一、汽車起重機屬于什么類型的起重機

起重機是指在一定范圍內垂直提升和水平搬運重物的多動作起重機械，它有多種類型，包括門式起重機、橋式起重機、塔式起重機、門座式起重機、纜索式起重機、流動式起重機等多種，那么汽車起重機是什么起重機呢？

在諸多起重機(ji)的(de)種(zhong)類中(zhong)，汽車起重機(ji)又叫汽車吊(diao)(diao)，屬于流動式起重機(ji)的(de)一種(zhong)，適用于單件重量大的(de)大、中(zhong)型設備(bei)、構件的(de)吊(diao)(diao)裝，作業周(zhou)期短，具有適用范(fan)圍廣、機(ji)動性好(hao)、可以方(fang)便地(di)轉移場(chang)(chang)地(di)、對(dui)道路或場(chang)(chang)地(di)要求高、臺班費較(jiao)高等特點。

流動式起(qi)(qi)重機(ji)(ji)除了(le)汽車起(qi)(qi)重機(ji)(ji)外，還有履(lv)帶式起(qi)(qi)重機(ji)(ji)、輪(lun)胎起(qi)(qi)重機(ji)(ji)、全地(di)面起(qi)(qi)重機(ji)(ji)、隨車起(qi)(qi)重機(ji)(ji)等類型。

二、汽車起重機的構造

汽(qi)車(che)(che)起(qi)(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)主要由起(qi)(qi)升、變(bian)幅、回(hui)(hui)轉(zhuan)、起(qi)(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)臂(bei)和(he)汽(qi)車(che)(che)底盤組成，由于(yu)液(ye)(ye)(ye)壓技術、電(dian)子工業、高(gao)強度(du)鋼(gang)材(cai)和(he)汽(qi)車(che)(che)工業的(de)(de)發(fa)展，現在(zai)的(de)(de)汽(qi)車(che)(che)吊通常采(cai)用(yong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)壓系統(tong)代替傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)機(ji)械傳(chuan)動(dong)系統(tong)，液(ye)(ye)(ye)壓汽(qi)車(che)(che)起(qi)(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)的(de)(de)液(ye)(ye)(ye)壓系統(tong)采(cai)用(yong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)壓泵、定量或(huo)變(bian)量馬達實現起(qi)(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)起(qi)(qi)升回(hui)(hui)轉(zhuan)、變(bian)幅、起(qi)(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)臂(bei)伸(shen)(shen)縮及(ji)支腿(tui)伸(shen)(shen)縮并(bing)可(ke)單獨或(huo)組合(he)動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)。馬達采(cai)用(yong)過熱保護，并(bing)有防止錯(cuo)誤操作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)安(an)全裝置(zhi)(zhi)。大噸位(wei)的(de)(de)液(ye)(ye)(ye)壓汽(qi)車(che)(che)起(qi)(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)選用(yong)多聯齒輪泵，合(he)流時還可(ke)實現上述各(ge)動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)加速。在(zai)液(ye)(ye)(ye)壓系統(tong)中設(she)(she)有自動(dong)超負(fu)荷安(an)全閥、緩沖閥及(ji)液(ye)(ye)(ye)壓鎖(suo)等(deng)，以防止起(qi)(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)作(zuo)(zuo)業時過載(zai)或(huo)失速及(ji)油管突然破(po)裂(lie)引起(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)意外事故發(fa)生。汽(qi)車(che)(che)起(qi)(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)裝有幅度(du)指示器(qi)和(he)高(gao)度(du)限(xian)位(wei)器(qi)，防止超載(zai)或(huo)超伸(shen)(shen)距(ju)，卷筒和(he)滑輪設(she)(she)有防鋼(gang)絲繩跳槽的(de)(de)裝置(zhi)(zhi)。

