一、電動車電池硫化原因分析

電動車是由電(dian)瓶，即(ji)蓄電(dian)池提供電(dian)能(neng)的。電(dian)動車蓄電(dian)池常出現(xian)硫(liu)化(hua)現(xian)象(xiang)。

1、何為硫化

蓄電池內部極板的(de)表面(mian)上(shang)附著一層白(bai)色堅硬的(de)結晶體，充電后(hou)依舊(jiu)不能(neng)剝離極板表面(mian)轉化為活性物(wu)質的(de)硫(liu)酸鉛，這就(jiu)是硫(liu)酸鹽化，簡稱為“硫(liu)化”。

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2、硫化表象

電池內阻增大(da)，充電(dian)(dian)較未(wei)硫化前電(dian)(dian)壓提前到達充電(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)壓，電(dian)(dian)流越(yue)大(da)越(yue)明(ming)顯。酸液密度低(di)于正常值。放電(dian)(dian)容量下降，放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流越(yue)大(da)容量下降越(yue)明(ming)顯。充電(dian)(dian)時(shi)有(you)產(chan)生(sheng)氣泡，充電(dian)(dian)溫(wen)升增快，嚴重時(shi)可導(dao)致充不(bu)進電(dian)(dian)。

3、硫化的生成

根據蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)雙(shuang)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸鹽化(hua)論，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)每次(ci)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后，正負極(ji)板的(de)(de)不(bu)同活(huo)性物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)均(jun)轉變為硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸鉛(qian)(qian)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后各自還原回不(bu)同的(de)(de)活(huo)性物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)。而經常過(guo)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、小電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)深放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、低(di)溫大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、補充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)及(ji)時、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)充(chong)(chong)足、酸液(ye)密度過(guo)高、電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內部缺水、長期(qi)擱置時，極(ji)板表(biao)面的(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸鉛(qian)(qian)堆積過(guo)量且在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)溶(rong)解(jie)(jie)，呈(cheng)飽和狀態，這些硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸鉛(qian)(qian)微(wei)粒在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)溫度、酸濃度的(de)(de)波動(dong)下，重新結(jie)(jie)晶析出在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)極(ji)板表(biao)面。由于多晶體系傾向于減小其表(biao)面自由能的(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)果(guo)，重組(zu)析出后的(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)晶呈(cheng)增(zeng)(zeng)大(da)、增(zeng)(zeng)厚趨(qu)勢(shi)。由于硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸鉛(qian)(qian)是難溶(rong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)，重組(zu)后的(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)晶體其比表(biao)面積減小，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)溶(rong)解(jie)(jie)度和溶(rong)解(jie)(jie)速度降(jiang)低(di)。硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸鉛(qian)(qian)附著在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)極(ji)板表(biao)面和微(wei)孔中(zhong)(zhong)阻(zu)礙(ai)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)正常擴散(san)反映，且硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸鉛(qian)(qian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)不(bu)良阻(zu)值(zhi)大(da)，致(zhi)使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)正常的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)中(zhong)(zhong)歐姆極(ji)化(hua)、濃差極(ji)化(hua)增(zeng)(zeng)大(da)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)接受率降(jiang)低(di)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)活(huo)性物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)尚(shang)未充(chong)(chong)分(fen)轉化(hua)時已達極(ji)化(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓產生水分(fen)解(jie)(jie)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)迅(xun)速升(sheng)溫使(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)能繼續下去進(jin)而活(huo)性物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)轉化(hua)不(bu)完(wan)全，因(yin)而成為容(rong)量降(jiang)低(di)和壽命(ming)縮短(duan)的(de)(de)原因(yin)。

