一、電動車電池硫化原因分析

電動車是(shi)由電(dian)(dian)瓶，即蓄電(dian)(dian)池提供電(dian)(dian)能的(de)。電(dian)(dian)動車(che)蓄電(dian)(dian)池常(chang)出現(xian)硫化現(xian)象。

1、何為硫化

蓄電池內部極板(ban)的(de)(de)表(biao)面上附(fu)著一層白色堅硬的(de)(de)結晶體(ti)，充電后依舊(jiu)不(bu)能剝離極板(ban)表(biao)面轉化(hua)為活性物質的(de)(de)硫酸(suan)鉛(qian)，這就是(shi)硫酸(suan)鹽化(hua)，簡稱為“硫化(hua)”。

該圖片由注冊用戶"志士豪杰"提供，版權聲明反饋

2、硫化表象

電池內(nei)阻增(zeng)大，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)較未硫(liu)化前電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)提前到達充(chong)電(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，電(dian)(dian)流越大越明(ming)顯。酸液密(mi)度低于正常值(zhi)。放電(dian)(dian)容量(liang)下降，放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流越大容量(liang)下降越明(ming)顯。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時有產生(sheng)氣泡，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)溫(wen)升增(zeng)快，嚴(yan)重(zhong)時可導(dao)致(zhi)充(chong)不進電(dian)(dian)。

3、硫化的生成

根據蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)雙(shuang)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鹽(yan)化論(lun)，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)(zai)每次(ci)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)，正負極(ji)(ji)板的(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)活性物質均轉(zhuan)變為(wei)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)各自還原回(hui)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)活性物質。而(er)經常(chang)過(guo)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流深(shen)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、低(di)溫(wen)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、補充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)及時、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)充(chong)足、酸(suan)(suan)液(ye)密(mi)度(du)過(guo)高、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內部缺(que)水(shui)、長期擱置時，極(ji)(ji)板表(biao)(biao)面的(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)堆積過(guo)量(liang)且在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)溶(rong)解，呈飽(bao)和(he)狀態，這些硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)微粒(li)在(zai)(zai)溫(wen)度(du)、酸(suan)(suan)濃度(du)的(de)(de)波(bo)動下(xia)，重新結晶(jing)析(xi)出(chu)在(zai)(zai)極(ji)(ji)板表(biao)(biao)面。由于(yu)多(duo)晶(jing)體系傾向于(yu)減小(xiao)其表(biao)(biao)面自由能(neng)的(de)(de)結果(guo)，重組析(xi)出(chu)后(hou)的(de)(de)結晶(jing)呈增(zeng)大、增(zeng)厚趨勢。由于(yu)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)是(shi)難(nan)溶(rong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質，重組后(hou)的(de)(de)結晶(jing)體其比(bi)表(biao)(biao)面積減小(xiao)，在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)溶(rong)解度(du)和(he)溶(rong)解速(su)度(du)降低(di)。硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)附著在(zai)(zai)極(ji)(ji)板表(biao)(biao)面和(he)微孔中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)阻礙了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)正常(chang)擴散(san)反映，且硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導不(bu)良(liang)阻值大，致使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)(zai)正常(chang)的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)歐姆極(ji)(ji)化、濃差極(ji)(ji)化增(zeng)大，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接受(shou)率降低(di)，在(zai)(zai)活性物質尚未充(chong)分轉(zhuan)化時已(yi)達極(ji)(ji)化電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓產生水(shui)分解，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)迅速(su)升溫(wen)使充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)能(neng)繼續下(xia)去(qu)進而(er)活性物質轉(zhuan)化不(bu)完(wan)全，因而(er)成為(wei)容(rong)量(liang)降低(di)和(he)壽命縮短的(de)(de)原因。

4、如何防止電池產生硫化

每次(ci)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后及時補充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)且要(yao)(yao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，尤其是大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后一(yi)定要(yao)(yao)及時補充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。在小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時盡量控制(zhi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度(du)，小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)深放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)產生的硫酸鉛過于致密，放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)采取小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)長時間(jian)。對于低溫大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后，要(yao)(yao)采取多充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量百分之三十來(lai)恢復容量。長期擱(ge)置的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池,要(yao)(yao)先充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后再擱(ge)置，在擱(ge)置每兩個月適當補充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)次(ci)。

二、電動車電瓶硫化之后如何修復

1、水療法

對已硫(liu)(liu)化電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，可(ke)以(yi)先(xian)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，倒出(chu)原電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)并注入密(mi)度在1.10g/cm3以(yi)下較稀電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)，即向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池中加水稀釋電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)，以(yi)提高(gao)硫(liu)(liu)酸鉛的溶解(jie)(jie)度。采用(yong)20h率(lv)以(yi)下的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，在液(ye)(ye)溫不(bu)超過20℃～40℃的范(fan)圍內(nei)較長時間(jian)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，最(zui)后在充(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)情況下用(yong)稍高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)調整(zheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)密(mi)度至標(biao)準溶液(ye)(ye)濃度，一(yi)般硫(liu)(liu)化現象可(ke)解(jie)(jie)除，容量恢(hui)復至80%以(yi)上可(ke)認為修復成功。

