蓄電池危害及其防范

蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)作為一種方便適用(yong)的(de)直(zhi)流電(dian)源廣(guang)泛用(yong)于發電(dian)廠，工礦企業(ye)變配電(dian)所(suo)和各類(lei)機動車。由于在鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)裝配過程中涉及(ji)到(dao)鉛(qian)(qian)中毒、易燃、易爆等(deng)危(wei)險特(te)性，因(yin)而(er)確保鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)安(an)全(quan)生產(chan)十分重要(yao)。目前，鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)已(yi)被列入《危(wei)險化(hua)學品名錄(lu)》，我國也(ye)一直(zhi)重視鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)安(an)全(quan)生產(chan)，加強了對(dui)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)生產(chan)裝配的(de)安(an)全(quan)防范措施，制定(ding)了《鉛(qian)(qian)作業(ye)安(an)全(quan)生生規程》等(deng)規范標(biao)準。

廢(fei)(fei)(fei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)污染(ran)及(ji)其(qi)處(chu)理(li)已經(jing)成為目前(qian)社會(hui)最(zui)為關注的(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)保焦(jiao)點(dian)之一(yi)(yi)。國(guo)家(jia)環(huan)(huan)保總局科技標(biao)準司有關人(ren)(ren)士認為，隨(sui)著(zhu)我國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種類(lei)、生(sheng)(sheng)產量(liang)和(he)(he)使用(yong)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)擴大(da)，廢(fei)(fei)(fei)舊電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)數量(liang)和(he)(he)種類(lei)也在不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)增加。廢(fei)(fei)(fei)舊電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)含有汞(gong)、鉛、鎘(ge)(ge)、鎳(nie)等重金屬及(ji)酸、堿(jian)等電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)溶(rong)液，對(dui)人(ren)(ren)體及(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)(huan)境有不(bu)(bu)同程(cheng)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)危害。據了解(jie)，其(qi)中對(dui)人(ren)(ren)體健(jian)康和(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)(huan)境危害較大(da)、列(lie)入危險(xian)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)物(wu)(wu)(wu)控(kong)制名錄(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)主要(yao)(yao)有：含汞(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，主要(yao)(yao)是氧化汞(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)；鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)；含鎘(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，主要(yao)(yao)是鎳(nie)鎘(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。有關資料顯示，一(yi)(yi)節一(yi)(yi)號(hao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)爛在地里，能使1平(ping)方米的(de)(de)(de)(de)土壤(rang)永久失去利用(yong)價值；一(yi)(yi)粒(li)紐(niu)扣電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)可使600噸水受到(dao)污染(ran)，相當于(yu)(yu)一(yi)(yi)個人(ren)(ren)一(yi)(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)飲(yin)水量(liang)。在對(dui)自然(ran)環(huan)(huan)境威(wei)脅(xie)最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)幾種物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)里就(jiu)包含了汞(gong)、鉛、鎘(ge)(ge)等多(duo)種，若將廢(fei)(fei)(fei)舊電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)混入生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)垃圾(ji)一(yi)(yi)起填埋(mai)，或者隨(sui)手(shou)丟棄，滲出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)汞(gong)及(ji)重金屬物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)就(jiu)會(hui)滲透于(yu)(yu)土壤(rang)、污染(ran)地下水，進(jin)(jin)而進(jin)(jin)入魚類(lei)、農(nong)作物(wu)(wu)(wu)中，破壞人(ren)(ren)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)環(huan)(huan)境，間(jian)接威(wei)脅(xie)到(dao)人(ren)(ren)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)健(jian)康。

人(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)一旦(dan)吸收(shou)這些重金屬(shu)以后(hou)，會出(chu)現(xian)哪些病(bing)癥(zheng)呢？據有(you)關專(zhuan)家(jia)介(jie)紹，汞(gong)是一種毒性(xing)很(hen)強的(de)重金屬(shu)，對人(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)中(zhong)樞神經的(de)破壞力(li)很(hen)大(da)。目(mu)前我國(guo)生(sheng)產的(de)含汞(gong)堿性(xing)干電池(chi)的(de)汞(gong)含量達(da)1％－5％，中(zhong)性(xing)干電池(chi)的(de)汞(gong)含量為(wei)0．025％，我國(guo)電池(chi)生(sheng)產消(xiao)耗的(de)汞(gong)每年(nian)就(jiu)達(da)幾十噸之多。鎘在人(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)內極(ji)易引起慢性(xing)中(zhong)毒，主要病(bing)癥(zheng)是肺(fei)氣腫、骨質(zhi)軟化、貧血，很(hen)可(ke)能使人(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)癱瘓(huan)。而鉛進入人(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)后(hou)最(zui)難排泄，它(ta)干擾腎功(gong)能。

