1、電池單體

電(dian)池單(dan)體(ti)是直接(jie)將化(hua)學能轉(zhuan)化(hua)為(wei)電(dian)能的基本(ben)單(dan)元(yuan)裝(zhuang)置，包括(kuo)電(dian)極、隔(ge)膜、電(dian)解質、外殼和(he)端子，并被(bei)設計成可充電(dian)。

2、電池模組(zu)

電(dian)池模組將一(yi)個以上電(dian)池單(dan)體(ti)按(an)照串(chuan)聯、并(bing)聯或(huo)串(chuan)并(bing)聯方(fang)式組合，且只有一(yi)對正負極輸出端子，并(bing)作為電(dian)源使用的(de)組合體(ti)

3、電池單元

電(dian)池單元由數十(shi)個電(dian)池單體或電(dian)池模組串(chuan)聯在起，構(gou)成一(yi)(yi)個電(dian)池單元。由數個電(dian)池單元串(chuan)聯在一(yi)(yi)起，構(gou)成動力電(dian)池總成。

4、CSC采集系統

每一(yi)個(ge)電池單(dan)元(yuan)有多個(ge)CSC采集(ji)系統，以監測(ce)其(qi)中每個(ge)電池單(dan)體(ti)(ti)或電池組單(dan)體(ti)(ti)電壓(ya)、溫度信息。

CSC采(cai)集系(xi)統將相關信(xin)息(xi)上報電池控制(zhi)單元（BMU）并根據BMU的指令(ling)執行單體電壓均衡。

5、電池控(kong)制單元

安(an)裝于動(dong)力(li)電(dian)池(chi)總成內(nei)部(bu)，是(shi)電(dian)池(chi)管理系(xi)統核(he)心部(bu)件。電(dian)池(chi)控制單(dan)元（BMU）將單(dan)體電(dian)壓(ya)、電(dian)流、溫度及整(zheng)(zheng)車高壓(ya)絕(jue)緣等(deng)信息上報整(zheng)(zheng)車控制器（VCU）并根據∨CU的(de)指令完成對動(dong)力(li)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)控制。

6、電池(chi)高壓分(fen)配單元

安(an)裝在動(dong)力(li)電(dian)池總(zong)成(cheng)的(de)正負極(ji)輸(shu)出端(duan)，由高(gao)壓正極(ji)繼(ji)電(dian)器、高(gao)壓負極(ji)繼(ji)電(dian)器、預充繼(ji)電(dian)器、電(dian)流傳感器和預充電(dian)阻等組成(cheng)。

7、維(wei)修開關

位于(yu)動(dong)力電池總成中(zhong)間表(biao)面位置(zhi)，打開(kai)(kai)駕駛室內(nei)副儀表(biao)手套箱(xiang)開(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)，可操作維(wei)(wei)修開(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)。在高壓零部件檢查和維(wei)(wei)護(hu)前(qian)斷開(kai)(kai)維(wei)(wei)修開(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)可以確保切斷高壓。

1、汽車(che)和(he)摩托(tuo)車(che)行業

主要是為(wei)發動(dong)機的起動(dong)點(dian)火和(he)車載電子(zi)設備的使用提(ti)供電能。

2、工業電力(li)系統

用于輸變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站、為(wei)(wei)動力機組提(ti)供(gong)合閘電(dian)(dian)流，為(wei)(wei)公共(gong)設施提(ti)供(gong)備(bei)用電(dian)(dian)源以及通訊用電(dian)(dian)源。

3、電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車和電(dian)動(dong)(dong)自行車行業

取代汽油和柴油，作為電(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)或電(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行車(che)的行駛動力電(dian)(dian)源。

4、軍事領域

由于(yu)高科(ke)技在軍事上的(de)廣泛應用，現代(dai)戰爭(zheng)(zheng)已成(cheng)為以數(shu)字化、信息化武器為主的(de)高科(ke)技戰爭(zheng)(zheng)。這種戰爭(zheng)(zheng)模式使(shi)得高效、高比能量密度(du)和可快速充(chong)填(tian)燃料的(de)軍用能源(yuan)成(cheng)為現代(dai)戰場上的(de)迫切需要。當今世(shi)界各(ge)國對高能動力(li)電池(chi)(chi)的(de)技術開發一(yi)直(zhi)在緊張進(jin)行，如新(xin)型鉛酸電池(chi)(chi)、鋰離子電池(chi)(chi)和燃料電池(chi)(chi)的(de)使(shi)用。

