蓄電池危害及其防范

蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)作為一(yi)種方便適用(yong)的直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源廣(guang)泛用(yong)于發電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)，工礦企(qi)業(ye)變配電(dian)(dian)(dian)所和各類機動(dong)車。由于在鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的裝(zhuang)配過程中涉及到鉛(qian)中毒、易燃、易爆(bao)等危險特性，因而確保鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的安全生產(chan)(chan)十分重(zhong)要。目前，鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)已(yi)被列入《危險化學品名(ming)錄》，我國也(ye)一(yi)直重(zhong)視鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的安全生產(chan)(chan)，加強(qiang)了對蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)生產(chan)(chan)裝(zhuang)配的安全防范措(cuo)施，制定了《鉛(qian)作業(ye)安全生生規程》等規范標準(zhun)。

廢(fei)(fei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)污(wu)(wu)染及(ji)其處理已經(jing)成為目前(qian)社會(hui)(hui)最(zui)為關(guan)注的(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)保焦點之一。國家環(huan)(huan)(huan)保總局科技標準司有關(guan)人(ren)(ren)士認為，隨(sui)著我國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)種類(lei)、生產量(liang)和(he)使(shi)用量(liang)的(de)不斷擴(kuo)大，廢(fei)(fei)舊電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)數量(liang)和(he)種類(lei)也在不斷增加。廢(fei)(fei)舊電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)含有汞、鉛、鎘、鎳等(deng)重(zhong)金(jin)屬及(ji)酸、堿等(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)溶液，對人(ren)(ren)體及(ji)生態環(huan)(huan)(huan)境有不同程度的(de)危害。據了(le)解，其中(zhong)對人(ren)(ren)體健康和(he)生態環(huan)(huan)(huan)境危害較大、列入危險廢(fei)(fei)物控制名錄的(de)廢(fei)(fei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)主要(yao)有：含汞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，主要(yao)是(shi)氧化汞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)；鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)；含鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，主要(yao)是(shi)鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。有關(guan)資料顯示，一節一號電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)爛在地里，能使(shi)1平方(fang)米的(de)土壤(rang)永久(jiu)失去(qu)利用價值；一粒紐扣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)可使(shi)600噸水(shui)受到污(wu)(wu)染，相(xiang)當于一個人(ren)(ren)一生的(de)飲水(shui)量(liang)。在對自然(ran)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境威脅最(zui)大的(de)幾種物質(zhi)中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)里就包含了(le)汞、鉛、鎘等(deng)多種，若將廢(fei)(fei)舊電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)混(hun)入生活(huo)垃圾一起填埋，或(huo)者隨(sui)手丟棄(qi)，滲(shen)出(chu)的(de)汞及(ji)重(zhong)金(jin)屬物質(zhi)就會(hui)(hui)滲(shen)透于土壤(rang)、污(wu)(wu)染地下水(shui)，進而進入魚類(lei)、農作物中(zhong)，破壞人(ren)(ren)類(lei)的(de)生存環(huan)(huan)(huan)境，間接威脅到人(ren)(ren)類(lei)的(de)健康。

人(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)一(yi)旦吸(xi)收這些重金(jin)屬以(yi)后，會出現哪些病癥呢(ni)？據有關專家介(jie)紹(shao)，汞(gong)是一(yi)種毒性(xing)(xing)很(hen)(hen)強的重金(jin)屬，對人(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)中樞神經的破壞(huai)力很(hen)(hen)大。目(mu)前(qian)我國生產的含(han)汞(gong)堿性(xing)(xing)干(gan)電池的汞(gong)含(han)量(liang)達1％－5％，中性(xing)(xing)干(gan)電池的汞(gong)含(han)量(liang)為(wei)0．025％，我國電池生產消耗(hao)的汞(gong)每年就達幾十噸之多。鎘在人(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)內極易引起慢(man)性(xing)(xing)中毒，主要病癥是肺氣腫、骨質軟(ruan)化、貧(pin)血，很(hen)(hen)可能使人(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)癱瘓。而鉛進入人(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)后最難排泄，它干(gan)擾腎功能。

專家們認為，由(you)于電池污染(ran)具有周期長、隱蔽性大等特點，其潛(qian)在危害相當(dang)(dang)嚴重，處理(li)(li)不(bu)當(dang)(dang)還(huan)會造成二次污染(ran)。據楊毅夫博(bo)士介紹(shao)，我(wo)國沿海某省的一(yi)些農(nong)民在回(hui)收鉛酸蓄電池中(zhong)的鉛時，因為回(hui)收處理(li)(li)不(bu)當(dang)(dang)，把(ba)含有鉛和(he)硫酸的廢(fei)液(ye)倒掉(diao)，不(bu)僅造成了鉛中(zhong)毒，而且使當(dang)(dang)地(di)(di)農(nong)作物無法生(sheng)長。如(ru)何及(ji)時安全地(di)(di)回(hui)收和(he)處理(li)(li)廢(fei)電池，已日(ri)益突出地(di)(di)擺在人們面前。