專家們(men)認為(wei)(wei)，由于電(dian)池污(wu)染(ran)具有周期長、隱蔽性大等(deng)特(te)點，其(qi)潛在危害相(xiang)當嚴重，處理不(bu)當還會造成二次污(wu)染(ran)。據楊毅夫博(bo)士介紹，我(wo)國沿海某省的一些農民在回收(shou)鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)池中(zhong)的鉛(qian)時(shi)，因為(wei)(wei)回收(shou)處理不(bu)當，把含有鉛(qian)和硫酸的廢液倒掉，不(bu)僅造成了鉛(qian)中(zhong)毒(du)，而且使當地農作(zuo)物無法生長。如何及時(shi)安(an)全地回收(shou)和處理廢電(dian)池，已日益突出地擺在人們(men)面前(qian)。

一、 鉛酸蓄電池裝配過程中的主要危害因素分析

鉛(qian)酸蓄電池裝配過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)可能產生的危(wei)險、危(wei)害(hai)主要(yao)是中(zhong)(zhong)毒、火(huo)災(zai)、爆(bao)炸，以及高溫灼燙、機械傷害(hai)、腐蝕(shi)傷害(hai)等。限于篇幅，僅對(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)毒、火(huo)災(zai)和爆(bao)炸3種因素進行分(fen)析。

稱(cheng)片(pian)(pian)、包片(pian)(pian)區(qu)，存在著大量的(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)塵，屬于鉛(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)污(wu)染區(qu)，易發(fa)生慢(man)性鉛(qian)(qian)中毒(du)。鉛(qian)(qian)中毒(du)對人體的(de)(de)(de)(de)危害主要(yao)集中在消化系(xi)統(tong)(tong)和神(shen)經系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，在蓄電池廠(chang)(chang)工(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)操作工(gong)(gong)患職業性慢(man)性鉛(qian)(qian)中毒(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)比例高達25%～30%。更為嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)，鉛(qian)(qian)中毒(du)不(bu)僅(jin)局限在蓄電池廠(chang)(chang)里的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)年(nian)操作工(gong)(gong)鉛(qian)(qian)中毒(du)反應，甚至周邊許多兒童也出現了(le)鉛(qian)(qian)中毒(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)反應。2004年(nian)6月，某(mou)縣曾經發(fa)生數百(bai)名(ming)鉛(qian)(qian)中毒(du)事件。

引起這些(xie)中(zhong)毒(du)事故的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因主(zhu)要有廠(chang)區內(nei)缺(que)(que)乏必要的(de)(de)(de)排風環保(bao)設備，有的(de)(de)(de)廠(chang)家雖然有，但是(shi)工(gong)作期(qi)間不開啟，形同虛設，工(gong)人缺(que)(que)少必要的(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)保(bao)用(yong)品以(yi)及工(gong)人的(de)(de)(de)自我保(bao)護意識不強(qiang)等。稱片(pian)、包片(pian)是(shi)引起鉛中(zhong)毒(du)的(de)(de)(de)重點部位(wei)，必須有完善的(de)(de)(de)防護措施和排風系統。

根據工藝要求，焊接區使用的乙(yi)炔、液化(hua)石油(you)氣火災危(wei)險(xian)為(wei)甲類，氧氣火災危(wei)險(xian)為(wei)乙(yi)類。乙(yi)炔在(zai)空(kong)氣中(zhong)的爆炸(zha)極(ji)限(xian)為(wei)2.1%～80.0%(υ/υ)，引(yin)(yin)燃溫度(du)(du)(du)在(zai)305℃左右(you)；液化(hua)石油(you)在(zai)空(kong)氣中(zhong)的爆炸(zha)極(ji)限(xian)為(wei)2.25%～9.65%(υ/υ)，引(yin)(yin)燃熳度(du)(du)(du)在(zai)426～537℃左右(you)。因此，生產過程中(zhong)最(zui)大危(wei)險(xian)因素(su)是(shi)火災和爆炸(zha)，如果在(zai)焊接極(ji)群和極(ji)柱(zhu)過程中(zhong)操(cao)作(zuo)不(bu)當，劇(ju)烈碰撞(zhuang)或(huo)離(li)明火過近(jin)，溫度(du)(du)(du)太高等都可(ke)能(neng)引(yin)(yin)起(qi)火災、爆炸(zha)。