此法機理，用降(jiang)低酸液密度(du)提高硫酸鹽的溶度(du)積，采取小(xiao)電(dian)流長時間(jian)充電(dian)以降(jiang)低歐姆極化延緩水分解電(dian)壓的提早出現，最終使硫化現象在溶解和轉化為(wei)活(huo)性物質(zhi)中逐漸減輕或消除。

此法特點對于加水蓄電池(chi)比較(jiao)適用，對于硫化嚴重現(xian)象(xiang)亦可反復(fu)處理，無須(xu)投資設備即可自(zi)行修復(fu)，缺點是過程太(tai)繁瑣對密封電池(chi)不太(tai)使用。

2、淺循環大電流充電法

對已硫化(hua)電(dian)池，采用大電(dian)流5h率以(yi)內電(dian)流，對電(dian)池充電(dian)至稍(shao)過充狀(zhuang)態(tai)控制(zhi)液溫不(bu)超(chao)過40度為宜(yi)，然(ran)后放電(dian)30%，如此反復數次可減輕和消除硫化(hua)現象。

此(ci)法機(ji)理(li)，用過充電析出氣體對(dui)極(ji)板表面輕(qing)微硫化鹽沖刷，使其(qi)脫附溶解并轉化為活性物質(zhi)。

此法特(te)點，對(dui)于輕微硫化(hua)可明顯修(xiu)復。但對(dui)老電池不適用，因為在(zai)析出氣體沖(chong)刷(shua)(shua)硫酸鹽的同時也對(dui)正(zheng)極板的活性物(wu)產生(sheng)強烈沖(chong)刷(shua)(shua)，使活性物(wu)質變軟(ruan)甚至脫(tuo)落。

3、化學修復法

對已硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)電(dian)(dian)池，倒掉原電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)，加(jia)入(ru)純(chun)水(shui)與(yu)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鈉(na)、硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉀、酒石酸(suan)(suan)等物(wu)質(zhi)混合(he)液(ye)，采取正常充放電(dian)(dian)幾次(ci)，然后倒出純(chun)水(shui)加(jia)入(ru)稍高密度酸(suan)(suan)液(ye)調整(zheng)電(dian)(dian)池內酸(suan)(suan)液(ye)至(zhi)標準液(ye)濃(nong)度，容量恢復(fu)至(zhi)80%以上可(ke)認(ren)為修(xiu)復(fu)成(cheng)功。

此(ci)法(fa)機理，加(jia)入的(de)(de)這些硫酸鹽配位摻雜劑，可與很多金屬離子，包(bao)括(kuo)硫化(hua)(hua)鹽形(xing)(xing)成配位化(hua)(hua)合物。形(xing)(xing)成的(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)合物在酸性介(jie)質中是不(bu)穩定的(de)(de)，不(bu)導電的(de)(de)硫化(hua)(hua)層將逐(zhu)步溶解(jie)返(fan)回到(dao)溶液中，使極板硫化(hua)(hua)脫附(fu)溶解(jie)。

