蓄電池危害及其防范

蓄電(dian)池作為一種方便適用的(de)(de)直流電(dian)源廣(guang)泛用于發電(dian)廠，工礦企業變配電(dian)所和各類機動車。由于在鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)池的(de)(de)裝配過程中(zhong)涉及到鉛(qian)中(zhong)毒、易(yi)燃、易(yi)爆等危險特(te)性(xing)，因而確(que)保鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)池的(de)(de)安全(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)十(shi)分重(zhong)要。目前，鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)池已被列入(ru)《危險化(hua)學品(pin)名錄(lu)》，我國也一直重(zhong)視鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)池的(de)(de)安全(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)，加強了對蓄電(dian)池生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)裝配的(de)(de)安全(quan)防范措施，制定了《鉛(qian)作業安全(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)規程》等規范標準。

廢電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池污染(ran)及(ji)其處(chu)理已(yi)經成為(wei)目前社會最為(wei)關(guan)注的(de)(de)(de)環保焦點之(zhi)一(yi)。國(guo)家環保總局科技標(biao)準司(si)有(you)(you)關(guan)人(ren)(ren)士(shi)認為(wei)，隨(sui)(sui)著我國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)種類(lei)、生(sheng)產量(liang)(liang)和使(shi)(shi)用量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷擴大(da)(da)，廢舊(jiu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)數量(liang)(liang)和種類(lei)也在不(bu)斷增加(jia)。廢舊(jiu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池含(han)有(you)(you)汞(gong)(gong)、鉛(qian)、鎘(ge)、鎳等重金(jin)屬及(ji)酸、堿(jian)等電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)溶液(ye)，對(dui)人(ren)(ren)體及(ji)生(sheng)態環境(jing)(jing)有(you)(you)不(bu)同程度的(de)(de)(de)危害。據了(le)(le)解，其中(zhong)(zhong)對(dui)人(ren)(ren)體健(jian)康和生(sheng)態環境(jing)(jing)危害較大(da)(da)、列入(ru)危險廢物(wu)控制名錄的(de)(de)(de)廢電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)：含(han)汞(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是氧化汞(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池；鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池；含(han)鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。有(you)(you)關(guan)資(zi)料顯示，一(yi)節一(yi)號電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池爛在地里，能(neng)使(shi)(shi)1平方米的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)壤(rang)永久失去利用價值(zhi)；一(yi)粒紐扣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池可使(shi)(shi)600噸水(shui)受到(dao)污染(ran)，相當(dang)于(yu)一(yi)個人(ren)(ren)一(yi)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)飲水(shui)量(liang)(liang)。在對(dui)自然環境(jing)(jing)威脅最大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)幾種物(wu)質(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池里就(jiu)(jiu)包含(han)了(le)(le)汞(gong)(gong)、鉛(qian)、鎘(ge)等多種，若將廢舊(jiu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池混(hun)入(ru)生(sheng)活垃圾一(yi)起填埋，或者隨(sui)(sui)手丟棄(qi)，滲出的(de)(de)(de)汞(gong)(gong)及(ji)重金(jin)屬物(wu)質(zhi)就(jiu)(jiu)會滲透于(yu)土(tu)壤(rang)、污染(ran)地下水(shui)，進而進入(ru)魚類(lei)、農作物(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)，破壞人(ren)(ren)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)存環境(jing)(jing)，間接威脅到(dao)人(ren)(ren)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)健(jian)康。

人(ren)體(ti)一(yi)旦吸收(shou)這些重(zhong)金屬以后，會出現哪些病癥呢？據(ju)有關專家介紹，汞(gong)是(shi)一(yi)種毒性很(hen)強的重(zhong)金屬，對人(ren)體(ti)中樞神經(jing)的破壞力很(hen)大。目前我(wo)國(guo)(guo)生(sheng)產的含汞(gong)堿性干電(dian)池(chi)的汞(gong)含量(liang)(liang)達1％－5％，中性干電(dian)池(chi)的汞(gong)含量(liang)(liang)為0．025％，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)池(chi)生(sheng)產消耗(hao)的汞(gong)每年(nian)就達幾十噸(dun)之多(duo)。鎘在人(ren)體(ti)內(nei)極易引起(qi)慢性中毒，主要病癥是(shi)肺氣(qi)腫、骨(gu)質軟(ruan)化、貧(pin)血，很(hen)可能使人(ren)體(ti)癱瘓。而鉛進入人(ren)體(ti)后最難排泄(xie)，它干擾腎功(gong)能。