根據鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池工(gong)作(zuo)原理，鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)正極(ji)活(huo)(huo)性物質(zhi)是(shi)二氧(yang)化鉛(qian)(qian)，負極(ji)活(huo)(huo)性物質(zhi)是(shi)海綿鉛(qian)(qian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液是(shi)稀硫酸(suan)溶(rong)液，當(dang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)到70%～80%電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量時，正極(ji)開(kai)始(shi)產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)氧(yang)氣(qi)(qi)，當(dang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)基(ji)本完成(cheng)(cheng)約90%時，負極(ji)開(kai)始(shi)產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)氫(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)。氫(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)是(shi)易燃(ran)易爆的(de)甲類物質(zhi)，在空氣(qi)(qi)中(zhong)的(de)爆炸(zha)極(ji)限(xian)為4.1%～74.1%，引燃(ran)溫度(du)在450℃左右，因(yin)(yin)此充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)室(shi)內氫(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)濃度(du)極(ji)易達(da)到爆炸(zha)極(ji)限(xian)，一遇火源就會(hui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產燃(ran)爆。例如(ru)，1991年7月3日，某電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池室(shi)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)燃(ran)爆事(shi)(shi)故(gu)，造成(cheng)(cheng)1名巡檢工(gong)死(si)亡，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)和蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池嚴重損壞。事(shi)(shi)故(gu)主要(yao)原因(yin)(yin)是(shi)該蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池通風設備(bei)失(shi)效，造成(cheng)(cheng)室(shi)內氫(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)聚積，而巡檢工(gong)嚴重違章在巡檢時抽(chou)煙，明火引起燃(ran)爆。

二、安全預防措施與建議

通過(guo)上(shang)述分析可知，蓄電(dian)池裝(zhuang)配過(guo)程中(zhong)存(cun)在(zai)的(de)主要危(wei)害因素為(wei)中(zhong)毒、火災、爆炸等。為(wei)確保安(an)全生產建議采取以下安(an)全措施：

1．廠址選擇(ze)與周圍居民及公共(gong)設(she)施保持必要(yao)的安(an)全(quan)防護距離，同(tong)時必須滿(man)足《建筑設(she)計(ji)防火(huo)規(gui)范》，《鉛作業安(an)全(quan)衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)規(gui)程》，《工業企業設(she)計(ji)衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)標準》和(he)《使用有(you)毒物品(pin)作業場(chang)所勞動保護條例》的要(yao)求(qiu)。

2．在(zai)(zai)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)前(qian)盡可能(neng)先將(jiang)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)環境濕潤，防止(zhi)鉛塵(chen)飛揚(yang)；作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)時工人除(chu)穿(chuan)戴相應的工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)服、防塵(chen)口(kou)罩(zhao)外，必須(xu)(xu)(xu)使用能(neng)保證新鮮(xian)空(kong)氣供(gong)給的通(tong)風設施(shi)；操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)臺上清出的鉛粉塵(chen)，必須(xu)(xu)(xu)放置(zhi)在(zai)(zai)專(zhuan)用容器(qi)內(nei)，不得與其他垃圾等(deng)堆放在(zai)(zai)一起；作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)后，工人必須(xu)(xu)(xu)洗(xi)澡(zao)，并將(jiang)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)服和防塵(chen)口(kou)罩(zhao)在(zai)(zai)廠(chang)內(nei)集中洗(xi)滌(di)；同時作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)場所所應禁(jin)止(zhi)吸(xi)煙，飲(yin)食(shi)等(deng)；班(ban)中喝水前(qian)必須(xu)(xu)(xu)洗(xi)手，洗(xi)臉(lian)及漱口(kou)，嚴禁(jin)穿(chuan)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)服進食(shi)堂，出廠(chang)。

此外，為防止雜(za)質(zhi)侵(qin)入(ru)和水(shui)分蒸(zheng)發(fa)，采用了僅有極樁外露的全封(feng)閉式外殼。

為防止(zhi)蓄(xu)電(dian)池損壞和(he)爆炸，在密封式(shi)殼體上設有(you)排氣(qi)孔和(he)安全(quan)閥。安全(quan)閥中裝有(you)催化(hua)劑，可使(shi)氫氣(qi)與氧氣(qi)合成為水蒸氣(qi)，冷(leng)卻(que)后(hou)再返回電(dian)解液(ye)內。

