蓄電池危害及其防范

蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)作為一種方便適(shi)用(yong)的(de)直流(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)廣泛用(yong)于(yu)發(fa)電(dian)廠，工礦(kuang)企業變配電(dian)所和各(ge)類機(ji)動車(che)。由于(yu)在鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)裝(zhuang)配過程中涉(she)及(ji)到(dao)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)中毒(du)、易燃、易爆等危險(xian)(xian)特性，因而確(que)保鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)安全(quan)生產十分重要(yao)。目前，鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)已(yi)被列入《危險(xian)(xian)化學品名錄》，我國也一直重視(shi)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)安全(quan)生產，加強了對蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)生產裝(zhuang)配的(de)安全(quan)防范(fan)措施，制定了《鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)作業安全(quan)生生規程》等規范(fan)標準。

廢(fei)(fei)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)污(wu)染(ran)及其處(chu)理(li)已經成(cheng)為目(mu)前社會(hui)最(zui)為關注的環保焦點之一(yi)。國家環保總(zong)局(ju)科技(ji)標準司有(you)(you)關人(ren)(ren)士認為，隨(sui)著我國電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)、生產量和使用(yong)量的不(bu)斷擴大，廢(fei)(fei)舊電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的數量和種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)也(ye)在(zai)(zai)不(bu)斷增加(jia)。廢(fei)(fei)舊電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)含有(you)(you)汞(gong)、鉛、鎘(ge)(ge)、鎳等(deng)重金屬及酸(suan)、堿等(deng)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)質溶(rong)液，對(dui)人(ren)(ren)體(ti)及生態(tai)環境有(you)(you)不(bu)同程度的危(wei)(wei)害(hai)。據了解(jie)，其中對(dui)人(ren)(ren)體(ti)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)和生態(tai)環境危(wei)(wei)害(hai)較(jiao)大、列入(ru)危(wei)(wei)險(xian)廢(fei)(fei)物控(kong)制名(ming)錄的廢(fei)(fei)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)主要(yao)有(you)(you)：含汞(gong)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，主要(yao)是氧(yang)化汞(gong)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)；鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)；含鎘(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，主要(yao)是鎳鎘(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。有(you)(you)關資料顯示，一(yi)節一(yi)號電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)爛在(zai)(zai)地里，能使1平方(fang)米的土壤永(yong)久(jiu)失去(qu)利(li)用(yong)價值；一(yi)粒(li)紐扣電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)可使600噸水(shui)(shui)受到污(wu)染(ran)，相當于一(yi)個人(ren)(ren)一(yi)生的飲水(shui)(shui)量。在(zai)(zai)對(dui)自然(ran)環境威脅最(zui)大的幾種(zhong)(zhong)物質中，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)里就(jiu)包含了汞(gong)、鉛、鎘(ge)(ge)等(deng)多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)，若(ruo)將廢(fei)(fei)舊電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)混(hun)入(ru)生活(huo)垃圾一(yi)起填埋，或者隨(sui)手丟棄，滲出的汞(gong)及重金屬物質就(jiu)會(hui)滲透于土壤、污(wu)染(ran)地下水(shui)(shui)，進(jin)而進(jin)入(ru)魚類(lei)、農(nong)作物中，破壞人(ren)(ren)類(lei)的生存(cun)環境，間(jian)接威脅到人(ren)(ren)類(lei)的健(jian)(jian)康(kang)。

人(ren)(ren)體一旦吸收(shou)這(zhe)些重(zhong)金屬以后，會出現(xian)哪(na)些病(bing)癥呢？據有(you)關專家介紹，汞(gong)是(shi)一種毒(du)性很(hen)強的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)金屬，對人(ren)(ren)體中(zhong)樞神經的(de)(de)(de)破壞力(li)很(hen)大(da)。目前(qian)我國生產的(de)(de)(de)含汞(gong)堿性干(gan)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)汞(gong)含量達1％－5％，中(zhong)性干(gan)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)汞(gong)含量為(wei)0．025％，我國電(dian)(dian)池(chi)生產消耗的(de)(de)(de)汞(gong)每年就達幾(ji)十噸之多。鎘(ge)在(zai)人(ren)(ren)體內(nei)極(ji)易引(yin)起慢性中(zhong)毒(du)，主要病(bing)癥是(shi)肺(fei)氣腫、骨質軟化、貧(pin)血(xue)，很(hen)可能(neng)使人(ren)(ren)體癱(tan)瘓。而(er)鉛進(jin)入(ru)人(ren)(ren)體后最難排泄，它干(gan)擾腎功能(neng)。

