一、電動車電池硫化原因分析

電動車是(shi)由(you)電瓶，即蓄(xu)電池(chi)提供電能的(de)。電動車蓄(xu)電池(chi)常(chang)出現硫化現象。

1、何為硫化

蓄電池內部極板(ban)的(de)表面上附(fu)著(zhu)一(yi)層白色堅硬的(de)結晶體，充(chong)電后(hou)依(yi)舊不能剝離極板(ban)表面轉化(hua)為(wei)活(huo)性物質(zhi)的(de)硫(liu)酸鉛，這就是硫(liu)酸鹽化(hua)，簡(jian)稱為(wei)“硫(liu)化(hua)”。

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2、硫化表象

電池內阻增(zeng)大，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)較未硫化前(qian)電(dian)壓提前(qian)到達充(chong)(chong)電(dian)終止電(dian)壓，電(dian)流越大越明顯。酸液密度低于正常值。放電(dian)容(rong)量下(xia)降(jiang)，放電(dian)電(dian)流越大容(rong)量下(xia)降(jiang)越明顯。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)時有(you)產生氣泡，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)溫升增(zeng)快，嚴重時可導致充(chong)(chong)不進電(dian)。

3、硫化的生成

根據蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)雙硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鹽化論，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)(zai)每次放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)(hou)，正負極板的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)同活(huo)(huo)(huo)性物(wu)質(zhi)均轉變為(wei)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)(hou)各自還原回(hui)不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性物(wu)質(zhi)。而(er)經常(chang)過(guo)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)深放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、低(di)(di)溫大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、補充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)(bu)及(ji)時(shi)、充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)(bu)充足、酸(suan)(suan)液(ye)密(mi)度過(guo)高、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內部(bu)缺水(shui)(shui)、長期擱置(zhi)時(shi)，極板表(biao)面的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)堆(dui)積過(guo)量且在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)中溶解(jie)(jie)，呈飽(bao)和(he)(he)狀態，這些硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)微粒(li)在(zai)(zai)溫度、酸(suan)(suan)濃度的(de)(de)(de)波(bo)動(dong)下(xia)，重(zhong)(zhong)新結(jie)晶析出(chu)在(zai)(zai)極板表(biao)面。由于(yu)(yu)多晶體系傾(qing)向于(yu)(yu)減(jian)小其(qi)表(biao)面自由能的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)果，重(zhong)(zhong)組(zu)析出(chu)后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)晶呈增大(da)、增厚趨勢。由于(yu)(yu)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)是難溶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)質(zhi)，重(zhong)(zhong)組(zu)后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)晶體其(qi)比(bi)表(biao)面積減(jian)小，在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)中的(de)(de)(de)溶解(jie)(jie)度和(he)(he)溶解(jie)(jie)速度降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)(di)。硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)附著在(zai)(zai)極板表(biao)面和(he)(he)微孔中阻(zu)礙了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)正常(chang)擴散反映(ying)，且硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導不(bu)(bu)良(liang)阻(zu)值大(da)，致使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)(zai)正常(chang)的(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中歐姆極化、濃差(cha)極化增大(da)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接受率降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)(di)，在(zai)(zai)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性物(wu)質(zhi)尚未充分(fen)轉化時(shi)已(yi)達極化電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓產生水(shui)(shui)分(fen)解(jie)(jie)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)迅速升溫使(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)(bu)能繼續下(xia)去進而(er)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性物(wu)質(zhi)轉化不(bu)(bu)完全(quan)，因而(er)成為(wei)容量降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)(di)和(he)(he)壽命縮短的(de)(de)(de)原因。

