汽(qi)車(che)(che)電(dian)(dian)機一般指(zhi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機，是(shi)指(zhi)依據電(dian)(dian)磁感應定律實現電(dian)(dian)能(neng)的轉(zhuan)換或傳(chuan)遞的一種電(dian)(dian)磁裝置。電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機也稱馬達，在電(dian)(dian)路中用字母“M”表示。它的主要(yao)作用是(shi)產(chan)生驅動(dong)(dong)轉(zhuan)矩，作為用電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)的動(dong)(dong)力源。

1、電動汽車直流電機

優點：是起動加速轉(zhuan)巨大，電磁轉(zhuan)矩控制(zhi)特性良好，調速方(fang)便，控制(zhi)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)簡單(dan)，成(cheng)本(ben)較(jiao)低。

缺點：有機(ji)械換(huan)向器(qi)，當在高(gao)速大負(fu)荷下運行時，換(huan)向器(qi)表面(mian)有火花出現，因(yin)此不宜太高(gao)的電機(ji)轉速。比較與(yu)其他驅動系統(tong)而言處于(yu)劣(lie)勢(shi)，已經逐漸被淘(tao)汰。

2、電動汽車交流感應電機

交流感(gan)應電機(ji)定(ding)子用于產生磁場(chang)，由定(ding)子鐵(tie)芯、定(ding)子繞組、鐵(tie)芯外側的外殼、支撐轉子軸的軸承組成(cheng)。交流電機(ji)有價格低(di)、以維護、體積(ji)小的優點，但(dan)是交流電機(ji)的控(kong)制(zhi)比較復(fu)雜(za)。已(yi)經成(cheng)為交流驅(qu)動(dong)電動(dong)汽車的首選。

3、電動汽車交流感應電機

永(yong)磁(ci)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)，采(cai)用永(yong)磁(ci)體(ti)來產生氣隙(xi)磁(ci)通量(liang)(liang)，永(yong)磁(ci)體(ti)代(dai)替了(le)直流電機(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)磁(ci)場(chang)線圈和感(gan)應(ying)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)定子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)勵磁(ci)體(ti)。永(yong)磁(ci)同(tong)步電機(ji)(ji)(ji)具有高效率(lv)、高力矩(ju)(ju)慣(guan)量(liang)(liang)比、高能量(liang)(liang)密度(du)，尤其(qi)是其(qi)低(di)速大(da)扭矩(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)優點能滿足(zu)車輛在復雜(za)多(duo)變的(de)(de)(de)(de)道路下行駛，是個高性(xing)能而且低(di)碳環保電機(ji)(ji)(ji)隨著(zhu)稀土永(yong)磁(ci)材料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)出現有望與(yu)交流感(gan)應(ying)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)爭奪市場(chang)。特別是在中(zhong)小功率(lv)范圍內等(deng)到了(le)廣泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用。

4、電動汽車開關磁阻電機

開(kai)關磁阻(zu)電機(ji)定、轉子都是(shi)普通硅鋼片疊壓成的雙凸(tu)極(ji)結構。

優點：簡單可靠(kao)、可調速范圍寬、效率高、控制靈活、成本(ben)低。

缺點：轉矩波動大、噪聲大、需要位置檢測器、有非線性特性等。應用受到限制。【詳細】

由(you)于交流發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機的(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)是由(you)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機通過皮(pi)帶驅動(dong)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)的(de)，發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機的(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)從最(zui)低約(yue)800轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)/分的(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)到(dao)最(zui)高約(yue)6000轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)/分鐘，因而(er)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)的(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)變化范(fan)圍非常大，這(zhe)樣將引(yin)起發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機的(de)輸出(chu)電(dian)壓(ya)發(fa)(fa)生較大變化，無法(fa)滿足(zu)汽車用(yong)(yong)電(dian)設備(bei)的(de)工(gong)(gong)作要求(qiu)。為了滿足(zu)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)設備(bei)恒定(ding)電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)要求(qiu)，交流發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機必須配用(yong)(yong)電(dian)壓(ya)調(diao)節器(qi)，使其輸出(chu)電(dian)壓(ya)在發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機所有(you)工(gong)(gong)況下基本保持恒定(ding)。

對于12V的汽(qi)車(che)電(dian)(dian)器系(xi)統，調(diao)節器調(diao)節發電(dian)(dian)機的輸出電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)范圍在13.8－14.4伏(fu)之間。

發電機的輸出電壓取決于發電機定子線圈的匝數、發電機的轉速和轉子線圈產生磁場的強度，而我們只能調節的是轉子線圈產生磁場的強度。電壓調節器通過控制轉子線圈的通電電流來控制磁場的強度。【詳細】

1、不充電

發(fa)動機在中等以(yi)上轉速(su)時，電流表指針指示(shi)不充(chong)(chong)電，充(chong)(chong)電指示(shi)燈亮，首先要考(kao)慮蓄(xu)電池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電情況，若充(chong)(chong)電不足為發(fa)電裝置故(gu)障。

