1、電池單體(ti)

電(dian)(dian)池單(dan)體是直接將化(hua)學能轉化(hua)為電(dian)(dian)能的基本(ben)單(dan)元裝置，包(bao)括電(dian)(dian)極、隔(ge)膜、電(dian)(dian)解質、外(wai)殼和端子，并被設計成可充(chong)電(dian)(dian)。

2、電池(chi)模(mo)組

電(dian)池模組將一個以上電(dian)池單體(ti)按照串聯、并聯或串并聯方式組合，且只(zhi)有一對正負極輸出(chu)端子(zi)，并作(zuo)為(wei)電(dian)源使用(yong)的組合體(ti)

3、電(dian)池(chi)單元

電(dian)池(chi)(chi)單元由數十個電(dian)池(chi)(chi)單體或電(dian)池(chi)(chi)模組(zu)串(chuan)聯在(zai)起，構成一(yi)個電(dian)池(chi)(chi)單元。由數個電(dian)池(chi)(chi)單元串(chuan)聯在(zai)一(yi)起，構成動力電(dian)池(chi)(chi)總(zong)成。

4、CSC采(cai)集系統

每一(yi)個電(dian)池單(dan)元有多個CSC采集(ji)系統，以監測其中每個電(dian)池單(dan)體或電(dian)池組單(dan)體電(dian)壓(ya)、溫度信(xin)息。

CSC采集系統將相關信息上報電(dian)池控制單(dan)元（BMU）并(bing)根據BMU的指令執行單(dan)體電(dian)壓均(jun)衡。

5、電池控制單元

安裝于動力電(dian)池(chi)總成(cheng)內部(bu)，是(shi)電(dian)池(chi)管理系統核心部(bu)件(jian)。電(dian)池(chi)控制(zhi)單元（BMU）將(jiang)單體電(dian)壓(ya)、電(dian)流、溫(wen)度及整車高壓(ya)絕緣等信息(xi)上報整車控制(zhi)器（VCU）并根據∨CU的指(zhi)令完成(cheng)對動力電(dian)池(chi)的控制(zhi)。

6、電池(chi)高(gao)壓分配單元

安裝在動力電(dian)(dian)池總成的正負極輸出端，由高壓正極繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)、高壓負極繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)、預充(chong)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)、電(dian)(dian)流傳感(gan)器(qi)和預充(chong)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)等組成。

7、維修開關(guan)

位(wei)于(yu)動力(li)電(dian)池總(zong)成(cheng)中(zhong)間(jian)表(biao)面位(wei)置(zhi)，打開駕駛室內副儀表(biao)手套箱開關(guan)，可操作維修開關(guan)。在(zai)高壓零部件(jian)檢(jian)查和(he)維護前斷(duan)開維修開關(guan)可以(yi)確(que)保切(qie)斷(duan)高壓。

1、汽車(che)和摩托車(che)行(xing)業

主要(yao)是為發動機的(de)起動點(dian)火和車載電(dian)子設備的(de)使(shi)用提(ti)供電(dian)能。

2、工業電力系統

用于輸變電站、為動力機組(zu)提供(gong)(gong)合(he)閘電流，為公共設施提供(gong)(gong)備(bei)用電源以(yi)及通(tong)訊用電源。

3、電(dian)動汽車和電(dian)動自行車行業(ye)

取代汽油和柴油，作為電(dian)動汽車(che)或電(dian)動自行(xing)車(che)的行(xing)駛動力電(dian)源。

4、軍事領域

由(you)于高(gao)(gao)科技(ji)在軍事上的(de)廣泛應用，現代(dai)戰(zhan)爭已成為以數字化、信(xin)息化武器(qi)為主的(de)高(gao)(gao)科技(ji)戰(zhan)爭。這種戰(zhan)爭模式使得(de)高(gao)(gao)效、高(gao)(gao)比能量密度和(he)可快速充填燃(ran)(ran)料的(de)軍用能源(yuan)成為現代(dai)戰(zhan)場上的(de)迫切(qie)需要。當今(jin)世界各(ge)國(guo)對(dui)高(gao)(gao)能動力電(dian)池的(de)技(ji)術開發一直在緊(jin)張進行，如新型(xing)鉛酸(suan)電(dian)池、鋰離(li)子(zi)電(dian)池和(he)燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)池的(de)使用。