專家(jia)們(men)認為(wei)，由于電(dian)池污(wu)染具(ju)有周(zhou)期(qi)長、隱(yin)蔽性大等(deng)特(te)點(dian)，其潛在危害相當嚴重，處(chu)理(li)不當還(huan)會造(zao)成(cheng)二次(ci)污(wu)染。據楊毅夫博士介紹，我國沿海某省(sheng)的一些農民在回收(shou)鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄電(dian)池中(zhong)的鉛(qian)(qian)時(shi)(shi)，因(yin)為(wei)回收(shou)處(chu)理(li)不當，把含有鉛(qian)(qian)和硫酸的廢(fei)液倒(dao)掉，不僅造(zao)成(cheng)了鉛(qian)(qian)中(zhong)毒，而且使(shi)當地(di)農作物無法生長。如何及時(shi)(shi)安全(quan)地(di)回收(shou)和處(chu)理(li)廢(fei)電(dian)池，已日益突出(chu)地(di)擺在人們(men)面前。

一、 鉛酸蓄電池裝配過程中的主要危害因素分析

鉛酸蓄電池(chi)裝配過程中可能產生的危(wei)險、危(wei)害(hai)(hai)主要是中毒、火災、爆(bao)炸，以及高(gao)溫灼燙、機(ji)械傷害(hai)(hai)、腐蝕傷害(hai)(hai)等。限于篇幅，僅對中毒、火災和爆(bao)炸3種因(yin)素進行分析。

稱片(pian)(pian)、包片(pian)(pian)區，存在著大量的(de)(de)鉛塵，屬于鉛的(de)(de)重污染區，易發生慢(man)性鉛中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)。鉛中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)對人體的(de)(de)危害主(zhu)要集中(zhong)(zhong)在消化系統(tong)和神經(jing)系統(tong)，在蓄電池廠工作的(de)(de)操作工患職業性慢(man)性鉛中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)的(de)(de)比例高(gao)達25%～30%。更為嚴重的(de)(de)是，鉛中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)不僅(jin)局限在蓄電池廠里的(de)(de)成年操作工鉛中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)反(fan)(fan)應，甚至周邊許多兒童也(ye)出現了鉛中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)的(de)(de)反(fan)(fan)應。2004年6月，某縣(xian)曾經(jing)發生數百名鉛中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)事件。

引起這些中毒事(shi)故的(de)(de)原因(yin)主要有(you)(you)廠(chang)(chang)區內缺(que)乏(fa)必要的(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)風(feng)(feng)環保設備(bei)，有(you)(you)的(de)(de)廠(chang)(chang)家雖然有(you)(you)，但是(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作期間不開啟，形同虛(xu)設，工(gong)(gong)(gong)人缺(que)少必要的(de)(de)勞保用(yong)品(pin)以及(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人的(de)(de)自我保護意(yi)識不強等。稱(cheng)片(pian)、包(bao)片(pian)是(shi)引起鉛中毒的(de)(de)重點部位(wei)，必須有(you)(you)完善(shan)的(de)(de)防護措施(shi)和(he)排(pai)(pai)風(feng)(feng)系統。

根據工藝要求，焊接(jie)區(qu)使用的乙炔(gui)(gui)、液(ye)化石(shi)油氣火(huo)災(zai)危(wei)險(xian)為(wei)(wei)甲類，氧(yang)氣火(huo)災(zai)危(wei)險(xian)為(wei)(wei)乙類。乙炔(gui)(gui)在(zai)空(kong)氣中(zhong)的爆炸極(ji)限為(wei)(wei)2.1%～80.0%(υ/υ)，引燃溫(wen)度(du)在(zai)305℃左(zuo)右；液(ye)化石(shi)油在(zai)空(kong)氣中(zhong)的爆炸極(ji)限為(wei)(wei)2.25%～9.65%(υ/υ)，引燃熳度(du)在(zai)426～537℃左(zuo)右。因此(ci)，生產過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)最大危(wei)險(xian)因素是火(huo)災(zai)和爆炸，如果在(zai)焊接(jie)極(ji)群和極(ji)柱過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)操作(zuo)不當，劇烈碰撞或(huo)離明火(huo)過(guo)(guo)近，溫(wen)度(du)太高(gao)等都(dou)可能引起火(huo)災(zai)、爆炸。