不(bu)(bu)(bu)充(chong)電除了傳動皮帶(dai)過松打滑，一般(ban)要檢查發電機本身不(bu)(bu)(bu)發電或(huo)調(diao)節器故障，以及充(chong)電電路斷(duan)路故障。如發電機內(nei)部(bu)整流脫落或(huo)電樞(shu)接(jie)(jie)線(xian)柱底(di)部(bu)與二極(ji)管元件板(ban)接(jie)(jie)觸處不(bu)(bu)(bu)通;二極(ji)管擊穿短(duan)路，造(zao)成(cheng)定子繞(rao)組燒損;電刷在(zai)炭刷架內(nei)卡住(zhu)接(jie)(jie)觸不(bu)(bu)(bu)良，或(huo)磁場繞(rao)組斷(duan)路等(deng)。

診(zhen)斷中提高(gao)發(fa)(fa)動機(ji)轉(zhuan);開大燈(deng)(deng)，如電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)表(biao)指(zhi)針(zhen)(zhen)瞬(shun)(shun)間的偏(pian)轉(zhuan)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)，則為發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)與調(diao)節(jie)器工作正常，而(er)是(shi)(shi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)已足;若電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)表(biao)指(zhi)針(zhen)(zhen)較大的偏(pian)向(xiang)(xiang)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)，則故(gu)障在(zai)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)或調(diao)節(jie)器，應檢(jian)查(cha)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)各接頭是(shi)(shi)否良好，風扇皮(pi)帶是(shi)(shi)否過松及發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)、調(diao)節(jie)器的技術狀況。首先驗證(zheng)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)是(shi)(shi)否確實有(you)故(gu)障，將發(fa)(fa)動機(ji)置于(yu)中速運轉(zhuan)，在(zai)開前(qian)照燈(deng)(deng)的瞬(shun)(shun)間，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)表(biao)指(zhi)針(zhen)(zhen)偏(pian)向(xiang)(xiang)“+”方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)或保持原位不動，為蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池已充足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)工作正常。如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)表(biao)指(zhi)針(zhen)(zhen)偏(pian)向(xiang)(xiang)“一(yi)”方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)，為充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)有(you)故(gu)障，應予檢(jian)修。

2、充電電流過小

蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在存電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不足的情況(kuang)下，提高發動機(ji)轉速，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流表指(zhi)針指(zhi)示較(jiao)小(xiao)的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，則為充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流過小(xiao)故(gu)障(zhang)。這一般是發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)本(ben)身(shen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓不足，調節器技術狀態不良以及充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻增大所致。

可(ke)按以下(xia)步驟判斷(duan)和(he)(he)排除：檢查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)蓄電(dian)(dian)池、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、調節(jie)器(qi)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)表(biao)等各機(ji)(ji)件的接(jie)(jie)線柱及(ji)其導線連(lian)接(jie)(jie)是否(fou)(fou)牢靠。檢查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)風扇皮帶是否(fou)(fou)過松(song)而使發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)轉速(su)不高。在(zai)上(shang)(shang)述(shu)情況(kuang)正常(chang)時，可(ke)在(zai)發(fa)動機(ji)(ji)中(zhong)等轉速(su)下(xia)檢查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)調節(jie)器(qi)的限額電(dian)(dian)壓，拆檢發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是否(fou)(fou)有磨損損壞的異常(chang)現(xian)象。檢查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)調節(jie)器(qi)活動觸點是否(fou)(fou)燒蝕或有無(wu)氧化物，活動觸點臂與鐵芯間間隙及(ji)彈簧拉力是否(fou)(fou)符合技(ji)(ji)術要求;調節(jie)器(qi)接(jie)(jie)線有無(wu)松(song)動現(xian)象。發(fa)現(xian)異常(chang)現(xian)象應(ying)(ying)及(ji)時修復。發(fa)動機(ji)(ji)在(zai)中(zhong)速(su)以上(shang)(shang)運轉時，接(jie)(jie)通前照燈，若電(dian)(dian)流(liu)仍顯(xian)示充電(dian)(dian)，為(wei)充電(dian)(dian)系統技(ji)(ji)術狀況(kuang)良(liang)好;若電(dian)(dian)源表(biao)顯(xian)示放電(dian)(dian)，為(wei)充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)過小故障，應(ying)(ying)予(yu)檢修。