專家(jia)們認為(wei)，由(you)于電(dian)(dian)池(chi)污染(ran)具有周期長、隱蔽性大等特(te)點(dian)，其潛在(zai)(zai)危害相當嚴重，處(chu)理不(bu)當還會造成二(er)次污染(ran)。據楊毅夫博(bo)士介紹，我國(guo)沿(yan)海某省的一(yi)些農(nong)民在(zai)(zai)回收(shou)鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)中(zhong)的鉛(qian)(qian)時，因(yin)為(wei)回收(shou)處(chu)理不(bu)當，把含(han)有鉛(qian)(qian)和硫酸的廢(fei)液倒掉，不(bu)僅(jin)造成了(le)鉛(qian)(qian)中(zhong)毒，而且使當地(di)農(nong)作物(wu)無(wu)法生長。如何及時安全(quan)地(di)回收(shou)和處(chu)理廢(fei)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，已(yi)日益突出地(di)擺在(zai)(zai)人們面前(qian)。

一、 鉛酸蓄電池裝配過程中的主要危害因素分析

鉛酸蓄電(dian)池裝配過程中可能產(chan)生的危險(xian)、危害(hai)(hai)主要是中毒、火災、爆炸，以及高(gao)溫灼燙、機械傷害(hai)(hai)、腐蝕傷害(hai)(hai)等。限于篇幅，僅對中毒、火災和爆炸3種因素進行(xing)分(fen)析。

稱片、包片區，存在著(zhu)大(da)量的(de)鉛(qian)(qian)塵，屬于鉛(qian)(qian)的(de)重污染(ran)區，易發生慢性(xing)鉛(qian)(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)。鉛(qian)(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)對人體的(de)危害主要集中(zhong)(zhong)在消化系(xi)統(tong)和神經系(xi)統(tong)，在蓄電(dian)池(chi)廠工作(zuo)的(de)操作(zuo)工患職業性(xing)慢性(xing)鉛(qian)(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)的(de)比例高達25%～30%。更為嚴重的(de)是，鉛(qian)(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)不僅局(ju)限(xian)在蓄電(dian)池(chi)廠里(li)的(de)成年操作(zuo)工鉛(qian)(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)反應，甚(shen)至周邊許多兒(er)童也出(chu)現了(le)鉛(qian)(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)的(de)反應。2004年6月(yue)，某(mou)縣曾經發生數百名鉛(qian)(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)事件。

引(yin)起(qi)(qi)這些(xie)中毒事故的原因主要有(you)(you)廠區內缺乏必要的排(pai)風環保(bao)設(she)備，有(you)(you)的廠家雖然有(you)(you)，但是工(gong)作期間不開啟，形同虛設(she)，工(gong)人(ren)缺少必要的勞保(bao)用品以及工(gong)人(ren)的自我保(bao)護意識不強等。稱(cheng)片、包片是引(yin)起(qi)(qi)鉛中毒的重點部位，必須有(you)(you)完善(shan)的防護措施和排(pai)風系統。

根據工藝要求(qiu)，焊接區使用的(de)乙炔、液(ye)化石(shi)(shi)油氣(qi)火災(zai)危(wei)險為甲類(lei)，氧氣(qi)火災(zai)危(wei)險為乙類(lei)。乙炔在(zai)空氣(qi)中的(de)爆炸(zha)極(ji)限為2.1%～80.0%(υ/υ)，引(yin)(yin)燃溫(wen)度在(zai)305℃左右(you)；液(ye)化石(shi)(shi)油在(zai)空氣(qi)中的(de)爆炸(zha)極(ji)限為2.25%～9.65%(υ/υ)，引(yin)(yin)燃熳(man)度在(zai)426～537℃左右(you)。因此(ci)，生產過程中最大危(wei)險因素(su)是火災(zai)和爆炸(zha)，如果(guo)在(zai)焊接極(ji)群和極(ji)柱過程中操作不當，劇烈碰撞或離明火過近，溫(wen)度太高等都可能(neng)引(yin)(yin)起(qi)火災(zai)、爆炸(zha)。