根據鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池工作原(yuan)理，鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)正極(ji)活性(xing)物質(zhi)是(shi)二氧化鉛(qian)(qian)，負(fu)極(ji)活性(xing)物質(zhi)是(shi)海綿鉛(qian)(qian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)是(shi)稀硫酸(suan)(suan)溶液(ye)，當充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)到70%～80%電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量時，正極(ji)開(kai)始(shi)產(chan)生氧氣，當充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)基本完成(cheng)約90%時，負(fu)極(ji)開(kai)始(shi)產(chan)生氫(qing)氣。氫(qing)氣是(shi)易(yi)(yi)燃易(yi)(yi)爆的(de)甲類物質(zhi)，在(zai)空氣中的(de)爆炸極(ji)限(xian)為(wei)4.1%～74.1%，引(yin)燃溫度在(zai)450℃左右，因此充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)室(shi)內氫(qing)氣濃度極(ji)易(yi)(yi)達到爆炸極(ji)限(xian)，一遇火源(yuan)就會生產(chan)燃爆。例(li)如(ru)，1991年7月3日，某電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池室(shi)發生燃爆事故，造(zao)成(cheng)1名巡檢(jian)(jian)工死亡，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)備(bei)和蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池嚴重損壞。事故主要原(yuan)因是(shi)該(gai)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池通(tong)風設(she)(she)備(bei)失效，造(zao)成(cheng)室(shi)內氫(qing)氣聚積，而巡檢(jian)(jian)工嚴重違(wei)章在(zai)巡檢(jian)(jian)時抽煙，明火引(yin)起燃爆。

二、安全預防措施與建議

通(tong)過上述分析可知，蓄電池裝配(pei)過程中(zhong)存在的主要危(wei)害因素為中(zhong)毒、火災、爆炸(zha)等(deng)。為確保安全(quan)生產建議采取以下安全(quan)措施(shi)：

1．廠(chang)址選擇與(yu)周圍居民及(ji)公(gong)共(gong)設施保(bao)持必(bi)要的安全防(fang)護距離，同時必(bi)須滿足《建(jian)筑設計防(fang)火規范》，《鉛作(zuo)業安全衛生規程》，《工業企業設計衛生標準》和《使(shi)用(yong)有毒物品(pin)作(zuo)業場所勞(lao)動保(bao)護條例》的要求(qiu)。

2．在(zai)(zai)作(zuo)(zuo)業前(qian)盡可能先將操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)環(huan)境(jing)濕(shi)潤，防止鉛塵(chen)飛揚(yang)；作(zuo)(zuo)業時工(gong)人除(chu)穿戴相應的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)服(fu)(fu)、防塵(chen)口(kou)罩外(wai)，必須使用能保證新鮮空氣供(gong)給的(de)通風設施；操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)臺上清出的(de)鉛粉塵(chen)，必須放(fang)置在(zai)(zai)專用容器內(nei)，不(bu)得與其他垃圾等堆放(fang)在(zai)(zai)一起；作(zuo)(zuo)業后，工(gong)人必須洗(xi)澡，并(bing)將工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)服(fu)(fu)和(he)防塵(chen)口(kou)罩在(zai)(zai)廠(chang)(chang)內(nei)集中(zhong)(zhong)洗(xi)滌；同時作(zuo)(zuo)業場所所應禁(jin)止吸煙(yan)，飲(yin)食等；班中(zhong)(zhong)喝水前(qian)必須洗(xi)手，洗(xi)臉及漱口(kou)，嚴禁(jin)穿工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)服(fu)(fu)進食堂，出廠(chang)(chang)。

此外(wai)(wai)，為(wei)防止雜質侵入和(he)水(shui)分蒸發，采用了僅有極樁外(wai)(wai)露(lu)的(de)全(quan)封閉式外(wai)(wai)殼。

為防止蓄(xu)電(dian)池損壞和(he)(he)爆(bao)炸，在(zai)密封式殼(ke)體上設有排(pai)氣(qi)孔和(he)(he)安全閥。安全閥中裝有催化劑，可使氫氣(qi)與氧氣(qi)合成(cheng)為水蒸氣(qi)，冷卻后再返回電(dian)解液內。