一、 鉛酸蓄電池裝配過程中的主要危害因素分析

鉛(qian)酸蓄電池裝(zhuang)配過(guo)程中可能產生(sheng)的危險、危害(hai)主要(yao)是中毒、火災、爆(bao)炸，以及(ji)高溫灼燙(tang)、機械傷害(hai)、腐蝕傷害(hai)等。限于(yu)篇(pian)幅，僅對中毒、火災和爆(bao)炸3種(zhong)因素進(jin)行分析。

稱片、包片區，存在著大量的鉛(qian)(qian)塵，屬(shu)于鉛(qian)(qian)的重污染(ran)區，易發生慢(man)性鉛(qian)(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)。鉛(qian)(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)對人體的危害主(zhu)要集中(zhong)(zhong)在消化系(xi)統和神經(jing)系(xi)統，在蓄電池廠工作的操(cao)作工患(huan)職(zhi)業性慢(man)性鉛(qian)(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)的比(bi)例高達(da)25%～30%。更(geng)為嚴(yan)重的是(shi)，鉛(qian)(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)不僅局限在蓄電池廠里(li)的成年操(cao)作工鉛(qian)(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)反(fan)應，甚至周邊許多兒童(tong)也出現了鉛(qian)(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)的反(fan)應。2004年6月，某縣曾(ceng)經(jing)發生數百(bai)名鉛(qian)(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)事件。

引起這些中(zhong)毒事(shi)故的原因(yin)主要有(you)廠區內缺(que)乏必(bi)要的排(pai)風(feng)環保(bao)(bao)設備(bei)，有(you)的廠家雖(sui)然有(you)，但是工(gong)作期(qi)間不開啟，形同虛(xu)設，工(gong)人缺(que)少(shao)必(bi)要的勞保(bao)(bao)用品以(yi)及工(gong)人的自(zi)我(wo)保(bao)(bao)護意識不強等。稱片(pian)、包片(pian)是引起鉛(qian)中(zhong)毒的重點部位，必(bi)須有(you)完(wan)善的防護措(cuo)施和排(pai)風(feng)系統。

根據工藝要求，焊接(jie)區使用的(de)(de)乙炔(gui)、液(ye)化石油(you)氣火(huo)災(zai)(zai)危(wei)(wei)險(xian)為(wei)甲(jia)類(lei)，氧氣火(huo)災(zai)(zai)危(wei)(wei)險(xian)為(wei)乙類(lei)。乙炔(gui)在(zai)空(kong)氣中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)爆(bao)炸極(ji)(ji)限為(wei)2.1%～80.0%(υ/υ)，引燃溫度(du)在(zai)305℃左(zuo)右(you)；液(ye)化石油(you)在(zai)空(kong)氣中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)爆(bao)炸極(ji)(ji)限為(wei)2.25%～9.65%(υ/υ)，引燃熳(man)度(du)在(zai)426～537℃左(zuo)右(you)。因此，生產過程中(zhong)(zhong)最大危(wei)(wei)險(xian)因素(su)是(shi)火(huo)災(zai)(zai)和(he)爆(bao)炸，如果在(zai)焊接(jie)極(ji)(ji)群(qun)和(he)極(ji)(ji)柱過程中(zhong)(zhong)操(cao)作不(bu)當，劇烈碰撞或離明(ming)火(huo)過近，溫度(du)太高(gao)等(deng)都可能引起火(huo)災(zai)(zai)、爆(bao)炸。