4、如何防止電池產生硫化

每(mei)次放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)及時(shi)(shi)補充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)且(qie)要(yao)(yao)充足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，尤其是大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)一定要(yao)(yao)及時(shi)(shi)補充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。在小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)盡量(liang)控制放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度，小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流深放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)產生的(de)硫酸鉛(qian)過于致密，放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)采(cai)取小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流長時(shi)(shi)間。對于低(di)溫(wen)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)，要(yao)(yao)采(cai)取多(duo)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)百分(fen)之(zhi)三十來恢(hui)復容量(liang)。長期(qi)擱(ge)置(zhi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池,要(yao)(yao)先充足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)再擱(ge)置(zhi)，在擱(ge)置(zhi)每(mei)兩個月適當補充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一次。

二、電動車電瓶硫化之后如何修復

1、水療法

對已硫(liu)化(hua)電(dian)池(chi)，可以(yi)先將電(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)，倒出(chu)原(yuan)電(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)并注(zhu)入密度(du)在1.10g/cm3以(yi)下(xia)較稀(xi)電(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)，即向電(dian)池(chi)中加(jia)水稀(xi)釋(shi)電(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)，以(yi)提高(gao)(gao)硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)的溶解(jie)(jie)度(du)。采用(yong)20h率(lv)以(yi)下(xia)的電(dian)流，在液(ye)溫不超過20℃～40℃的范圍內(nei)較長時間充電(dian)，最(zui)后在充足電(dian)情(qing)況下(xia)用(yong)稍(shao)高(gao)(gao)電(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)調整電(dian)池(chi)內(nei)電(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)密度(du)至(zhi)標(biao)準(zhun)溶液(ye)濃度(du)，一般硫(liu)化(hua)現象可解(jie)(jie)除，容量恢復(fu)至(zhi)80%以(yi)上(shang)可認為(wei)修復(fu)成功(gong)。

此法機理(li)，用降低(di)(di)酸液密(mi)度提高硫酸鹽的(de)溶(rong)度積，采取小(xiao)電流長時(shi)間充電以降低(di)(di)歐姆極(ji)化延緩水分解電壓的(de)提早(zao)出現，最(zui)終(zhong)使硫化現象在溶(rong)解和轉化為(wei)活性物質中(zhong)逐漸減輕或消除。

此法特點對(dui)于加水蓄電池(chi)比較(jiao)適用，對(dui)于硫化嚴重(zhong)現象亦可反復(fu)處(chu)理(li)，無須投資設(she)備(bei)即可自行修復(fu)，缺點是(shi)過(guo)程太(tai)繁瑣(suo)對(dui)密封(feng)電池(chi)不太(tai)使用。

2、淺循環大電流充電法

對(dui)已硫化電(dian)池(chi)，采用大(da)電(dian)流5h率(lv)以內電(dian)流，對(dui)電(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)至稍過充(chong)狀態控制液溫不(bu)超過40度為(wei)宜，然后放電(dian)30%，如此反復數次可減輕和消除硫化現(xian)象。

此法機理，用(yong)過充電析出氣體對(dui)極板表(biao)面(mian)輕微硫化(hua)鹽(yan)沖(chong)刷(shua)，使其脫(tuo)附溶解并轉化(hua)為活性物質。

此法特點，對(dui)于輕微硫化(hua)可(ke)明顯(xian)修(xiu)復。但對(dui)老(lao)電池不適用，因為在析出氣體沖刷(shua)硫酸鹽的同時也對(dui)正極板的活性(xing)物(wu)產生(sheng)強烈(lie)沖刷(shua)，使活性(xing)物(wu)質變軟甚至脫落(luo)。

3、化學修復法

對已硫(liu)化(hua)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)，倒(dao)(dao)掉原電(dian)解液，加入純水與硫(liu)酸(suan)鈉、硫(liu)酸(suan)鉀、酒(jiu)石(shi)酸(suan)等(deng)物質混合液，采取正常充放電(dian)幾次，然(ran)后倒(dao)(dao)出(chu)純水加入稍高密度(du)酸(suan)液調整電(dian)池(chi)(chi)內酸(suan)液至(zhi)標(biao)準液濃度(du)，容量(liang)恢復至(zhi)80%以上(shang)可認為(wei)修復成功。