為有效防止外來火花(hua)造成危害，在其內部還裝有火花(hua)捕捉器。

免(mian)維護蓄電(dian)池(chi)的(de)工作(zuo)原理與(yu)普通鉛(qian)(qian)蓄電(dian)池(chi)相同。放電(dian)時(shi)(shi)，正極板(ban)上(shang)的(de)二氧(yang)化鉛(qian)(qian)和負(fu)(fu)(fu)極板(ban)上(shang)的(de)海綿狀鉛(qian)(qian)與(yu)電(dian)解液(ye)(ye)內的(de)硫(liu)酸反應生成硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)(qian)和水(shui)，硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)(qian)分別(bie)沉積在正、負(fu)(fu)(fu)極板(ban)上(shang)，而水(shui)則留在電(dian)解液(ye)(ye)內；充(chong)電(dian)時(shi)(shi)，正、負(fu)(fu)(fu)極板(ban)上(shang)的(de)硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)(qian)又分別(bie)還原成二氫化鉛(qian)(qian)和海綿狀鉛(qian)(qian)。

普通(tong)鉛(qian)蓄電(dian)池，在充(chong)電(dian)接(jie)近終了時，其充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流除了用來使(shi)正、負極板的硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)還原成二氧化鉛(qian)和(he)海綿狀鉛(qian)外(wai)，還有一部分電(dian)流被用在水(shui)的分解上，致使(shi)蓄電(dian)池內(nei)產(chan)生根多氣泡。特(te)別是充(chong)電(dian)終了時產(chan)生和(he)外(wai)逸的氣泡就更多，從而造(zao)成電(dian)解液(ye)內(nei)水(shui)分大量散失。

免(mian)維護蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，由(you)于(yu)其負(fu)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸鉛(qian)(qian)含(han)量比正極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)多(duo)，因此，充足電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)正極(ji)(ji)板(ban)的(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸鉛(qian)(qian)全部(bu)轉變成了二氧(yang)(yang)化鉛(qian)(qian)，而負(fu)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)仍有一部(bu)分硫(liu)(liu)酸鉛(qian)(qian)殘留。這樣，過充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流只在(zai)正極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)用(yong)來(lai)產(chan)生(sheng)氧(yang)(yang)氣(qi)，而在(zai)負(fu)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)則被用(yong)于(yu)使多(duo)余的(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸鉛(qian)(qian)轉變成海(hai)綿(mian)狀鉛(qian)(qian)。同時(shi)(shi)，在(zai)正極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)所產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)氣(qi)也不會外(wai)逸，而是迅速與負(fu)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)活性物質(海(hai)綿(mian)狀鉛(qian)(qian))發(fa)生(sheng)反應生(sheng)成二氧(yang)(yang)化鉛(qian)(qian)，再與電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液中的(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸反應變成硫(liu)(liu)酸鉛(qian)(qian)和(he)水。

由(you)此可見，免(mian)維(wei)(wei)護蓄(xu)電池在(zai)過充電時，其負極(ji)板(ban)上(shang)的(de)硫(liu)酸鉛永遠不(bu)會(hui)(hui)消(xiao)失，即負極(ji)板(ban)上(shang)不(bu)會(hui)(hui)產(chan)生(sheng)氫氣(qi)。即從理論(lun)上(shang)講，免(mian)維(wei)(wei)護蓄(xu)電池即使在(zai)過充電時，其電解液中的(de)水也不(bu)會(hui)(hui)散失。

3．車(che)(che)間(jian)內的(de)氣體鋼瓶(ping)(ping)不(bu)得隨意堆放(fang)或不(bu)同氣體鋼瓶(ping)(ping)混放(fang)。雖然乙炔(gui)、液(ye)(ye)化石油氣及氧(yang)氣用(yong)最較少，但氣體鋼瓶(ping)(ping)仍(reng)需單獨存(cun)(cun)放(fang)。存(cun)(cun)放(fang)處(chu)應在生產(chan)車(che)(che)間(jian)外墻(qiang)處(chu)用(yong)磚墻(qiang)和(he)預制(zhi)板砌兩(liang)間(jian)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)石油液(ye)(ye)化氣和(he)氧(yang)氣的(de)中間(jian)倉庫，選(xuan)用(yong)下(xia)端帶百(bai)頁窗(chuang)的(de)門(men)，兩(liang)側墻(qiang)留通風口(kou)，并安裝鋼絲網(wang)，保(bao)持良好(hao)的(de)通風。門(men)開在車(che)(che)間(jian)外面，并在醒目位(wei)置貼上禁止(zhi)明火(huo)和(he)吸(xi)煙的(de)標志。根(gen)據《建筑設計防(fang)火(huo)規范》的(de)規定，該存(cun)(cun)放(fang)處(chu)只(zhi)能作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)車(che)(che)間(jian)中間(jian)庫房，且乙炔(gui)的(de)存(cun)(cun)放(fang)數(shu)量不(bu)應超(chao)過25m3(標準(zhun)狀態(tai)下(xia))，。液(ye)(ye)化石油氣的(de)存(cun)(cun)放(fang)數(shu)量不(bu)應超(chao)過50m3(標準(zhun)狀態(tai)下(xia))。氧(yang)氣和(he)乙炔(gui)的(de)保(bao)管和(he)使用(yong)要設專(zhuan)人(ren)負責(ze)，嚴(yan)禁超(chao)壓使用(yong)和(he)人(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)加(jia)熱(re)氣瓶(ping)(ping)，嚴(yan)禁用(yong)帶油污的(de)手套開啟氧(yang)氣瓶(ping)(ping)閥門(men)；操作(zuo)人(ren)員作(zuo)業前必須先檢查軟(ruan)管與(yu)焊(han)接的(de)連接處(chu)是(shi)否(fou)牢(lao)固，軟(ruan)管是(shi)否(fou)有打結處(chu)。