根據鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池工作原理，鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)正極活性物質是(shi)二氧(yang)化鉛(qian)(qian)，負(fu)極活性物質是(shi)海綿鉛(qian)(qian)，電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)是(shi)稀硫(liu)酸溶液(ye)，當(dang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)到(dao)70%～80%電(dian)(dian)量時(shi)，正極開(kai)始產生(sheng)氧(yang)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)，當(dang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)基本完成約90%時(shi)，負(fu)極開(kai)始產生(sheng)氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)。氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)易燃易爆(bao)(bao)的甲(jia)類物質，在空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)中的爆(bao)(bao)炸極限(xian)為4.1%～74.1%，引燃溫度(du)在450℃左右，因此充(chong)電(dian)(dian)室(shi)內氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)濃度(du)極易達到(dao)爆(bao)(bao)炸極限(xian)，一遇火源就會生(sheng)產燃爆(bao)(bao)。例如，1991年7月3日(ri)，某(mou)電(dian)(dian)站鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池室(shi)發(fa)生(sheng)燃爆(bao)(bao)事(shi)故，造成1名巡檢(jian)工死亡，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)設(she)備和蓄電(dian)(dian)池嚴重(zhong)損壞。事(shi)故主(zhu)要(yao)原因是(shi)該蓄電(dian)(dian)池通風設(she)備失(shi)效，造成室(shi)內氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)聚積，而巡檢(jian)工嚴重(zhong)違章在巡檢(jian)時(shi)抽(chou)煙，明火引起燃爆(bao)(bao)。

二、安全預防措施與建議

通(tong)過上述分析可知，蓄(xu)電池(chi)裝配(pei)過程中(zhong)存在(zai)的主要危害(hai)因素為中(zhong)毒、火災(zai)、爆炸等。為確(que)保安全生產(chan)建議采取以下安全措施(shi)：

1．廠(chang)址選擇與周圍居民及公共設施保持必要(yao)的(de)安全(quan)防護距離(li)，同時(shi)必須滿(man)足《建筑設計(ji)(ji)防火規(gui)范》，《鉛作業安全(quan)衛(wei)生規(gui)程》，《工業企業設計(ji)(ji)衛(wei)生標(biao)準》和(he)《使(shi)用有毒物品作業場(chang)所勞動保護條(tiao)例》的(de)要(yao)求。

2．在(zai)(zai)作(zuo)業(ye)前盡(jin)可能(neng)先將(jiang)操作(zuo)環境濕潤(run)，防(fang)止(zhi)(zhi)鉛塵飛(fei)揚；作(zuo)業(ye)時工人除穿(chuan)戴相應(ying)的(de)(de)工作(zuo)服(fu)(fu)、防(fang)塵口罩外，必須使用能(neng)保證(zheng)新(xin)鮮空氣供給的(de)(de)通(tong)風設施；操作(zuo)臺(tai)上(shang)清出的(de)(de)鉛粉(fen)塵，必須放置在(zai)(zai)專(zhuan)用容器(qi)內，不(bu)得與其他垃圾等堆放在(zai)(zai)一起；作(zuo)業(ye)后，工人必須洗澡，并將(jiang)工作(zuo)服(fu)(fu)和防(fang)塵口罩在(zai)(zai)廠內集中洗滌；同時作(zuo)業(ye)場所(suo)(suo)所(suo)(suo)應(ying)禁止(zhi)(zhi)吸煙，飲食(shi)等；班中喝水前必須洗手(shou)，洗臉(lian)及漱口，嚴(yan)禁穿(chuan)工作(zuo)服(fu)(fu)進(jin)食(shi)堂，出廠。

此(ci)外，為防止雜質侵(qin)入和水分蒸發，采(cai)用(yong)了僅有極樁外露的全封(feng)閉(bi)式(shi)外殼(ke)。

為防止蓄電池(chi)損壞和(he)(he)爆炸，在密封式殼(ke)體上設有排氣(qi)孔(kong)和(he)(he)安全(quan)閥。安全(quan)閥中裝有催化(hua)劑，可使(shi)氫(qing)氣(qi)與氧氣(qi)合成為水蒸氣(qi)，冷(leng)卻(que)后再返回電解液內。