根據鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)工作原理，鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)正(zheng)(zheng)極(ji)活(huo)性物質是(shi)二氧化鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)，負極(ji)活(huo)性物質是(shi)海綿鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液是(shi)稀硫酸溶(rong)液，當充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)到70%～80%電(dian)(dian)(dian)量時，正(zheng)(zheng)極(ji)開始(shi)產生(sheng)氧氣(qi)，當充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)基本完(wan)成(cheng)約(yue)90%時，負極(ji)開始(shi)產生(sheng)氫(qing)(qing)氣(qi)。氫(qing)(qing)氣(qi)是(shi)易燃(ran)易爆(bao)的甲類物質，在(zai)空氣(qi)中的爆(bao)炸極(ji)限為4.1%～74.1%，引燃(ran)溫(wen)度在(zai)450℃左右，因此充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)室內(nei)氫(qing)(qing)氣(qi)濃度極(ji)易達到爆(bao)炸極(ji)限，一遇火源就會生(sheng)產燃(ran)爆(bao)。例如，1991年7月(yue)3日(ri)，某電(dian)(dian)(dian)站鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)室發(fa)生(sheng)燃(ran)爆(bao)事故，造成(cheng)1名巡(xun)檢(jian)工死亡，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備和蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)嚴(yan)重(zhong)損壞。事故主要原因是(shi)該蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)通風設備失效，造成(cheng)室內(nei)氫(qing)(qing)氣(qi)聚積，而巡(xun)檢(jian)工嚴(yan)重(zhong)違章在(zai)巡(xun)檢(jian)時抽(chou)煙，明(ming)火引起(qi)燃(ran)爆(bao)。

二、安全預防措施與建議

通過(guo)上述分析可知，蓄電池裝配(pei)過(guo)程(cheng)中存在的主要危(wei)害因素為中毒、火(huo)災、爆炸(zha)等。為確保安全生產建議采取以下安全措施：

1．廠(chang)址選擇(ze)與周圍居(ju)民及公(gong)共設施(shi)保持必要(yao)(yao)的(de)安全(quan)防(fang)護(hu)距離(li)，同時必須滿足(zu)《建筑(zhu)設計防(fang)火規范》，《鉛作業安全(quan)衛生(sheng)規程》，《工業企業設計衛生(sheng)標準(zhun)》和《使用有毒物(wu)品作業場所勞動(dong)保護(hu)條例》的(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。

2．在(zai)作(zuo)業前盡可能先將操(cao)作(zuo)環境(jing)濕潤，防(fang)(fang)止鉛塵飛揚；作(zuo)業時(shi)工(gong)人除穿戴(dai)相應(ying)的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)服(fu)、防(fang)(fang)塵口罩(zhao)外(wai)，必須(xu)(xu)使(shi)用能保證新鮮空氣(qi)供給的(de)通風設施；操(cao)作(zuo)臺上清出的(de)鉛粉塵，必須(xu)(xu)放置(zhi)在(zai)專用容器內(nei)，不得與(yu)其他垃圾等堆(dui)放在(zai)一起；作(zuo)業后，工(gong)人必須(xu)(xu)洗澡，并將工(gong)作(zuo)服(fu)和(he)防(fang)(fang)塵口罩(zhao)在(zai)廠內(nei)集中洗滌(di)；同時(shi)作(zuo)業場所(suo)所(suo)應(ying)禁止吸煙，飲(yin)食等；班中喝水前必須(xu)(xu)洗手，洗臉及漱口，嚴禁穿工(gong)作(zuo)服(fu)進食堂，出廠。

此外(wai)(wai)，為(wei)防止雜質(zhi)侵入和水分(fen)蒸發，采用了僅有(you)極樁(zhuang)外(wai)(wai)露的全封(feng)閉式外(wai)(wai)殼。

為(wei)防(fang)止蓄電(dian)池損壞和爆炸(zha)，在密(mi)封式殼體上設有排氣孔和安全閥。安全閥中(zhong)裝有催化劑(ji)，可使氫(qing)氣與氧氣合(he)成為(wei)水蒸氣，冷(leng)卻后再(zai)返回電(dian)解液內。

為有效防止(zhi)外來火花造(zao)成危害，在(zai)其內部還裝(zhuang)有火花捕(bu)捉器。

免(mian)維護蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)工(gong)作原理與(yu)普(pu)通鉛(qian)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)相(xiang)同。放電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，正(zheng)極(ji)板(ban)上的(de)二氧(yang)化鉛(qian)和負極(ji)板(ban)上的(de)海(hai)綿(mian)狀鉛(qian)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液內的(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)反應生成硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)和水(shui)，硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)分(fen)別(bie)沉積在(zai)正(zheng)、負極(ji)板(ban)上，而水(shui)則留(liu)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液內；充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，正(zheng)、負極(ji)板(ban)上的(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)又分(fen)別(bie)還原成二氫化鉛(qian)和海(hai)綿(mian)狀鉛(qian)。

