1、電池單體(ti)

電(dian)(dian)池單體是(shi)直接將(jiang)化(hua)學能轉化(hua)為電(dian)(dian)能的基本單元裝置，包(bao)括電(dian)(dian)極、隔膜、電(dian)(dian)解質、外殼和端子，并被設計成(cheng)可(ke)充電(dian)(dian)。

2、電(dian)池模組(zu)

電池模組(zu)將一(yi)(yi)個(ge)以上電池單體按照(zhao)串聯、并聯或串并聯方式組(zu)合，且只(zhi)有一(yi)(yi)對正負極輸(shu)出端子(zi)，并作為電源使用的組(zu)合體

3、電(dian)池單元(yuan)

電(dian)(dian)(dian)池單(dan)(dan)元(yuan)由(you)(you)數(shu)十(shi)個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池單(dan)(dan)體或電(dian)(dian)(dian)池模組串聯在(zai)起，構成(cheng)一個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池單(dan)(dan)元(yuan)。由(you)(you)數(shu)個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池單(dan)(dan)元(yuan)串聯在(zai)一起，構成(cheng)動力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池總成(cheng)。

4、CSC采集系統(tong)

每(mei)一(yi)個(ge)電(dian)池(chi)單元有多個(ge)CSC采(cai)集系(xi)統，以監測其中每(mei)個(ge)電(dian)池(chi)單體或(huo)電(dian)池(chi)組單體電(dian)壓、溫(wen)度(du)信息。

CSC采集系(xi)統將相關信息上報電池(chi)控制單(dan)元(yuan)（BMU）并根據BMU的指令執(zhi)行單(dan)體(ti)電壓(ya)均衡(heng)。

5、電池控(kong)制單元

安裝(zhuang)于(yu)動力(li)電池(chi)總成(cheng)內部，是電池(chi)管理系統核心部件。電池(chi)控(kong)(kong)制單(dan)元（BMU）將單(dan)體(ti)電壓(ya)、電流、溫度及整車(che)高壓(ya)絕(jue)緣等(deng)信息上(shang)報(bao)整車(che)控(kong)(kong)制器（VCU）并根(gen)據∨CU的指令完成(cheng)對動力(li)電池(chi)的控(kong)(kong)制。

6、電(dian)池高壓分配單元

安裝在動力(li)電(dian)(dian)池總(zong)成的正負(fu)極輸(shu)出端(duan)，由(you)高(gao)壓正極繼電(dian)(dian)器(qi)、高(gao)壓負(fu)極繼電(dian)(dian)器(qi)、預(yu)充繼電(dian)(dian)器(qi)、電(dian)(dian)流傳感(gan)器(qi)和預(yu)充電(dian)(dian)阻等組成。

7、維(wei)修開關

位于動力(li)電池總成中間表面位置，打(da)開(kai)駕駛室內(nei)副儀表手(shou)套箱(xiang)開(kai)關(guan)，可操(cao)作維修(xiu)開(kai)關(guan)。在高(gao)壓(ya)零(ling)部件檢查和維護前斷開(kai)維修(xiu)開(kai)關(guan)可以(yi)確保切斷高(gao)壓(ya)。

1、汽車和摩(mo)托車行業

主要是為發動機(ji)的起動點火和車載電(dian)子設備的使用提供電(dian)能(neng)。

2、工業電(dian)力(li)系統

用于輸變電站、為動力機組(zu)提供合(he)閘電流(liu)，為公共(gong)設(she)施(shi)提供備(bei)用電源(yuan)以及(ji)通訊用電源(yuan)。

3、電動(dong)汽車和電動(dong)自行車行業

取代汽(qi)油(you)和(he)柴油(you)，作為電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)或電(dian)動(dong)自行車(che)的(de)行駛動(dong)力電(dian)源。

