蓄電池危害及其防范

蓄電池作(zuo)為一種方(fang)便適用(yong)的(de)(de)直(zhi)流電源廣(guang)泛用(yong)于(yu)發電廠，工礦企業(ye)變配電所和各類(lei)機(ji)動(dong)車。由于(yu)在鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄電池的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)配過程(cheng)中涉及到(dao)鉛(qian)(qian)中毒、易(yi)燃、易(yi)爆等危險特性，因而確(que)保鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄電池的(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)產十分重(zhong)要。目前，鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄電池已被列入《危險化學品名錄》，我國也一直(zhi)重(zhong)視鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄電池的(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)產，加強了對(dui)蓄電池生(sheng)(sheng)產裝(zhuang)配的(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)防(fang)范措施(shi)，制定了《鉛(qian)(qian)作(zuo)業(ye)安(an)全(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)規程(cheng)》等規范標準。

廢(fei)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)污(wu)染(ran)及其處理已經成為目前社會(hui)最為關(guan)注的(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)保(bao)焦點之(zhi)一(yi)。國(guo)家環(huan)(huan)保(bao)總局(ju)科技(ji)標準司有(you)關(guan)人(ren)士認為，隨著我國(guo)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)種類(lei)、生(sheng)產量(liang)(liang)(liang)和(he)(he)使用(yong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)不(bu)斷(duan)擴(kuo)大(da)，廢(fei)舊(jiu)(jiu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)數量(liang)(liang)(liang)和(he)(he)種類(lei)也(ye)在(zai)不(bu)斷(duan)增加。廢(fei)舊(jiu)(jiu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)含(han)有(you)汞(gong)、鉛(qian)、鎘、鎳等重金屬及酸、堿等電(dian)解(jie)質溶液，對(dui)人(ren)體及生(sheng)態環(huan)(huan)境(jing)有(you)不(bu)同(tong)程度的(de)(de)危害。據了(le)解(jie)，其中(zhong)(zhong)對(dui)人(ren)體健(jian)康和(he)(he)生(sheng)態環(huan)(huan)境(jing)危害較大(da)、列入(ru)危險(xian)廢(fei)物控(kong)制(zhi)名錄(lu)的(de)(de)廢(fei)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)主要(yao)(yao)有(you)：含(han)汞(gong)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，主要(yao)(yao)是(shi)氧化汞(gong)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)；鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)；含(han)鎘電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，主要(yao)(yao)是(shi)鎳鎘電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。有(you)關(guan)資(zi)料顯示(shi)，一(yi)節一(yi)號電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)爛在(zai)地里，能使1平方米的(de)(de)土壤(rang)永久失去利用(yong)價(jia)值；一(yi)粒紐扣(kou)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)可使600噸(dun)水(shui)受(shou)到污(wu)染(ran)，相(xiang)當于一(yi)個人(ren)一(yi)生(sheng)的(de)(de)飲(yin)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。在(zai)對(dui)自然環(huan)(huan)境(jing)威脅最大(da)的(de)(de)幾種物質中(zhong)(zhong)，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)里就包含(han)了(le)汞(gong)、鉛(qian)、鎘等多種，若將廢(fei)舊(jiu)(jiu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)混(hun)入(ru)生(sheng)活(huo)垃(la)圾一(yi)起填埋，或者隨手丟棄，滲出的(de)(de)汞(gong)及重金屬物質就會(hui)滲透(tou)于土壤(rang)、污(wu)染(ran)地下水(shui)，進而進入(ru)魚類(lei)、農作物中(zhong)(zhong)，破壞(huai)人(ren)類(lei)的(de)(de)生(sheng)存環(huan)(huan)境(jing)，間接威脅到人(ren)類(lei)的(de)(de)健(jian)康。