為有效防止外來火花(hua)造成危(wei)害，在其內(nei)部(bu)還裝(zhuang)有火花(hua)捕捉器。

免維護(hu)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)工作(zuo)原(yuan)理與(yu)普通鉛蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)相同。放(fang)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)，正(zheng)極(ji)板(ban)上(shang)的(de)(de)二(er)氧(yang)化鉛和負極(ji)板(ban)上(shang)的(de)(de)海(hai)綿(mian)狀鉛與(yu)電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)內的(de)(de)硫(liu)酸反(fan)應生成硫(liu)酸鉛和水，硫(liu)酸鉛分別(bie)(bie)沉積在正(zheng)、負極(ji)板(ban)上(shang)，而水則留(liu)在電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)內；充電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)，正(zheng)、負極(ji)板(ban)上(shang)的(de)(de)硫(liu)酸鉛又分別(bie)(bie)還原(yuan)成二(er)氫化鉛和海(hai)綿(mian)狀鉛。

普通鉛(qian)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，在充電(dian)(dian)(dian)接近(jin)終了時(shi)，其充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流除了用來使正、負極板的(de)(de)硫酸鉛(qian)還原(yuan)成二氧(yang)化(hua)鉛(qian)和(he)海(hai)綿狀鉛(qian)外(wai)，還有一部分(fen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流被用在水(shui)的(de)(de)分(fen)解上，致(zhi)使蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池內(nei)產生根多(duo)氣泡。特別是充電(dian)(dian)(dian)終了時(shi)產生和(he)外(wai)逸(yi)的(de)(de)氣泡就更多(duo)，從而造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液內(nei)水(shui)分(fen)大量散失(shi)。

免維護蓄電(dian)池，由于其負極(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)硫酸鉛(qian)(qian)含量比正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)多，因此，充足電(dian)時(shi)正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)硫酸鉛(qian)(qian)全部轉(zhuan)變(bian)成了二(er)氧化鉛(qian)(qian)，而(er)負極(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)仍有一部分(fen)硫酸鉛(qian)(qian)殘留。這樣(yang)，過充電(dian)時(shi)，充電(dian)電(dian)流只在(zai)(zai)正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)用(yong)來產(chan)(chan)生氧氣(qi)，而(er)在(zai)(zai)負極(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)則被(bei)用(yong)于使多余的(de)(de)(de)硫酸鉛(qian)(qian)轉(zhuan)變(bian)成海綿狀(zhuang)鉛(qian)(qian)。同時(shi)，在(zai)(zai)正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)所(suo)產(chan)(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)氧氣(qi)也(ye)不(bu)會(hui)外逸，而(er)是(shi)迅速與負極(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)活性物質(海綿狀(zhuang)鉛(qian)(qian))發生反應生成二(er)氧化鉛(qian)(qian)，再與電(dian)解(jie)液中的(de)(de)(de)硫酸反應變(bian)成硫酸鉛(qian)(qian)和水。

由(you)此(ci)可見，免(mian)維護蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，其負(fu)極板(ban)上(shang)的硫酸鉛永遠不會消失，即(ji)負(fu)極板(ban)上(shang)不會產生(sheng)氫(qing)氣。即(ji)從理論上(shang)講(jiang)，免(mian)維護蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)即(ji)使(shi)在過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，其電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液中的水也不會散失。

3．車(che)間(jian)內的(de)氣體(ti)鋼(gang)(gang)瓶不(bu)得(de)隨意堆放或(huo)不(bu)同氣體(ti)鋼(gang)(gang)瓶混放。雖然乙(yi)炔、液(ye)化石油(you)(you)氣及氧(yang)氣用最較(jiao)少(shao)，但氣體(ti)鋼(gang)(gang)瓶仍需單(dan)獨存(cun)放。存(cun)放處(chu)應在生產車(che)間(jian)外墻處(chu)用磚墻和(he)預制(zhi)板砌兩間(jian)作為(wei)石油(you)(you)液(ye)化氣和(he)氧(yang)氣的(de)中(zhong)間(jian)倉(cang)庫，選用下(xia)端帶百頁窗的(de)門，兩側墻留通(tong)風口，并安裝鋼(gang)(gang)絲網，保(bao)(bao)持(chi)良好的(de)通(tong)風。門開在車(che)間(jian)外面，并在醒(xing)目位置貼上禁止明(ming)火(huo)和(he)吸(xi)煙的(de)標(biao)志。根據《建(jian)筑設(she)計防火(huo)規范》的(de)規定，該(gai)存(cun)放處(chu)只能作為(wei)車(che)間(jian)中(zhong)間(jian)庫房(fang)，且乙(yi)炔的(de)存(cun)放數量不(bu)應超過(guo)25m3(標(biao)準狀態下(xia))，。液(ye)化石油(you)(you)氣的(de)存(cun)放數量不(bu)應超過(guo)50m3(標(biao)準狀態下(xia))。氧(yang)氣和(he)乙(yi)炔的(de)保(bao)(bao)管(guan)和(he)使用要設(she)專(zhuan)人(ren)負責，嚴(yan)禁超壓使用和(he)人(ren)為(wei)加熱氣瓶，嚴(yan)禁用帶油(you)(you)污(wu)的(de)手套開啟氧(yang)氣瓶閥門；操作人(ren)員(yuan)作業前必須先檢查軟管(guan)與焊接(jie)的(de)連(lian)接(jie)處(chu)是否牢固，軟管(guan)是否有打結處(chu)。

