一、儲能系統在微電網中的作用
1、提高分布式能源的穩定性
分布(bu)(bu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)諸(zhu)如太陽能(neng)(neng)、風能(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)等可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan),普遍受外界環(huan)境如光(guang)照(zhao)、溫度、風力、氣(qi)候等因數影響比(bi)較大,所發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量具備隨機性(xing)、不穩定性(xing)特點。在微(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)斷開,獨立運(yun)行情況下(xia),微(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)中分布(bu)(bu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)輸(shu)出功率(lv)隨著(zhu)環(huan)境因數的(de)變(bian)化(hua)而變(bian)化(hua),無法為負荷提供穩定的(de)輸(shu)出。儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)系(xi)統(tong)應用于微(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)中,通過能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)管(guan)理系(xi)統(tong)(EMS),將分布(bu)(bu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)與儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)系(xi)統(tong)、主(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)協(xie)同控制(zhi),可(ke)以平穩分布(bu)(bu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)波動,穩定輸(shu)出,并提供分布(bu)(bu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)就地(di)利(li)用率(lv),避免(mian)遠距離(li)傳(chuan)輸(shu)給主(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)照(zhao)成傳(chuan)輸(shu)壓力及電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力損耗。
除此之(zhi)外,儲能(neng)系統還(huan)能(neng)在(zai)夜間(jian),或分(fen)布式(shi)能(neng)源維修期間(jian),持續為主要(yao)負載提(ti)供部分(fen)電源,減少停電時間(jian)。
2、改善用戶用電的電能質量
在(zai)微(wei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)與主電(dian)(dian)網(wang)連接(jie),并網(wang)運行(xing)時(shi),其電(dian)(dian)能(neng)質(zhi)量必須符合國家相關標準(zhun),即功率因數、電(dian)(dian)壓不對稱(cheng)、電(dian)(dian)流諧波畸變率、電(dian)(dian)壓閃降等參數需達到相應值。
按以上(shang)第一點中(zhong)所述,微(wei)(wei)電(dian)網在無(wu)儲(chu)能(neng)系(xi)統的(de)情況下,受其本身能(neng)源(yuan)的(de)特(te)性影(ying)響,無(wu)法(fa)保證電(dian)能(neng)質(zhi)量,尤其是(shi)電(dian)壓穩(wen)定性。儲(chu)能(neng)系(xi)統的(de)運用,能(neng)夠(gou)對微(wei)(wei)電(dian)網電(dian)能(neng)質(zhi)量的(de)提升發揮重要的(de)作用,系(xi)統通過對儲(chu)能(neng)系(xi)統中(zhong)PCS控制,在穩(wen)定電(dian)能(neng)輸出的(de)同時,調節儲(chu)能(neng)系(xi)統向微(wei)(wei)電(dian)網輸出的(de)有功、無(wu)功,同時解決電(dian)壓驟(zou)降/跌落(luo)問題。
在面對主(zhu)電(dian)(dian)網電(dian)(dian)壓驟升、驟降等(deng)問題時,儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)系統可以提供(gong)(gong)(gong)快(kuai)速功(gong)(gong)(gong)率緩沖(chong),快(kuai)速吸收(shou)/補充電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng),提供(gong)(gong)(gong)有功(gong)(gong)(gong),無(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率支撐(cheng),穩定電(dian)(dian)壓波動。儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)系統也能(neng)(neng)為微電(dian)(dian)網提供(gong)(gong)(gong)部分諧(xie)波治(zhi)理功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)。
3、調峰
儲能(neng)系統(tong)在(zai)微電(dian)網(wang)中,可(ke)以在(zai)負(fu)荷(he)低谷時候,存儲分(fen)布式(shi)能(neng)源發(fa)出的多余電(dian)能(neng),在(zai)負(fu)荷(he)用(yong)電(dian)高(gao)峰時候釋放電(dian)能(neng),調節負(fu)荷(he)需求(qiu)。儲能(neng)系統(tong)作為(wei)微網(wang)中能(neng)量緩沖環節,在(zai)微網(wang)系統(tong)中是必不可(ke)少的。
儲(chu)能系統(tong)在滿(man)足峰值負(fu)荷(he)用電(dian)的(de)同(tong)時,可(ke)以降低發電(dian)機(ji)組或變(bian)壓器所(suo)需容量。
二、儲能系統如何運用在微電網
儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)技術主要(yao)的(de)(de)應用(yong)方向(xiang)有:①風力(li)發電(dian)與光伏發電(dian)互補系(xi)統(tong)組(zu)成的(de)(de)局域(yu)網,用(yong)于偏遠(yuan)地區供電(dian)、工廠及辦(ban)公樓供電(dian);②通(tong)信(xin)系(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)作為(wei)不間斷電(dian)源(yuan)和(he)應急電(dian)能(neng)系(xi)統(tong);③風力(li)發電(dian)和(he)光伏發電(dian)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)并網電(dian)能(neng)質量調整;④作為(wei)大規模(mo)電(dian)力(li)存儲(chu)(chu)和(he)負荷(he)調峰手段;⑤電(dian)動(dong)汽車儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)裝置;⑥作為(wei)國家重要(yao)部門的(de)(de)大型后備電(dian)源(yuan)等。
據業內(nei)人士(shi)介紹(shao),微電(dian)網是(shi)儲能(neng)最主要的(de)應用領域,作為微電(dian)網中(zhong)必不(bu)可(ke)少(shao)的(de)部分(fen),儲能(neng)在微電(dian)網中(zhong)發揮了至關重要的(de)作用。
通常來說,微(wei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)一(yi)(yi)般結構由能(neng)源流和信息流相互(hu)融合而成,分為分布式能(neng)源、儲能(neng)裝(zhuang)置、電(dian)(dian)能(neng)變換裝(zhuang)置、保護(hu)裝(zhuang)置和微(wei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)能(neng)源管理系統組成,也(ye)可根據實際應用情況(kuang)進行增減。相對于大電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang),微(wei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)表現為單(dan)一(yi)(yi)的(de)受控(kong)單(dan)元,它可以保證用戶電(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)質量和供電(dian)(dian)安全(quan),同時(shi)也(ye)是(shi)智能(neng)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)及能(neng)源互(hu)聯網(wang)(wang)的(de)重要組成部分。
