一、電解電容和普通電容簡介

一般來說有極性電容指的都是電解電容一類的電容，雖然(ran)確實存在著無極(ji)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)，但在市(shi)面上(shang)不太常見，而且價格也比較貴(gui)。常見的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)都是(shi)由(you)陽(yang)極(ji)鋁(lv)箔和陰極(ji)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)溶液分別形(xing)成兩(liang)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)，由(you)陽(yang)極(ji)鋁(lv)箔上(shang)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)層氧化鋁(lv)膜(mo)做為電(dian)(dian)(dian)介質的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)路中也必須注意極(ji)性。

普通的(de)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)是(shi)(shi)大部分是(shi)(shi)無極(ji)性(xing)(xing)的(de)，也可以把(ba)兩個電(dian)(dian)解(jie)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)陽極(ji)或陰極(ji)相(xiang)對串連形(xing)成無極(ji)性(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)。一般來說，低于1μF的(de)低值電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)大多數是(shi)(shi)無極(ji)性(xing)(xing)之分的(de)，但是(shi)(shi)具有(you)(you)(you)(you)1μF或更大電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)值的(de)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)幾乎都是(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)正(zheng)負極(ji)之分的(de)。至今為止，常用有(you)(you)(you)(you)極(ji)性(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)極(ji)性(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)的(de)正(zheng)引線(xian)總會(hui)長(chang)一些，即使(shi)是(shi)(shi)標志(zhi)磨損或者被完全抹去(qu)，我們也能(neng)夠(gou)辨(bian)認出極(ji)性(xing)(xing)。

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二、電解電容和普通電容的區別

1、介質不同

有極(ji)性電(dian)(dian)容大多采(cai)(cai)用電(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)做介質(zhi)材料(liao)，通常同(tong)體積的(de)電(dian)(dian)容有極(ji)性電(dian)(dian)容容量(liang)大。另外，不同(tong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)材料(liao)和工藝(yi)制(zhi)造出的(de)有極(ji)性電(dian)(dian)容同(tong)體積的(de)容量(liang)也會不同(tong)。再有就是耐(nai)壓和使用介質(zhi)材料(liao)也有密切關系。無(wu)極(ji)性電(dian)(dian)容介質(zhi)材料(liao)也很多，大多采(cai)(cai)用金屬氧化(hua)膜、滌綸等。由于介質(zhi)的(de)可逆(ni)或(huo)不可逆(ni)性能決(jue)定了(le)有極(ji)、無(wu)極(ji)性電(dian)(dian)容的(de)使用環境。

2、性能不同

性(xing)(xing)能就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)使用(yong)的(de)(de)要求，需求最大化(hua)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)使用(yong)的(de)(de)要求。如果(guo)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)視(shi)機里電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)部(bu)分用(yong)金屬氧化(hua)膜電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器做濾(lv)波(bo)的(de)(de)話(hua)，而且要達(da)到濾(lv)波(bo)要求的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)和(he)耐壓(ya)(ya)。機殼內恐(kong)怕也就(jiu)(jiu)只能裝個(ge)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)了。所以(yi)(yi)作為濾(lv)波(bo)只能使用(yong)有(you)極(ji)性(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，有(you)極(ji)性(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)是(shi)(shi)不可(ke)逆(ni)的(de)(de)。就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)說正極(ji)必(bi)須接高(gao)電(dian)(dian)位端(duan)，負極(ji)必(bi)須接低電(dian)(dian)位端(duan)。一般電(dian)(dian)解(jie)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)在(zai)1微法拉以(yi)(yi)上(shang)，做偶(ou)(ou)合(he)、退(tui)偶(ou)(ou)合(he)、電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)濾(lv)波(bo)等(deng)。無(wu)極(ji)性(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)大多(duo)在(zai)1微法拉以(yi)(yi)下，參(can)與諧振(zhen)、偶(ou)(ou)合(he)、選頻、限流、等(deng)。當(dang)然(ran)也有(you)大容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)高(gao)耐壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)，多(duo)用(yong)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)力的(de)(de)無(wu)功補償(chang)、電(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)移相、變(bian)頻電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)移相等(deng)用(yong)途(tu)上(shang)。

3、容量不同

電(dian)解(jie)電(dian)容的容量(liang)要比普通電(dian)容大。

4、結構不同

原則上講不(bu)考(kao)慮尖端放電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)情況下，使用環境需要什么形狀(zhuang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容都可以。通常(chang)用的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容（有極性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容）是圓形，方型(xing)(xing)用的(de)很少。無極性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容形狀(zhuang)千奇(qi)百變(bian)。像管型(xing)(xing)、變(bian)形長方形、片型(xing)(xing)、方型(xing)(xing)、圓型(xing)(xing)、組合方型(xing)(xing)及(ji)圓型(xing)(xing)等等。當然還有無形的(de)，這里無形指(zhi)的(de)就是分布電(dian)(dian)(dian)容。對于(yu)分布電(dian)(dian)(dian)容在高頻(pin)和中頻(pin)器件中決不(bu)可忽(hu)視。

三、無極性電容可以代替有極性電容嗎

理想(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，本來是(shi)(shi)沒有(you)(you)極(ji)(ji)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。但是(shi)(shi)在實(shi)(shi)際(ji)(ji)(ji)中，為了獲得大(da)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量，就使(shi)用(yong)(yong)了某(mou)些特(te)殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材料和(he)結構(gou)，這就導致了實(shi)(shi)際(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)有(you)(you)些是(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)極(ji)(ji)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)極(ji)(ji)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)有(you)(you)鋁電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，鉭電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)等(deng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)一(yi)般是(shi)(shi)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量相對比(bi)較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。如果要(yao)做一(yi)個(ge)(ge)大(da)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)極(ji)(ji)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，就沒那(nei)么(me)(me)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)易(yi)了，體積(ji)會(hui)變得很大(da)。這就是(shi)(shi)為什么(me)(me)在實(shi)(shi)際(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中，為什么(me)(me)會(hui)有(you)(you)那(nei)么(me)(me)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)極(ji)(ji)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)了——因為它(ta)體積(ji)比(bi)較(jiao)小，同時又因為這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓只有(you)(you)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)方(fang)向，所以有(you)(you)極(ji)(ji)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)就能派(pai)上(shang)用(yong)(yong)場。我(wo)們使(shi)用(yong)(yong)有(you)(you)極(ji)(ji)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，就是(shi)(shi)避(bi)開(kai)它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缺(que)點，利用(yong)(yong)它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)點。我(wo)們可以這樣來理解(jie)(jie)：有(you)(you)極(ji)(ji)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)實(shi)(shi)際(ji)(ji)(ji)上(shang)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)只能按一(yi)個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓方(fang)向使(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)。而(er)無(wu)(wu)極(ji)(ji)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，則兩個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓方(fang)向都能使(shi)用(yong)(yong)。因此，單(dan)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓方(fang)向這一(yi)點上(shang)來說(shuo)，無(wu)(wu)極(ji)(ji)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)是(shi)(shi)比(bi)有(you)(you)極(ji)(ji)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)要(yao)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。

從上面的分析可以看出來，使用無極性的電容代替有極性的(de)電容(rong)是完全(quan)可以的(de)——只要容(rong)量、工作電壓、體(ti)積等能滿足要求即可替換。