此法特點(dian)(dian)，修復效率和功效高于前兩種修復方法，缺點(dian)(dian)太(tai)繁瑣(suo)。

4、脈沖修復

對于硫化電(dian)池，可用(yong)一些專用(yong)的脈沖(chong)修復儀對電(dian)池充放電(dian)數次來消(xiao)除硫化。

此(ci)法(fa)機(ji)理(li)，從固(gu)體(ti)物理(li)上(shang)來(lai)(lai)講，任(ren)何絕緣層在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)足(zu)(zu)夠(gou)(gou)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)下(xia)(xia)都可(ke)(ke)以(yi)擊(ji)(ji)穿。一(yi)(yi)旦絕緣層被擊(ji)(ji)穿，就會(hui)(hui)由(you)絕緣狀態(tai)(tai)轉變為(wei)(wei)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態(tai)(tai)。如(ru)(ru)果對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導差(cha)阻值大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸鹽層施加瞬間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，就可(ke)(ke)以(yi)擊(ji)(ji)穿大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸鉛結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)。如(ru)(ru)果這(zhe)個(ge)高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)足(zu)(zu)夠(gou)(gou)短，并(bing)且進行限流，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)打(da)穿硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)層的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情形下(xia)(xia)，控(kong)制充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流適(shi)當，就不(bu)(bu)會(hui)(hui)引起電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)析(xi)(xi)氣(qi)(qi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)析(xi)(xi)氣(qi)(qi)量(liang)取決于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)以(yi)及充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)小，如(ru)(ru)果脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)寬度(du)足(zu)(zu)夠(gou)(gou)短，占(zhan)空比(bi)夠(gou)(gou)大(da)，就可(ke)(ke)以(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)保證擊(ji)(ji)穿粗大(da)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸鉛結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件下(xia)(xia)，同(tong)時(shi)(shi)發(fa)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)來(lai)(lai)不(bu)(bu)及形成(cheng)析(xi)(xi)氣(qi)(qi)，如(ru)(ru)果含有負(fu)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)去(qu)極(ji)化(hua)(hua)，就更能(neng)保證在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)擊(ji)(ji)穿硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸鹽層時(shi)(shi)極(ji)板的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)析(xi)(xi)出(chu)，這(zhe)樣(yang)就實現(xian)(xian)了脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)消除硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)。從原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)物理(li)學來(lai)(lai)說，硫(liu)(liu)(liu)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)具(ju)有5個(ge)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)級(ji)狀態(tai)(tai)，處于亞(ya)穩(wen)(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)能(neng)級(ji)狀態(tai)(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)趨向于遷(qian)(qian)落到(dao)穩(wen)(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共價健能(neng)級(ji)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)穩(wen)(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共價鍵能(neng)級(ji)狀態(tai)(tai)，硫(liu)(liu)(liu)以(yi)包含8個(ge)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)形分(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)形式存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)，這(zhe)8個(ge)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)形分(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)模(mo)式是一(yi)(yi)種穩(wen)(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組合，難以(yi)躍變和被打(da)碎(sui)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)就是這(zhe)種穩(wen)(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)級(ji)。要(yao)打(da)碎(sui)這(zhe)些硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)層的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)構，就要(yao)給(gei)環(huan)(huan)形分(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)提供一(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)量(liang)，促使(shi)外層原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)加帶(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)被激(ji)活(huo)到(dao)下(xia)(xia)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)高(gao)(gao)能(neng)帶(dai)，使(shi)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之間解除束(shu)縛。每一(yi)(yi)個(ge)特定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)級(ji)都有唯一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)諧振頻(pin)率，諧振頻(pin)率以(yi)外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)量(liang)過高(gao)(gao)會(hui)(hui)使(shi)躍遷(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)處于不(bu)(bu)穩(wen)(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)狀態(tai)(tai)，過低能(neng)量(liang)不(bu)(bu)足(zu)(zu)以(yi)使(shi)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)脫離(li)(li)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)團的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)束(shu)縛，這(zhe)樣(yang)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)修(xiu)復儀在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)頻(pin)率多(duo)次(ci)變換(huan)中只要(yao)有一(yi)(yi)次(ci)與(yu)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)產生(sheng)諧振，就能(neng)使(shi)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)轉化(hua)(hua)為(wei)(wei)溶解于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自由(you)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，重新參(can)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)學反應，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)特定(ding)(ding)(ding)條件下(xia)(xia)轉換(huan)回(hui)活(huo)性(xing)物質。此(ci)法(fa)特點，效果好(hao)操作方便。但需(xu)要(yao)有專用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，個(ge)人用戶都不(bu)(bu)具(ju)備(bei)，需(xu)要(yao)購(gou)買。市場上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)修(xiu)復充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器參(can)差(cha)不(bu)(bu)齊，很多(duo)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器甚至是專用修(xiu)復儀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)寬比(bi)、占(zhan)空比(bi)、負(fu)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)設(she)計得并(bing)不(bu)(bu)合理(li)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)起到(dao)去(qu)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用。

大容量鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)（以(yi)下(xia)簡稱“電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)”）是(shi)(shi)基(ji)站電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)保障。在國內(nei)出現“電(dian)(dian)荒”的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)候(hou)，后備電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)可(ke)靠性顯得格外重(zhong)要(yao)。在長三(san)(san)角和珠三(san)(san)角地(di)區，每周內(nei)停(ting)三(san)(san)供(gong)四的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間很(hen)多，甚至出現聽四供(gong)三(san)(san)更加嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)局面。多數處于野外的(de)(de)基(ji)站，其(qi)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)是(shi)(shi)難以(yi)保證都是(shi)(shi)采用一、二類電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)，這樣，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)可(ke)靠性問題尤(you)其(qi)嚴重(zhong)。 雖(sui)然目(mu)前的(de)(de)科(ke)學技術飛速發展，近(jin)年(nian)鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)發展也(ye)比較快(kuai)，基(ji)本上以(yi)大型閥控密(mi)封式鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)代替了防算酸(suan)隔爆型電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。就是(shi)(shi)大型閥控密(mi)封式鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)近(jin)些年(nian)也(ye)在發展。但是(shi)(shi)大容量的(de)(de)固(gu)定電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)還是(shi)(shi)以(yi)鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為唯一的(de)(de)選擇。如何延長鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)正常使用壽命，一直是(shi)(shi)業內(nei)人士探討(tao)的(de)(de)主要(yao)問題。

相同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)電池(chi)，在(zai)不同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)設(she)備條(tiao)件、不同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)使用(yong)條(tiao)件和(he)不同(tong)(tong)(tong)維護(hu)(hu)條(tiao)件下使用(yong)壽命相差(cha)很大。這(zhe)就(jiu)需要在(zai)設(she)備條(tiao)件、使用(yong)條(tiao)件和(he)維護(hu)(hu)條(tiao)件上尋找其差(cha)異。而電池(chi)失效的(de)(de)的(de)(de)幾個主要現象是：

a、正(zheng)極板軟(ruan)化(hua)；

b、正極板板柵(zha)腐(fu)蝕(shi)；

c、負(fu)極板硫化；

d、失水；

e、少數電池(chi)出現熱失控（包括電池(chi)鼓脹）