4、軍事領域

由(you)于(yu)高(gao)(gao)科技(ji)(ji)在(zai)軍事上(shang)的(de)廣(guang)泛應用(yong)(yong)，現代(dai)戰爭已成(cheng)為(wei)以數字化、信息(xi)化武器為(wei)主的(de)高(gao)(gao)科技(ji)(ji)戰爭。這種(zhong)戰爭模(mo)式使(shi)得高(gao)(gao)效、高(gao)(gao)比能量密度和(he)可快速充(chong)填燃(ran)料(liao)的(de)軍用(yong)(yong)能源(yuan)成(cheng)為(wei)現代(dai)戰場上(shang)的(de)迫切(qie)需要。當今世(shi)界各國對(dui)高(gao)(gao)能動力(li)電池的(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)開發一直在(zai)緊張進行，如新(xin)型鉛酸電池、鋰(li)離子(zi)電池和(he)燃(ran)料(liao)電池的(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)。

1、動力電池電壓

動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓分為端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、開路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和(he)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)正(zheng)極和(he)負(fu)極之間的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位差即為端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，在沒有負(fu)載(zai)情況(kuang)下的(de)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓叫(jiao)開路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在工作時輸出的(de)標準電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓即為額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓極限值就是充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓極限值是放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。

2、動力(li)電池容量

容量(liang)是指(zhi)電(dian)池在一定(ding)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)條(tiao)件下(xia)所(suo)能(neng)放(fang)(fang)出的電(dian)量(liang)，用符號C表(biao)示(shi)，單位(wei)常用為(wei)A?h或mA?h，等于放(fang)(fang)電(dian)電(dian)流與(yu)(yu)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)時間的乘積。容量(liang)可(ke)以分(fen)為(wei)理論容量(liang)、標稱容量(liang)與(yu)(yu)額定(ding)容量(liang)。

3、動力電池能量(liang)和能量(liang)密度

電池的能(neng)(neng)量是(shi)指(zhi)在一定放電制(zhi)度下，電池所能(neng)(neng)輸出的電能(neng)(neng)，單位為(wei)Wh或(huo)kWh，它影響電動汽車的行駛(shi)距離。

能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)密度是指單位質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)或單位體(ti)積(ji)的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)所(suo)能(neng)(neng)輸(shu)出的能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，相應的也被(bei)稱為質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)比(bi)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)或體(ti)積(ji)比(bi)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。在電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車應用方面，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)比(bi)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)影響(xiang)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車的整(zheng)車質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)和續(xu)駛里(li)程，而(er)體(ti)積(ji)比(bi)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)影響(xiang)到電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的布置空間。

4、動力電(dian)池功率與功率密(mi)度(du)

功率(lv)是指在(zai)一定的放電(dian)制度(du)下，單(dan)(dan)位(wei)時間內電(dian)池輸出的能量，單(dan)(dan)位(wei)為W或kW。

功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)密度又稱比功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)，是單(dan)位(wei)質量或單(dan)位(wei)體積電池輸出的功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)，比功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)是評價電池及電池包是否滿足電動汽車加速和(he)爬坡(po)能力的重要指標。

1、超長壽(shou)命(ming)

長壽命(ming)鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)電(dian)池的循(xun)(xun)環(huan)壽命(ming)在(zai)(zai)300次左右，最(zui)高也就500次，而(er)目(mu)前生(sheng)產的磷酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鐵鋰(li)動(dong)力電(dian)池，最(zui)好的電(dian)池循(xun)(xun)環(huan)壽命(ming)可達(da)到(dao)2000次以上，標準充電(dian)（5小時(shi)率）使(shi)用，可達(da)到(dao)2000次。同質量(liang)的鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)電(dian)池是“新半年(nian)、舊半年(nian)、維護維護又半年(nian)”，最(zui)多(duo)也就1~1.5年(nian)時(shi)間，而(er)磷酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鐵鋰(li)電(dian)池在(zai)(zai)同樣條件下使(shi)用，將(jiang)達(da)到(dao)7－8年(nian)。綜(zong)合考慮，性(xing)能價格比將(jiang)為鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)電(dian)池的4倍以上。

2、使(shi)用安(an)全

磷(lin)(lin)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鐵(tie)鋰(li)完全解決(jue)了鈷酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鋰(li)和錳酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鋰(li)的(de)(de)安(an)全隱(yin)患問題，鈷酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鋰(li)和錳酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鋰(li)在強烈(lie)的(de)(de)碰撞下會產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)爆炸對消費者的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)命安(an)全構成威脅，而磷(lin)(lin)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鐵(tie)鋰(li)以(yi)經(jing)過嚴格的(de)(de)安(an)全測試即使在最惡劣的(de)(de)交通事故中也不會產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)爆炸。