4、如何防止電池產生硫化

每次(ci)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)后及時(shi)(shi)補充電(dian)(dian)且(qie)要充足電(dian)(dian)，尤其(qi)是大電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)后一(yi)定要及時(shi)(shi)補充電(dian)(dian)。在(zai)小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)盡量(liang)(liang)控制放(fang)電(dian)(dian)深度(du)，小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)深放(fang)電(dian)(dian)產生的硫酸鉛過于致密，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)后充電(dian)(dian)采(cai)取小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)長時(shi)(shi)間。對于低溫大電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)后，要采(cai)取多充電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)百分之三十(shi)來恢復容量(liang)(liang)。長期擱(ge)置的電(dian)(dian)池,要先(xian)充足電(dian)(dian)后再擱(ge)置，在(zai)擱(ge)置每兩個月適當補充電(dian)(dian)一(yi)次(ci)。

二、電動車電瓶硫化之后如何修復

1、水療法

對已硫(liu)化電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，可以(yi)先將電(dian)(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)(dian)，倒出(chu)原(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)并注入密(mi)度在(zai)1.10g/cm3以(yi)下較稀電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)，即(ji)向電(dian)(dian)(dian)池中加水稀釋電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)，以(yi)提(ti)高硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛的(de)溶(rong)解度。采用(yong)20h率以(yi)下的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，在(zai)液(ye)溫不超過20℃～40℃的(de)范圍內較長(chang)時(shi)間充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，最后在(zai)充足電(dian)(dian)(dian)情況下用(yong)稍高電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)調整電(dian)(dian)(dian)池內電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)密(mi)度至標準溶(rong)液(ye)濃度，一般硫(liu)化現象可解除，容量恢復至80%以(yi)上可認(ren)為修復成功。

此法機理，用降低(di)酸(suan)(suan)液密度(du)提高硫酸(suan)(suan)鹽的溶(rong)(rong)度(du)積，采取小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)流長(chang)時間充(chong)電(dian)(dian)以降低(di)歐姆極化延緩(huan)水分解(jie)電(dian)(dian)壓的提早出現(xian)，最終使硫化現(xian)象(xiang)在溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)和轉(zhuan)化為(wei)活性(xing)物(wu)質中逐漸減輕或(huo)消除(chu)。

此法特(te)點對于加水蓄電(dian)池比較適用，對于硫化嚴(yan)重(zhong)現象(xiang)亦可反復處理(li)，無(wu)須投資設備即可自(zi)行修復，缺點是過程太(tai)繁瑣對密(mi)封(feng)電(dian)池不太(tai)使用。

2、淺循環大電流充電法

對已硫(liu)(liu)化電(dian)池，采用大(da)電(dian)流5h率以內電(dian)流，對電(dian)池充電(dian)至稍過充狀態(tai)控制液溫不超(chao)過40度為宜，然(ran)后放電(dian)30%，如此反復(fu)數次可減輕和消除硫(liu)(liu)化現象。

此法機理(li)，用(yong)過充(chong)電(dian)析出氣體(ti)對極板表面(mian)輕(qing)微硫化鹽沖刷，使其脫(tuo)附溶(rong)解(jie)并轉化為活性物(wu)質。

此(ci)法特(te)點(dian)，對(dui)于(yu)輕(qing)微硫化可明(ming)顯修(xiu)復(fu)。但(dan)對(dui)老(lao)電池不適(shi)用，因為(wei)在(zai)析出氣體沖刷(shua)硫酸鹽(yan)的(de)同時也對(dui)正(zheng)極板的(de)活性(xing)物產生強烈沖刷(shua)，使活性(xing)物質變(bian)軟甚至(zhi)脫落。

3、化學修復法

對已硫(liu)(liu)化電池(chi)，倒掉原電解液(ye)，加入(ru)純水與(yu)硫(liu)(liu)酸鈉、硫(liu)(liu)酸鉀、酒石酸等物質混合(he)液(ye)，采取正常充放電幾次，然后倒出(chu)純水加入(ru)稍(shao)高密(mi)度酸液(ye)調(diao)整電池(chi)內酸液(ye)至(zhi)標準液(ye)濃度，容量(liang)恢復至(zhi)80%以上可(ke)認為(wei)修復成功。

