時，接(jie)(jie)通前照(zhao)燈，若(ruo)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)仍顯示充(chong)電(dian)，為充(chong)電(dian)系統技(ji)術狀況(kuang)(kuang)良好;若(ruo)電(dian)源表顯示放電(dian)，為充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)過小(xiao)故障，應予檢修。

3、充電電流過大

汽車電(dian)流表(biao)指針偏轉到最大充電(dian)電(dian)流位置。若夜間行車，發動(dong)機(ji)轉速高時，就會出現照明和(he)儀表(biao)指示燈特別亮，導致燈泡容易燒毀，分電(dian)器觸點燒蝕，蓄(xu)電(dian)池電(dian)解液消耗過快。

首先檢(jian)查調(diao)節器(qi)(qi)火線(xian)(xian)(xian)與磁場兩接(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)柱導線(xian)(xian)(xian)是(shi)否(fou)接(jie)錯，活動觸點是(shi)否(fou)燒蝕或粘合(he)于常閉狀態。檢(jian)查調(diao)節器(qi)(qi)時，可(ke)拆下磁場接(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)，若(ruo)充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)明(ming)顯減(jian)小(xiao)，為調(diao)節器(qi)(qi)故障，可(ke)能(neng)是(shi)低速觸點燒結分(fen)不開，線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈有斷路等(deng)，若(ruo)充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)仍然(ran)很大(da)，可(ke)能(neng)是(shi)磁場接(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)和電(dian)樞接(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)有短路。首先檢(jian)查是(shi)否(fou)因蓄電(dian)池內部短路和嚴重虧電(dian)而引起充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)過大(da)應予檢(jian)修(xiu)。

4、充電電流不穩

在發動(dong)機(ji)怠速以上轉速運轉時，電流表指針左右擺動(dong)，顯示間歇充(chong)電（有(you)時充(chong)電有(you)時又(you)不(bu)充(chong)電的現象），一般為發電機(ji)的端電壓不(bu)穩定。

首先應(ying)檢查各連(lian)接線頭是否(fou)松(song)動(dong)和接觸(chu)不(bu)良，皮(pi)帶(dai)是否(fou)過(guo)松(song)以(yi)及蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)極樁(zhuang)有(you)(you)無(wu)松(song)動(dong)。若無(wu)異常再檢查調節器觸(chu)點是否(fou)燒蝕、臟污，線圈或電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)有(you)(you)無(wu)接觸(chu)不(bu)良、斷路(lu)等。仍無(wu)異常，則應(ying)拆檢發電(dian)(dian)機內部的(de)(de)技術狀況(kuang)，并逐項修復。發電(dian)(dian)機中速以(yi)上運轉時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)表指示充電(dian)(dian)，但(dan)指針不(bu)斷左右擺動(dong)，充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)時(shi)(shi)大(da)時(shi)(shi)小，應(ying)予檢修。

5、發電機不發電

發電機不發電的主(zhu)要原因(yin)是：整流二極管擊(ji)穿短(duan)路或斷路；激磁繞(rao)組(zu)短(duan)路或斷路；三相(xiang)定子繞(rao)組(zu)相(xiang)問短(duan)路或搭鐵；轉子滑環嚴重氧化臟(zang)污(wu)，炭刷架損壞或炭刷在刷架中卡(ka)住。逐步排查原因(yin)并進行(xing)維修即可。

汽車發電機維修注意事項

1、發電(dian)機各部位連接螺栓（母）要緊定可靠，導線(xian)接觸良好，避(bi)免松動脫落而影響工作。

2、發電機正(zheng)二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)壓裝(zhuang)在(zai)元件板上，負二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)壓裝(zhuang)在(zai)發電機外殼上，二(er)(er)者不得裝(zhuang)錯。壓裝(zhuang)二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)時，其緊度要適(shi)當，過緊易(yi)損壞二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)，過松會(hui)引起跳(tiao)火。

3、安裝(zhuang)更換蓄電(dian)(dian)池時嚴格保持負極搭鐵，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機的極性千萬不能裝(zhuang)反，以免二極管燒(shao)壞。檢(jian)修中不得用試火法(fa)(fa)和短接法(fa)(fa)及兆歐(ou)表(biao)檢(jian)查，防止二極管損壞。

4、各線柱(zhu)不允許(xu)松動，防止接(jie)觸不良或產生瞬時超電壓燒壞(huai)二極(ji)管。

5、對(dui)發電(dian)機(ji)應(ying)做(zuo)到按技(ji)術規范定期維護，出(chu)現故障應(ying)及(ji)時(shi)檢修排除。

6、保持發電機和(he)調節(jie)器接線完(wan)好，安裝牢固，負(fu)極搭鐵不得搞錯(cuo)。

7、用(yong)正確的(de)(de)操作方法檢修其故障，以(yi)避免人為的(de)(de)機件損壞。