普(pu)通(tong)鉛蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，在充電(dian)(dian)接(jie)近終了(le)時(shi)，其充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流除了(le)用來使正、負極板的硫酸(suan)鉛還原成(cheng)二氧化鉛和(he)海綿狀鉛外，還有一部(bu)分電(dian)(dian)流被用在水的分解上，致使蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)內(nei)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)根(gen)多氣泡。特別是充電(dian)(dian)終了(le)時(shi)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)和(he)外逸的氣泡就(jiu)更多，從而造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)解液內(nei)水分大(da)量散失(shi)。

免維護蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，由于(yu)其負極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)的(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)含(han)量比正(zheng)(zheng)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)多(duo)，因此，充(chong)足電(dian)(dian)時正(zheng)(zheng)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)的(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)全(quan)部轉(zhuan)變成(cheng)了二氧(yang)化(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)，而(er)(er)負極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)仍(reng)有一部分硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)殘留。這樣，過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)只(zhi)在(zai)正(zheng)(zheng)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)用來產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)氧(yang)氣，而(er)(er)在(zai)負極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)則被用于(yu)使多(duo)余的(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)轉(zhuan)變成(cheng)海綿狀鉛(qian)(qian)。同時，在(zai)正(zheng)(zheng)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)所產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)氧(yang)氣也不(bu)會外(wai)逸，而(er)(er)是(shi)迅速與負極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)的(de)活性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)(海綿狀鉛(qian)(qian))發生(sheng)(sheng)反(fan)應生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)二氧(yang)化(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)，再與電(dian)(dian)解液中的(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)反(fan)應變成(cheng)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)和水(shui)。

由(you)此可見，免(mian)(mian)維護(hu)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)在過充(chong)電(dian)時，其負極(ji)板上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)硫(liu)酸鉛永遠不(bu)會(hui)(hui)消失(shi)，即(ji)(ji)負極(ji)板上(shang)(shang)不(bu)會(hui)(hui)產(chan)生氫氣(qi)。即(ji)(ji)從(cong)理(li)論(lun)上(shang)(shang)講，免(mian)(mian)維護(hu)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)即(ji)(ji)使在過充(chong)電(dian)時，其電(dian)解(jie)液中的(de)(de)水(shui)也(ye)不(bu)會(hui)(hui)散失(shi)。

3．車(che)間內(nei)的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)體鋼(gang)瓶(ping)(ping)不(bu)得隨意堆放(fang)(fang)或不(bu)同氣(qi)(qi)體鋼(gang)瓶(ping)(ping)混放(fang)(fang)。雖然(ran)乙(yi)(yi)炔(gui)、液化石油(you)氣(qi)(qi)及氧氣(qi)(qi)用(yong)(yong)最較少，但氣(qi)(qi)體鋼(gang)瓶(ping)(ping)仍需單獨存(cun)放(fang)(fang)。存(cun)放(fang)(fang)處(chu)應在(zai)生(sheng)產車(che)間外墻處(chu)用(yong)(yong)磚墻和(he)(he)預制板砌兩間作(zuo)為(wei)石油(you)液化氣(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)氧氣(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)中間倉庫(ku)，選用(yong)(yong)下(xia)端帶百(bai)頁窗的(de)(de)門(men)，兩側(ce)墻留通(tong)(tong)風口，并安(an)裝(zhuang)鋼(gang)絲網(wang)，保(bao)持良好的(de)(de)通(tong)(tong)風。門(men)開(kai)在(zai)車(che)間外面(mian)，并在(zai)醒目位置貼上禁(jin)止明火(huo)和(he)(he)吸(xi)煙的(de)(de)標志。根據《建筑設計防火(huo)規范》的(de)(de)規定，該存(cun)放(fang)(fang)處(chu)只能(neng)作(zuo)為(wei)車(che)間中間庫(ku)房，且乙(yi)(yi)炔(gui)的(de)(de)存(cun)放(fang)(fang)數量不(bu)應超(chao)過25m3(標準(zhun)(zhun)狀(zhuang)態下(xia))，。液化石油(you)氣(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)存(cun)放(fang)(fang)數量不(bu)應超(chao)過50m3(標準(zhun)(zhun)狀(zhuang)態下(xia))。氧氣(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)乙(yi)(yi)炔(gui)的(de)(de)保(bao)管和(he)(he)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)要設專人(ren)負責，嚴禁(jin)超(chao)壓使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)和(he)(he)人(ren)為(wei)加熱氣(qi)(qi)瓶(ping)(ping)，嚴禁(jin)用(yong)(yong)帶油(you)污(wu)的(de)(de)手套開(kai)啟氧氣(qi)(qi)瓶(ping)(ping)閥門(men)；操作(zuo)人(ren)員作(zuo)業(ye)前必須先檢(jian)查軟管與焊接的(de)(de)連接處(chu)是(shi)否牢(lao)固，軟管是(shi)否有打結處(chu)。

