汽(qi)車(che)電機(ji)一(yi)般(ban)指電動汽(qi)車(che)電動機(ji)，是指依據電磁感(gan)應定律實(shi)現電能的轉換或(huo)傳遞的一(yi)種電磁裝置。電動機(ji)也(ye)稱(cheng)馬達，在電路中用字(zi)母“M”表(biao)示(shi)。它的主要(yao)作用是產生驅動轉矩，作為用電動汽(qi)車(che)的動力源。

1、電動汽車直流電機

優點：是(shi)起(qi)動(dong)加速轉(zhuan)巨大，電磁轉(zhuan)矩控制特性良好，調速方(fang)便，控制裝置簡單，成(cheng)本較低。

缺點(dian)：有機(ji)械換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)，當在高(gao)速(su)(su)大負荷(he)下運行時(shi)，換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)表(biao)面(mian)有火花出現，因此不宜太高(gao)的電機(ji)轉速(su)(su)。比較與(yu)其他驅動(dong)系統而言處于(yu)劣勢，已經逐漸被淘汰。

2、電動汽車交流感應電機

交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)感(gan)應電機定(ding)子用于(yu)產生(sheng)磁(ci)場(chang)，由定(ding)子鐵芯、定(ding)子繞組(zu)、鐵芯外側的外殼、支撐轉子軸(zhou)的軸(zhou)承組(zu)成。交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電機有價(jia)格低、以維護、體積小的優點，但是(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電機的控制比較復雜。已經(jing)成為(wei)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)驅(qu)動電動汽(qi)車(che)的首選。

3、電動汽車交流感應電機

永(yong)磁(ci)電(dian)機，采用(yong)永(yong)磁(ci)體來(lai)產生氣隙磁(ci)通量(liang)，永(yong)磁(ci)體代替了直(zhi)流電(dian)機中的磁(ci)場(chang)線圈(quan)和感(gan)應電(dian)機中定子的勵磁(ci)體。永(yong)磁(ci)同步電(dian)機具有高(gao)效率、高(gao)力矩(ju)慣量(liang)比(bi)、高(gao)能(neng)量(liang)密(mi)度，尤其是(shi)其低速大扭矩(ju)的優點能(neng)滿(man)足車輛在復雜多(duo)變的道路下行駛，是(shi)個高(gao)性能(neng)而且低碳環保電(dian)機隨(sui)著稀土(tu)永(yong)磁(ci)材料的出現有望與交流感(gan)應電(dian)機爭奪市(shi)場(chang)。特別是(shi)在中小功率范圍內等到(dao)了廣泛的應用(yong)。

4、電動汽車開關磁阻電機

開關磁阻電機定、轉子都是普通硅鋼片疊壓成的雙凸(tu)極結構。

優點：簡單可(ke)靠、可(ke)調(diao)速范圍寬、效率(lv)高(gao)、控制(zhi)靈活、成本(ben)低。

缺點：轉矩波動大、噪聲大、需要位置檢測器、有非線性特性等。應用受到限制。【詳細】

由(you)于交流發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)轉子(zi)是由(you)發(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)通(tong)過皮帶(dai)驅(qu)動(dong)旋轉的(de)，發(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)轉速從(cong)最低約800轉/分的(de)轉到最高(gao)約6000轉/分鐘(zhong)，因而(er)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)轉子(zi)的(de)轉速變化(hua)范圍(wei)非(fei)常大，這樣將(jiang)引起(qi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生較大變化(hua)，無法滿足(zu)汽車用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)的(de)工作要求(qiu)。為了滿足(zu)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)恒定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)要求(qiu)，交流發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)必(bi)須配用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)調(diao)節器，使其(qi)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)在發(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)所(suo)有(you)工況下(xia)基本保持恒定。

對于12V的(de)汽車電(dian)器(qi)系(xi)統，調節(jie)器(qi)調節(jie)發電(dian)機的(de)輸出電(dian)壓范圍在13.8－14.4伏之(zhi)間。

發電機的輸出電壓取決于發電機定子線圈的匝數、發電機的轉速和轉子線圈產生磁場的強度，而我們只能調節的是轉子線圈產生磁場的強度。電壓調節器通過控制轉子線圈的通電電流來控制磁場的強度。【詳細】

1、不充電

發動機在中(zhong)等以(yi)上轉速(su)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)表指針指示(shi)不充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)指示(shi)燈亮，首先要考慮蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)情況(kuang)，若充電(dian)(dian)(dian)不足為發電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置故障(zhang)。

