汽車發電機常見故障及維修方法

1、不充電

發(fa)動機(ji)在中等以(yi)上轉速時，電(dian)(dian)流表指(zhi)(zhi)針指(zhi)(zhi)示不(bu)充電(dian)(dian)，充電(dian)(dian)指(zhi)(zhi)示燈(deng)亮，首先(xian)要考慮蓄電(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)情況，若充電(dian)(dian)不(bu)足(zu)為發(fa)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置故障。

不(bu)(bu)充(chong)電(dian)除了(le)傳動皮(pi)帶過松打滑，一般要檢(jian)查發(fa)電(dian)機本身不(bu)(bu)發(fa)電(dian)或(huo)(huo)調節器故障(zhang)，以及充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)斷路(lu)(lu)故障(zhang)。如發(fa)電(dian)機內(nei)部整流脫(tuo)落或(huo)(huo)電(dian)樞接(jie)線柱底部與二極管元(yuan)件板(ban)接(jie)觸處不(bu)(bu)通(tong)；二極管擊穿短路(lu)(lu)，造成定(ding)子(zi)繞(rao)(rao)組燒(shao)損；電(dian)刷在(zai)炭刷架內(nei)卡住(zhu)接(jie)觸不(bu)(bu)良(liang)，或(huo)(huo)磁場繞(rao)(rao)組斷路(lu)(lu)等。

診斷中(zhong)提高發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機(ji)轉；開(kai)大(da)燈(deng)，如電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)表(biao)指針(zhen)瞬間(jian)的偏轉放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)向，則為發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)與調(diao)節(jie)器(qi)工(gong)作正常，而是(shi)(shi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)已足；若(ruo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)表(biao)指針(zhen)較大(da)的偏向放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)向，則故障(zhang)在(zai)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)或調(diao)節(jie)器(qi)，應檢查充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路各(ge)接頭是(shi)(shi)否良(liang)好，風扇皮帶是(shi)(shi)否過松及發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)、調(diao)節(jie)器(qi)的技術狀況。首先驗證充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統是(shi)(shi)否確(que)實有(you)故障(zhang)，將發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機(ji)置(zhi)于中(zhong)速運(yun)轉，在(zai)開(kai)前照(zhao)燈(deng)的瞬間(jian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)表(biao)指針(zhen)偏向“+”方(fang)向或保持原(yuan)位不動(dong)，為蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池已充足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統工(gong)作正常。如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)表(biao)指針(zhen)偏向“一”方(fang)向，為充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統有(you)故障(zhang)，應予檢修。

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2、充電電流過小

蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在存電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)足的情況(kuang)下，提高發動機轉(zhuan)速，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流表指針指示較小的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，則為充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流過小故障。這(zhe)一般是發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機本身電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓不(bu)足，調節(jie)器技術狀(zhuang)態不(bu)良以及充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻增大(da)所致。

可按以下步驟判斷和排除：檢查蓄電池、發電機、調節器和電流表等各機件的接線柱及其導線連接是否牢靠。檢查風扇皮(pi)帶是(shi)(shi)否過松而使發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)速(su)不高。在(zai)(zai)上述情況(kuang)正常時(shi)，可(ke)在(zai)(zai)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)中等轉(zhuan)速(su)下檢(jian)(jian)查調(diao)節器(qi)的限額電(dian)壓，拆檢(jian)(jian)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)否有磨損損壞(huai)的異常現象。檢(jian)(jian)查調(diao)節器(qi)活動(dong)(dong)觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)是(shi)(shi)否燒蝕或有無氧化物，活動(dong)(dong)觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)臂與(yu)鐵芯間(jian)間(jian)隙(xi)及彈簧拉力是(shi)(shi)否符合技術要求(qiu)；調(diao)節器(qi)接(jie)線有無松動(dong)(dong)現象。發(fa)(fa)現異常現象應(ying)及時(shi)修復。發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)(zai)中速(su)以上運轉(zhuan)時(shi)，接(jie)通前照(zhao)燈，若電(dian)流仍顯示充(chong)電(dian)，為充(chong)電(dian)系(xi)統(tong)技術狀況(kuang)良好;若電(dian)源表顯示放電(dian)，為充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流過小故障，應(ying)予(yu)檢(jian)(jian)修。