為有效防止外來(lai)火花造成危害，在其內部還(huan)裝有火花捕捉器。

免維護(hu)蓄電池的工作原理與(yu)普通鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)蓄電池相(xiang)同。放電時(shi)，正極(ji)板上(shang)的二氧化鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)和(he)負極(ji)板上(shang)的海(hai)綿狀鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)與(yu)電解液內的硫酸反應生成(cheng)硫酸鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)和(he)水(shui)，硫酸鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)分(fen)別沉積在正、負極(ji)板上(shang)，而水(shui)則(ze)留在電解液內；充電時(shi)，正、負極(ji)板上(shang)的硫酸鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)又分(fen)別還(huan)原成(cheng)二氫化鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)和(he)海(hai)綿狀鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)。

普(pu)通鉛(qian)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，在充電(dian)(dian)(dian)接近(jin)終(zhong)了時(shi)，其充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流除了用來使(shi)正、負極板的硫酸(suan)鉛(qian)還原成二氧化鉛(qian)和(he)海綿(mian)狀鉛(qian)外，還有一(yi)部分電(dian)(dian)(dian)流被用在水的分解(jie)上，致使(shi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池內(nei)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)根多氣(qi)泡(pao)。特別(bie)是充電(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)了時(shi)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)和(he)外逸的氣(qi)泡(pao)就更多，從(cong)而造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)內(nei)水分大量(liang)散(san)失(shi)。

免維護蓄電池，由于其(qi)負極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)硫酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)含(han)量比正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)(shang)(shang)多，因此(ci)，充足電時正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)硫酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)全部轉變成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了(le)二氧化(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)，而(er)負極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)(shang)(shang)仍有一(yi)部分(fen)硫酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)殘留。這樣，過充電時，充電電流只在正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)(shang)(shang)用(yong)來產(chan)生氧氣(qi)，而(er)在負極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)(shang)(shang)則(ze)被用(yong)于使(shi)多余的(de)硫酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)轉變成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)海(hai)綿狀鉛(qian)(qian)。同時，在正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)(shang)(shang)所(suo)產(chan)生的(de)氧氣(qi)也不會外逸，而(er)是(shi)迅速與負極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)活性物質(海(hai)綿狀鉛(qian)(qian))發生反應(ying)生成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)二氧化(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)，再與電解液中的(de)硫酸(suan)反應(ying)變成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)硫酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)和水。

由此可(ke)見，免維護蓄電池在過充電時，其負極板上(shang)的(de)硫酸鉛(qian)永遠不(bu)(bu)會(hui)消失，即(ji)(ji)(ji)負極板上(shang)不(bu)(bu)會(hui)產生(sheng)氫氣(qi)。即(ji)(ji)(ji)從理(li)論上(shang)講，免維護蓄電池即(ji)(ji)(ji)使在過充電時，其電解(jie)液中的(de)水也不(bu)(bu)會(hui)散(san)失。

3．車(che)間內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)鋼(gang)瓶(ping)(ping)不(bu)得隨意堆放(fang)或不(bu)同氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)鋼(gang)瓶(ping)(ping)混放(fang)。雖然(ran)乙炔、液化石油(you)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)及(ji)氧氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)用(yong)最較少，但(dan)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)鋼(gang)瓶(ping)(ping)仍需單獨存(cun)放(fang)。存(cun)放(fang)處應在生產車(che)間外墻(qiang)處用(yong)磚墻(qiang)和(he)預制板砌兩間作為石油(you)液化氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)氧氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中間倉庫，選用(yong)下(xia)(xia)(xia)端帶百頁窗(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)門(men)(men)，兩側墻(qiang)留(liu)通(tong)風口，并安裝鋼(gang)絲網，保(bao)持(chi)良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)風。門(men)(men)開在車(che)間外面，并在醒目位置(zhi)貼(tie)上禁止明火和(he)吸煙的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)志。根(gen)據《建筑(zhu)設(she)計防(fang)火規(gui)范》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定，該存(cun)放(fang)處只能作為車(che)間中間庫房(fang)，且乙炔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存(cun)放(fang)數量不(bu)應超過25m3(標(biao)準狀態下(xia)(xia)(xia))，。液化石油(you)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存(cun)放(fang)數量不(bu)應超過50m3(標(biao)準狀態下(xia)(xia)(xia))。氧氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)乙炔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)管(guan)和(he)使(shi)用(yong)要設(she)專人負(fu)責，嚴(yan)禁超壓(ya)使(shi)用(yong)和(he)人為加熱氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)瓶(ping)(ping)，嚴(yan)禁用(yong)帶油(you)污的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手套開啟(qi)氧氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)瓶(ping)(ping)閥門(men)(men)；操作人員作業(ye)前(qian)必須(xu)先檢查軟管(guan)與(yu)焊(han)接的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)連接處是否(fou)(fou)牢固，軟管(guan)是否(fou)(fou)有打結(jie)處。