不充(chong)(chong)電(dian)除了傳動皮帶過松打滑，一般要(yao)檢查發電(dian)機本(ben)身不發電(dian)或(huo)(huo)調節器(qi)故(gu)障(zhang)，以及充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)斷路(lu)(lu)故(gu)障(zhang)。如發電(dian)機內(nei)部整流脫落或(huo)(huo)電(dian)樞接線柱底部與二極管元件(jian)板接觸處不通;二極管擊穿短路(lu)(lu)，造成定子繞(rao)組燒(shao)損;電(dian)刷(shua)(shua)在炭刷(shua)(shua)架內(nei)卡住接觸不良，或(huo)(huo)磁(ci)場繞(rao)組斷路(lu)(lu)等(deng)。

診斷中(zhong)提高(gao)發動機(ji)轉;開(kai)大燈，如(ru)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)表指(zhi)(zhi)針(zhen)(zhen)瞬(shun)間(jian)的(de)偏(pian)轉放電(dian)(dian)方(fang)向(xiang)，則(ze)為發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)與調(diao)節(jie)器(qi)工作正常，而是蓄電(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)已(yi)足;若電(dian)(dian)流(liu)表指(zhi)(zhi)針(zhen)(zhen)較大的(de)偏(pian)向(xiang)放電(dian)(dian)方(fang)向(xiang)，則(ze)故障(zhang)(zhang)在發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)或調(diao)節(jie)器(qi)，應檢查充電(dian)(dian)線路各接頭(tou)是否(fou)良好，風扇皮帶是否(fou)過松(song)及發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)、調(diao)節(jie)器(qi)的(de)技術(shu)狀況(kuang)。首先驗證充電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)是否(fou)確實有(you)故障(zhang)(zhang)，將發動機(ji)置于中(zhong)速運(yun)轉，在開(kai)前照燈的(de)瞬(shun)間(jian)，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)表指(zhi)(zhi)針(zhen)(zhen)偏(pian)向(xiang)“+”方(fang)向(xiang)或保持原位不動，為蓄電(dian)(dian)池已(yi)充足電(dian)(dian)，充電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)工作正常。如(ru)果電(dian)(dian)流(liu)表指(zhi)(zhi)針(zhen)(zhen)偏(pian)向(xiang)“一”方(fang)向(xiang)，為充電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)有(you)故障(zhang)(zhang)，應予檢修。

2、充電電流過小

蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池在(zai)存電(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)足的情況下(xia)，提高發(fa)動(dong)機轉(zhuan)速，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)表指針(zhen)指示較小的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，則為充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)過小故障。這一般是發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機本身電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓不(bu)足，調節器(qi)技術狀態不(bu)良以及充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線路中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)增大所致。

可(ke)按以下步驟判斷和排除(chu)：檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)蓄電(dian)池、發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)、調(diao)節器和電(dian)流(liu)表等各機(ji)件的(de)接(jie)(jie)線(xian)柱(zhu)及其導線(xian)連接(jie)(jie)是(shi)否牢靠。檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)風扇皮(pi)帶是(shi)否過松(song)而使發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)轉速不(bu)高。在(zai)(zai)上述(shu)情(qing)況正常時(shi)，可(ke)在(zai)(zai)發(fa)動(dong)機(ji)中(zhong)等轉速下檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)調(diao)節器的(de)限額電(dian)壓，拆檢(jian)(jian)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)是(shi)否有(you)(you)(you)磨損損壞的(de)異常現象。檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)調(diao)節器活動(dong)觸點是(shi)否燒(shao)蝕或(huo)有(you)(you)(you)無(wu)氧化物，活動(dong)觸點臂與鐵芯間(jian)間(jian)隙及彈簧(huang)拉力是(shi)否符合技術要求;調(diao)節器接(jie)(jie)線(xian)有(you)(you)(you)無(wu)松(song)動(dong)現象。發(fa)現異常現象應(ying)及時(shi)修(xiu)復。發(fa)動(dong)機(ji)在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)速以上運轉時(shi)，接(jie)(jie)通前照燈，若(ruo)電(dian)流(liu)仍顯示充電(dian)，為充電(dian)系(xi)統技術狀(zhuang)況良好;若(ruo)電(dian)源(yuan)表顯示放電(dian)，為充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)過小故障，應(ying)予檢(jian)(jian)修(xiu)。