此法(fa)機(ji)理，加入(ru)的這些硫酸鹽配位摻雜(za)劑(ji)，可與很(hen)多金屬離子(zi)，包(bao)括硫化鹽形成配位化合(he)物。形成的化合(he)物在酸性介質中是不(bu)穩定的，不(bu)導電的硫化層將逐步溶(rong)解返回到溶(rong)液中，使極(ji)板硫化脫(tuo)附(fu)溶(rong)解。

此(ci)法特點，修復(fu)效率和(he)功效高于(yu)前(qian)兩種(zhong)修復(fu)方法，缺(que)點太繁瑣(suo)。

4、脈沖修復

對于硫化(hua)電池，可用一(yi)些專用的脈沖修復儀對電池充(chong)放電數次來消除硫化(hua)。

此(ci)法機理，從固體物理上(shang)來(lai)(lai)講，任何(he)絕(jue)緣(yuan)層(ceng)在(zai)(zai)足夠(gou)高的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓下(xia)都(dou)可以(yi)(yi)擊(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)。一(yi)旦絕(jue)緣(yuan)層(ceng)被(bei)擊(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)由(you)絕(jue)緣(yuan)狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)轉(zhuan)變(bian)(bian)為導電(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)。如(ru)果(guo)(guo)對電(dian)(dian)導差阻值大(da)的(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鹽(yan)(yan)層(ceng)施(shi)加瞬間的(de)(de)高電(dian)(dian)壓，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)可以(yi)(yi)擊(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)大(da)的(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛結晶(jing)。如(ru)果(guo)(guo)這(zhe)(zhe)個高電(dian)(dian)壓足夠(gou)短，并(bing)且進(jin)行限(xian)流，在(zai)(zai)打(da)穿(chuan)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化層(ceng)的(de)(de)情形(xing)下(xia)，控制充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流適當(dang)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)(bu)會(hui)引起電(dian)(dian)池(chi)析氣(qi)。電(dian)(dian)池(chi)析氣(qi)量取決于(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)端電(dian)(dian)壓以(yi)(yi)及(ji)充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)大(da)小(xiao)，如(ru)果(guo)(guo)脈(mo)沖寬度(du)足夠(gou)短，占空比夠(gou)大(da)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)可以(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)保(bao)證(zheng)擊(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)粗大(da)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛結晶(jing)的(de)(de)條件下(xia)，同時發生的(de)(de)微充電(dian)(dian)來(lai)(lai)不(bu)(bu)及(ji)形(xing)成析氣(qi)，如(ru)果(guo)(guo)含(han)(han)有負脈(mo)沖去(qu)極化，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)更能(neng)(neng)保(bao)證(zheng)在(zai)(zai)擊(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鹽(yan)(yan)層(ceng)時極板的(de)(de)氣(qi)體析出(chu)，這(zhe)(zhe)樣就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)實現(xian)了脈(mo)沖消除硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化。從原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)物理學來(lai)(lai)說，硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)具(ju)有5個不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)級(ji)狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)，處于(yu)亞穩定(ding)(ding)能(neng)(neng)級(ji)狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)的(de)(de)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)趨向(xiang)于(yu)遷落到穩定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)共價健能(neng)(neng)級(ji)存(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)。在(zai)(zai)穩定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)共價鍵能(neng)(neng)級(ji)狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)，硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)以(yi)(yi)包含(han)(han)8個原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)環(huan)形(xing)分子(zi)(zi)(zi)形(xing)式(shi)存(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)，這(zhe)(zhe)8個原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)環(huan)形(xing)分子(zi)(zi)(zi)模式(shi)是一(yi)種(zhong)穩定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)組合，難以(yi)(yi)躍(yue)變(bian)(bian)和被(bei)打(da)碎，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化現(xian)象(xiang)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)穩定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)級(ji)。要打(da)碎這(zhe)(zhe)些硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化層(ceng)的(de)(de)結構，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)要給環(huan)形(xing)分子(zi)(zi)(zi)提供一(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量，促使外層(ceng)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)加帶的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)被(bei)激活(huo)(huo)到下(xia)一(yi)個高能(neng)(neng)帶，使原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)間解除束縛。每一(yi)個特(te)(te)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)級(ji)都(dou)有唯一(yi)的(de)(de)諧振(zhen)頻(pin)率，諧振(zhen)頻(pin)率以(yi)(yi)外的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量過(guo)高會(hui)使躍(yue)遷的(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)處于(yu)不(bu)(bu)穩定(ding)(ding)狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)，過(guo)低能(neng)(neng)量不(bu)(bu)足以(yi)(yi)使原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)脫離(li)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)團的(de)(de)束縛，這(zhe)(zhe)樣脈(mo)沖修復(fu)儀在(zai)(zai)頻(pin)率多(duo)次變(bian)(bian)換中只要有一(yi)次與硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)產生諧振(zhen)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)能(neng)(neng)使硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)轉(zhuan)化為溶解于(yu)電(dian)(dian)解液的(de)(de)自(zi)由(you)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)，重新參與電(dian)(dian)化學反應，在(zai)(zai)特(te)(te)定(ding)(ding)條件下(xia)轉(zhuan)換回活(huo)(huo)性物質。此(ci)法特(te)(te)點，效果(guo)(guo)好操作(zuo)方便。但需要有專用的(de)(de)脈(mo)沖充電(dian)(dian)器，個人用戶都(dou)不(bu)(bu)具(ju)備，需要購買(mai)。市場上(shang)的(de)(de)脈(mo)沖修復(fu)充電(dian)(dian)器參差不(bu)(bu)齊，很多(duo)脈(mo)沖充電(dian)(dian)器甚(shen)至(zhi)是專用修復(fu)儀的(de)(de)脈(mo)寬比、占空比、負脈(mo)沖設計得并(bing)不(bu)(bu)合理不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)起到去(qu)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化的(de)(de)作(zuo)用。