3、充電電流過大

汽車電(dian)(dian)流表指(zhi)針偏(pian)轉(zhuan)到最大充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流位置;若(ruo)夜(ye)間(jian)行車，發動機轉(zhuan)速(su)高時，就會出現照明和儀表指(zhi)示燈特別亮。燈泡容易燒(shao)毀，分電(dian)(dian)器(qi)觸點燒(shao)蝕，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)解液消(xiao)耗過快。首(shou)先(xian)檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)調(diao)節器(qi)火線(xian)(xian)與磁(ci)場(chang)兩接(jie)線(xian)(xian)柱導線(xian)(xian)是(shi)否接(jie)錯，活動觸點是(shi)否燒(shao)蝕或粘合于(yu)常閉狀態。檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)調(diao)節器(qi)時，可(ke)拆下磁(ci)場(chang)接(jie)線(xian)(xian)，若(ruo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流明顯減(jian)小，為(wei)調(diao)節器(qi)故障，可(ke)能(neng)是(shi)低速(su)觸點燒(shao)結分不開，線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)有斷(duan)路(lu)等，若(ruo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流仍然很大，可(ke)能(neng)是(shi)磁(ci)場(chang)接(jie)線(xian)(xian)和電(dian)(dian)樞接(jie)線(xian)(xian)有短路(lu)。首(shou)先(xian)檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)是(shi)否因蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)內部短路(lu)和嚴(yan)重虧電(dian)(dian)而引起充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流過大應予檢(jian)修。

4、充電電流不穩

在(zai)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機怠速以(yi)上轉速運(yun)轉時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)表指(zhi)(zhi)針(zhen)左(zuo)右(you)(you)擺動(dong)，顯示(shi)間歇(xie)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(有時(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)有時(shi)又(you)不充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)現象(xiang))，一(yi)般(ban)為發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓不穩定(ding)。首(shou)先應(ying)檢(jian)查各(ge)連(lian)接線頭是否松(song)動(dong)和接觸(chu)不良(liang)(liang);皮帶是否過松(song)以(yi)及蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)極樁有無(wu)(wu)松(song)動(dong)。若無(wu)(wu)異常再檢(jian)查調(diao)節器觸(chu)點是否燒蝕、臟污(wu)，線圈或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻有無(wu)(wu)接觸(chu)不良(liang)(liang)、斷路等;仍無(wu)(wu)異常，則應(ying)拆檢(jian)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機內部的(de)技術狀(zhuang)況，并逐項(xiang)修(xiu)(xiu)復。發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機中速以(yi)上運(yun)轉時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)表指(zhi)(zhi)示(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，但指(zhi)(zhi)針(zhen)不斷左(zuo)右(you)(you)擺動(dong)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)時(shi)大時(shi)小(xiao)，應(ying)予(yu)檢(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)。

5、發電機不發電

發電機不發電的主要原因是：整流二極管擊穿短路或斷路;激磁繞組短路或斷路;三相定子繞組相問短路或搭鐵;轉子滑環嚴重氧化臟污，炭刷架損壞或炭刷在刷架中卡住。【詳細】

1、避免大電流放電

電(dian)動(dong)車在(zai)起步、載(zai)人、上坡時，盡量(liang)避免猛踩加(jia)速，形成瞬(shun)間大(da)(da)電(dian)流放電(dian)。大(da)(da)電(dian)流放電(dian)容易導致產生(sheng)硫酸(suan)鉛(qian)結晶，從而損(sun)害(hai)電(dian)池極板的物理性能。

2、避免充電時插頭發熱

二(er)百二(er)十(shi)伏電(dian)源(yuan)插(cha)頭(tou)或(huo)充電(dian)器輸出(chu)插(cha)頭(tou)松動、接觸面氧化等現象都會導致(zhi)插(cha)頭(tou)發(fa)(fa)熱(re)，發(fa)(fa)熱(re)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)過長會導致(zhi)插(cha)頭(tou)短路或(huo)接觸不良，損(sun)害充電(dian)器和電(dian)瓶，給您帶來不必要的損(sun)失。所以發(fa)(fa)現上述情況時(shi)(shi)，應及(ji)時(shi)(shi)清除氧化物或(huo)更換接插(cha)件。

3、定期檢查

在(zai)(zai)使用過程中(zhong)(zhong)，如果電動車的續行里(li)程在(zai)(zai)短時(shi)(shi)間內(nei)突然大(da)幅(fu)度下(xia)降十(shi)幾(ji)公(gong)里(li)，則很有可能是(shi)電池(chi)組中(zhong)(zhong)最少有一塊電池(chi)出現問(wen)題。此(ci)時(shi)(shi)，應及(ji)時(shi)(shi)到銷(xiao)售(shou)中(zhong)(zhong)心或代理商維修部進行檢(jian)查、修復(fu)或配組。

這樣能相對延長電池組(zu)的(de)壽命，最大程(cheng)度地節省(sheng)您的(de)開(kai)支。

4、嚴禁存放時虧電

蓄電池在(zai)存放時(shi)嚴禁處于(yu)虧電狀態(tai)。虧電狀態(tai)是指電池使(shi)用后沒有及(ji)時(shi)充電。

在虧電狀態下存放電池，很容易出現硫酸鹽化，硫酸鉛結晶物附著在極板上，會堵塞電離子通道，造成充電不足，電池容量下降。虧電狀態閑置時間越長，電池損壞越重。因此，電池閑置不用時，應每月補充電一次，這樣能較好地保持電池健康狀態。【詳細】