1、動力(li)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)

動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)分為(wei)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、開路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、額定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)和放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池正極和負極之(zhi)間的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位差(cha)即(ji)為(wei)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，在沒有負載情況(kuang)下(xia)的端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)叫開路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在工作(zuo)時輸出的標準(zhun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)即(ji)為(wei)額定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)極限值(zhi)(zhi)就是充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)極限值(zhi)(zhi)是放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。

2、動(dong)力電池容量

容量(liang)(liang)是指電(dian)(dian)池在一定放電(dian)(dian)條件下(xia)所能放出的(de)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)，用符號C表示，單(dan)位常用為(wei)A?h或(huo)mA?h，等于(yu)放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流與放電(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)的(de)乘積。容量(liang)(liang)可以(yi)分為(wei)理論容量(liang)(liang)、標稱容量(liang)(liang)與額定容量(liang)(liang)。

3、動力電池能量(liang)和能量(liang)密度

電池(chi)的能量是(shi)指在一定放電制度下(xia)，電池(chi)所能輸出的電能，單(dan)位為Wh或kWh，它影響電動汽車的行駛距(ju)離(li)。

能量(liang)密度是指單位質量(liang)或(huo)單位體(ti)(ti)(ti)積的(de)(de)電池(chi)(chi)所能輸出的(de)(de)能量(liang)，相應的(de)(de)也被稱(cheng)為(wei)質量(liang)比能量(liang)或(huo)體(ti)(ti)(ti)積比能量(liang)。在電動(dong)汽(qi)車應用方(fang)面，電池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)質量(liang)比能量(liang)影響(xiang)電動(dong)汽(qi)車的(de)(de)整(zheng)車質量(liang)和續駛(shi)里(li)程，而體(ti)(ti)(ti)積比能量(liang)影響(xiang)到電池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)布置空間。

4、動力電池功率(lv)與(yu)功率(lv)密度

功(gong)率是指在一定(ding)的(de)放(fang)電(dian)制(zhi)度下，單位時間內電(dian)池輸出(chu)的(de)能量，單位為W或(huo)kW。

功(gong)率(lv)密(mi)度又稱(cheng)比(bi)功(gong)率(lv)，是(shi)單(dan)位(wei)質量或單(dan)位(wei)體積(ji)電池輸出的(de)功(gong)率(lv)，比(bi)功(gong)率(lv)是(shi)評價(jia)電池及電池包(bao)是(shi)否滿足電動汽車加(jia)速和爬坡能力的(de)重要指標(biao)。

1、超長壽命

長壽(shou)命(ming)鉛酸(suan)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的循環壽(shou)命(ming)在300次(ci)(ci)左右，最(zui)高(gao)也就(jiu)500次(ci)(ci)，而目(mu)前生(sheng)產的磷酸(suan)鐵鋰動力電(dian)池(chi)(chi)，最(zui)好的電(dian)池(chi)(chi)循環壽(shou)命(ming)可(ke)達到(dao)2000次(ci)(ci)以(yi)上(shang)，標準充電(dian)（5小時(shi)率(lv)）使用，可(ke)達到(dao)2000次(ci)(ci)。同質量(liang)的鉛酸(suan)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)是“新半年(nian)、舊半年(nian)、維(wei)護(hu)維(wei)護(hu)又(you)半年(nian)”，最(zui)多(duo)也就(jiu)1~1.5年(nian)時(shi)間，而磷酸(suan)鐵鋰電(dian)池(chi)(chi)在同樣條(tiao)件下(xia)使用，將(jiang)達到(dao)7－8年(nian)。綜合考慮，性能價格(ge)比將(jiang)為(wei)鉛酸(suan)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的4倍以(yi)上(shang)。

2、使用安全

磷酸鐵鋰(li)完全解(jie)決了鈷酸鋰(li)和錳(meng)酸鋰(li)的安(an)全隱患問題，鈷酸鋰(li)和錳(meng)酸鋰(li)在強烈的碰撞下會產生爆(bao)炸對消費者的生命安(an)全構成(cheng)威脅，而磷酸鐵鋰(li)以經過嚴格的安(an)全測試即(ji)使在最(zui)惡劣的交通(tong)事故(gu)中(zhong)也不會產生爆(bao)炸。

