銅礦石如何提煉銅

從銅礦中開采出來的銅礦石，經過選礦(kuang)成為(wei)含(han)銅(tong)(tong)品位較高的銅(tong)(tong)精礦(kuang)或者說是銅(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)砂(sha)，銅(tong)(tong)精礦(kuang)需要(yao)經過冶煉提成，才(cai)能成為(wei)精銅(tong)(tong)及銅(tong)(tong)制(zhi)品。最早的銅(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)石(shi)來源是孔雀石(shi)。

1、礦石的加工

銅礦石的分類(lei)及(ji)屬性：

煉銅(tong)(tong)的(de)原料是銅(tong)(tong)礦石(shi)(shi)。銅(tong)(tong)礦石(shi)(shi)可分為三類：

（1）硫化礦(kuang)，如(ru)黃銅(tong)礦(kuang)（CuFeS2）、斑銅(tong)礦(kuang)（Cu5FeS4）和(he)輝(hui)銅(tong)礦(kuang)（Cu2S）等。

（2）氧化(hua)礦(kuang)，如(ru)赤銅礦(kuang)（Cu2O）、孔(kong)雀(que)石(shi)[Cu?(OH)?CO?]、藍銅礦(kuang)[2CuCO3·Cu(OH)2]、硅孔(kong)雀(que)石(shi)（CuSiO3·2H2O）等(deng)。

（3）自然銅。銅礦(kuang)石中(zhong)(zhong)銅的含量在(zai)1%左右（0.5%～3%）的便(bian)有開采(cai)價值，因為采(cai)用浮(fu)選法可以(yi)把礦(kuang)石中(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)部(bu)分脈石等雜(za)質(zhi)除去，而得到含銅量較高（8%～35%）的精(jing)礦(kuang)砂(sha)。

2、冶煉過程

（1）火法煉銅

通過熔融(rong)冶煉和電解(jie)(jie)精(jing)火煉生產(chan)出陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)，也即電解(jie)(jie)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)，一般(ban)適(shi)于高(gao)品(pin)位的(de)(de)(de)硫化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)。火法冶煉一般(ban)是先將含銅(tong)(tong)(tong)百分之(zhi)幾或(huo)千分之(zhi)幾的(de)(de)(de)原礦(kuang)石，通過選礦(kuang)提高(gao)到20%～30%，作為銅(tong)(tong)(tong)精(jing)礦(kuang)，在(zai)(zai)密閉鼓風爐(lu)(lu)、反(fan)射(she)爐(lu)(lu)、電爐(lu)(lu)或(huo)閃速爐(lu)(lu)進行(xing)造(zao)锍熔煉，產(chan)出的(de)(de)(de)熔锍（冰銅(tong)(tong)(tong)）接著送(song)入轉爐(lu)(lu)進行(xing)吹煉成(cheng)粗銅(tong)(tong)(tong)，再在(zai)(zai)另一種反(fan)射(she)爐(lu)(lu)內經(jing)過氧化精(jing)煉脫雜，或(huo)鑄(zhu)成(cheng)陽(yang)極板進行(xing)電解(jie)(jie)，獲(huo)得品(pin)位高(gao)達99.9%的(de)(de)(de)電解(jie)(jie)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)。該流程簡短、適(shi)應(ying)性強，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)回收(shou)率可達95%，但因礦(kuang)石中的(de)(de)(de)硫在(zai)(zai)造(zao)锍和吹煉兩階段作為二氧化硫廢氣(qi)排出，不易(yi)回收(shou)，易(yi)造(zao)成(cheng)污染。