4．充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)區(qu)應(ying)保持良好的(de)(de)通風，必要時應(ying)增加防爆(bao)型通風設(she)備，同時設(she)置可燃氣(qi)體濃度檢(jian)漏(lou)報警(jing)裝置，并達到《火(huo)(huo)災自(zi)動報警(jing)系統設(she)計規范》的(de)(de)相關(guan)(guan)要求。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)區(qu)不(bu)準(zhun)使用(yong)不(bu)防爆(bao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器設(she)備(如開關(guan)(guan)、插座、熔斷及(ji)燈(deng)具等(deng))，嚴(yan)禁在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)區(qu)吸煙，用(yong)明火(huo)(huo)照明或(huo)取暖；不(bu)準(zhun)在室(shi)內動火(huo)(huo)作業(ye)。室(shi)內各電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)線路(lu)應(ying)穿管敷設(she)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)連接(jie)處應(ying)接(jie)觸良好、牢(lao)靠，不(bu)得松(song)動，避免(mian)產生火(huo)(huo)花放電(dian)(dian)(dian)。不(bu)冷穿化纖服裝進入(ru)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)區(qu)，以免(mian)摩擦(ca)產生放電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

三、影響UPS電池壽命及容量的幾個因素

正常情(qing)況下(xia)的電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)壽(shou)命(ming)是以(yi)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充放(fang)電(dian)次數(shu)量(liang)來決定。并不以(yi)使用時間(jian)來計量(liang)。過充、小電(dian)流長時間(jian)放(fang)電(dian)、電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)長時間(jian)處(chu)于(yu)充電(dian)不足(zu)狀態均可訊速導致電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)失效。隨著電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充放(fang)次數(shu)量(liang)的增加電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)逐(zhu)漸老化，低于(yu)標稱容量(liang)的80%時即認為電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)壽(shou)命(ming)終止。目前(qian)金麗溫(wen)高速公(gong)路電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的主要失效原(yuan)因有(you)以(yi)下(xia)幾個方面：

1、溫度對閥控鉛酸蓄電池壽命的影響

閥控電(dian)(dian)池對溫度頗為敏(min)感，環境(jing)溫度的變化對電(dian)(dian)池的運行壽命、放電(dian)(dian)容量、浮充電(dian)(dian)壓都有影響。持續過高的環境(jing)溫度，會造成浮充電(dian)(dian)流(liu)加大，內部(bu)熱(re)量增加，失水過快，最終(zhong)導致熱(re)失控，電(dian)(dian)池損壞；過低的溫度則會降(jiang)低電(dian)(dian)池容量。

溫(wen)度與電(dian)池壽命的影響，由于(yu)閥控蓄電(dian)池本身散熱(re)條件比(bi)較(jiao)差(cha)，熱(re)量積累(lei)的增加引起惡性循環易造成熱(re)失(shi)控。當(dang)環境溫(wen)度超過(guo)(guo)25度時，溫(wen)度每(mei)升高10度，使用(yong)壽命減少一半，所以當(dang)環境溫(wen)度在非25度時，溫(wen)度升高一度，浮充電(dian)壓應降(jiang)(jiang)3MV/每(mei)只，防(fang)止過(guo)(guo)充。反之溫(wen)度降(jiang)(jiang)低時低于(yu)25度時，每(mei)低一度浮充電(dian)壓應增3MV/每(mei)只，防(fang)止出現虧電(dian)現象。