4．充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)區(qu)應(ying)保持良好(hao)的通風，必要時應(ying)增加(jia)防(fang)爆型通風設(she)(she)備(bei)，同時設(she)(she)置可(ke)燃氣體濃度檢漏報警(jing)裝置，并(bing)達(da)到《火(huo)災自動(dong)報警(jing)系統設(she)(she)計規范》的相關(guan)要求。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)區(qu)不(bu)準使(shi)用(yong)不(bu)防(fang)爆的電(dian)(dian)器(qi)設(she)(she)備(bei)(如開關(guan)、插座、熔斷及燈具(ju)等)，嚴禁在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)區(qu)吸煙，用(yong)明火(huo)照明或取(qu)暖；不(bu)準在室內(nei)動(dong)火(huo)作業。室內(nei)各電(dian)(dian)氣線路(lu)應(ying)穿(chuan)管敷(fu)設(she)(she)，電(dian)(dian)氣連接處應(ying)接觸(chu)良好(hao)、牢靠，不(bu)得松(song)動(dong)，避免產(chan)生火(huo)花(hua)放電(dian)(dian)。不(bu)冷穿(chuan)化纖服裝進入(ru)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)區(qu)，以免摩擦產(chan)生放電(dian)(dian)。

三、影響UPS電池壽命及容量的幾個因素

正常情況下的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命是以電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)次數量來決定(ding)。并不以使用時(shi)間(jian)來計量。過充(chong)、小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)長時(shi)間(jian)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)池長時(shi)間(jian)處(chu)于(yu)(yu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)不足(zu)狀(zhuang)態均可訊速(su)導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)池失(shi)效。隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)放(fang)(fang)次數量的(de)增(zeng)加電(dian)(dian)(dian)池逐漸老化，低于(yu)(yu)標稱容量的(de)80%時(shi)即認(ren)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命終止。目前金麗(li)溫高速(su)公路電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)主要失(shi)效原因有以下幾(ji)個方(fang)面：

1、溫度對閥控鉛酸蓄電池壽命的影響

閥控電(dian)池(chi)對(dui)溫(wen)度(du)(du)頗為敏感，環境溫(wen)度(du)(du)的變化對(dui)電(dian)池(chi)的運行(xing)壽命、放電(dian)容(rong)量、浮(fu)充電(dian)壓都有(you)影響。持續過(guo)(guo)高的環境溫(wen)度(du)(du)，會造成浮(fu)充電(dian)流(liu)加(jia)大，內(nei)部熱量增加(jia)，失水過(guo)(guo)快，最終導致(zhi)熱失控，電(dian)池(chi)損壞；過(guo)(guo)低的溫(wen)度(du)(du)則會降低電(dian)池(chi)容(rong)量。

溫(wen)度(du)(du)與電(dian)池壽(shou)命的(de)影響，由于閥控(kong)蓄電(dian)池本身散熱條件比較差，熱量積(ji)累的(de)增加引起(qi)惡性循環易造成熱失控(kong)。當環境溫(wen)度(du)(du)超(chao)過(guo)25度(du)(du)時，溫(wen)度(du)(du)每(mei)升高(gao)10度(du)(du)，使(shi)用壽(shou)命減少一半，所以當環境溫(wen)度(du)(du)在非25度(du)(du)時，溫(wen)度(du)(du)升高(gao)一度(du)(du)，浮(fu)充電(dian)壓(ya)應降3MV/每(mei)只，防(fang)止(zhi)過(guo)充。反之溫(wen)度(du)(du)降低(di)(di)時低(di)(di)于25度(du)(du)時，每(mei)低(di)(di)一度(du)(du)浮(fu)充電(dian)壓(ya)應增3MV/每(mei)只，防(fang)止(zhi)出現虧電(dian)現象。

譬如，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)35度下長(chang)期運行，如在(zai)25度下電(dian)(dian)池(chi)設(she)計壽(shou)命(ming)為8年(電(dian)(dian)池(chi)普遍設(she)計)，實際壽(shou)命(ming)則(ze)只(zhi)有5年，若(ruo)長(chang)期在(zai)15度下運行，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽(shou)命(ming)則(ze)有20年。不(bu)難看出(chu)，金麗(li)溫(wen)(wen)高(gao)速高(gao)路(lu)麗(li)青(qing)段(duan)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)過(guo)早失(shi)效(xiao)不(bu)得不(bu)說溫(wen)(wen)度才是電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的第一殺手。因為以(yi)麗(li)青(qing)段(duan)而言，配(pei)電(dian)(dian)房基本(ben)無空調(diao)配(pei)置。夏天溫(wen)(wen)度均在(zai)40度以(yi)上。