4．充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)區應保持良(liang)好的通風，必要時應增加防爆型通風設(she)備(bei)，同時設(she)置可(ke)燃氣體(ti)濃度(du)檢漏報(bao)警裝置，并達到《火(huo)災自動報(bao)警系統設(she)計規范》的相(xiang)關要求。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)區不準(zhun)使(shi)用不防爆的電(dian)(dian)器設(she)備(bei)(如開關、插座、熔斷及(ji)燈具(ju)等)，嚴禁在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)區吸煙，用明火(huo)照明或(huo)取暖；不準(zhun)在室內(nei)動火(huo)作業。室內(nei)各電(dian)(dian)氣線路應穿(chuan)管敷設(she)，電(dian)(dian)氣連(lian)接處應接觸良(liang)好、牢靠，不得(de)松動，避免(mian)產(chan)生火(huo)花放電(dian)(dian)。不冷穿(chuan)化纖服(fu)裝進入(ru)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)區，以免(mian)摩擦產(chan)生放電(dian)(dian)。

三、影響UPS電池壽命及容量的幾個因素

正(zheng)常(chang)情況下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命是以電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)次數量(liang)來決定。并不(bu)以使用時(shi)間來計量(liang)。過充、小電(dian)(dian)(dian)流長時(shi)間放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)池長時(shi)間處于充電(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)足狀態均可訊速(su)導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)池失效(xiao)。隨著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充放(fang)次數量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)增加(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池逐漸老化，低于標稱容(rong)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)80%時(shi)即(ji)認為電(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命終止。目前金(jin)麗溫高速(su)公路電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要失效(xiao)原因有(you)以下(xia)幾個方面：

1、溫度對閥控鉛酸蓄電池壽命的影響

閥(fa)控電(dian)池(chi)對(dui)溫度頗為敏(min)感，環境(jing)溫度的(de)變化對(dui)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)運行壽命、放電(dian)容(rong)量(liang)、浮充電(dian)壓都有影響。持續過(guo)(guo)高的(de)環境(jing)溫度，會造成浮充電(dian)流加(jia)大(da)，內部(bu)熱量(liang)增加(jia)，失(shi)水(shui)過(guo)(guo)快，最終(zhong)導致熱失(shi)控，電(dian)池(chi)損壞；過(guo)(guo)低的(de)溫度則(ze)會降低電(dian)池(chi)容(rong)量(liang)。

溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)與電(dian)池(chi)壽命的(de)影(ying)響，由于(yu)閥控蓄電(dian)池(chi)本身散(san)熱(re)(re)條件比(bi)較差，熱(re)(re)量積累的(de)增(zeng)加引起惡性循環易造成熱(re)(re)失控。當(dang)環境溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)超過25度(du)(du)(du)(du)時，溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)每(mei)升高(gao)10度(du)(du)(du)(du)，使用(yong)壽命減少一半，所以當(dang)環境溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)在非25度(du)(du)(du)(du)時，溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)升高(gao)一度(du)(du)(du)(du)，浮(fu)充電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)應(ying)降3MV/每(mei)只，防止過充。反之溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)降低(di)時低(di)于(yu)25度(du)(du)(du)(du)時，每(mei)低(di)一度(du)(du)(du)(du)浮(fu)充電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)應(ying)增(zeng)3MV/每(mei)只，防止出現虧電(dian)現象。