1、動力電池電壓(ya)

動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)分為端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、開路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)終止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)和(he)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)終止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)正極(ji)(ji)和(he)負極(ji)(ji)之間的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位差即為端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，在沒有負載(zai)情況(kuang)下的(de)(de)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)叫開路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在工(gong)作時輸(shu)出的(de)(de)標準(zhun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)即為額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)極(ji)(ji)限值(zhi)就是充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)終止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)極(ji)(ji)限值(zhi)是放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)終止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。

2、動力電池容量

容(rong)量(liang)是指電(dian)池在(zai)一定放電(dian)條件下所能放出的電(dian)量(liang)，用(yong)符號C表(biao)示，單(dan)位(wei)常(chang)用(yong)為(wei)A?h或mA?h，等于放電(dian)電(dian)流與(yu)放電(dian)時間的乘積。容(rong)量(liang)可以分(fen)為(wei)理論(lun)容(rong)量(liang)、標稱容(rong)量(liang)與(yu)額定容(rong)量(liang)。

3、動力(li)電池能量和能量密度

電池的(de)能量是指(zhi)在(zai)一定放電制度下，電池所能輸(shu)出的(de)電能，單位為(wei)Wh或kWh，它影響(xiang)電動汽車的(de)行(xing)駛距離。

能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)密度是指單位質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)或單位體積(ji)的電池(chi)所能(neng)(neng)輸出的能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)，相應的也被稱為質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)比(bi)(bi)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)或體積(ji)比(bi)(bi)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)。在電動汽車應用(yong)方(fang)面，電池(chi)的質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)比(bi)(bi)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)影響電動汽車的整車質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)和續駛里程(cheng)，而體積(ji)比(bi)(bi)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)影響到電池(chi)的布置空間(jian)。

4、動(dong)力電池功率與功率密度

功率是指在一定(ding)的放(fang)電(dian)制(zhi)度下，單位(wei)時(shi)間內電(dian)池輸出(chu)的能量，單位(wei)為W或kW。

功(gong)率密度又稱比功(gong)率，是(shi)(shi)單(dan)位質量或單(dan)位體積電(dian)(dian)池(chi)輸出的(de)功(gong)率，比功(gong)率是(shi)(shi)評價(jia)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)及(ji)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)包是(shi)(shi)否滿足電(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)加速和(he)爬坡能力的(de)重要(yao)指標。

1、超長壽(shou)命

長壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)循環(huan)壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)在(zai)300次左右，最(zui)(zui)高也就(jiu)500次，而(er)目前生產的(de)磷(lin)酸(suan)(suan)鐵鋰動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)池，最(zui)(zui)好(hao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)池循環(huan)壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)可達到(dao)2000次以(yi)上，標準充電(dian)(dian)（5小(xiao)時率）使用，可達到(dao)2000次。同質量的(de)鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)池是“新半(ban)年(nian)(nian)、舊半(ban)年(nian)(nian)、維護維護又(you)半(ban)年(nian)(nian)”，最(zui)(zui)多也就(jiu)1~1.5年(nian)(nian)時間，而(er)磷(lin)酸(suan)(suan)鐵鋰電(dian)(dian)池在(zai)同樣條件下(xia)使用，將(jiang)(jiang)達到(dao)7－8年(nian)(nian)。綜合考慮(lv)，性(xing)能(neng)價(jia)格比將(jiang)(jiang)為鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)4倍以(yi)上。

2、使(shi)用安全

磷酸鐵(tie)鋰(li)(li)(li)完(wan)全解決了鈷(gu)酸鋰(li)(li)(li)和錳酸鋰(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)安全隱患問題，鈷(gu)酸鋰(li)(li)(li)和錳酸鋰(li)(li)(li)在強烈的(de)(de)碰撞下(xia)會產生爆炸對消費者的(de)(de)生命(ming)安全構成(cheng)威脅，而磷酸鐵(tie)鋰(li)(li)(li)以經過嚴格的(de)(de)安全測試(shi)即使在最(zui)惡劣的(de)(de)交(jiao)通事(shi)故中(zhong)也不會產生爆炸。