4．充電(dian)(dian)區(qu)應(ying)保(bao)持良(liang)好的通風(feng)，必要時(shi)應(ying)增加(jia)防(fang)(fang)爆型(xing)通風(feng)設備，同時(shi)設置(zhi)(zhi)可燃(ran)氣(qi)體濃度檢(jian)漏報(bao)警(jing)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)，并達到《火(huo)災(zai)自動(dong)報(bao)警(jing)系(xi)統(tong)設計規(gui)范(fan)》的相關要求。充電(dian)(dian)區(qu)不準(zhun)使用(yong)不防(fang)(fang)爆的電(dian)(dian)器設備(如開關、插座、熔(rong)斷(duan)及燈具等)，嚴禁在充電(dian)(dian)區(qu)吸煙，用(yong)明火(huo)照明或取暖；不準(zhun)在室內動(dong)火(huo)作業。室內各電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)線路(lu)應(ying)穿(chuan)管敷設，電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)連接處應(ying)接觸良(liang)好、牢靠，不得松動(dong)，避免(mian)產生(sheng)火(huo)花(hua)放電(dian)(dian)。不冷(leng)穿(chuan)化纖服裝(zhuang)進(jin)入(ru)充電(dian)(dian)區(qu)，以(yi)免(mian)摩擦產生(sheng)放電(dian)(dian)。

三、影響UPS電池壽命及容量的幾個因素

正常(chang)情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池壽(shou)(shou)命是(shi)以(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)次數(shu)量(liang)來(lai)決定。并不(bu)以(yi)(yi)使用時間(jian)(jian)來(lai)計量(liang)。過充(chong)(chong)、小電(dian)(dian)流長時間(jian)(jian)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)、電(dian)(dian)池長時間(jian)(jian)處于充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)不(bu)足狀(zhuang)態均可訊(xun)速(su)導(dao)致電(dian)(dian)池失(shi)效。隨著電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)放(fang)次數(shu)量(liang)的(de)(de)增加(jia)電(dian)(dian)池逐漸(jian)老化，低于標稱容量(liang)的(de)(de)80%時即認(ren)為電(dian)(dian)池壽(shou)(shou)命終止。目前金麗(li)溫高速(su)公路電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)主要失(shi)效原(yuan)因有以(yi)(yi)下(xia)幾個方面：

1、溫度對閥控鉛酸蓄電池壽命的影響

閥控電(dian)池對溫度頗為敏(min)感(gan)，環境(jing)溫度的(de)變(bian)化對電(dian)池的(de)運行壽命、放電(dian)容量、浮充電(dian)壓都(dou)有(you)影響。持續過高的(de)環境(jing)溫度，會(hui)造成浮充電(dian)流加(jia)(jia)大，內部熱(re)量增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)，失水(shui)過快，最終(zhong)導致熱(re)失控，電(dian)池損壞；過低(di)的(de)溫度則會(hui)降低(di)電(dian)池容量。

溫度(du)(du)與電池壽命的影響，由(you)于閥控(kong)蓄電池本(ben)身(shen)散(san)熱(re)條(tiao)件比(bi)較差，熱(re)量積(ji)累的增加引(yin)起惡性循環(huan)(huan)易造成熱(re)失(shi)控(kong)。當(dang)環(huan)(huan)境溫度(du)(du)超(chao)過(guo)(guo)25度(du)(du)時(shi)(shi)，溫度(du)(du)每升(sheng)高10度(du)(du)，使用(yong)壽命減少一半，所(suo)以當(dang)環(huan)(huan)境溫度(du)(du)在(zai)非25度(du)(du)時(shi)(shi)，溫度(du)(du)升(sheng)高一度(du)(du)，浮充(chong)電壓(ya)應降3MV/每只(zhi)，防止過(guo)(guo)充(chong)。反之溫度(du)(du)降低時(shi)(shi)低于25度(du)(du)時(shi)(shi)，每低一度(du)(du)浮充(chong)電壓(ya)應增3MV/每只(zhi)，防止出(chu)現虧電現象。