譬如，電(dian)(dian)池在(zai)35度(du)(du)下長期運行(xing)，如在(zai)25度(du)(du)下電(dian)(dian)池設(she)計壽(shou)(shou)命為8年(nian)(電(dian)(dian)池普遍設(she)計)，實際壽(shou)(shou)命則只有(you)5年(nian)，若長期在(zai)15度(du)(du)下運行(xing)，電(dian)(dian)池壽(shou)(shou)命則有(you)20年(nian)。不難看出，金麗溫(wen)(wen)高(gao)速高(gao)路(lu)麗青段電(dian)(dian)池過(guo)早(zao)失效(xiao)不得不說溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)才是電(dian)(dian)池的第(di)一殺手。因為以麗青段而(er)言，配電(dian)(dian)房基本無空調(diao)配置。夏天溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)均在(zai)40度(du)(du)以上。

2、大電池和小電流放電對電池的影響

相同(tong)(tong)(tong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度(du)下(xia)，小(xiao)(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)損害大(da)的(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)。相同(tong)(tong)(tong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度(du)下(xia)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)越(yue)小(xiao)(xiao)，過飽和度(du)降低，生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)核(he)越(yue)少(shao)(shao)。同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)晶(jing)沉淀速(su)度(du)就(jiu)越(yue)慢。生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)核(he)少(shao)(shao)，放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出相同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)，生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)量(liang)(liang)是相同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)。則(ze)生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)晶(jing)體的(de)(de)(de)顆粒(li)就(jiu)大(da)一(yi)些，同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，結(jie)晶(jing)沉淀速(su)度(du)越(yue)慢，生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)體就(jiu)越(yue)完善，從而(er)更難以充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，這些顆粒(li)同(tong)(tong)(tong)樣會造成(cheng)極板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)微(wei)(wei)孔的(de)(de)(de)堵(du)塞(sai)。這樣充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)很(hen)難還(huan)(huan)原成(cheng)海綿狀純鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)，從而(er)影響到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)。而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)比小(xiao)(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)損害大(da)的(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)。因(yin)為大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，在固液交(jiao)界處形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)過飽和度(du)大(da)，從而(er)形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)較多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)晶(jing)體沉淀，一(yi)方(fang)面，堵(du)塞(sai)極板(ban)微(wei)(wei)孔，一(yi)方(fang)面也堵(du)塞(sai)隔(ge)板(ban)微(wei)(wei)孔。更容(rong)易生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)枝晶(jing)。還(huan)(huan)使(shi)許多(duo)微(wei)(wei)晶(jing)在當時(shi)(shi)(shi)或充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)脫落。從而(er)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)造成(cheng)傷害。還(huan)(huan)有(you)，同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)也由于(yu)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)的(de)(de)(de)擴散速(su)度(du)慢，只能到(dao)達淺(qian)層而(er)使(shi)更多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)阿爾(er)法二氧化鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉(zhuan)化。從而(er)使(shi)極板(ban)易與軟化。大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)不能全部放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出，如獲使(shi)用1小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)僅為額定容(rong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)55%，而(er)半(ban)小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)則(ze)為35%。小(xiao)(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)則(ze)可以放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出更多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)，使(shi)用價20小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)則(ze)可以放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出額定容(rong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)110%。

3、落后電池對容量的影響

計算蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量是以(yi)某(mou)只電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)最先達到終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)止的(de)容量，若是UPS蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)中(zhong)出現(xian)(xian)落(luo)(luo)后(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)則會影響整(zheng)組(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)容量。以(yi)-48V系(xi)統為(wei)例，系(xi)統放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)1.8V/只，(即(ji)43.2V)以(yi)10小時(shi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)話從48至43.2用時(shi)10小時(shi)，一(yi)旦(dan)出現(xian)(xian)落(luo)(luo)后(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)則系(xi)統電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓48-2V=46V系(xi)統46V到43.2V放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間將(jiang)大大下降(jiang)。因些這(zhe)些落(luo)(luo)后(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)就應該及時(shi)剔(ti)除，根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)部門經(jing)驗規定，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)個數少于3只時(shi)單個更(geng)換，落(luo)(luo)后(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)大于3時(shi)則整(zheng)體(ti)更(geng)換。落(luo)(luo)后(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)就須我們在(zai)日常維(wei)護中(zhong)通過(guo)容量測試或日常維(wei)護中(zhong)的(de)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓測量中(zhong)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)。但(dan)目前金麗溫高速(su)此項工作(zuo)基本為(wei)空白。