此法機理，加入的(de)這(zhe)些(xie)硫酸鹽配位(wei)摻雜劑(ji)，可與很(hen)多金屬離子，包括硫化(hua)鹽形(xing)成配位(wei)化(hua)合(he)(he)物(wu)。形(xing)成的(de)化(hua)合(he)(he)物(wu)在酸性介質(zhi)中(zhong)是不穩定的(de)，不導電的(de)硫化(hua)層將逐步溶解返(fan)回到溶液中(zhong)，使極板硫化(hua)脫(tuo)附溶解。

此法特點，修復效(xiao)率和功效(xiao)高于前兩(liang)種修復方(fang)法，缺點太繁瑣。

4、脈沖修復

對(dui)(dui)于硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)電池，可用(yong)一些專(zhuan)用(yong)的脈沖修復儀(yi)對(dui)(dui)電池充放電數次來(lai)消除硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)。

此法(fa)機理(li)，從固(gu)體(ti)物理(li)上(shang)來(lai)講，任(ren)何絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)層(ceng)(ceng)在(zai)足夠(gou)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)下(xia)(xia)(xia)都(dou)可(ke)以(yi)擊(ji)穿(chuan)。一旦(dan)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)層(ceng)(ceng)被(bei)擊(ji)穿(chuan)，就(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)由(you)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)狀(zhuang)態(tai)轉(zhuan)變為(wei)導電(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態(tai)。如果對電(dian)(dian)導差(cha)阻值大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)鹽層(ceng)(ceng)施(shi)加(jia)瞬(shun)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，就(jiu)(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)擊(ji)穿(chuan)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)結(jie)晶。如果這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)足夠(gou)短，并且進行限流，在(zai)打穿(chuan)硫(liu)化(hua)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情形下(xia)(xia)(xia)，控制(zhi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流適當，就(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)(bu)會(hui)引起電(dian)(dian)池析氣(qi)(qi)(qi)。電(dian)(dian)池析氣(qi)(qi)(qi)量取決于(yu)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)端電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)以(yi)及充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大小，如果脈沖(chong)寬度足夠(gou)短，占空比(bi)夠(gou)大，就(jiu)(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)在(zai)保(bao)證擊(ji)穿(chuan)粗大硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)結(jie)晶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件下(xia)(xia)(xia)，同(tong)時(shi)發生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)來(lai)不(bu)(bu)及形成析氣(qi)(qi)(qi)，如果含(han)有(you)負脈沖(chong)去極化(hua)，就(jiu)(jiu)更能(neng)(neng)保(bao)證在(zai)擊(ji)穿(chuan)硫(liu)酸(suan)鹽層(ceng)(ceng)時(shi)極板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)析出，這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)就(jiu)(jiu)實現(xian)了(le)脈沖(chong)消除硫(liu)化(hua)。從原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)物理(li)學來(lai)說，硫(liu)離子(zi)(zi)具有(you)5個(ge)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)級狀(zhuang)態(tai)，處于(yu)亞(ya)穩定能(neng)(neng)級狀(zhuang)態(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)離子(zi)(zi)趨(qu)向于(yu)遷(qian)落到穩定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共價健能(neng)(neng)級存(cun)在(zai)。在(zai)穩定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共價鍵能(neng)(neng)級狀(zhuang)態(tai)，硫(liu)以(yi)包含(han)8個(ge)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環形分(fen)子(zi)(zi)形式存(cun)在(zai)，這(zhe)(zhe)8個(ge)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環形分(fen)子(zi)(zi)模式是(shi)一種(zhong)穩定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組合，難以(yi)躍(yue)變和被(bei)打碎(sui)，電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)化(hua)現(xian)象就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)穩定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)級。要打碎(sui)這(zhe)(zhe)些硫(liu)化(hua)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構，就(jiu)(jiu)要給環形分(fen)子(zi)(zi)提供一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量，促使外層(ceng)(ceng)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)加(jia)帶(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)被(bei)激(ji)活到下(xia)(xia)(xia)一個(ge)高(gao)能(neng)(neng)帶(dai)，使原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)之間(jian)解除束(shu)縛。每一個(ge)特定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)級都(dou)有(you)唯一的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)諧(xie)(xie)振頻率，諧(xie)(xie)振頻率以(yi)外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量過(guo)(guo)高(gao)會(hui)使躍(yue)遷(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)處于(yu)不(bu)(bu)穩定狀(zhuang)態(tai)，過(guo)(guo)低能(neng)(neng)量不(bu)(bu)足以(yi)使原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)脫離原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)團的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)束(shu)縛，這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)脈沖(chong)修復(fu)(fu)儀在(zai)頻率多(duo)次(ci)變換中只要有(you)一次(ci)與硫(liu)化(hua)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)產生諧(xie)(xie)振，就(jiu)(jiu)能(neng)(neng)使硫(liu)化(hua)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)轉(zhuan)化(hua)為(wei)溶(rong)解于(yu)電(dian)(dian)解液的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自由(you)離子(zi)(zi)，重新參(can)與電(dian)(dian)化(hua)學反應，在(zai)特定條(tiao)件下(xia)(xia)(xia)轉(zhuan)換回活性(xing)物質。此法(fa)特點，效果好操作(zuo)方便。但需(xu)要有(you)專用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脈沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器，個(ge)人用(yong)戶都(dou)不(bu)(bu)具備，需(xu)要購買。市場上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脈沖(chong)修復(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器參(can)差(cha)不(bu)(bu)齊，很多(duo)脈沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器甚至是(shi)專用(yong)修復(fu)(fu)儀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脈寬比(bi)、占空比(bi)、負脈沖(chong)設計得(de)并不(bu)(bu)合理(li)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)起到去硫(liu)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。

