汽車電(dian)機一般指(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機，是(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)依據(ju)電(dian)磁(ci)感應(ying)定律實現電(dian)能的(de)(de)轉換或傳遞的(de)(de)一種電(dian)磁(ci)裝置。電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機也稱馬達，在電(dian)路中用字(zi)母“M”表(biao)示(shi)。它的(de)(de)主要作用是(shi)產生(sheng)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)轉矩，作為用電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車的(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)力源。

1、電動汽車直流電機

優點：是起動加速(su)轉(zhuan)巨大，電磁轉(zhuan)矩控制特(te)性良好，調速(su)方便(bian)，控制裝置簡單，成(cheng)本較低。

缺點：有(you)機械換向器，當在(zai)高速大負荷下(xia)運行時，換向器表面有(you)火花出現，因此不宜太(tai)高的(de)電機轉速。比(bi)較(jiao)與其他驅動系統而言處于劣(lie)勢，已經(jing)逐漸被淘汰(tai)。

2、電動汽車交流感應電機

交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)感應電(dian)機(ji)定子(zi)用于產(chan)生磁場，由定子(zi)鐵(tie)芯、定子(zi)繞組、鐵(tie)芯外(wai)側的(de)外(wai)殼、支撐轉子(zi)軸的(de)軸承組成。交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)有價格低、以(yi)維護、體(ti)積小的(de)優點，但是交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)的(de)控(kong)制比(bi)較復(fu)雜。已經成為交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)動(dong)汽車的(de)首選。

3、電動汽車交流感應電機

永磁(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，采用永磁(ci)體(ti)來產生氣隙磁(ci)通量(liang)，永磁(ci)體(ti)代替了(le)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)的磁(ci)場線圈和感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)定子(zi)的勵(li)磁(ci)體(ti)。永磁(ci)同步電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)具有高效率(lv)(lv)、高力矩(ju)(ju)慣量(liang)比(bi)、高能(neng)量(liang)密度，尤(you)其是其低(di)(di)速大扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)的優點(dian)能(neng)滿足(zu)車輛在復雜多變的道路下(xia)行(xing)駛(shi)，是個高性能(neng)而且低(di)(di)碳環保(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)隨著稀土永磁(ci)材料的出現有望(wang)與交流感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)爭(zheng)奪(duo)市(shi)場。特別(bie)是在中(zhong)(zhong)小功率(lv)(lv)范(fan)圍內等到了(le)廣泛的應用。

4、電動汽車開關磁阻電機

開關磁阻電(dian)機(ji)定、轉子都(dou)是普通硅鋼片(pian)疊壓成的(de)雙凸極結構。

優點：簡單(dan)可靠、可調(diao)速范圍寬(kuan)、效率高、控制靈(ling)活、成本(ben)低。

缺點：轉矩波動大、噪聲大、需要位置檢測器、有非線性特性等。應用受到限制。【詳細】

由于交(jiao)流發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)是由發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機通過(guo)皮帶驅動(dong)(dong)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)的(de)(de)(de)，發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速從最低約800轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)/分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)到(dao)最高約6000轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)/分(fen)鐘，因而(er)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速變(bian)化(hua)范(fan)圍非常大(da)，這樣(yang)將引起(qi)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)(de)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)發(fa)(fa)生較大(da)變(bian)化(hua)，無法滿足汽車用電(dian)(dian)設備的(de)(de)(de)工作要求。為(wei)了(le)滿足用電(dian)(dian)設備恒定(ding)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)要求，交(jiao)流發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機必(bi)須(xu)配用電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)調節(jie)器，使其輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)在發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機所有工況(kuang)下基本保持恒定(ding)。

對于(yu)12V的汽(qi)車(che)電(dian)器系(xi)統，調(diao)節(jie)(jie)器調(diao)節(jie)(jie)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)的輸出電(dian)壓范圍在13.8－14.4伏之(zhi)間。

發電機的輸出電壓取決于發電機定子線圈的匝數、發電機的轉速和轉子線圈產生磁場的強度，而我們只能調節的是轉子線圈產生磁場的強度。電壓調節器通過控制轉子線圈的通電電流來控制磁場的強度。【詳細】

1、不充電

發動機(ji)在(zai)中等以上轉(zhuan)速(su)時，電(dian)(dian)流表指針指示不(bu)(bu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)指示燈亮，首先要考慮蓄電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)情況(kuang)，若充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)不(bu)(bu)足為發電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)故障。