從銅礦石冶煉(lian)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)：以(yi)黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦為(wei)(wei)(wei)例，首先把精礦砂(sha)、熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)劑（石(shi)灰石(shi)、砂(sha)等）和(he)燃料（焦炭(tan)、木炭(tan)或無煙煤）混合，投(tou)入“密閉”鼓(gu)風爐(lu)中，在1000℃左右(you)進(jin)行熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)煉(lian)。于(yu)是礦石(shi)中一(yi)部(bu)分(fen)硫成為(wei)(wei)(wei)SO?（用(yong)于(yu)制(zhi)硫酸(suan)），大部(bu)分(fen)的(de)(de)砷(shen)、銻等雜質(zhi)成為(wei)(wei)(wei)As?O?、Sb?O?等揮發(fa)性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)而(er)被除去(qu)：2CuFeS?+O?=Cu?S+2FeS+SO?↑。一(yi)部(bu)分(fen)鐵(tie)的(de)(de)硫化(hua)物(wu)轉變為(wei)(wei)(wei)氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)：2FeS+3O?=2FeO+2SO?↑。Cu?S跟(gen)剩(sheng)余的(de)(de)FeS等便熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)融(rong)在一(yi)起而(er)形成“冰(bing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)”（主要由Cu?S和(he)FeS互相(xiang)溶(rong)解形成的(de)(de)，它(ta)的(de)(de)含銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)率(lv)(lv)在20%～50%之間(jian)(jian)，含硫率(lv)(lv)在23%～27%之間(jian)(jian)），FeO跟(gen)SiO?形成熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)渣：FeO+SiO?=FeSiO?。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)渣浮在熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)融(rong)冰(bing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)上面(mian)，容易(yi)分(fen)離，借以(yi)除去(qu)一(yi)部(bu)分(fen)雜質(zhi)。然后(hou)把冰(bing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)移入轉爐(lu)中，加(jia)入熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)劑（石(shi)英砂(sha)）后(hou)鼓(gu)入空氣進(jin)行吹煉(lian)（1100～1300℃）。由于(yu)鐵(tie)比銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)對(dui)氧(yang)有(you)較(jiao)大的(de)(de)親和(he)力，而(er)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)比鐵(tie)對(dui)硫有(you)較(jiao)大的(de)(de)親和(he)力，因(yin)此冰(bing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)FeS先轉變為(wei)(wei)(wei)FeO，跟(gen)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)劑結合成渣，而(er)后(hou)Cu?S才轉變為(wei)(wei)(wei)Cu?O，Cu?O跟(gen)Cu?S反(fan)(fan)應生成粗銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（含銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)量約(yue)為(wei)(wei)(wei)98.5%）。2Cu?S+3O?=2Cu?O+2SO?↑，2Cu?O+Cu?S=6Cu+SO?↑，再(zai)把粗銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)移入反(fan)(fan)射爐(lu)，加(jia)入熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)劑（石(shi)英砂(sha)），通(tong)入空氣，使(shi)粗銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)雜質(zhi)氧(yang)化(hua)，跟(gen)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)劑形成爐(lu)渣而(er)除去(qu)。在雜質(zhi)除到(dao)一(yi)定程(cheng)度后(hou)，再(zai)噴入重油，由重油燃燒產生的(de)(de)一(yi)氧(yang)化(hua)碳等還(huan)原(yuan)性(xing)氣體使(shi)氧(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)在高溫下還(huan)原(yuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。得到(dao)的(de)(de)精銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)約(yue)含銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)99.7%。

除(chu)了銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)精礦之(zhi)(zhi)外，廢銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)作為(wei)精煉銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)主要原料(liao)(liao)之(zhi)(zhi)一，包括舊廢銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和新(xin)廢銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，舊廢銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)來(lai)自(zi)(zi)舊設備(bei)和舊機器，廢棄的(de)樓房和地下管道；新(xin)廢銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)來(lai)自(zi)(zi)加工(gong)廠(chang)棄掉的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)屑(xie)（銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)的(de)產出(chu)比為(wei)50%左右），一般廢銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)供應較穩(wen)定，廢銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)分為(wei)：裸雜銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)：品(pin)位在90%以(yi)(yi)上；黃雜銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（電線）：含(han)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)物料(liao)(liao)（舊馬達、電路板）；由廢銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和其(qi)他類似(si)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)生產出(chu)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，也稱(cheng)為(wei)再生銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。

（2）濕法煉銅

一(yi)船適于(yu)低品位的(de)(de)氧化銅(tong)，生產出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)精銅(tong)稱為電積(ji)銅(tong)。現代(dai)濕(shi)法(fa)冶(ye)煉(lian)有硫酸化焙燒—浸出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)—電積(ji)，浸出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)—萃取—電積(ji)，細(xi)菌浸出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)等法(fa)，適于(yu)低品位復雜礦(kuang)、氧化銅(tong)礦(kuang)、含銅(tong)廢礦(kuang)石(shi)的(de)(de)堆(dui)浸、槽浸選用或(huo)就地浸出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)。濕(shi)法(fa)冶(ye)煉(lian)技(ji)術正在(zai)逐步推廣，預(yu)計(ji)本(ben)世紀末(mo)可(ke)達總產量(liang)的(de)(de)20%，濕(shi)法(fa)冶(ye)煉(lian)的(de)(de)推出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)使銅(tong)的(de)(de)冶(ye)煉(lian)成(cheng)本(ben)大(da)大(da)降低。