大(da)(da)容(rong)量鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)（以(yi)下簡(jian)稱“電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)”）是(shi)基(ji)站電(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)障。在國(guo)內出(chu)現“電(dian)荒”的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候，后備電(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可靠性顯得格外重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)。在長三(san)(san)角和(he)珠三(san)(san)角地區，每周內停三(san)(san)供(gong)四(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時間很多，甚至出(chu)現聽四(si)供(gong)三(san)(san)更加(jia)嚴重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)局(ju)面。多數處于野外的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)站，其(qi)供(gong)電(dian)是(shi)難以(yi)保(bao)證都是(shi)采(cai)用(yong)一、二類電(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，這(zhe)樣，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可靠性問(wen)題尤其(qi)嚴重(zhong)(zhong)。 雖然目前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)科學技術飛速發展(zhan)(zhan)，近年(nian)鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)也比較快，基(ji)本(ben)上以(yi)大(da)(da)型閥(fa)控密封(feng)式(shi)鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)代替了防算酸隔爆型電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。就是(shi)大(da)(da)型閥(fa)控密封(feng)式(shi)鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)近些年(nian)也在發展(zhan)(zhan)。但是(shi)大(da)(da)容(rong)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)固定電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)還是(shi)以(yi)鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)為唯一的(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)擇。如何(he)延長鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)常使用(yong)壽命，一直是(shi)業內人士探討的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)問(wen)題。

相同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)，在(zai)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)設備(bei)條件(jian)(jian)(jian)、不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)使(shi)用條件(jian)(jian)(jian)和不(bu)同(tong)(tong)維護條件(jian)(jian)(jian)下(xia)使(shi)用壽命相差很大。這就需要在(zai)設備(bei)條件(jian)(jian)(jian)、使(shi)用條件(jian)(jian)(jian)和維護條件(jian)(jian)(jian)上尋找其(qi)差異。而電(dian)池(chi)失效的(de)(de)的(de)(de)幾個(ge)主要現象是：

a、正極板(ban)軟化；

b、正極板板柵腐蝕；

c、負極板硫化(hua)；

d、失水；

e、少數電池出現熱失控（包括電池鼓脹）