2、大電池和小電流放電對電池的影響

相同(tong)(tong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)度(du)下，小(xiao)(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)損(sun)害(hai)(hai)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)(yin)。相同(tong)(tong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)度(du)下，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)越(yue)(yue)小(xiao)(xiao)，過(guo)飽和度(du)降低，生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)核越(yue)(yue)少。同(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)晶(jing)沉(chen)(chen)淀速(su)度(du)就(jiu)越(yue)(yue)慢(man)(man)。生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)核少，放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出(chu)相同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量，生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)量是相同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)。則(ze)生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)晶(jing)體的(de)(de)(de)顆粒就(jiu)大(da)(da)一些，同(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)，結(jie)晶(jing)沉(chen)(chen)淀速(su)度(du)越(yue)(yue)慢(man)(man)，生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)體就(jiu)越(yue)(yue)完善，從(cong)而(er)(er)更(geng)(geng)難以充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。同(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)，這些顆粒同(tong)(tong)樣會造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)極板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)微(wei)(wei)孔(kong)的(de)(de)(de)堵塞(sai)。這樣充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后很(hen)難還(huan)(huan)原成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)海綿(mian)狀純(chun)鉛(qian)(qian)，從(cong)而(er)(er)影(ying)響到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量。而(er)(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)比小(xiao)(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)損(sun)害(hai)(hai)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)(yin)。因(yin)(yin)為大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，在(zai)固液交界(jie)處形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)飽和度(du)大(da)(da)，從(cong)而(er)(er)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)較多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)晶(jing)體沉(chen)(chen)淀，一方面(mian)，堵塞(sai)極板(ban)微(wei)(wei)孔(kong)，一方面(mian)也(ye)堵塞(sai)隔(ge)板(ban)微(wei)(wei)孔(kong)。更(geng)(geng)容(rong)(rong)易生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)枝晶(jing)。還(huan)(huan)使(shi)(shi)(shi)許多(duo)(duo)微(wei)(wei)晶(jing)在(zai)當時(shi)(shi)或充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)脫(tuo)落。從(cong)而(er)(er)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)傷害(hai)(hai)。還(huan)(huan)有，同(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)也(ye)由于硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)的(de)(de)(de)擴散速(su)度(du)慢(man)(man)，只(zhi)能(neng)到達淺層而(er)(er)使(shi)(shi)(shi)更(geng)(geng)多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)阿爾法二氧化鉛(qian)(qian)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉化。從(cong)而(er)(er)使(shi)(shi)(shi)極板(ban)易與軟化。大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量不能(neng)全部(bu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出(chu)，如獲(huo)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用1小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量僅為額定容(rong)(rong)量的(de)(de)(de)55%，而(er)(er)半(ban)小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)則(ze)為35%。小(xiao)(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)則(ze)可以放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出(chu)更(geng)(geng)多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量，使(shi)(shi)(shi)用價20小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)則(ze)可以放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出(chu)額定容(rong)(rong)量的(de)(de)(de)110%。

3、落后電池對容量的影響

計算(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)是以(yi)某(mou)只電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)最先達(da)到終(zhong)止(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)止(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)，若是UPS蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)中出(chu)現(xian)落(luo)后(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)則(ze)會影響整組(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)。以(yi)-48V系統(tong)為(wei)例，系統(tong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)止(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)1.8V/只，(即43.2V)以(yi)10小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)率放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)話(hua)從48至43.2用時(shi)(shi)(shi)10小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，一旦出(chu)現(xian)落(luo)后(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)則(ze)系統(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓48-2V=46V系統(tong)46V到43.2V放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間將大(da)大(da)下降。因些這些落(luo)后(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)就應該及時(shi)(shi)(shi)剔除(chu)，根據(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)部門經驗規定，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)中電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)個(ge)(ge)數少于(yu)(yu)3只時(shi)(shi)(shi)單個(ge)(ge)更(geng)換(huan)，落(luo)后(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)大(da)于(yu)(yu)3時(shi)(shi)(shi)則(ze)整體更(geng)換(huan)。落(luo)后(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)發(fa)現(xian)就須我們在日常(chang)維(wei)護中通過容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)測(ce)試(shi)或日常(chang)維(wei)護中的(de)(de)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓測(ce)量(liang)中發(fa)現(xian)。但目前金(jin)麗溫高速此項工作(zuo)基本為(wei)空白。