譬如，電池(chi)(chi)在35度(du)(du)下長期運行，如在25度(du)(du)下電池(chi)(chi)設計壽命(ming)(ming)為8年(nian)(nian)(電池(chi)(chi)普遍設計)，實際(ji)壽命(ming)(ming)則只有5年(nian)(nian)，若長期在15度(du)(du)下運行，電池(chi)(chi)壽命(ming)(ming)則有20年(nian)(nian)。不難看出，金麗(li)溫高(gao)速高(gao)路麗(li)青(qing)段(duan)電池(chi)(chi)過早失效(xiao)不得不說溫度(du)(du)才(cai)是電池(chi)(chi)的(de)第一殺(sha)手(shou)。因為以(yi)麗(li)青(qing)段(duan)而言(yan)，配電房(fang)基(ji)本(ben)無空調配置。夏天溫度(du)(du)均在40度(du)(du)以(yi)上。

2、大電池和小電流放電對電池的影響

相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)度(du)(du)(du)下(xia)，小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)損害(hai)(hai)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因。相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)度(du)(du)(du)下(xia)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)越(yue)小(xiao)，過(guo)飽和(he)度(du)(du)(du)降低(di)，生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)核越(yue)少(shao)。同(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)沉(chen)(chen)淀速度(du)(du)(du)就(jiu)越(yue)慢。生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)核少(shao)，放(fang)(fang)出相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容量(liang)(liang)，生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛量(liang)(liang)是相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。則(ze)生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顆粒就(jiu)大(da)(da)一些，同(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)，結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)沉(chen)(chen)淀速度(du)(du)(du)越(yue)慢，生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)就(jiu)越(yue)完善，從而更(geng)(geng)(geng)難以充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。同(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)，這些顆粒同(tong)(tong)樣會造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)極(ji)板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微孔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)堵塞(sai)。這樣充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后很難還原成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)海綿狀純鉛，從而影響到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容量(liang)(liang)。而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)比小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)損害(hai)(hai)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因。因為大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，在固液交界處形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)飽和(he)度(du)(du)(du)大(da)(da)，從而形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)較多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)沉(chen)(chen)淀，一方(fang)面，堵塞(sai)極(ji)板(ban)微孔，一方(fang)面也堵塞(sai)隔板(ban)微孔。更(geng)(geng)(geng)容易(yi)生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)枝(zhi)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)。還使(shi)許多微晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)在當時(shi)(shi)或充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)脫(tuo)落。從而對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)傷(shang)害(hai)(hai)。還有(you)，同(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)也由于硫(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擴散速度(du)(du)(du)慢，只(zhi)能(neng)到達淺層而使(shi)更(geng)(geng)(geng)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)阿爾法二(er)氧化鉛放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉化。從而使(shi)極(ji)板(ban)易(yi)與軟化。大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)(liang)不能(neng)全部放(fang)(fang)出，如(ru)獲(huo)使(shi)用(yong)1小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)放(fang)(fang)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容量(liang)(liang)僅為額定容量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)55%，而半小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)則(ze)為35%。小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)則(ze)可以放(fang)(fang)出更(geng)(geng)(geng)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容量(liang)(liang)，使(shi)用(yong)價(jia)20小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)則(ze)可以放(fang)(fang)出額定容量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)110%。

3、落后電池對容量的影響

計算蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容(rong)量(liang)是(shi)以(yi)某(mou)只(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)最先達到終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為止的(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)，若是(shi)UPS蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)中(zhong)(zhong)出現落(luo)后電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)則(ze)會影響整組(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)。以(yi)-48V系(xi)統(tong)為例，系(xi)統(tong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為1.8V/只(zhi)(zhi)，(即43.2V)以(yi)10小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)話從48至43.2用(yong)時(shi)(shi)10小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)，一旦出現落(luo)后電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)則(ze)系(xi)統(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)48-2V=46V系(xi)統(tong)46V到43.2V放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間將大大下降。因(yin)些(xie)這(zhe)些(xie)落(luo)后電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)就(jiu)應該(gai)及時(shi)(shi)剔除，根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)部門經驗規定(ding)，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)中(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)個(ge)數(shu)少于3只(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)(shi)單個(ge)更(geng)換，落(luo)后電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)大于3時(shi)(shi)則(ze)整體更(geng)換。落(luo)后電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)現就(jiu)須我們(men)在日常維護中(zhong)(zhong)通過容(rong)量(liang)測(ce)試或(huo)日常維護中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)測(ce)量(liang)中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)現。但目前金麗溫高速此項工作基本(ben)為空白。

