汽(qi)(qi)車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機一般指電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機，是(shi)指依據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁感應定(ding)律實現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的轉換或傳遞的一種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機也(ye)稱(cheng)馬達(da)，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中用(yong)(yong)字母“M”表示(shi)。它的主要(yao)作用(yong)(yong)是(shi)產生驅動轉矩，作為用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)的動力(li)源。

1、電動汽車直流電機

優(you)點：是起(qi)動加速轉巨大，電磁轉矩控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)特性良好，調速方便，控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)裝(zhuang)置簡單，成本較低(di)。

缺點：有機(ji)械換向器，當在高速大負荷下(xia)運(yun)行時(shi)，換向器表面有火花出現(xian)，因此不宜太高的電機(ji)轉速。比較(jiao)與其(qi)他驅(qu)動系統而言處(chu)于劣勢，已經逐漸被(bei)淘汰。

2、電動汽車交流感應電機

交流感應電機定(ding)子(zi)(zi)用于(yu)產生磁(ci)場，由定(ding)子(zi)(zi)鐵芯(xin)、定(ding)子(zi)(zi)繞組、鐵芯(xin)外側的(de)(de)外殼、支撐轉子(zi)(zi)軸的(de)(de)軸承組成(cheng)(cheng)。交流電機有價格低(di)、以(yi)維護、體積小(xiao)的(de)(de)優(you)點，但是交流電機的(de)(de)控制比較復(fu)雜。已經成(cheng)(cheng)為交流驅動電動汽車(che)的(de)(de)首選。

3、電動汽車交流感應電機

永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)電機，采(cai)用(yong)永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)體(ti)來產生氣隙磁(ci)通(tong)量，永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)體(ti)代(dai)替了直流電機中的(de)(de)磁(ci)場線圈(quan)和感(gan)應電機中定(ding)子的(de)(de)勵(li)磁(ci)體(ti)。永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)同(tong)步電機具有(you)高(gao)(gao)效率、高(gao)(gao)力矩(ju)慣量比、高(gao)(gao)能(neng)量密度，尤其是其低速大(da)扭(niu)矩(ju)的(de)(de)優點能(neng)滿足(zu)車輛在(zai)(zai)復(fu)雜多變的(de)(de)道路下行駛，是個高(gao)(gao)性能(neng)而且(qie)低碳(tan)環保電機隨著稀土永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)材料的(de)(de)出現有(you)望與交流感(gan)應電機爭奪(duo)市場。特別(bie)是在(zai)(zai)中小功(gong)率范圍內等到了廣泛的(de)(de)應用(yong)。

4、電動汽車開關磁阻電機

開關(guan)磁阻電機定、轉(zhuan)子(zi)都是(shi)普通硅鋼(gang)片疊壓成的(de)雙凸極結構。

優點(dian)：簡單可靠、可調速(su)范圍寬、效率高、控制靈(ling)活(huo)、成本低(di)。

缺點：轉矩波動大、噪聲大、需要位置檢測器、有非線性特性等。應用受到限制。【詳細】

由于交流(liu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子是由發動機(ji)(ji)通過皮帶驅動旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)的，發動機(ji)(ji)的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速從最低約800轉(zhuan)(zhuan)/分的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)到(dao)最高約6000轉(zhuan)(zhuan)/分鐘，因而(er)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速變化范圍(wei)非(fei)常大(da)，這(zhe)樣將引起發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)發生較大(da)變化，無法滿足汽車用電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備的工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)要求(qiu)。為了(le)滿足用電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備恒(heng)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的要求(qiu)，交流(liu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)必須配用電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)調節器(qi)，使其輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)在發動機(ji)(ji)所有工(gong)(gong)況下(xia)基本保持(chi)恒(heng)定。

對于12V的汽車電(dian)器系(xi)統(tong)，調節器調節發電(dian)機(ji)的輸(shu)出電(dian)壓范圍(wei)在13.8－14.4伏之間。

發電機的輸出電壓取決于發電機定子線圈的匝數、發電機的轉速和轉子線圈產生磁場的強度，而我們只能調節的是轉子線圈產生磁場的強度。電壓調節器通過控制轉子線圈的通電電流來控制磁場的強度。【詳細】

1、不充電

發動機在中(zhong)等以上轉速(su)時，電(dian)(dian)流表指針指示不充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)指示燈亮，首(shou)先要考慮(lv)蓄電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)情況，若充(chong)電(dian)(dian)不足為發電(dian)(dian)裝置故(gu)障。