不(bu)(bu)充(chong)電(dian)除了傳動皮帶過(guo)松打(da)滑，一般要檢查發(fa)電(dian)機本身(shen)不(bu)(bu)發(fa)電(dian)或調節器故障(zhang)，以及充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)路斷路故障(zhang)。如發(fa)電(dian)機內(nei)部(bu)整流脫(tuo)落或電(dian)樞接線柱底部(bu)與二(er)極管(guan)元件板接觸處不(bu)(bu)通;二(er)極管(guan)擊(ji)穿短路，造(zao)成定子繞組燒損;電(dian)刷(shua)在(zai)炭刷(shua)架內(nei)卡住接觸不(bu)(bu)良，或磁場繞組斷路等。

診斷中提高發動機(ji)(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan);開(kai)大燈，如(ru)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)表(biao)(biao)指(zhi)針(zhen)瞬間的偏轉(zhuan)放(fang)電(dian)方向(xiang)，則為發電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)與(yu)調(diao)節(jie)器(qi)工作(zuo)正(zheng)常，而是蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)已足;若電(dian)流(liu)(liu)表(biao)(biao)指(zhi)針(zhen)較(jiao)大的偏向(xiang)放(fang)電(dian)方向(xiang)，則故障(zhang)在(zai)發電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)或(huo)調(diao)節(jie)器(qi)，應(ying)檢查充(chong)電(dian)線(xian)路各接頭(tou)是否良好(hao)，風扇皮帶是否過(guo)松及發電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、調(diao)節(jie)器(qi)的技術狀況。首先驗證(zheng)充(chong)電(dian)系(xi)統(tong)是否確實(shi)有(you)故障(zhang)，將發動機(ji)(ji)(ji)置于中速(su)運轉(zhuan)，在(zai)開(kai)前照燈的瞬間，電(dian)流(liu)(liu)表(biao)(biao)指(zhi)針(zhen)偏向(xiang)“+”方向(xiang)或(huo)保持原位不動，為蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池已充(chong)足電(dian)，充(chong)電(dian)系(xi)統(tong)工作(zuo)正(zheng)常。如(ru)果電(dian)流(liu)(liu)表(biao)(biao)指(zhi)針(zhen)偏向(xiang)“一”方向(xiang)，為充(chong)電(dian)系(xi)統(tong)有(you)故障(zhang)，應(ying)予檢修。

2、充電電流過小

蓄電(dian)(dian)池在存電(dian)(dian)不足的情況下，提高發動(dong)機轉速，電(dian)(dian)流表指針指示較小(xiao)的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流，則為充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流過小(xiao)故(gu)障。這一般是發電(dian)(dian)機本(ben)身電(dian)(dian)壓不足，調(diao)節器技術狀態(tai)不良以(yi)及充(chong)電(dian)(dian)線路中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)增大所(suo)致(zhi)。

可按(an)以下(xia)(xia)步驟判斷和排除：檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池、發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)、調(diao)節(jie)器和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流表等(deng)各(ge)機(ji)件的(de)接線(xian)柱(zhu)及(ji)其導線(xian)連(lian)接是否(fou)牢靠。檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)風扇皮帶是否(fou)過松而使發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)轉速不高。在上(shang)述(shu)情況正常時，可在發(fa)(fa)動機(ji)中(zhong)等(deng)轉速下(xia)(xia)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)調(diao)節(jie)器的(de)限額電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，拆檢(jian)(jian)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)是否(fou)有(you)磨(mo)損損壞的(de)異常現(xian)象(xiang)。檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)調(diao)節(jie)器活(huo)動觸(chu)點是否(fou)燒(shao)蝕或有(you)無(wu)氧(yang)化(hua)物，活(huo)動觸(chu)點臂與鐵芯間間隙(xi)及(ji)彈簧拉力是否(fou)符合技術要求;調(diao)節(jie)器接線(xian)有(you)無(wu)松動現(xian)象(xiang)。發(fa)(fa)現(xian)異常現(xian)象(xiang)應及(ji)時修復。發(fa)(fa)動機(ji)在中(zhong)速以上(shang)運(yun)轉時，接通前(qian)照燈，若(ruo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流仍(reng)顯示(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，為(wei)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統技術狀況良好;若(ruo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源表顯示(shi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，為(wei)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流過小(xiao)故障(zhang)，應予檢(jian)(jian)修。

