一、電解電容和普通電容簡介

一般來說有極性電容指的都是電解電容一類的電容，雖然確實存在(zai)著無極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)性(xing)電(dian)解(jie)電(dian)容，但(dan)在(zai)市(shi)面上不太常見，而且(qie)價格也比較貴(gui)。常見的(de)電(dian)解(jie)電(dian)容都是由陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)鋁(lv)箔和(he)陰極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)電(dian)解(jie)溶液分別形成兩個電(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，由陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)鋁(lv)箔上產(chan)生的(de)一層(ceng)氧化鋁(lv)膜做(zuo)為(wei)電(dian)介(jie)質(zhi)的(de)電(dian)容，電(dian)解(jie)電(dian)容在(zai)電(dian)路(lu)中也必須注(zhu)意極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)性(xing)。

普(pu)通的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)部分(fen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)無(wu)極(ji)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)，也(ye)可以把兩個(ge)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)陽極(ji)或陰極(ji)相對串(chuan)連(lian)形成無(wu)極(ji)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)。一般來說，低于1μF的(de)(de)(de)低值電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)大(da)(da)多數是(shi)(shi)(shi)無(wu)極(ji)性(xing)之分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)，但是(shi)(shi)(shi)具有1μF或更大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)值的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)幾乎(hu)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)有正負(fu)極(ji)之分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)。至(zhi)今為止(zhi)，常用有極(ji)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)，有極(ji)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)正引線總會長一些，即使是(shi)(shi)(shi)標志磨(mo)損或者被完全(quan)抹去，我們也(ye)能夠(gou)辨認(ren)出極(ji)性(xing)。

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二、電解電容和普通電容的區別

1、介質不同

有(you)(you)(you)極(ji)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)大(da)多采用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)做(zuo)介(jie)質(zhi)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)，通常同體(ti)積的(de)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)有(you)(you)(you)極(ji)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)容(rong)量大(da)。另外，不(bu)(bu)同的(de)電(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)和工藝制造出(chu)的(de)有(you)(you)(you)極(ji)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)同體(ti)積的(de)容(rong)量也會不(bu)(bu)同。再(zai)有(you)(you)(you)就(jiu)是耐壓和使用(yong)(yong)介(jie)質(zhi)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)也有(you)(you)(you)密切關系(xi)。無極(ji)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)介(jie)質(zhi)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)也很(hen)多，大(da)多采用(yong)(yong)金屬氧(yang)化膜、滌綸等。由(you)于介(jie)質(zhi)的(de)可(ke)逆或(huo)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)逆性(xing)能決定了(le)有(you)(you)(you)極(ji)、無極(ji)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)的(de)使用(yong)(yong)環境。

2、性能不同

性能就(jiu)是使用(yong)(yong)的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)，需求(qiu)最大(da)化就(jiu)是使用(yong)(yong)的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)。如果在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)視機里電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源部分用(yong)(yong)金屬氧化膜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)做(zuo)濾(lv)波(bo)的(de)話(hua)，而且要(yao)達(da)到濾(lv)波(bo)要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)和耐(nai)壓(ya)。機殼內恐(kong)怕也(ye)就(jiu)只(zhi)能裝個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源了。所以作為濾(lv)波(bo)只(zhi)能使用(yong)(yong)有極(ji)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)，有極(ji)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)是不可逆的(de)。就(jiu)是說(shuo)正極(ji)必須接(jie)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位端，負(fu)極(ji)必須接(jie)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位端。一般電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)在(zai)1微法拉以上，做(zuo)偶合、退(tui)偶合、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源濾(lv)波(bo)等(deng)。無極(ji)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)大(da)多在(zai)1微法拉以下(xia)，參與(yu)諧振、偶合、選頻、限流、等(deng)。當然也(ye)有大(da)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)高耐(nai)壓(ya)的(de)，多用(yong)(yong)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力的(de)無功(gong)補(bu)償、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)移相(xiang)、變頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源移相(xiang)等(deng)用(yong)(yong)途(tu)上。

3、容量不同

電(dian)解(jie)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)的(de)容(rong)(rong)量要比普通電(dian)容(rong)(rong)大。

4、結構不同

原則上講(jiang)不(bu)考慮(lv)尖端(duan)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下，使用(yong)(yong)環(huan)境(jing)需要(yao)什么形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)都可以(yi)。通常用(yong)(yong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)（有(you)(you)極(ji)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)）是(shi)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)，方(fang)(fang)型(xing)用(yong)(yong)的(de)很少。無極(ji)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀千奇百變(bian)(bian)。像管型(xing)、變(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)長(chang)方(fang)(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、片型(xing)、方(fang)(fang)型(xing)、圓型(xing)、組合方(fang)(fang)型(xing)及圓型(xing)等等。當(dang)然還(huan)有(you)(you)無形(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)，這里(li)無形(xing)(xing)(xing)指的(de)就是(shi)分(fen)(fen)布電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)。對(dui)于分(fen)(fen)布電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)在高(gao)頻(pin)和中(zhong)頻(pin)器(qi)件(jian)中(zhong)決不(bu)可忽(hu)視。

三、無極性電容可以代替有極性電容嗎

理(li)(li)想(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，本來(lai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)沒有(you)(you)極(ji)(ji)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在實(shi)際(ji)(ji)中，為(wei)了(le)(le)獲得大容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)使用(yong)了(le)(le)某些(xie)特殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材料(liao)和(he)結構(gou)，這(zhe)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)導致(zhi)了(le)(le)實(shi)際(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)有(you)(you)些(xie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)極(ji)(ji)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)極(ji)(ji)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)有(you)(you)鋁電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，鉭(tan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)等。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)一(yi)(yi)般是(shi)(shi)(shi)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量相對(dui)比較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。如(ru)果要做(zuo)一(yi)(yi)個大容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無極(ji)(ji)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)沒那么(me)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)易了(le)(le)，體積會(hui)變得很(hen)大。這(zhe)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)什么(me)在實(shi)際(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中，為(wei)什么(me)會(hui)有(you)(you)那么(me)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)極(ji)(ji)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)了(le)(le)——因(yin)為(wei)它體積比較小，同時(shi)又因(yin)為(wei)這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)只有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)個方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)，所以有(you)(you)極(ji)(ji)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)能派(pai)上用(yong)場。我們(men)使用(yong)有(you)(you)極(ji)(ji)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)避開它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缺點，利用(yong)它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優點。我們(men)可以這(zhe)樣來(lai)理(li)(li)解：有(you)(you)極(ji)(ji)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)實(shi)際(ji)(ji)上是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)個只能按一(yi)(yi)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)。而無極(ji)(ji)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，則(ze)兩個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)都(dou)能使用(yong)。因(yin)此，單從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)點上來(lai)說，無極(ji)(ji)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)比有(you)(you)極(ji)(ji)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)要好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。

從上面的分析可以看出來，使用無極性的電容代替(ti)有極(ji)性的(de)電(dian)容是完全可(ke)以(yi)的(de)——只要容量、工(gong)作電(dian)壓(ya)、體積等能滿足要求即可(ke)替(ti)換(huan)。