在(zai)微(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網運行(xing)中(zhong),有兩種運行(xing)模(mo)式(shi)(shi):并網運行(xing)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)和孤島(dao)(dao)運行(xing)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)。并網運行(xing)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)是在(zai)外(wai)部(bu)無故(gu)障(zhang)時(shi),微(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網與(yu)外(wai)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網處(chu)于(yu)連(lian)(lian)接的狀(zhuang)態;孤島(dao)(dao)運行(xing)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)是當外(wai)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網發生故(gu)障(zhang)或者電(dian)(dian)(dian)能質(zhi)量(liang)較差(cha)時(shi),微(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網通過(guo)快速開關可以切斷與(yu)外(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網的連(lian)(lian)接,進入獨(du)立(li)運行(xing)的狀(zhuang)態,保證微(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網內(nei)部(bu)重(zhong)要負荷的供電(dian)(dian)(dian)可靠性(xing)。在(zai)微(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網孤島(dao)(dao)運行(xing)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)時(shi),能量(liang)來源于(yu)分布(bu)式(shi)(shi)能源和儲(chu)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)池,當分布(bu)式(shi)(shi)能源的出力小于(yu)負荷需求時(shi),就(jiu)會(hui)存在(zai)一定的功率(lv)缺(que)額,解決功率(lv)缺(que)額的方法就(jiu)是在(zai)微(wei)網系統中(zhong)配(pei)備一定容(rong)量(liang)的儲(chu)能設備。
在新能(neng)源(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)中,經(jing)常(chang)會由于外界(jie)環境條件的(de)變(bian)化而(er)出(chu)現沒有電(dian)(dian)能(neng)輸出(chu)的(de)情(qing)況(kuang),例如光伏發電(dian)(dian)遇(yu)到的(de)夜間(jian)無(wu)光源(yuan)的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)和風力(li)發電(dian)(dian)中的(de)沒有風吹過的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)等,這(zhe)個時候(hou)就需要儲能(neng)系統向(xiang)微(wei)電(dian)(dian)網系統中的(de)用戶提供(gong)持續的(de)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)。
小編查閱資料發現,儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)術進步最快的(de)就(jiu)是電(dian)(dian)化學(xue)儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)術,以(yi)鋰離子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)、鉛炭電(dian)(dian)池(chi)、液流電(dian)(dian)池(chi)為主導(dao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)化學(xue)儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)術在安全性、能(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換效(xiao)率和經(jing)濟性等方(fang)面均取得了重大(da)突破,極具(ju)產(chan)業化應用前景。
隨著全球可再生能源的普及和電動汽車產業的迅速發展,動力電池也將迎來巨大的市場,此后也將出現大量動力電池退役的回收再利用問題。在業內人(ren)士看(kan)來,退役后(hou)性(xing)能(neng)尚(shang)可(ke)的動力電池可(ke)作為儲(chu)能(neng)電池繼續服役,這個應用(yong)隨著我國電動汽車的發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)將(jiang)帶來儲(chu)能(neng)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的良機,這將(jiang)會一(yi)個是非常好的應用(yong)領域。
電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)安(an)全是國家(jia)能源(yuan)安(an)全的重(zhong)要組成,儲(chu)能是保證電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)安(an)全、低(di)碳、高效供給的重(zhong)要技術(shu),是支(zhi)撐新能源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)大規模發展的重(zhong)要技術(shu),也是未(wei)來智能電(dian)(dian)網框架內的關(guan)鍵支(zhi)撐技術(shu)。
能源(yuan)互聯網作為未來全球能源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)方向,需(xu)要(yao)(yao)從根(gen)本上改(gai)變現在的(de)(de)(de)發、輸(shu)、變、配、用的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)節配置(zhi),這(zhe)就決定了未來電力的(de)(de)(de)潮(chao)流(liu)控制、分布式電源(yuan)及微網將廣泛應(ying)用,儲能技術將是協調這(zhe)些應(ying)用的(de)(de)(de)至(zhi)關重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)一環(huan)。
目前,我國(guo)儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)技術發展落(luo)后于應(ying)用(yong)需求(qiu),業內人士認為,如(ru)果未來國(guo)家能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠從宏觀戰略層(ceng)面(mian)上制(zhi)定儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)發展規(gui)劃,加強(qiang)對儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)技術研發與示范的資金支持力度,出(chu)臺(tai)利于儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)技術產業化的激勵(li)政策與機制(zhi),引導社會資金向儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)產業傾斜,使得儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)項目投資能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠獲得回報,相信(xin)在未來,微電網及(ji)儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)應(ying)用(yong)將會迎來大規(gui)模的快速(su)發展時期。