不(bu)充電(dian)(dian)除了傳動(dong)皮(pi)帶過松打滑，一般要檢查(cha)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機本身不(bu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)或(huo)調節器故(gu)(gu)障，以及充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)路斷(duan)(duan)路故(gu)(gu)障。如發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機內部(bu)整流脫(tuo)落或(huo)電(dian)(dian)樞接(jie)(jie)線柱底部(bu)與二(er)極管(guan)元件(jian)板接(jie)(jie)觸處不(bu)通;二(er)極管(guan)擊(ji)穿(chuan)短路，造成(cheng)定子繞組燒(shao)損;電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)在炭刷(shua)(shua)架內卡住接(jie)(jie)觸不(bu)良，或(huo)磁(ci)場(chang)繞組斷(duan)(duan)路等。

診斷中提高發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)轉(zhuan);開大燈，如電(dian)流(liu)表(biao)指(zhi)(zhi)針瞬間(jian)(jian)的(de)偏轉(zhuan)放電(dian)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)，則(ze)(ze)為發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)與調節器工作(zuo)正常(chang)，而是(shi)蓄電(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)已(yi)足;若電(dian)流(liu)表(biao)指(zhi)(zhi)針較大的(de)偏向(xiang)(xiang)放電(dian)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)，則(ze)(ze)故障在發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)或(huo)調節器，應(ying)檢(jian)(jian)查充電(dian)線(xian)路(lu)各接(jie)頭是(shi)否(fou)良好(hao)，風(feng)扇皮帶是(shi)否(fou)過松及發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)、調節器的(de)技術狀況(kuang)。首先驗(yan)證充電(dian)系統是(shi)否(fou)確實有(you)故障，將發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)置于中速運轉(zhuan)，在開前照燈的(de)瞬間(jian)(jian)，電(dian)流(liu)表(biao)指(zhi)(zhi)針偏向(xiang)(xiang)“+”方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)或(huo)保持原位不動(dong)(dong)，為蓄電(dian)池(chi)已(yi)充足電(dian)，充電(dian)系統工作(zuo)正常(chang)。如果電(dian)流(liu)表(biao)指(zhi)(zhi)針偏向(xiang)(xiang)“一”方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)，為充電(dian)系統有(you)故障，應(ying)予檢(jian)(jian)修(xiu)。

2、充電電流過小

蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在存電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)足的情況下，提高(gao)發動機轉速，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)表指針指示較小的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，則為充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)過小故障。這一般是發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機本身電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)不(bu)足，調節(jie)器技術狀態不(bu)良以(yi)及(ji)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻增大所致。

可按以下步驟判斷和(he)(he)排(pai)除：檢(jian)查(cha)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)、調節(jie)(jie)器(qi)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流表(biao)等(deng)各機(ji)件的(de)接(jie)線(xian)柱及(ji)(ji)其導線(xian)連接(jie)是否(fou)(fou)牢(lao)靠(kao)。檢(jian)查(cha)風(feng)扇皮(pi)帶是否(fou)(fou)過松而使發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)轉(zhuan)速(su)不高。在上(shang)述情(qing)況正常(chang)(chang)時，可在發動機(ji)中等(deng)轉(zhuan)速(su)下檢(jian)查(cha)調節(jie)(jie)器(qi)的(de)限額電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，拆(chai)檢(jian)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)是否(fou)(fou)有磨(mo)損損壞的(de)異(yi)常(chang)(chang)現(xian)象。檢(jian)查(cha)調節(jie)(jie)器(qi)活動觸(chu)點(dian)是否(fou)(fou)燒蝕(shi)或(huo)有無(wu)氧(yang)化物，活動觸(chu)點(dian)臂(bei)與鐵芯間間隙及(ji)(ji)彈簧(huang)拉(la)力是否(fou)(fou)符合技術要求;調節(jie)(jie)器(qi)接(jie)線(xian)有無(wu)松動現(xian)象。發現(xian)異(yi)常(chang)(chang)現(xian)象應及(ji)(ji)時修復。發動機(ji)在中速(su)以上(shang)運(yun)轉(zhuan)時，接(jie)通前(qian)照燈，若電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流仍顯示(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，為(wei)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統技術狀況良好;若電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源表(biao)顯示(shi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，為(wei)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流過小(xiao)故障(zhang)，應予檢(jian)修。