譬如，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)35度(du)下(xia)(xia)長期運行，如在(zai)25度(du)下(xia)(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)設計壽命為(wei)8年(nian)(電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)普遍設計)，實際壽命則只有5年(nian)，若長期在(zai)15度(du)下(xia)(xia)運行，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命則有20年(nian)。不(bu)難(nan)看(kan)出(chu)，金麗(li)溫(wen)高速高路麗(li)青(qing)(qing)段(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)過(guo)早失效不(bu)得(de)不(bu)說溫(wen)度(du)才是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)第一(yi)殺手。因為(wei)以(yi)麗(li)青(qing)(qing)段(duan)(duan)而(er)言(yan)，配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)房基本無(wu)空調配(pei)置。夏天溫(wen)度(du)均在(zai)40度(du)以(yi)上。

2、大電池和小電流放電對電池的影響

相同(tong)(tong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)度下，小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)損(sun)害大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)。相同(tong)(tong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)度下，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)越(yue)小(xiao)，過飽(bao)和(he)度降低，生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)核(he)越(yue)少。同(tong)(tong)時硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)沉淀(dian)速(su)度就(jiu)(jiu)越(yue)慢(man)。生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)核(he)少，放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出(chu)相同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)是相同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。則生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顆粒(li)就(jiu)(jiu)大(da)(da)(da)一些，同(tong)(tong)時，結晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)沉淀(dian)速(su)度越(yue)慢(man)，生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)體就(jiu)(jiu)越(yue)完(wan)善，從(cong)而(er)(er)更(geng)難以充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。同(tong)(tong)時，這些顆粒(li)同(tong)(tong)樣(yang)會造(zao)成(cheng)極板的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微(wei)(wei)孔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)堵塞(sai)。這樣(yang)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)很難還原(yuan)成(cheng)海綿狀純鉛(qian)，從(cong)而(er)(er)影(ying)響到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。而(er)(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)大(da)(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)比小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)損(sun)害大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)。因(yin)為大(da)(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，在固液交界(jie)處(chu)形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過飽(bao)和(he)度大(da)(da)(da)，從(cong)而(er)(er)形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)較(jiao)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)體沉淀(dian)，一方面(mian)，堵塞(sai)極板微(wei)(wei)孔，一方面(mian)也堵塞(sai)隔板微(wei)(wei)孔。更(geng)容(rong)易(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)枝晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)。還使(shi)(shi)許多微(wei)(wei)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)在當時或充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時脫落。從(cong)而(er)(er)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)造(zao)成(cheng)傷害。還有，同(tong)(tong)時也由于(yu)硫(liu)酸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擴散速(su)度慢(man)，只能到達淺(qian)層而(er)(er)使(shi)(shi)更(geng)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)阿(a)爾(er)法二氧化(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)。從(cong)而(er)(er)使(shi)(shi)極板易(yi)與軟化(hua)(hua)。大(da)(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)不能全(quan)部(bu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出(chu)，如獲使(shi)(shi)用1小(xiao)時放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)(lv)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)僅為額定容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)55%，而(er)(er)半小(xiao)時放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)(lv)則為35%。小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)則可以放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出(chu)更(geng)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，使(shi)(shi)用價20小(xiao)時放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)(lv)則可以放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出(chu)額定容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)110%。

3、落后電池對容量的影響

計算(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量(liang)是以某只電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)最先達到(dao)(dao)終(zhong)止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)止(zhi)的容量(liang)，若是UPS蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組中(zhong)出現(xian)(xian)(xian)落(luo)(luo)后(hou)(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)則(ze)會影響整組電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的容量(liang)。以-48V系(xi)(xi)統為(wei)例，系(xi)(xi)統放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)1.8V/只，(即43.2V)以10小時(shi)(shi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的話從48至43.2用時(shi)(shi)10小時(shi)(shi)，一旦出現(xian)(xian)(xian)落(luo)(luo)后(hou)(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)則(ze)系(xi)(xi)統電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓48-2V=46V系(xi)(xi)統46V到(dao)(dao)43.2V放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間將大(da)(da)大(da)(da)下降。因些(xie)這些(xie)落(luo)(luo)后(hou)(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)就應該及(ji)時(shi)(shi)剔除，根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信部門經(jing)驗規(gui)定，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)個(ge)數少于(yu)3只時(shi)(shi)單個(ge)更換，落(luo)(luo)后(hou)(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)大(da)(da)于(yu)3時(shi)(shi)則(ze)整體更換。落(luo)(luo)后(hou)(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的發現(xian)(xian)(xian)就須我們在日(ri)常維護(hu)(hu)中(zhong)通(tong)過容量(liang)測試或日(ri)常維護(hu)(hu)中(zhong)的端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓測量(liang)中(zhong)發現(xian)(xian)(xian)。但目前(qian)金(jin)麗溫高速此項工(gong)作基本為(wei)空白。