額定(ding)容(rong)(rong)量：在規定(ding)的(de)(de)工作條件下，蓄電(dian)(dian)池能放(fang)(fang)出的(de)(de)最低電(dian)(dian)量稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)額定(ding)容(rong)(rong)量。VRLA蓄電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)額定(ding)容(rong)(rong)量規定(ding)工作條件為(wei)(wei)：在10小時放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)率(lv)電(dian)(dian)流放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)池溫度為(wei)(wei)25度，放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)終(zhong)(zhong)了電(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)(wei)1.80V(12V電(dian)(dian)池為(wei)(wei)6×1.80=10.8V)。實(shi)際(ji)容(rong)(rong)量：在特點的(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流，電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)溫度和(he)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)終(zhong)(zhong)了電(dian)(dian)壓等條件下，蓄電(dian)(dian)池實(shi)際(ji)放(fang)(fang)出的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)量稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)實(shi)際(ji)容(rong)(rong)量。影(ying)響實(shi)際(ji)放(fang)(fang)出容(rong)(rong)量的(de)(de)主要因素有：放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流、放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)溫度和(he)電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)溫度。

四、關注免維護蓄電池

所謂(wei)免維護蓄電(dian)(dian)池，是(shi)指在(zai)規定的(de)使用(yong)(yong)條件下，使用(yong)(yong)期(qi)間不(bu)需要進行(xing)維護的(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)池。對于車用(yong)(yong)鉛(qian)蓄電(dian)(dian)池來講(jiang)，也就是(shi)使用(yong)(yong)期(qi)間不(bu)需經常添加蒸(zheng)餾水的(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)池。

1.免維護蓄電池的結構特點

為(wei)了(le)提高鉛蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)壽命，隨著其(qi)(qi)使性能，免(mian)維(wei)護蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)極(ji)板(ban)柵架一(yi)般采(cai)(cai)用(yong)鉛鈣(gai)合(he)金或低銻(ti)合(he)金制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)，而負(fu)極(ji)柵架均(jun)用(yong)鉛鈣(gai)合(he)金制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)。為(wei)了(le)減小(xiao)極(ji)板(ban)短路和(he)活性物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)脫(tuo)落，其(qi)(qi)隔(ge)板(ban)大多采(cai)(cai)用(yong)超細玻璃纖維(wei)棉制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)，或將(jiang)其(qi)(qi)正(zheng)極(ji)板(ban)裝(zhuang)在(zai)袋式隔(ge)板(ban)內。為(wei)了(le)防(fang)止(zhi)氧(yang)氣(qi)(qi)、氫氣(qi)(qi)垂直上溢(yi)，減小(xiao)水(shui)分損失和(he)活性物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)脫(tuo)落，極(ji)板(ban)組多采(cai)(cai)用(yong)緊湊結構。為(wei)了(le)縮短聯接條的(de)(de)(de)(de)長度，減小(xiao)內阻，提高蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)起動性能，各單(dan)格極(ji)板(ban)組之間采(cai)(cai)用(yong)內連式接法(fa)，露在(zai)密封式殼(ke)體(ti)外面的(de)(de)(de)(de)只有(you)(you)正(zheng)、負(fu)極(ji)樁。為(wei)了(le)更(geng)有(you)(you)效地避免(mian)水(shui)分損失，在(zai)殼(ke)體(ti)上部設有(you)(you)收集水(shui)蒸氣(qi)(qi)和(he)硫酸(suan)蒸氣(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)集氣(qi)(qi)室，待其(qi)(qi)冷卻后變成液(ye)(ye)體(ti)重新流回電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)內。為(wei)了(le)便于(yu)檢查電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)密度，了(le)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)存電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)情(qing)況，在(zai)其(qi)(qi)內部設有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫度補償(chang)式密度計。密度計的(de)(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)示(shi)(shi)器用(yong)不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)顏色(se)(se)(se)指(zhi)示(shi)(shi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)存電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)情(qing)況和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)液(ye)(ye)面高低。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)密度正(zheng)常時，指(zhi)示(shi)(shi)器顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)(shi)綠色(se)(se)(se)，表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)存電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充足；指(zhi)示(shi)(shi)器顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)(shi)黑色(se)(se)(se)，表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)密度低于(yu)標準值，應進行補充充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；指(zhi)示(shi)(shi)器顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)(shi)黃色(se)(se)(se)，表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)液(ye)(ye)面過低，需(xu)添加(jia)蒸餾水(shui)。