3、充電電流過大

汽車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流表指針偏轉(zhuan)到最大充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流位(wei)置;若(ruo)夜間(jian)行(xing)車(che)，發動機轉(zhuan)速高時(shi)，就(jiu)會(hui)出(chu)現照明和(he)(he)儀(yi)表指示燈特別亮。燈泡容易燒(shao)毀，分電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)觸(chu)點(dian)燒(shao)蝕，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液消耗過快。首先檢(jian)查調(diao)節(jie)器(qi)火線與(yu)磁場(chang)(chang)兩接(jie)線柱導線是(shi)否(fou)接(jie)錯，活(huo)動觸(chu)點(dian)是(shi)否(fou)燒(shao)蝕或粘(zhan)合于常閉(bi)狀態。檢(jian)查調(diao)節(jie)器(qi)時(shi)，可拆下磁場(chang)(chang)接(jie)線，若(ruo)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流明顯減小，為調(diao)節(jie)器(qi)故(gu)障，可能(neng)是(shi)低速觸(chu)點(dian)燒(shao)結分不(bu)開(kai)，線圈有(you)斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)等(deng)，若(ruo)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流仍然很(hen)大，可能(neng)是(shi)磁場(chang)(chang)接(jie)線和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)接(jie)線有(you)短(duan)路(lu)(lu)。首先檢(jian)查是(shi)否(fou)因蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內(nei)部短(duan)路(lu)(lu)和(he)(he)嚴重虧電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而引起充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流過大應(ying)予檢(jian)修。

4、充電電流不穩

在發(fa)動機(ji)(ji)怠速(su)(su)以上(shang)轉速(su)(su)運轉時，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)表(biao)指針(zhen)左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)擺動，顯示間(jian)歇(xie)充電(dian)(dian)(有時充電(dian)(dian)有時又不(bu)充電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)現象)，一(yi)般為發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)壓不(bu)穩(wen)定。首先應(ying)檢(jian)查(cha)各連接線(xian)頭是(shi)(shi)否松(song)動和接觸不(bu)良(liang);皮帶是(shi)(shi)否過松(song)以及(ji)蓄電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)極樁有無松(song)動。若無異常(chang)再檢(jian)查(cha)調節器觸點是(shi)(shi)否燒蝕、臟污，線(xian)圈或電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)有無接觸不(bu)良(liang)、斷(duan)路等;仍(reng)無異常(chang)，則應(ying)拆檢(jian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)內(nei)部的(de)(de)技術狀況(kuang)，并(bing)逐項修復。發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)中速(su)(su)以上(shang)運轉時，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)表(biao)指示充電(dian)(dian)，但指針(zhen)不(bu)斷(duan)左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)擺動，充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)時大時小，應(ying)予檢(jian)修。

5、發電機不發電

發電機不發電的主要原因是：整流二極管擊穿短路或斷路;激磁繞組短路或斷路;三相定子繞組相問短路或搭鐵;轉子滑環嚴重氧化臟污，炭刷架損壞或炭刷在刷架中卡住。【詳細】

1、避免大電流放電

電(dian)動車(che)在起(qi)步(bu)、載人、上坡時，盡量避(bi)免(mian)猛踩加(jia)速，形(xing)成瞬間大電(dian)流放(fang)電(dian)。大電(dian)流放(fang)電(dian)容易導(dao)致(zhi)產生硫酸鉛(qian)結晶(jing)，從(cong)而(er)損害電(dian)池極(ji)板的物理性能。

2、避免充電時插頭發熱

二百二十(shi)伏(fu)電源插頭(tou)或充電器輸出插頭(tou)松動、接觸面氧化(hua)(hua)等(deng)現象都會導(dao)(dao)致插頭(tou)發熱，發熱時(shi)間過長(chang)會導(dao)(dao)致插頭(tou)短路或接觸不良(liang)，損害(hai)充電器和電瓶，給您帶來不必(bi)要(yao)的損失。所(suo)以發現上述情況時(shi)，應及時(shi)清除氧化(hua)(hua)物或更換接插件(jian)。

3、定期檢查

在使用過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，如果電動車的續行里程(cheng)(cheng)在短(duan)時間(jian)內突然大幅度下降(jiang)十幾公里，則很有可能是電池(chi)組中(zhong)最少(shao)有一塊(kuai)電池(chi)出現問(wen)題。此時，應及時到銷(xiao)售(shou)中(zhong)心或代理商維修部(bu)進行檢查、修復或配組。

這樣能(neng)相對延(yan)長電池組的(de)壽(shou)命，最大程度地節省您的(de)開(kai)支。

4、嚴禁存放時虧電

蓄電(dian)(dian)池在存(cun)放時(shi)嚴禁處于虧(kui)(kui)電(dian)(dian)狀態。虧(kui)(kui)電(dian)(dian)狀態是(shi)指電(dian)(dian)池使用(yong)后沒有及時(shi)充電(dian)(dian)。

在虧電狀態下存放電池，很容易出現硫酸鹽化，硫酸鉛結晶物附著在極板上，會堵塞電離子通道，造成充電不足，電池容量下降。虧電狀態閑置時間越長，電池損壞越重。因此，電池閑置不用時，應每月補充電一次，這樣能較好地保持電池健康狀態。【詳細】