3、可大電流2C快速(su)充放電

在(zai)專用充(chong)電(dian)器下，1.5C充(chong)電(dian)40分鐘內即(ji)可使(shi)電(dian)池充(chong)滿，起動電(dian)流可達(da)2C,而鉛酸電(dian)池現在(zai)無此(ci)性能(neng)。

4、耐(nai)高溫

磷酸鐵鋰電熱峰值可達350℃~500℃而(er)錳酸鋰和(he)鈷酸鋰只在200℃左右(you)。

5、大容量

動(dong)力(li)電池相(xiang)比傳統的汽車(che)電池容量要大(da)許多，一般的動(dong)力(li)電池都至少能(neng)帶動(dong)汽車(che)跑150km以上，好的動(dong)力(li)電池則(ze)可以達(da)到300km以上。

6、無記憶效應

傳(chuan)統(tong)的鎳鎘(ge)電池(chi)具有記憶(yi)效應，因此容易導致電池(chi)容量(liang)降低。動力電池(chi)則無(wu)需(xu)擔心，可以(yi)隨(sui)用(yong)隨(sui)充。

7、體積(ji)小、重(zhong)量輕

動力(li)電池由于采取了新技術，相比傳統又(you)沉又(you)大的(de)電池來(lai)說，體積(ji)更小，重量更輕。

1、性質不同

動力電(dian)(dian)池(chi)是(shi)指為(wei)交通運輸工具提供動力的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，一般是(shi)相(xiang)對于(yu)為(wei)便(bian)攜(xie)式電(dian)(dian)子(zi)設備提供能(neng)量的(de)小(xiao)型電(dian)(dian)池(chi)而言(yan)；而普通電(dian)(dian)池(chi)是(shi)一種以鋰(li)(li)金屬或鋰(li)(li)合(he)金為(wei)負極(ji)材料，使(shi)用非水電(dian)(dian)解質溶液的(de)一次電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，與可充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)鋰(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)跟鋰(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)聚合(he)物(wu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)是(shi)不一樣。

2、電(dian)池(chi)容(rong)量不同

在(zai)都是新電(dian)池(chi)的(de)情況下(xia)，用放電(dian)儀測試電(dian)池(chi)容(rong)量(liang)，一般動力電(dian)池(chi)的(de)容(rong)量(liang)在(zai)1000-1500mAh左右；而普(pu)通(tong)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)容(rong)量(liang)在(zai)2000mAh以上，有(you)的(de)能到(dao)3400mAh。

3、放電功率不同

一顆4200mAh的(de)動力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可以(yi)(yi)在短短幾分鐘內將電(dian)(dian)(dian)量放光，但是普(pu)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)完(wan)全做(zuo)不到，因此普(pu)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)能力(li)完(wan)全無法與(yu)動力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)相(xiang)比(bi)。動力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)與(yu)普(pu)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)最大(da)(da)的(de)差(cha)別，在于其放電(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)大(da)(da)，比(bi)能量高。由于動力(li)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)主要用途為(wei)車(che)用能源(yuan)供給(gei)，所以(yi)(yi)相(xiang)較于普(pu)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)要有(you)更高的(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)。

4、應用不(bu)同

為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車提供驅動(dong)(dong)動(dong)(dong)力(li)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)被(bei)稱為動(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，包(bao)括傳(chuan)統的(de)鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)以(yi)及新(xin)興的(de)鋰(li)離子動(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，分為功率型動(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(混合(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)汽車)以(yi)及能(neng)量型動(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車)；手機、筆記本電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腦等消(xiao)費電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子產品(pin)使用的(de)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)一般統稱為鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，以(yi)區別于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車用的(de)動(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。

固態(tai)鋰(li)電(dian)池(聚(ju)合物固態(tai)電(dian)池)研發應用現(xian)狀

法國Bollore：全固態二次電(dian)池(LMP)，負(fu)極材料采用金(jin)屬鋰，電(dian)解質采用聚合物(PEO 等)薄膜，目前已(yi)經批(pi)量(liang)應用在法國的 EV，共享服務汽車“Autolib”和小型電(dian)動巴(ba)士(shi)“Bluelus，總(zong)體應用超過3000 輛(liang)。