對于(yu)16t以(yi)下的(de)(de)(de)汽車(che)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，要(yao)求設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)顯示(shi)器，16t及(ji)16t以(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力(li)矩限制(zhi)器，且有(you)報警(jing)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。液(ye)壓汽車(che)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)臂(bei)(bei)由(you)多節臂(bei)(bei)段組(zu)成，可以(yi)根(gen)(gen)據對起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)升高度的(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)(tong)(tong)要(yao)求設(she)計。起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)臂(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)伸(shen)(shen)縮(suo)方(fang)式一種是順(shun)序伸(shen)(shen)縮(suo)，另一種是同(tong)(tong)(tong)步伸(shen)(shen)縮(suo)。大(da)噸(dun)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)為了提高起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)能(neng)(neng)力(li)大(da)多數都采用(yong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)步伸(shen)(shen)縮(suo)。各臂(bei)(bei)段的(de)(de)(de)伸(shen)(shen)縮(suo)由(you)油壓控制(zhi)，伸(shen)(shen)縮(suo)自如(ru)。帶(dai)副(fu)臂(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，在(zai)行駛狀態時，副(fu)臂(bei)(bei)一般(ban)安(an)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)主(zhu)臂(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)側方(fang)或(huo)下方(fang)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)臺(tai)主(zhu)要(yao)用(yong)來布(bu)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)升機(ji)(ji)(ji)構、回(hui)(hui)(hui)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構、起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)臂(bei)(bei)及(ji)變(bian)(bian)幅油缸的(de)(de)(de)下支點和操縱裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。對于(yu)中、大(da)噸(dun)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，有(you)的(de)(de)(de)還在(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)臺(tai)上安(an)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)臺(tai)與(yu)底架之間(jian)用(yong)能(neng)(neng)承受垂直載(zai)荷、水平載(zai)荷及(ji)傾覆力(li)矩的(de)(de)(de)回(hui)(hui)(hui)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)支承聯接。為了防(fang)止在(zai)行駛時轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)臺(tai)發生(sheng)滑轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)，設(she)有(you)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)臺(tai)鎖定裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。回(hui)(hui)(hui)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構由(you)定量馬(ma)達驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。回(hui)(hui)(hui)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構的(de)(de)(de)輸出齒輪(lun)(lun)與(yu)回(hui)(hui)(hui)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)支承齒輪(lun)(lun)嚙(nie)合。實現(xian)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)臺(tai)沿回(hui)(hui)(hui)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)中心作360°回(hui)(hui)(hui)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)。起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)臂(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)幅，由(you)單只或(huo)雙只液(ye)壓油缸通過(guo)(guo)油液(ye)控制(zhi)完成。起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構由(you)油液(ye)控制(zhi)變(bian)(bian)量或(huo)定量馬(ma)達通過(guo)(guo)減(jian)速機(ji)(ji)(ji)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)卷筒。由(you)于(yu)采用(yong)液(ye)力(li)變(bian)(bian)矩器，起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)各機(ji)(ji)(ji)構的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)能(neng)(neng)無級變(bian)(bian)速，可使載(zai)荷在(zai)微(wei)動(dong)(dong)(dong)速度下由(you)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)控制(zhi)下降(jiang)。為了防(fang)止過(guo)(guo)卷，設(she)有(you)鋼絲繩三圈保護裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)及(ji)報警(jing)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。中、大(da)噸(dun)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)汽車(che)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可根(gen)(gen)據市場需(xu)要(yao)配置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)副(fu)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)升機(ji)(ji)(ji)構，以(yi)供雙鉤作業。

三、汽車起重機的工作原理

汽車(che)起重機的(de)(de)原理很簡(jian)單：起重臂里面的(de)(de)下面有(you)一個轉動卷筒(tong)，上面繞鋼絲(si)繩(sheng)，鋼絲(si)繩(sheng)通過在下一節臂頂端上的(de)(de)滑輪，將上一節起重臂拉出去，依此類推。縮回(hui)時，卷筒(tong)倒轉回(hui)收(shou)鋼絲(si)繩(sheng)，起重臂在自(zi)重作用下回(hui)縮。