2.免維護蓄電池的性能特點

如(ru)(ru)上所述，免維護蓄電池(chi)與普通鉛蓄電池(chi)的(de)最大區別(bie)是極板材(cai)料不同。由(you)于采用(yong)(yong)(yong)鉛鈣合金制作柵(zha)架，消除了(le)(le)鉛銻合金柵(zha)架的(de)一(yi)些弱(ruo)點(dian)(如(ru)(ru)水分(fen)蒸(zheng)發(fa)、過量充電、熱破壞和自行放電)，因此，不僅(jin)使其使用(yong)(yong)(yong)性能得到改善(shan)，而(er)且還(huan)延長了(le)(le)其使用(yong)(yong)(yong)壽(shou)(shou)命和儲存壽(shou)(shou)命。

免(mian)維(wei)(wei)護(hu)蓄(xu)電池(chi)失水(shui)量(liang)少，一般(ban)(ban)僅為普通鉛蓄(xu)電池(chi)的(de)1／10左(zuo)右，使用(yong)中一般(ban)(ban)不(bu)需添(tian)加蒸(zheng)餾(liu)水(shui)。這一方(fang)面是(shi)由(you)(you)于鉛鈣合金(jin)(jin)的(de)析氫(qing)過(guo)電位比鉛銻合金(jin)(jin)高，充電時析氫(qing)量(liang)少，從而水(shui)分逸出(chu)量(liang)大大降低(di)；另(ling)一方(fang)面是(shi)由(you)(you)于免(mian)維(wei)(wei)護(hu)蓄(xu)電池(chi)設有集氣室，可使收集到的(de)水(shui)蒸(zheng)氣冷卻后重新返回電解液內，避免(mian)了水(shui)分散失。因此，使用(yong)中免(mian)維(wei)(wei)護(hu)蓄(xu)電池(chi)不(bu)需要添(tian)加蒸(zheng)餾(liu)水(shui)。

普通鉛蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)柵架，一般用(yong)鉛銻合(he)金(jin)制作，且含銻量(liang)較(jiao)高。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，正極柵架上(shang)的(de)銻被逐漸溶解到電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液中(zhong)，并不斷地在(zai)負(fu)極板表面上(shang)沉(chen)積，與負(fu)極板上(shang)的(de)活性物質形(xing)成微電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，使(shi)其自行(xing)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)增大。免(mian)維(wei)護蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)柵架采用(yong)的(de)是鉛鈣合(he)金(jin)，其特(te)點是晶粒較(jiao)細，耐腐(fu)蝕(shi)，不易形(xing)成微電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，自行(xing)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)小。

普通(tong)鉛蓄電池，其(qi)內部(bu)經常有(you)硫酸氣(qi)體逸出(chu)，并聚集(ji)在(zai)(zai)蓄電池的(de)頂蓋部(bu)位。這些硫酸氣(qi)體在(zai)(zai)金屬(shu)接(jie)頭處凝結，形(xing)成短路通(tong)道，產(chan)生短路電流，并對極樁(zhuang)和(he)連接(jie)件(jian)造(zao)成腐(fu)蝕(shi)。嚴重時，甚至影響到蓄電池功(gong)率輸(shu)出(chu)。由于(yu)維護蓄電池設有(you)集(ji)氣(qi)室和(he)新型的(de)通(tong)氣(qi)裝置，不僅可避免水分散(san)失(shi)，而且可有(you)效地防(fang)止酸氣(qi)外逸，從而大大降臨了酸氣(qi)對極樁(zhuang)連接(jie)件(jian)的(de)腐(fu)蝕(shi)。

免維(wei)護(hu)蓄(xu)電池的起動電流比(bi)普通鉛(qian)蓄(xu)電池大(da)，起動性能好(hao)。這一方(fang)(fang)面(mian)是由(you)于鉛(qian)鈣合(he)金(jin)的導電性能比(bi)鉛(qian)銻合(he)金(jin)好(hao)，蓄(xu)電池內阻(zu)小(xiao)，輸出電流大(da)；另一方(fang)(fang)面(mian)是由(you)于免維(wei)護(hu)蓄(xu)電池采用內連(lian)式(shi)連(lian)接，縮短了連(lian)線長度，功率損失(shi)小(xiao)，放電電壓(ya)高。

由于免維護蓄電池采用鉛鈣合金制作柵架，既增加了機械強度又提高了耐充性，再加上采用袋裝式隔板結構，可有效防止活性物質脫落，因此，其使用壽命顯著提高。同時，由于自行放電量小，其儲存壽命也大大增長，一般為普通鉛蓄電池的2～3倍。