3、充電電流過大

汽車電(dian)流(liu)表(biao)指針偏轉到(dao)最大(da)充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)位置;若(ruo)夜間行(xing)車，發(fa)動機轉速(su)高時，就會出現照明和儀(yi)表(biao)指示燈特(te)別亮。燈泡容易燒(shao)(shao)毀(hui)，分(fen)電(dian)器觸(chu)點(dian)燒(shao)(shao)蝕(shi)，蓄電(dian)池電(dian)解液消耗過快(kuai)。首先檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)調節(jie)器火線與(yu)磁(ci)場(chang)兩接(jie)線柱導線是(shi)否(fou)接(jie)錯，活動觸(chu)點(dian)是(shi)否(fou)燒(shao)(shao)蝕(shi)或粘合(he)于常閉狀態。檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)調節(jie)器時，可拆下磁(ci)場(chang)接(jie)線，若(ruo)充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)明顯減小，為調節(jie)器故障，可能是(shi)低(di)速(su)觸(chu)點(dian)燒(shao)(shao)結分(fen)不開，線圈有(you)斷(duan)路(lu)等(deng)，若(ruo)充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)仍(reng)然很大(da)，可能是(shi)磁(ci)場(chang)接(jie)線和電(dian)樞接(jie)線有(you)短路(lu)。首先檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)是(shi)否(fou)因蓄電(dian)池內部(bu)短路(lu)和嚴重虧電(dian)而引起充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)過大(da)應予(yu)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)修。

4、充電電流不穩

在發動(dong)(dong)機怠速以(yi)上轉速運轉時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流表(biao)指針左(zuo)右擺動(dong)(dong)，顯(xian)示(shi)間(jian)歇充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(有(you)時(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)有(you)時(shi)又不(bu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的現象)，一般為(wei)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓不(bu)穩定。首先應(ying)檢(jian)查各連接(jie)(jie)線頭是否松動(dong)(dong)和接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)不(bu)良(liang);皮帶是否過松以(yi)及蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的極(ji)樁有(you)無(wu)松動(dong)(dong)。若無(wu)異常再檢(jian)查調節(jie)器觸(chu)點是否燒蝕、臟污，線圈或電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)有(you)無(wu)接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)不(bu)良(liang)、斷路等(deng);仍無(wu)異常，則應(ying)拆(chai)檢(jian)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機內(nei)部(bu)的技術(shu)狀況，并逐項修(xiu)(xiu)復。發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機中速以(yi)上運轉時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流表(biao)指示(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，但(dan)指針不(bu)斷左(zuo)右擺動(dong)(dong)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流時(shi)大時(shi)小，應(ying)予檢(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)。

5、發電機不發電

發電機不發電的主要原因是：整流二極管擊穿短路或斷路;激磁繞組短路或斷路;三相定子繞組相問短路或搭鐵;轉子滑環嚴重氧化臟污，炭刷架損壞或炭刷在刷架中卡住。【詳細】

1、避免大電流放電

電(dian)(dian)動車在起步(bu)、載人、上坡(po)時，盡(jin)量(liang)避免(mian)猛踩加速(su)，形成瞬間(jian)大電(dian)(dian)流放電(dian)(dian)。大電(dian)(dian)流放電(dian)(dian)容易導致產(chan)生硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)結晶，從而損害電(dian)(dian)池極板的物理(li)性能。

2、避免充電時插頭發熱

二(er)百二(er)十伏電(dian)源插(cha)頭(tou)(tou)或充電(dian)器(qi)輸出插(cha)頭(tou)(tou)松動、接(jie)(jie)觸面(mian)氧化等(deng)現象都(dou)會導致(zhi)插(cha)頭(tou)(tou)發(fa)熱，發(fa)熱時間過長(chang)會導致(zhi)插(cha)頭(tou)(tou)短路或接(jie)(jie)觸不良，損害充電(dian)器(qi)和(he)電(dian)瓶，給您(nin)帶來不必要的損失。所以發(fa)現上(shang)述情況時，應及時清除氧化物或更換(huan)接(jie)(jie)插(cha)件(jian)。

3、定期檢查

在使(shi)用過(guo)程中(zhong)，如果(guo)電(dian)動車的續行里程在短時間內突(tu)然大(da)幅度下降十(shi)幾公(gong)里，則很(hen)有可(ke)能是(shi)電(dian)池組(zu)中(zhong)最少有一塊電(dian)池出現問題。此時，應及時到銷售中(zhong)心或代理商維修部(bu)進(jin)行檢查、修復或配組(zu)。

這(zhe)樣能相對(dui)延長電池(chi)組的(de)壽(shou)命，最大(da)程(cheng)度地節省(sheng)您的(de)開支(zhi)。

4、嚴禁存放時虧電

蓄電(dian)(dian)池在存放時(shi)嚴禁處于(yu)虧(kui)電(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態。虧(kui)電(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態是指電(dian)(dian)池使用后(hou)沒有及時(shi)充電(dian)(dian)。

在虧電狀態下存放電池，很容易出現硫酸鹽化，硫酸鉛結晶物附著在極板上，會堵塞電離子通道，造成充電不足，電池容量下降。虧電狀態閑置時間越長，電池損壞越重。因此，電池閑置不用時，應每月補充電一次，這樣能較好地保持電池健康狀態。【詳細】