汽車發電機常見故障及維修方法

1、不充電

發(fa)動機在中等以上(shang)轉(zhuan)速時，電(dian)(dian)流表(biao)指(zhi)針(zhen)指(zhi)示不充電(dian)(dian)，充電(dian)(dian)指(zhi)示燈亮，首先要考(kao)慮蓄電(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)情況，若充電(dian)(dian)不足為發(fa)電(dian)(dian)裝置故障。

不(bu)充電(dian)除了(le)傳動皮帶過松打滑，一般要檢查發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機本身不(bu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)或(huo)調節器故障(zhang)，以及充電(dian)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)故障(zhang)。如發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機內部整流脫落或(huo)電(dian)樞接線(xian)柱底部與二極管元件板接觸(chu)處不(bu)通(tong)；二極管擊穿短路(lu)(lu)，造成定子繞組燒損；電(dian)刷在炭刷架內卡住(zhu)接觸(chu)不(bu)良，或(huo)磁場繞組斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)等。

診斷中(zhong)提高發(fa)動機轉；開大燈(deng)，如電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流表指(zhi)(zhi)針瞬(shun)間的(de)偏(pian)轉放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方向(xiang)，則為發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機與調(diao)節器(qi)工(gong)作正常，而是(shi)(shi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)已足(zu)；若電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流表指(zhi)(zhi)針較大的(de)偏(pian)向(xiang)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方向(xiang)，則故障在發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機或調(diao)節器(qi)，應(ying)檢(jian)查充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路各(ge)接頭是(shi)(shi)否良好，風扇皮帶是(shi)(shi)否過松(song)及發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機、調(diao)節器(qi)的(de)技術(shu)狀(zhuang)況(kuang)。首先(xian)驗證充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統是(shi)(shi)否確實有故障，將發(fa)動機置于中(zhong)速(su)運轉，在開前照燈(deng)的(de)瞬(shun)間，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流表指(zhi)(zhi)針偏(pian)向(xiang)“+”方向(xiang)或保持原(yuan)位不動，為蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池已充(chong)(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統工(gong)作正常。如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流表指(zhi)(zhi)針偏(pian)向(xiang)“一”方向(xiang)，為充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統有故障，應(ying)予檢(jian)修。

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2、充電電流過小

蓄電(dian)(dian)池在存電(dian)(dian)不(bu)(bu)足(zu)的(de)情況下，提高發(fa)動機轉速，電(dian)(dian)流表指針指示較(jiao)小(xiao)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流，則為充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流過小(xiao)故(gu)障。這一般是發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機本身電(dian)(dian)壓不(bu)(bu)足(zu)，調節器技術(shu)狀(zhuang)態不(bu)(bu)良以及(ji)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)線路中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)阻增大所致。

可按以下步驟判斷和排除：檢查蓄電池、發電機、調節器和電流表等各機件的接線柱及其導線連接是否牢靠。檢查風扇皮帶(dai)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)(fou)過(guo)松(song)而使發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)轉速不高。在上述(shu)情況(kuang)正(zheng)常(chang)時，可(ke)在發(fa)動(dong)機(ji)中(zhong)等(deng)轉速下檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查調(diao)節器(qi)的限額電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，拆(chai)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)(fou)有磨損(sun)損(sun)壞的異常(chang)現象(xiang)。檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查調(diao)節器(qi)活動(dong)觸點是(shi)(shi)否(fou)(fou)燒蝕或有無(wu)氧(yang)化物(wu)，活動(dong)觸點臂與鐵芯(xin)間間隙及彈簧拉力(li)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)(fou)符合技術要求(qiu)；調(diao)節器(qi)接(jie)線有無(wu)松(song)動(dong)現象(xiang)。發(fa)現異常(chang)現象(xiang)應及時修復。發(fa)動(dong)機(ji)在中(zhong)速以上運轉時，接(jie)通前(qian)照燈(deng)，若(ruo)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)仍顯示充電(dian)(dian)，為充電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)技術狀況(kuang)良好;若(ruo)電(dian)(dian)源表(biao)顯示放電(dian)(dian)，為充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)過(guo)小故障，應予檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)修。

3、充電電流過大

汽車電(dian)流表指針偏(pian)轉到最(zui)大充電(dian)電(dian)流位(wei)置(zhi)。若夜間行車，發動機轉速高(gao)時，就(jiu)會出(chu)現照明和儀表指示燈特別亮，導(dao)致(zhi)燈泡容易燒(shao)毀，分電(dian)器觸點(dian)燒(shao)蝕(shi)，蓄電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)解液消耗過(guo)快。