3、可(ke)大電流2C快速充放電

在專用充電(dian)(dian)器下，1.5C充電(dian)(dian)40分鐘內即可使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充滿，起動電(dian)(dian)流可達2C,而鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)現(xian)在無此性能。

4、耐(nai)高溫

磷酸鐵鋰電熱(re)峰(feng)值(zhi)可達350℃~500℃而(er)錳酸鋰和鈷酸鋰只(zhi)在200℃左右。

5、大容量

動力電(dian)池相比傳(chuan)統的(de)汽車電(dian)池容量(liang)要大許多(duo)，一般的(de)動力電(dian)池都至少能帶動汽車跑150km以上，好的(de)動力電(dian)池則可以達到(dao)300km以上。

6、無記憶效應

傳(chuan)統(tong)的鎳(nie)鎘電池(chi)(chi)(chi)具有記憶效應，因此容易(yi)導致電池(chi)(chi)(chi)容量降低。動力電池(chi)(chi)(chi)則(ze)無需(xu)擔心(xin)，可以隨(sui)用隨(sui)充。

7、體積小、重量輕

動力電池(chi)由于(yu)采取(qu)了新技術，相比傳統又沉又大的(de)電池(chi)來說，體(ti)積更小，重量更輕。

1、性質不同(tong)

動(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)是指(zhi)為交通(tong)運輸工(gong)具提(ti)供(gong)動(dong)力(li)的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，一(yi)(yi)般是相對于為便攜式電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)設(she)備(bei)提(ti)供(gong)能量(liang)的小型電(dian)(dian)池(chi)而言(yan)；而普(pu)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)是一(yi)(yi)種以鋰(li)(li)金屬或鋰(li)(li)合(he)金為負極材料，使(shi)用非水電(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)溶液(ye)的一(yi)(yi)次電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，與可充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)鋰(li)(li)離子(zi)(zi)(zi)跟鋰(li)(li)離子(zi)(zi)(zi)聚合(he)物電(dian)(dian)池(chi)是不一(yi)(yi)樣。

2、電池容量不同

在都(dou)是新電池(chi)的情況下(xia)，用放電儀測(ce)試電池(chi)容量，一般動力電池(chi)的容量在1000-1500mAh左右(you)；而普通電池(chi)的容量在2000mAh以上(shang)，有的能到3400mAh。

3、放電(dian)功率(lv)不同

一顆4200mAh的(de)動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可以(yi)在短短幾(ji)分鐘內(nei)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量放(fang)光，但是普(pu)通(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)完全做(zuo)不(bu)到，因此普(pu)通(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)力完全無法與動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)相(xiang)比。動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)與普(pu)通(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)最大的(de)差別(bie)，在于(yu)(yu)其放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率(lv)大，比能(neng)量高(gao)。由于(yu)(yu)動(dong)力型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)主要用途為車用能(neng)源供(gong)給，所(suo)以(yi)相(xiang)較于(yu)(yu)普(pu)通(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)要有更高(gao)的(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率(lv)。

4、應用不同

為(wei)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車提供驅動(dong)動(dong)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)被稱(cheng)為(wei)動(dong)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，包括(kuo)傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)鉛(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)、鎳氫電(dian)(dian)池(chi)以及新(xin)興的(de)(de)鋰離子動(dong)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，分為(wei)功率型動(dong)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(混合動(dong)力(li)(li)汽(qi)車)以及能量(liang)型動(dong)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(純電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車)；手機、筆記本電(dian)(dian)腦等消費電(dian)(dian)子產(chan)品使用的(de)(de)鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)一般(ban)統(tong)稱(cheng)為(wei)鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，以區別于電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車用的(de)(de)動(dong)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)。

固態鋰電池(聚(ju)合(he)物固態電池)研發應用現狀

法(fa)國Bollore：全固態二(er)次電(dian)池(LMP)，負極(ji)材料(liao)采(cai)用金屬鋰，電(dian)解質采(cai)用聚合物(PEO 等)薄膜，目前已經(jing)批量應(ying)用在法(fa)國的 EV，共享服務汽車“Autolib”和小型電(dian)動巴士“Bluelus，總(zong)體應(ying)用超過3000 輛。