額定容(rong)量(liang)：在(zai)(zai)規定的工(gong)(gong)作條(tiao)件(jian)下(xia)(xia)，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池能放(fang)(fang)(fang)出的最低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)稱為(wei)額定容(rong)量(liang)。VRLA蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的額定容(rong)量(liang)規定工(gong)(gong)作條(tiao)件(jian)為(wei)：在(zai)(zai)10小時放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池溫(wen)度(du)為(wei)25度(du)，放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)1.80V(12V電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池為(wei)6×1.80=10.8V)。實(shi)際容(rong)量(liang)：在(zai)(zai)特點(dian)的放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液溫(wen)度(du)和(he)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等(deng)條(tiao)件(jian)下(xia)(xia)，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池實(shi)際放(fang)(fang)(fang)出的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)稱為(wei)實(shi)際容(rong)量(liang)。影(ying)響實(shi)際放(fang)(fang)(fang)出容(rong)量(liang)的主要因素有(you)：放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)、放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)溫(wen)度(du)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液溫(wen)度(du)。

四、關注免維護蓄電池

所謂免維(wei)護蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池，是指(zhi)在規定的使(shi)用(yong)條件下，使(shi)用(yong)期(qi)間(jian)不(bu)需要(yao)進行(xing)維(wei)護的蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池。對于(yu)車用(yong)鉛蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池來講，也(ye)就是使(shi)用(yong)期(qi)間(jian)不(bu)需經常添加蒸餾水的蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池。

1.免維護蓄電池的結構特點

為(wei)了(le)(le)提(ti)高(gao)鉛(qian)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)壽命，隨著其(qi)使性能，免維護蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)正極(ji)(ji)板柵(zha)(zha)架一般采(cai)用(yong)(yong)鉛(qian)鈣(gai)合(he)金或(huo)低(di)(di)銻(ti)合(he)金制作，而(er)負極(ji)(ji)柵(zha)(zha)架均用(yong)(yong)鉛(qian)鈣(gai)合(he)金制作。為(wei)了(le)(le)減小(xiao)極(ji)(ji)板短路(lu)和(he)活性物(wu)質脫(tuo)落(luo)，其(qi)隔板大多(duo)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)超細玻璃纖維棉制作，或(huo)將其(qi)正極(ji)(ji)板裝在(zai)袋式(shi)隔板內(nei)。為(wei)了(le)(le)防止氧(yang)氣(qi)、氫(qing)氣(qi)垂(chui)直上溢，減小(xiao)水(shui)分(fen)損(sun)失(shi)(shi)和(he)活性物(wu)質脫(tuo)落(luo)，極(ji)(ji)板組多(duo)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)緊(jin)湊結構。為(wei)了(le)(le)縮短聯(lian)接條的(de)(de)長度(du)，減小(xiao)內(nei)阻，提(ti)高(gao)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)起動性能，各單格極(ji)(ji)板組之間采(cai)用(yong)(yong)內(nei)連式(shi)接法，露(lu)在(zai)密封(feng)式(shi)殼體(ti)外面的(de)(de)只有(you)正、負極(ji)(ji)樁。為(wei)了(le)(le)更有(you)效地(di)避免水(shui)分(fen)損(sun)失(shi)(shi)，在(zai)殼體(ti)上部設有(you)收(shou)集水(shui)蒸(zheng)(zheng)氣(qi)和(he)硫(liu)酸蒸(zheng)(zheng)氣(qi)的(de)(de)集氣(qi)室，待(dai)其(qi)冷卻后變成(cheng)液(ye)體(ti)重新(xin)流(liu)回(hui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)內(nei)。為(wei)了(le)(le)便于檢查(cha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)密度(du)，了(le)(le)解(jie)(jie)存電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)情況(kuang)，在(zai)其(qi)內(nei)部設有(you)的(de)(de)溫度(du)補償式(shi)密度(du)計(ji)。密度(du)計(ji)的(de)(de)指示(shi)(shi)器(qi)用(yong)(yong)不同的(de)(de)顏色指示(shi)(shi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)存電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)情況(kuang)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)液(ye)面高(gao)低(di)(di)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)密度(du)正常(chang)時，指示(shi)(shi)器(qi)顯示(shi)(shi)綠色，表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)存電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)足；指示(shi)(shi)器(qi)顯示(shi)(shi)黑(hei)色，表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)密度(du)低(di)(di)于標準值，應進行(xing)補充(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；指示(shi)(shi)器(qi)顯示(shi)(shi)黃(huang)色，表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)液(ye)面過低(di)(di)，需(xu)添加蒸(zheng)(zheng)餾水(shui)。