3、充電電流過大

汽車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)表指針偏轉到最大充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)位置;若夜間行車(che)，發動(dong)機轉速高(gao)時，就會(hui)出現照明和(he)儀表指示燈特(te)別亮。燈泡容易燒(shao)毀，分電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)觸點燒(shao)蝕，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液消耗過快(kuai)。首(shou)(shou)先檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)調節器(qi)火線與磁(ci)(ci)場兩接(jie)線柱導線是否(fou)接(jie)錯(cuo)，活(huo)動(dong)觸點是否(fou)燒(shao)蝕或粘合于常閉狀態。檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)調節器(qi)時，可拆下磁(ci)(ci)場接(jie)線，若充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)明顯減小，為調節器(qi)故障(zhang)，可能是低速觸點燒(shao)結分不開，線圈有斷路等，若充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)仍然(ran)很大，可能是磁(ci)(ci)場接(jie)線和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞接(jie)線有短(duan)路。首(shou)(shou)先檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)是否(fou)因蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池內部(bu)短(duan)路和(he)嚴(yan)重虧(kui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)而引起(qi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)過大應(ying)予檢(jian)修。

4、充電電流不穩

在發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)怠速(su)以(yi)上(shang)轉速(su)運(yun)轉時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)表指針左(zuo)右擺(bai)動(dong)(dong)，顯示間(jian)歇充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(有(you)時充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)有(you)時又不充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)現象)，一(yi)般為發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)不穩(wen)定。首先應檢(jian)查各連接(jie)(jie)線(xian)頭是(shi)否(fou)松動(dong)(dong)和接(jie)(jie)觸不良;皮帶是(shi)否(fou)過松以(yi)及蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)極樁(zhuang)有(you)無(wu)松動(dong)(dong)。若無(wu)異常再檢(jian)查調節器(qi)觸點(dian)是(shi)否(fou)燒蝕、臟污，線(xian)圈或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻有(you)無(wu)接(jie)(jie)觸不良、斷路等;仍無(wu)異常，則應拆檢(jian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)內部的(de)技術狀況，并逐(zhu)項(xiang)修復(fu)。發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)中速(su)以(yi)上(shang)運(yun)轉時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)表指示充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，但指針不斷左(zuo)右擺(bai)動(dong)(dong)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)時大時小，應予(yu)檢(jian)修。

5、發電機不發電

發電機不發電的主要原因是：整流二極管擊穿短路或斷路;激磁繞組短路或斷路;三相定子繞組相問短路或搭鐵;轉子滑環嚴重氧化臟污，炭刷架損壞或炭刷在刷架中卡住。【詳細】

1、避免大電流放電

電動車在起步、載人、上(shang)坡時，盡量避(bi)免猛踩加速，形成瞬(shun)間大電流放電。大電流放電容(rong)易(yi)導致產生硫酸鉛結(jie)晶，從而損害(hai)電池極(ji)板的物理(li)性能。

2、避免充電時插頭發熱

二百二十(shi)伏電(dian)(dian)源插(cha)頭(tou)或(huo)(huo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器輸出插(cha)頭(tou)松動(dong)、接觸(chu)面氧化(hua)等現(xian)象(xiang)都會(hui)導致插(cha)頭(tou)發(fa)熱，發(fa)熱時間過長會(hui)導致插(cha)頭(tou)短(duan)路或(huo)(huo)接觸(chu)不(bu)良，損害充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器和電(dian)(dian)瓶，給您帶(dai)來不(bu)必要的損失。所以發(fa)現(xian)上述情況時，應及時清(qing)除氧化(hua)物或(huo)(huo)更換(huan)接插(cha)件。

3、定期檢查

在(zai)使用(yong)過(guo)程(cheng)中，如(ru)果電動車的續行里程(cheng)在(zai)短(duan)時(shi)間內(nei)突然大(da)幅度下降十幾(ji)公里，則很有可能是電池組中最(zui)少(shao)有一(yi)塊電池出(chu)現問(wen)題。此時(shi)，應(ying)及時(shi)到銷售中心或代(dai)理商維(wei)修(xiu)部進行檢查、修(xiu)復或配組。

這樣能相對延長電(dian)池(chi)組的(de)壽命，最大程度(du)地節省您的(de)開支。

4、嚴禁存放時虧電

蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在存放時(shi)嚴禁處于虧電(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態。虧電(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態是指電(dian)(dian)池(chi)使用(yong)后沒有及(ji)時(shi)充電(dian)(dian)。

在虧電狀態下存放電池，很容易出現硫酸鹽化，硫酸鉛結晶物附著在極板上，會堵塞電離子通道，造成充電不足，電池容量下降。虧電狀態閑置時間越長，電池損壞越重。因此，電池閑置不用時，應每月補充電一次，這樣能較好地保持電池健康狀態。【詳細】