美國Seeo：全固體二次電池采(cai)用大創公(gong)司的(de)干聚合(he)物薄膜，提(ti)供的(de)樣品電池組能(neng)量密度為 130-150Wh/kg，2017 年(nian)能(neng)量密度能(neng)達到(dao)300Wh/kg，尚(shang)未(wei)推廣應用。

CATL：目前已(yi)經設計(ji)制造出了容量為 325 mAh的聚合(he)物電芯，表現出較好的高溫循環性能，尚未推廣(guang)應用。

中科院青(qing)(qing)島能(neng)源所：開發(fa)的大容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)固態(tai)聚合物鋰電池“青(qing)(qing)能(neng) I 號”完成(cheng)深海科考，其能(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)密(mi)度超(chao)過 250 Wh/kg，500次(ci)循環容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)保持(chi)(chi) 80%以上，在(zai)多(duo)次(ci)針(zhen)刺和擠(ji)壓等苛刻測試條(tiao)件下保持(chi)(chi)非(fei)常(chang)好的安全性能(neng)。“青(qing)(qing)能(neng) II號”也已經研發(fa)成(cheng)功，能(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)密(mi)度高達 300 Wh/kg，尚未推廣(guang)應用。

此外，固(gu)態(tai)(tai)鋰(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)中，硫化(hua)(hua)物(wu)固(gu)態(tai)(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(鋰(li)(li)(li)硫電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi))由于具有較(jiao)高的(de)能量(liang)(liang)密度和低廉的(de)成本，有著(zhu)巨大(da)的(de)開發(fa)潛力(li)，豐(feng)田(tian)、三星、CATL、豐(feng)田(tian)等國內外企業均紛(fen)紛(fen)加(jia)速布局，這(zhe)其(qi)中以豐(feng)田(tian)技術最為領(ling)先。豐(feng)田(tian)在(zai)2010年(nian)就推出硫化(hua)(hua)物(wu)固(gu)態(tai)(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，2014年(nian)其(qi)實(shi)驗原型能量(liang)(liang)密度達(da)到400Wh/kg，截止(zhi)到2017年(nian)初，豐(feng)田(tian)固(gu)態(tai)(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)專利數量(liang)(liang)達(da)到30件，遠高于其(qi)它企業。據豐(feng)田(tian)高管透(tou)露，豐(feng)田(tian)或將在(zai)2020年(nian)實(shi)現硫化(hua)(hua)物(wu)固(gu)態(tai)(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)產業化(hua)(hua)。國內企業CATL在(zai)硫化(hua)(hua)物(wu)固(gu)態(tai)(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)方面(mian)相對領(ling)先，正加(jia)速開發(fa)純電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車用(yong)的(de)硫化(hua)(hua)物(wu)全固(gu)態(tai)(tai)鋰(li)(li)(li)金屬電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。

固態鋰電(dian)池(硫(liu)化(hua)物固態電(dian)池)研發(fa)現狀

豐(feng)田：2010年開始推出固(gu)態(tai)電(dian)池，2014年其實驗原型能量密度達到400Wh/kg。

三星日本(ben)研究(jiu)所(suo)：利用硫(liu)化物(wu)類固體電(dian)解(jie)質試制(zhi)出2000mAh、175Wh/kg的壓層型全固態二次電(dian)池(chi)。

Sakti3(美國(guo))：2015年獲得英國(guo)家電(dian)巨頭戴森1500萬美元(yuan)的投資，其開發的固態電(dian)池(chi)以陶瓷等為電(dian)解質，金(jin)屬鋰或鋰類合(he)金(jin)為負極(ji)，能量(liang)密度達到1000Wh/L，目(mu)前仍處于研發階段。

清陶能源(yuan)：公司核心在于高固(gu)含量(liang)的(de)全陶瓷(ci)隔膜(mo)和(he)無機固(gu)體電(dian)解質的(de)開發和(he)生產。目前團隊已經和(he)北汽開展合作進行中試，未來可能作為(wei)北汽電(dian)動車的(de)重要組件。

CATL：主要研發方(fang)向是硫化(hua)物(wu)電(dian)解質，采用正(zheng)極包(bao)覆方(fang)法，解決了界面反應問題，熱壓方(fang)式降(jiang)低了界面電(dian)阻。