額定容量(liang)(liang)(liang)：在規定的(de)工作(zuo)條件下(xia)，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)能放(fang)(fang)(fang)出的(de)最(zui)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)額定容量(liang)(liang)(liang)。VRLA蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)額定容量(liang)(liang)(liang)規定工作(zuo)條件為(wei)(wei)(wei)：在10小(xiao)時放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)溫度(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)25度(du)，放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)1.80V(12V電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)6×1.80=10.8V)。實(shi)際(ji)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)：在特點的(de)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)溫度(du)和放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等條件下(xia)，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)實(shi)際(ji)放(fang)(fang)(fang)出的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)實(shi)際(ji)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)。影響實(shi)際(ji)放(fang)(fang)(fang)出容量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)主(zhu)要因素(su)有：放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流、放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)溫度(du)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)溫度(du)。

四、關注免維護蓄電池

所謂免維護(hu)蓄電(dian)池，是指在(zai)規定的(de)使用(yong)條件下(xia)，使用(yong)期間不需(xu)要進行維護(hu)的(de)蓄電(dian)池。對(dui)于(yu)車用(yong)鉛蓄電(dian)池來講，也就(jiu)是使用(yong)期間不需(xu)經常添加蒸餾水的(de)蓄電(dian)池。

1.免維護蓄電池的結構特點

為(wei)了(le)(le)提高(gao)鉛蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)使用(yong)壽命，隨著(zhu)其(qi)使性(xing)能(neng)，免(mian)維護蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)正極板(ban)柵(zha)架一般采用(yong)鉛鈣合(he)金或低(di)(di)銻合(he)金制作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，而負極柵(zha)架均用(yong)鉛鈣合(he)金制作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。為(wei)了(le)(le)減(jian)(jian)小(xiao)極板(ban)短路和(he)活性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)脫(tuo)落，其(qi)隔(ge)板(ban)大多采用(yong)超(chao)細玻璃纖維棉制作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，或將其(qi)正極板(ban)裝在(zai)袋式隔(ge)板(ban)內(nei)(nei)。為(wei)了(le)(le)防止氧氣、氫氣垂直上溢，減(jian)(jian)小(xiao)水分損失和(he)活性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)脫(tuo)落，極板(ban)組(zu)多采用(yong)緊湊結構。為(wei)了(le)(le)縮短聯接(jie)條的(de)(de)長度，減(jian)(jian)小(xiao)內(nei)(nei)阻，提高(gao)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)起動性(xing)能(neng)，各單(dan)格極板(ban)組(zu)之(zhi)間采用(yong)內(nei)(nei)連式接(jie)法，露(lu)在(zai)密(mi)(mi)封式殼體外(wai)面的(de)(de)只有(you)正、負極樁(zhuang)。為(wei)了(le)(le)更有(you)效地避免(mian)水分損失，在(zai)殼體上部設(she)有(you)收集(ji)水蒸氣和(he)硫酸蒸氣的(de)(de)集(ji)氣室，待其(qi)冷卻后變成液(ye)(ye)體重新流回(hui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)內(nei)(nei)。為(wei)了(le)(le)便于檢查電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)密(mi)(mi)度，了(le)(le)解存電(dian)(dian)(dian)情況，在(zai)其(qi)內(nei)(nei)部設(she)有(you)的(de)(de)溫度補償式密(mi)(mi)度計。密(mi)(mi)度計的(de)(de)指(zhi)示(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)用(yong)不(bu)同的(de)(de)顏(yan)色指(zhi)示(shi)(shi)(shi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)存電(dian)(dian)(dian)情況和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)液(ye)(ye)面高(gao)低(di)(di)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)密(mi)(mi)度正常時，指(zhi)示(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)顯示(shi)(shi)(shi)綠色，表示(shi)(shi)(shi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池存電(dian)(dian)(dian)充足；指(zhi)示(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)顯示(shi)(shi)(shi)黑色，表示(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)密(mi)(mi)度低(di)(di)于標準值，應(ying)進行補充充電(dian)(dian)(dian)；指(zhi)示(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)顯示(shi)(shi)(shi)黃色，表示(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)液(ye)(ye)面過低(di)(di)，需添加(jia)蒸餾水。