3、可大電流2C快速充放(fang)電

在專(zhuan)用充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器下，1.5C充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)40分鐘內(nei)即(ji)可使電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)滿，起動電(dian)(dian)流可達2C,而鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池現在無(wu)此性能(neng)。

4、耐高溫

磷酸鐵鋰電熱峰值可達(da)350℃~500℃而錳酸鋰和鈷酸鋰只在200℃左右。

5、大容量

動(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)相比(bi)傳統(tong)的汽(qi)車電(dian)池(chi)(chi)容(rong)量要(yao)大許多，一(yi)般的動(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)都至(zhi)少能帶動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車跑150km以(yi)上，好的動(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)則可以(yi)達到300km以(yi)上。

6、無記憶效應

傳統(tong)的鎳鎘(ge)電池具有記憶效應，因此容(rong)易導致電池容(rong)量降(jiang)低。動(dong)力電池則無需(xu)擔心，可以隨(sui)用隨(sui)充。

7、體積小、重(zhong)量輕

動力電(dian)(dian)池(chi)由于采取了(le)新(xin)技(ji)術，相比傳統又(you)沉又(you)大(da)的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)來說(shuo)，體積更(geng)小，重(zhong)量更(geng)輕。

1、性質不同(tong)

動力電池(chi)是(shi)指(zhi)為交通運輸工具提供(gong)動力的(de)電池(chi)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)般是(shi)相(xiang)對于為便攜式電子設(she)備(bei)提供(gong)能量的(de)小(xiao)型電池(chi)而言；而普通電池(chi)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)以鋰金屬(shu)或鋰合金為負極材料，使用非水電解質溶液的(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次電池(chi)，與可充(chong)電電池(chi)鋰離子跟(gen)鋰離子聚合物電池(chi)是(shi)不一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣。

2、電池容量不同

在(zai)都是(shi)新電池的(de)情況下，用放電儀測試電池容量(liang)(liang)，一般動(dong)力電池的(de)容量(liang)(liang)在(zai)1000-1500mAh左右；而普(pu)通電池的(de)容量(liang)(liang)在(zai)2000mAh以(yi)上，有(you)的(de)能到(dao)3400mAh。

3、放電(dian)功(gong)率(lv)不同

一顆4200mAh的(de)動(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)可以在短短幾分鐘內將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量放光，但是(shi)普(pu)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)完全(quan)做不(bu)到，因(yin)此普(pu)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力(li)完全(quan)無法與動(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)相比。動(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)與普(pu)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)最(zui)大的(de)差別，在于(yu)其放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率(lv)大，比能(neng)(neng)量高。由于(yu)動(dong)(dong)力(li)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)主要用途(tu)為(wei)車用能(neng)(neng)源供(gong)給，所以相較于(yu)普(pu)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)要有更高的(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率(lv)。

4、應用不(bu)同

為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車提(ti)供(gong)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)被(bei)稱(cheng)為(wei)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，包括(kuo)傳統(tong)的(de)鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)以(yi)及新(xin)興的(de)鋰離子動(dong)(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，分為(wei)功率型(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(混(hun)合動(dong)(dong)(dong)力汽(qi)車)以(yi)及能量型(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車)；手機、筆記本電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腦等消費電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子產品(pin)使用的(de)鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)一般統(tong)稱(cheng)為(wei)鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，以(yi)區別(bie)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車用的(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。

固(gu)態鋰電池(聚(ju)合(he)物固(gu)態電池)研發(fa)應用(yong)現狀

法國Bollore：全固態(tai)二次電池(LMP)，負極材料(liao)采(cai)用金屬(shu)鋰，電解質采(cai)用聚合物(PEO 等)薄膜，目前已經批(pi)量(liang)應用在法國的(de) EV，共享服務汽(qi)車“Autolib”和小型電動(dong)巴士“Bluelus，總(zong)體應用超(chao)過(guo)3000 輛(liang)。

美國Seeo：全固體(ti)二次電(dian)池采用大創公司的干聚合物薄膜，提供的樣品電(dian)池組能(neng)量密度為 130-150Wh/kg，2017 年能(neng)量密度能(neng)達(da)到300Wh/kg，尚未推廣應用。