美國Seeo：全(quan)固體二次電(dian)池(chi)采用大創公司的干(gan)聚合物薄膜(mo)，提(ti)供的樣品電(dian)池(chi)組能量密度為 130-150Wh/kg，2017 年能量密度能達到300Wh/kg，尚(shang)未推廣應用。

CATL：目前已經設計制造(zao)出了容量為 325 mAh的(de)聚合物電芯，表現出較好的(de)高溫循環(huan)性能，尚未(wei)推廣應(ying)用(yong)。

中科院青島能(neng)源所：開(kai)發的大容量(liang)固態聚合物鋰電池“青能(neng) I 號”完(wan)成深(shen)海科考(kao)，其能(neng)量(liang)密(mi)度超過 250 Wh/kg，500次(ci)循環容量(liang)保(bao)持(chi) 80%以(yi)上，在多次(ci)針刺(ci)和擠壓等苛(ke)刻測試條件下保(bao)持(chi)非常好的安全性能(neng)。“青能(neng) II號”也已經研發成功，能(neng)量(liang)密(mi)度高達 300 Wh/kg，尚未推廣(guang)應用。

此(ci)外，固(gu)(gu)態(tai)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)中，硫化(hua)物固(gu)(gu)態(tai)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(鋰(li)硫電(dian)(dian)池(chi))由于(yu)具有(you)較(jiao)高的(de)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)密(mi)度和低廉的(de)成本(ben)，有(you)著(zhu)巨大的(de)開發潛力，豐(feng)(feng)田(tian)、三星、CATL、豐(feng)(feng)田(tian)等國內(nei)外企業(ye)(ye)均紛紛加速布局，這其中以豐(feng)(feng)田(tian)技術最為領先(xian)。豐(feng)(feng)田(tian)在2010年(nian)就推出(chu)硫化(hua)物固(gu)(gu)態(tai)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，2014年(nian)其實(shi)驗原型能(neng)(neng)量(liang)密(mi)度達到400Wh/kg，截(jie)止到2017年(nian)初(chu)，豐(feng)(feng)田(tian)固(gu)(gu)態(tai)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)專利數量(liang)達到30件(jian)，遠高于(yu)其它企業(ye)(ye)。據(ju)豐(feng)(feng)田(tian)高管透(tou)露，豐(feng)(feng)田(tian)或將在2020年(nian)實(shi)現(xian)硫化(hua)物固(gu)(gu)態(tai)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)產業(ye)(ye)化(hua)。國內(nei)企業(ye)(ye)CATL在硫化(hua)物固(gu)(gu)態(tai)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)方面相對領先(xian)，正加速開發純電(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)用的(de)硫化(hua)物全固(gu)(gu)態(tai)鋰(li)金屬電(dian)(dian)池(chi)。

固態(tai)鋰電池(硫化物固態(tai)電池)研發(fa)現狀(zhuang)

豐田：2010年開始推出固態電池(chi)，2014年其實驗原型能(neng)量密度達(da)到400Wh/kg。

三星日本研究所：利(li)用(yong)硫化(hua)物(wu)類(lei)固體電(dian)解質試制出2000mAh、175Wh/kg的壓層型全固態(tai)二次電(dian)池。

Sakti3(美國)：2015年獲得(de)英(ying)國家電巨(ju)頭戴(dai)森(sen)1500萬(wan)美元的投資，其開發(fa)的固態(tai)電池(chi)以(yi)陶瓷(ci)等為電解質，金屬(shu)鋰(li)或鋰(li)類合金為負(fu)極，能量(liang)密度達(da)到1000Wh/L，目前仍處(chu)于研發(fa)階段(duan)。

清陶(tao)能(neng)源：公司核心在于高固含量(liang)的全陶(tao)瓷隔膜(mo)和(he)無機固體(ti)電解質的開發(fa)和(he)生(sheng)產。目前(qian)團(tuan)隊已經和(he)北汽開展合(he)作(zuo)進行中(zhong)試，未來可能(neng)作(zuo)為北汽電動車(che)的重要組(zu)件。

CATL：主要研發方(fang)向是(shi)硫化(hua)物電(dian)解質，采用正極包覆方(fang)法，解決了(le)界(jie)面反應問題，熱壓方(fang)式降(jiang)低了(le)界(jie)面電(dian)阻。