2.免維護蓄電池的性能特點

如(ru)上所述，免維(wei)護蓄(xu)電池與普通鉛蓄(xu)電池的最大區(qu)別是(shi)極板材(cai)料不同。由于采用(yong)鉛鈣合金(jin)制作柵架，消除了鉛銻(ti)合金(jin)柵架的一些弱(ruo)點(dian)(如(ru)水分蒸發、過量(liang)充電、熱(re)破(po)壞和(he)自行放電)，因此(ci)，不僅使其使用(yong)性能得(de)到(dao)改善，而且還延長了其使用(yong)壽(shou)命和(he)儲存壽(shou)命。

免(mian)維護(hu)(hu)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)失水(shui)量少，一(yi)(yi)般僅為(wei)普(pu)通鉛蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的1／10左右，使用(yong)中(zhong)一(yi)(yi)般不(bu)需(xu)添加蒸(zheng)餾水(shui)。這一(yi)(yi)方面是(shi)由于鉛鈣合金的析(xi)氫(qing)(qing)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)位比(bi)鉛銻合金高，充電(dian)(dian)時析(xi)氫(qing)(qing)量少，從而水(shui)分逸(yi)出量大(da)(da)大(da)(da)降低；另一(yi)(yi)方面是(shi)由于免(mian)維護(hu)(hu)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)設有(you)集氣室，可(ke)使收集到的水(shui)蒸(zheng)氣冷卻后重新(xin)返回電(dian)(dian)解液內，避免(mian)了(le)水(shui)分散失。因此(ci)，使用(yong)中(zhong)免(mian)維護(hu)(hu)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)不(bu)需(xu)要(yao)添加蒸(zheng)餾水(shui)。

普通鉛蓄電池(chi)的(de)(de)柵(zha)架，一般(ban)用(yong)鉛銻合(he)金制作，且含(han)銻量(liang)較(jiao)高。充(chong)電時，正極柵(zha)架上的(de)(de)銻被逐漸溶解到電解液(ye)中，并不斷地(di)在(zai)負極板(ban)表面(mian)上沉積，與負極板(ban)上的(de)(de)活性物質形(xing)成(cheng)微(wei)電池(chi)，使其自(zi)(zi)行(xing)放(fang)電量(liang)增大。免(mian)維護蓄電池(chi)的(de)(de)柵(zha)架采用(yong)的(de)(de)是(shi)鉛鈣合(he)金，其特點是(shi)晶粒較(jiao)細，耐腐蝕，不易形(xing)成(cheng)微(wei)電池(chi)，自(zi)(zi)行(xing)放(fang)電量(liang)小(xiao)。

普通鉛蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)，其內部經常有(you)硫(liu)酸(suan)氣(qi)體(ti)逸出，并聚(ju)集(ji)在蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)頂蓋(gai)部位。這(zhe)些(xie)硫(liu)酸(suan)氣(qi)體(ti)在金屬(shu)接(jie)頭(tou)處凝結，形成短(duan)路(lu)通道，產生短(duan)路(lu)電(dian)流，并對(dui)極樁和連接(jie)件造成腐蝕。嚴(yan)重時，甚(shen)至影響(xiang)到蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)功率(lv)輸出。由于維(wei)護蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)設有(you)集(ji)氣(qi)室和新(xin)型的(de)通氣(qi)裝置，不(bu)僅可避免水(shui)分散失(shi)，而且可有(you)效(xiao)地(di)防止酸(suan)氣(qi)外逸，從而大(da)大(da)降臨了(le)酸(suan)氣(qi)對(dui)極樁連接(jie)件的(de)腐蝕。

免維護蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的起動電(dian)(dian)流比普通(tong)鉛(qian)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)大(da)，起動性能(neng)好。這一(yi)方(fang)面是由于鉛(qian)鈣合(he)(he)金(jin)的導(dao)電(dian)(dian)性能(neng)比鉛(qian)銻合(he)(he)金(jin)好，蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內阻小(xiao)，輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)流大(da)；另一(yi)方(fang)面是由于免維護蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)采用內連式連接(jie)，縮短了(le)連線長度，功率(lv)損失小(xiao)，放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓高。

由于免維護蓄電池采用鉛鈣合金制作柵架，既增加了機械強度又提高了耐充性，再加上采用袋裝式隔板結構，可有效防止活性物質脫落，因此，其使用壽命顯著提高。同時，由于自行放電量小，其儲存壽命也大大增長，一般為普通鉛蓄電池的2～3倍。