2.免維護蓄電池的性能特點

如上所述，免(mian)維護(hu)蓄電池(chi)與普通鉛蓄電池(chi)的(de)最大區別是極板材料不(bu)(bu)同。由(you)于采用(yong)鉛鈣合金(jin)制作柵(zha)架(jia)，消除了鉛銻(ti)合金(jin)柵(zha)架(jia)的(de)一些弱點(如水分蒸(zheng)發(fa)、過量充電、熱(re)破壞和自行(xing)放電)，因(yin)此，不(bu)(bu)僅使(shi)其使(shi)用(yong)性(xing)能得到改善，而且還延長了其使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)和儲存壽命(ming)。

免維(wei)護(hu)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)池失(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)少，一般僅(jin)為(wei)普通鉛(qian)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)池的1／10左右(you)，使(shi)用中一般不需(xu)添加(jia)(jia)蒸餾(liu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)。這一方面是由于鉛(qian)鈣合金(jin)的析氫(qing)過電(dian)位比(bi)鉛(qian)銻合金(jin)高，充電(dian)時析氫(qing)量(liang)少，從而水(shui)(shui)(shui)分(fen)逸(yi)出量(liang)大大降低；另一方面是由于免維(wei)護(hu)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)池設有集氣室(shi)，可使(shi)收集到的水(shui)(shui)(shui)蒸氣冷卻(que)后重新返回電(dian)解液內，避免了水(shui)(shui)(shui)分(fen)散失(shi)。因此，使(shi)用中免維(wei)護(hu)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)池不需(xu)要添加(jia)(jia)蒸餾(liu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)。

普通鉛蓄電池(chi)的(de)柵(zha)(zha)架，一般用(yong)鉛銻(ti)合(he)金制(zhi)作，且含銻(ti)量較高。充電時，正極(ji)柵(zha)(zha)架上的(de)銻(ti)被(bei)逐漸溶解(jie)到電解(jie)液中，并不斷地在(zai)負極(ji)板(ban)表面(mian)上沉積，與負極(ji)板(ban)上的(de)活性物質形(xing)成微(wei)電池(chi)，使(shi)其自行放電量增(zeng)大(da)。免維(wei)護蓄電池(chi)的(de)柵(zha)(zha)架采用(yong)的(de)是(shi)鉛鈣合(he)金，其特點是(shi)晶粒(li)較細，耐腐(fu)蝕，不易(yi)形(xing)成微(wei)電池(chi)，自行放電量小。

普通鉛蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)，其內(nei)部經常有(you)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)氣(qi)體(ti)逸出(chu)，并聚集在蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的頂(ding)蓋部位(wei)。這些硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)氣(qi)體(ti)在金(jin)屬接(jie)頭處凝結，形成短(duan)路通道，產生(sheng)短(duan)路電(dian)流，并對(dui)(dui)極樁和連接(jie)件造成腐(fu)(fu)蝕。嚴重時，甚至影響到(dao)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)功率輸出(chu)。由于維護蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)設有(you)集氣(qi)室和新(xin)型的通氣(qi)裝(zhuang)置，不僅可(ke)避(bi)免水(shui)分散(san)失，而(er)且(qie)可(ke)有(you)效(xiao)地防止酸(suan)(suan)氣(qi)外逸，從而(er)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)降(jiang)臨了(le)酸(suan)(suan)氣(qi)對(dui)(dui)極樁連接(jie)件的腐(fu)(fu)蝕。

免(mian)維護(hu)蓄(xu)電(dian)池的起動電(dian)流(liu)比普通鉛蓄(xu)電(dian)池大，起動性能好(hao)。這一(yi)方面(mian)是(shi)(shi)由(you)于鉛鈣(gai)合金(jin)的導電(dian)性能比鉛銻合金(jin)好(hao)，蓄(xu)電(dian)池內阻小，輸出電(dian)流(liu)大；另一(yi)方面(mian)是(shi)(shi)由(you)于免(mian)維護(hu)蓄(xu)電(dian)池采用內連式連接，縮短了連線長(chang)度，功(gong)率損失小，放電(dian)電(dian)壓高。

由于免維護蓄電池采用鉛鈣合金制作柵架，既增加了機械強度又提高了耐充性，再加上采用袋裝式隔板結構，可有效防止活性物質脫落，因此，其使用壽命顯著提高。同時，由于自行放電量小，其儲存壽命也大大增長，一般為普通鉛蓄電池的2～3倍。