首(shou)(shou)先檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)調(diao)節(jie)器火線(xian)與磁場(chang)兩(liang)接線(xian)柱導線(xian)是否接錯，活(huo)動觸點是否燒蝕或粘合于常閉狀態。檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)調(diao)節(jie)器時，可拆下(xia)磁場(chang)接線(xian)，若(ruo)充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流明顯(xian)減(jian)小，為調(diao)節(jie)器故障，可能是低速觸點燒結(jie)分不開，線(xian)圈有斷路等，若(ruo)充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流仍然很大，可能是磁場(chang)接線(xian)和電(dian)樞接線(xian)有短路。首(shou)(shou)先檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)是否因蓄電(dian)池內部短路和嚴(yan)重虧電(dian)而引起充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流過大應(ying)予檢(jian)修(xiu)。

4、充電電流不穩

在發(fa)動(dong)機怠速(su)以上轉(zhuan)速(su)運轉(zhuan)時，電流(liu)表指(zhi)針左右擺動(dong)，顯示間(jian)歇充(chong)電（有時充(chong)電有時又(you)不(bu)充(chong)電的現象(xiang)），一般為(wei)發(fa)電機的端電壓不(bu)穩定。

首先應檢(jian)查各連接線頭(tou)是(shi)否松動(dong)和(he)接觸(chu)(chu)不良，皮帶是(shi)否過松以及蓄電(dian)池的極樁(zhuang)有無(wu)松動(dong)。若無(wu)異常(chang)再檢(jian)查調(diao)節器觸(chu)(chu)點是(shi)否燒蝕、臟污(wu)，線圈或電(dian)阻有無(wu)接觸(chu)(chu)不良、斷路等。仍無(wu)異常(chang)，則應拆檢(jian)發電(dian)機(ji)內部的技術(shu)狀況，并逐項修(xiu)復。發電(dian)機(ji)中速以上運轉(zhuan)時，電(dian)流(liu)表(biao)指(zhi)示充電(dian)，但指(zhi)針不斷左右擺(bai)動(dong)，充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)時大時小，應予檢(jian)修(xiu)。

5、發電機不發電

發(fa)(fa)電機不發(fa)(fa)電的(de)主要原(yuan)因是：整流二(er)極(ji)管(guan)擊穿短(duan)(duan)路或(huo)斷(duan)(duan)路；激磁繞組(zu)短(duan)(duan)路或(huo)斷(duan)(duan)路；三相定子繞組(zu)相問短(duan)(duan)路或(huo)搭鐵；轉子滑環嚴重(zhong)氧(yang)化臟污，炭刷(shua)架(jia)(jia)損壞或(huo)炭刷(shua)在(zai)刷(shua)架(jia)(jia)中卡住。逐步排查原(yuan)因并(bing)進行(xing)維修即可。

汽車發電機維修注意事項

1、發電機各部(bu)位連接螺栓（母）要緊定可靠，導(dao)線接觸良(liang)好(hao)，避免(mian)松動脫落而影響工作。

2、發電(dian)機正(zheng)二極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)壓裝在(zai)(zai)元件板上(shang)，負(fu)二極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)壓裝在(zai)(zai)發電(dian)機外殼上(shang)，二者不得裝錯。壓裝二極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)時，其(qi)緊度要適當，過緊易損壞二極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)，過松會(hui)引(yin)起跳火。

3、安裝更換蓄電池時(shi)嚴(yan)格保(bao)持負極搭鐵(tie)，發(fa)電機的(de)極性千萬不能裝反(fan)，以免二極管(guan)燒壞。檢(jian)修中不得用(yong)試火法和短接法及兆歐表檢(jian)查(cha)，防(fang)止二極管(guan)損(sun)壞。

4、各線柱不(bu)(bu)允許松動，防止(zhi)接觸不(bu)(bu)良(liang)或產(chan)生瞬時超電壓燒壞二極管。

5、對發電機應做到按技術規范定期維護，出現故障應及時(shi)檢修排除。

6、保持發(fa)電機和調(diao)節器接線完好，安裝牢固，負極搭鐵不得搞錯。

7、用正確的操作方(fang)法檢修(xiu)其故障，以避免人(ren)為(wei)的機件損壞(huai)。