CATL：目(mu)前(qian)已(yi)經設計制造(zao)出了容量(liang)為 325 mAh的聚合物電芯，表(biao)現(xian)出較好(hao)的高溫循(xun)環性(xing)能(neng)，尚未推廣應用。

中科院青(qing)島能(neng)源所：開發(fa)的大容量(liang)固態聚合物鋰電(dian)池(chi)“青(qing)能(neng) I 號”完成深海科考，其能(neng)量(liang)密度超過 250 Wh/kg，500次循(xun)環容量(liang)保(bao)持(chi) 80%以上，在多次針(zhen)刺(ci)和擠壓等苛刻(ke)測試條件(jian)下保(bao)持(chi)非常好的安全性能(neng)。“青(qing)能(neng) II號”也已經研發(fa)成功(gong)，能(neng)量(liang)密度高達(da) 300 Wh/kg，尚(shang)未(wei)推廣應用。

此外(wai)，固(gu)(gu)(gu)態(tai)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)中，硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)固(gu)(gu)(gu)態(tai)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(鋰(li)硫(liu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi))由于具有(you)較高的能量(liang)密度和(he)低廉的成本，有(you)著巨大的開發潛(qian)力，豐(feng)田(tian)、三星、CATL、豐(feng)田(tian)等(deng)國內外(wai)企業(ye)均紛紛加(jia)速布局，這其(qi)中以豐(feng)田(tian)技(ji)術最為(wei)領(ling)先。豐(feng)田(tian)在2010年(nian)就(jiu)推出硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)固(gu)(gu)(gu)態(tai)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，2014年(nian)其(qi)實驗原型能量(liang)密度達到(dao)(dao)400Wh/kg，截止(zhi)到(dao)(dao)2017年(nian)初，豐(feng)田(tian)固(gu)(gu)(gu)態(tai)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)專(zhuan)利數量(liang)達到(dao)(dao)30件，遠高于其(qi)它企業(ye)。據豐(feng)田(tian)高管透露，豐(feng)田(tian)或將在2020年(nian)實現(xian)硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)固(gu)(gu)(gu)態(tai)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的產業(ye)化(hua)(hua)。國內企業(ye)CATL在硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)固(gu)(gu)(gu)態(tai)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)方(fang)面相對領(ling)先，正加(jia)速開發純(chun)電(dian)(dian)動汽車用的硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)全(quan)固(gu)(gu)(gu)態(tai)鋰(li)金屬電(dian)(dian)池(chi)。

固態鋰電池(硫化(hua)物(wu)固態電池)研發現(xian)狀(zhuang)

豐(feng)田：2010年(nian)(nian)開(kai)始推(tui)出固(gu)態電池，2014年(nian)(nian)其實驗(yan)原型能量密(mi)度達到400Wh/kg。

三星日本(ben)研(yan)究所：利(li)用硫化(hua)物(wu)類固(gu)體電(dian)(dian)解質試制(zhi)出2000mAh、175Wh/kg的壓層(ceng)型全固(gu)態二次(ci)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)。

Sakti3(美(mei)國(guo))：2015年獲得(de)英(ying)國(guo)家電巨(ju)頭戴森1500萬美(mei)元的(de)投資，其開(kai)發的(de)固態電池以陶瓷等為(wei)電解質，金屬鋰或鋰類(lei)合金為(wei)負極，能量密度達到1000Wh/L，目(mu)前仍(reng)處于研發階段。

清陶(tao)能源：公司核心(xin)在于高(gao)固含量的(de)全陶(tao)瓷隔(ge)膜(mo)和(he)無(wu)機固體電解質的(de)開(kai)(kai)發和(he)生產(chan)。目前團隊已(yi)經和(he)北汽開(kai)(kai)展合作進行中(zhong)試，未(wei)來可能作為北汽電動車的(de)重要組(zu)件。

CATL：主(zhu)要研發方向是硫化物電(dian)解質，采用正極包覆方法，解決(jue)了界面反應(ying)問題，熱(re)壓方式降低了界面電(dian)阻。