額定(ding)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)：在(zai)規定(ding)的工(gong)作條(tiao)件(jian)下(xia)，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池能放(fang)(fang)出(chu)的最低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)稱為(wei)額定(ding)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)。VRLA蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的額定(ding)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)規定(ding)工(gong)作條(tiao)件(jian)為(wei)：在(zai)10小時放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)為(wei)25度(du)(du)，放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)1.80V(12V電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池為(wei)6×1.80=10.8V)。實(shi)際(ji)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)：在(zai)特(te)點的放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)和(he)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等(deng)條(tiao)件(jian)下(xia)，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池實(shi)際(ji)放(fang)(fang)出(chu)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)稱為(wei)實(shi)際(ji)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)。影響實(shi)際(ji)放(fang)(fang)出(chu)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)的主要因素有：放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流、放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)。

四、關注免維護蓄電池

所謂免維護(hu)蓄(xu)(xu)電池(chi)，是指在規定的(de)使(shi)(shi)用條件下，使(shi)(shi)用期間不需(xu)(xu)要(yao)進行(xing)維護(hu)的(de)蓄(xu)(xu)電池(chi)。對于車(che)用鉛蓄(xu)(xu)電池(chi)來講，也就是使(shi)(shi)用期間不需(xu)(xu)經常(chang)添(tian)加(jia)蒸餾水(shui)的(de)蓄(xu)(xu)電池(chi)。

1.免維護蓄電池的結構特點

為(wei)(wei)了(le)提高(gao)鉛(qian)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)使用(yong)(yong)壽命，隨(sui)著其(qi)使性(xing)能，免維護蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)正(zheng)極(ji)板(ban)柵(zha)架一般采用(yong)(yong)鉛(qian)鈣(gai)合(he)(he)(he)金或(huo)低(di)(di)銻合(he)(he)(he)金制(zhi)作，而負極(ji)柵(zha)架均用(yong)(yong)鉛(qian)鈣(gai)合(he)(he)(he)金制(zhi)作。為(wei)(wei)了(le)減(jian)小(xiao)極(ji)板(ban)短路和活(huo)性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)脫落(luo)，其(qi)隔(ge)板(ban)大多采用(yong)(yong)超細玻璃纖維棉(mian)制(zhi)作，或(huo)將其(qi)正(zheng)極(ji)板(ban)裝在(zai)(zai)(zai)袋式(shi)(shi)隔(ge)板(ban)內(nei)(nei)。為(wei)(wei)了(le)防止氧氣(qi)、氫氣(qi)垂(chui)直上(shang)溢，減(jian)小(xiao)水(shui)分(fen)損失(shi)和活(huo)性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)脫落(luo)，極(ji)板(ban)組多采用(yong)(yong)緊湊結構(gou)。為(wei)(wei)了(le)縮短聯(lian)接條的(de)長(chang)度(du)(du)，減(jian)小(xiao)內(nei)(nei)阻(zu)，提高(gao)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)起動性(xing)能，各單格極(ji)板(ban)組之間采用(yong)(yong)內(nei)(nei)連(lian)式(shi)(shi)接法，露在(zai)(zai)(zai)密(mi)(mi)封(feng)式(shi)(shi)殼(ke)體外面(mian)的(de)只有(you)正(zheng)、負極(ji)樁。為(wei)(wei)了(le)更有(you)效地避(bi)免水(shui)分(fen)損失(shi)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)殼(ke)體上(shang)部設(she)有(you)收集水(shui)蒸氣(qi)和硫酸蒸氣(qi)的(de)集氣(qi)室，待其(qi)冷(leng)卻后變成液體重(zhong)新(xin)流回電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液內(nei)(nei)。為(wei)(wei)了(le)便于(yu)檢查電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)，了(le)解(jie)存(cun)電(dian)(dian)情(qing)況，在(zai)(zai)(zai)其(qi)內(nei)(nei)部設(she)有(you)的(de)溫度(du)(du)補(bu)償式(shi)(shi)密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)計。密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)計的(de)指(zhi)(zhi)示(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)用(yong)(yong)不同(tong)的(de)顏色指(zhi)(zhi)示(shi)(shi)(shi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)存(cun)電(dian)(dian)情(qing)況和電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液液面(mian)高(gao)低(di)(di)。電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)正(zheng)常時(shi)，指(zhi)(zhi)示(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)顯(xian)示(shi)(shi)(shi)綠色，表(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)存(cun)電(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)足；指(zhi)(zhi)示(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)顯(xian)示(shi)(shi)(shi)黑色，表(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)低(di)(di)于(yu)標準值，應(ying)進(jin)行補(bu)充(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)；指(zhi)(zhi)示(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)顯(xian)示(shi)(shi)(shi)黃(huang)色，表(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液液面(mian)過低(di)(di)，需添加(jia)蒸餾水(shui)。