3、充電電流過大

汽車(che)電流(liu)表(biao)指針偏轉到最大充電電流(liu)位置。若夜(ye)間行車(che)，發動機轉速高時，就會出現照明和儀表(biao)指示燈特(te)別亮，導致(zhi)燈泡容易燒毀，分(fen)電器觸(chu)點燒蝕，蓄電池電解液消耗(hao)過快。

首(shou)先(xian)檢查(cha)調節(jie)器(qi)火(huo)線(xian)與磁場兩接線(xian)柱導(dao)線(xian)是(shi)否(fou)接錯，活(huo)動觸點(dian)是(shi)否(fou)燒(shao)蝕或粘合(he)于(yu)常(chang)閉狀態。檢查(cha)調節(jie)器(qi)時，可拆下磁場接線(xian)，若充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流明顯減小，為調節(jie)器(qi)故障，可能是(shi)低(di)速觸點(dian)燒(shao)結分不開，線(xian)圈有(you)斷路(lu)(lu)等，若充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流仍然很大(da)(da)，可能是(shi)磁場接線(xian)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞接線(xian)有(you)短路(lu)(lu)。首(shou)先(xian)檢查(cha)是(shi)否(fou)因蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池內部(bu)短路(lu)(lu)和嚴重虧電(dian)(dian)(dian)而引起充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流過大(da)(da)應予檢修。

4、充電電流不穩

在發(fa)動機(ji)怠(dai)速以(yi)上轉(zhuan)速運轉(zhuan)時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)流表指針左(zuo)右擺動，顯示間歇充電(dian)（有時(shi)(shi)充電(dian)有時(shi)(shi)又不充電(dian)的(de)(de)現象），一般(ban)為發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)端(duan)電(dian)壓不穩定。

首先應檢查各連(lian)接(jie)線頭是否松(song)動和接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)不良(liang)，皮帶是否過松(song)以及蓄電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)極樁(zhuang)有無(wu)松(song)動。若無(wu)異常(chang)再(zai)檢查調節器觸(chu)(chu)點是否燒蝕、臟污，線圈或電(dian)(dian)阻有無(wu)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)不良(liang)、斷(duan)路等。仍無(wu)異常(chang)，則應拆檢發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機內部的(de)(de)技術狀況，并逐項修復(fu)。發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機中(zhong)速以上運轉(zhuan)時，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)表指示充電(dian)(dian)，但(dan)指針不斷(duan)左(zuo)右擺(bai)動，充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)時大時小，應予檢修。

5、發電機不發電

發電機不(bu)發電的(de)主要原因(yin)是(shi)：整流二(er)極管擊穿(chuan)短路或斷路；激磁(ci)繞(rao)組短路或斷路；三相定(ding)子繞(rao)組相問(wen)短路或搭(da)鐵；轉子滑環嚴重氧化臟污，炭刷架損壞或炭刷在刷架中卡(ka)住。逐步排查原因(yin)并(bing)進行維修即可。

汽車發電機維修注意事項

1、發電機各部位連接螺栓（母）要緊定可靠，導線接觸良好，避免松動脫(tuo)落而影(ying)響工作。

2、發電機正二極(ji)(ji)管壓裝(zhuang)在(zai)元(yuan)件板上，負(fu)二極(ji)(ji)管壓裝(zhuang)在(zai)發電機外殼上，二者不(bu)得(de)裝(zhuang)錯。壓裝(zhuang)二極(ji)(ji)管時(shi)，其緊度要適當，過緊易(yi)損(sun)壞二極(ji)(ji)管，過松會引(yin)起(qi)跳火。

3、安裝(zhuang)更換蓄(xu)電池時嚴格保持負極(ji)搭鐵，發電機(ji)的極(ji)性千萬不能裝(zhuang)反(fan)，以(yi)免二極(ji)管燒壞(huai)。檢修中(zhong)不得用試火法和(he)短接法及兆歐表檢查，防止二極(ji)管損(sun)壞(huai)。

4、各線柱不允許松動，防止接觸(chu)不良或(huo)產生瞬(shun)時(shi)超電壓燒壞(huai)二極(ji)管(guan)。

5、對發電機(ji)應(ying)做到按技術規(gui)范定期維護，出現故障應(ying)及時檢修排除。

6、保持發電機和(he)調節器接線完好，安裝(zhuang)牢固(gu)，負極搭鐵不得(de)搞錯。

7、用(yong)正確(que)的操作方法(fa)檢修其故障，以避免人為(wei)的機件(jian)損壞。