大(da)(da)容量鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)（以(yi)下簡(jian)稱“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)”）是(shi)基(ji)(ji)站電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)障(zhang)。在國內出(chu)現“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荒”的(de)(de)(de)時候，后(hou)備(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)靠(kao)性顯(xian)得格外重要。在長三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)和珠三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)地區(qu)，每周內停(ting)三(san)供四(si)的(de)(de)(de)時間(jian)很多，甚至出(chu)現聽四(si)供三(san)更加(jia)嚴重的(de)(de)(de)局面。多數處于野外的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)站，其供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)難(nan)以(yi)保(bao)證都是(shi)采用一(yi)、二類電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)，這樣，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)靠(kao)性問(wen)題(ti)尤其嚴重。 雖然目前的(de)(de)(de)科學技術飛速發展，近年鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)發展也比(bi)較快，基(ji)(ji)本上以(yi)大(da)(da)型閥(fa)控密封(feng)式鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)代(dai)替了防算酸隔爆(bao)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。就(jiu)是(shi)大(da)(da)型閥(fa)控密封(feng)式鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)近些年也在發展。但是(shi)大(da)(da)容量的(de)(de)(de)固(gu)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)還(huan)是(shi)以(yi)鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為唯(wei)一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)擇。如何延長鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)正常使用壽命(ming)，一(yi)直是(shi)業內人士(shi)探討的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要問(wen)題(ti)。

相同的電(dian)池，在(zai)不(bu)(bu)同的設備條(tiao)(tiao)件、不(bu)(bu)同的使(shi)用條(tiao)(tiao)件和(he)不(bu)(bu)同維(wei)護條(tiao)(tiao)件下使(shi)用壽命相差很大(da)。這就需要在(zai)設備條(tiao)(tiao)件、使(shi)用條(tiao)(tiao)件和(he)維(wei)護條(tiao)(tiao)件上(shang)尋找(zhao)其差異。而電(dian)池失效的的幾個主要現象是：

a、正極(ji)板軟化(hua)；

b、正極板板柵腐蝕；

c、負極板硫(liu)化；

d、失水；

e、少數電池出現(xian)熱失控（包括電池鼓脹）