2.免維護蓄電池的性能特點

如上所(suo)述，免維(wei)護(hu)蓄電池(chi)與普通鉛(qian)蓄電池(chi)的(de)最(zui)大區別(bie)是(shi)極板材料不(bu)同。由于采用鉛(qian)鈣合金制作柵架，消(xiao)除了(le)鉛(qian)銻合金柵架的(de)一些弱(ruo)點(如水(shui)分蒸發、過(guo)量(liang)充電、熱(re)破(po)壞和(he)自行放電)，因此，不(bu)僅使(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)使(shi)(shi)用性能(neng)得(de)到改善(shan)，而且(qie)還延長了(le)其(qi)(qi)使(shi)(shi)用壽命和(he)儲存壽命。

免(mian)(mian)維(wei)護蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)失水(shui)量少(shao)，一般(ban)僅(jin)為(wei)普通鉛蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的1／10左右，使(shi)用中一般(ban)不需添加蒸餾水(shui)。這一方(fang)(fang)面是由于鉛鈣合金(jin)的析氫過電(dian)(dian)(dian)位比(bi)鉛銻合金(jin)高(gao)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時析氫量少(shao)，從而水(shui)分逸出(chu)量大大降低；另一方(fang)(fang)面是由于免(mian)(mian)維(wei)護蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)設(she)有集氣室，可使(shi)收集到的水(shui)蒸氣冷卻后(hou)重新返回電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)內，避(bi)免(mian)(mian)了水(shui)分散失。因此，使(shi)用中免(mian)(mian)維(wei)護蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)不需要添加蒸餾水(shui)。

普(pu)通鉛(qian)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)柵(zha)架，一般用(yong)鉛(qian)銻(ti)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)制作(zuo)，且含銻(ti)量較(jiao)高。充電(dian)(dian)時，正極柵(zha)架上的(de)銻(ti)被(bei)逐漸溶解到電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)中，并不(bu)斷地在負極板表面上沉積，與負極板上的(de)活性物(wu)質形成(cheng)微電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，使其自行(xing)放電(dian)(dian)量增大。免維(wei)護(hu)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)柵(zha)架采(cai)用(yong)的(de)是鉛(qian)鈣合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)，其特(te)點是晶粒較(jiao)細，耐(nai)腐蝕，不(bu)易形成(cheng)微電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，自行(xing)放電(dian)(dian)量小。

普通(tong)鉛(qian)蓄電池，其內(nei)部經(jing)常有硫(liu)酸(suan)氣體(ti)逸(yi)出，并聚(ju)集在蓄電池的頂蓋部位(wei)。這些硫(liu)酸(suan)氣體(ti)在金屬接頭處凝結，形成短路通(tong)道，產生短路電流，并對極(ji)樁(zhuang)和連接件(jian)造成腐(fu)蝕(shi)。嚴(yan)重時，甚至(zhi)影響到(dao)蓄電池功率輸(shu)出。由于維護蓄電池設有集氣室和新型的通(tong)氣裝置，不僅可(ke)(ke)避免水分散(san)失(shi)，而(er)且可(ke)(ke)有效地防止酸(suan)氣外逸(yi)，從而(er)大大降臨了酸(suan)氣對極(ji)樁(zhuang)連接件(jian)的腐(fu)蝕(shi)。

免維護蓄電池(chi)(chi)的(de)起(qi)(qi)動電流(liu)比普(pu)通鉛(qian)蓄電池(chi)(chi)大，起(qi)(qi)動性能好(hao)。這一方面(mian)(mian)是由于鉛(qian)鈣合金的(de)導電性能比鉛(qian)銻(ti)合金好(hao)，蓄電池(chi)(chi)內(nei)阻小，輸出(chu)電流(liu)大；另一方面(mian)(mian)是由于免維護蓄電池(chi)(chi)采用內(nei)連(lian)式連(lian)接，縮(suo)短(duan)了連(lian)線長度，功率損失小，放電電壓高(gao)。

由于免維護蓄電池采用鉛鈣合金制作柵架，既增加了機械強度又提高了耐充性，再加上采用袋裝式隔板結構，可有效防止活性物質脫落，因此，其使用壽命顯著提高。同時，由于自行放電量小，其儲存壽命也大大增長，一般為普通鉛蓄電池的2～3倍。