人(ren)體(ti)一旦吸收這些(xie)重金屬以后(hou)，會出現哪些(xie)病癥呢？據(ju)有關專家介紹，汞是(shi)一種毒性(xing)(xing)很強的重金屬，對(dui)人(ren)體(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)樞神經的破壞力很大(da)。目前我國(guo)生產的含汞堿性(xing)(xing)干電(dian)池(chi)的汞含量達(da)1％－5％，中(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)(xing)干電(dian)池(chi)的汞含量為0．025％，我國(guo)電(dian)池(chi)生產消(xiao)耗的汞每年就達(da)幾十噸之多。鎘在人(ren)體(ti)內極易引起慢(man)性(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)毒，主(zhu)要病癥是(shi)肺氣腫(zhong)、骨質軟(ruan)化、貧血，很可能使人(ren)體(ti)癱瘓。而鉛進入人(ren)體(ti)后(hou)最難排泄，它干擾腎(shen)功能。

專家們認(ren)為，由于電池污染具有周期長、隱蔽性大等特點，其(qi)潛在(zai)(zai)(zai)危害相(xiang)當(dang)嚴重，處理(li)(li)不(bu)當(dang)還(huan)會造(zao)成(cheng)二次(ci)污染。據楊毅夫博士介紹，我國沿海某省的一些農民在(zai)(zai)(zai)回(hui)收鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄電池中的鉛(qian)(qian)時，因為回(hui)收處理(li)(li)不(bu)當(dang)，把含有鉛(qian)(qian)和硫酸的廢液(ye)倒掉，不(bu)僅造(zao)成(cheng)了(le)鉛(qian)(qian)中毒，而(er)且使當(dang)地(di)農作物無法生長。如何及時安全地(di)回(hui)收和處理(li)(li)廢電池，已日益(yi)突出地(di)擺在(zai)(zai)(zai)人們面(mian)前。

一、 鉛酸蓄電池裝配過程中的主要危害因素分析

鉛酸(suan)蓄電池裝配過程中可能(neng)產生的危險、危害主要是(shi)中毒、火(huo)災(zai)、爆炸(zha)，以及高溫(wen)灼燙、機械傷害、腐(fu)蝕傷害等。限于篇幅，僅(jin)對中毒、火(huo)災(zai)和爆炸(zha)3種因素(su)進行(xing)分析。

稱片(pian)、包片(pian)區，存(cun)在著大量的(de)鉛(qian)(qian)塵(chen)，屬(shu)于鉛(qian)(qian)的(de)重(zhong)污染區，易發生(sheng)慢(man)性(xing)(xing)鉛(qian)(qian)中(zhong)毒(du)。鉛(qian)(qian)中(zhong)毒(du)對人(ren)體的(de)危害主要(yao)集中(zhong)在消化(hua)系統和神(shen)經系統，在蓄(xu)電池廠工作的(de)操作工患職業性(xing)(xing)慢(man)性(xing)(xing)鉛(qian)(qian)中(zhong)毒(du)的(de)比例高達25%～30%。更為嚴重(zhong)的(de)是，鉛(qian)(qian)中(zhong)毒(du)不僅局(ju)限在蓄(xu)電池廠里的(de)成年(nian)(nian)操作工鉛(qian)(qian)中(zhong)毒(du)反(fan)應，甚至(zhi)周邊(bian)許多兒童也出現了鉛(qian)(qian)中(zhong)毒(du)的(de)反(fan)應。2004年(nian)(nian)6月，某縣曾經發生(sheng)數百名鉛(qian)(qian)中(zhong)毒(du)事件(jian)。

引起這些中毒(du)事故的(de)(de)原因(yin)主要(yao)有(you)廠區內缺(que)乏必(bi)(bi)要(yao)的(de)(de)排風環保(bao)設(she)備，有(you)的(de)(de)廠家(jia)雖然有(you)，但是(shi)工(gong)作期間不開(kai)啟(qi)，形同虛(xu)設(she)，工(gong)人缺(que)少必(bi)(bi)要(yao)的(de)(de)勞(lao)保(bao)用品(pin)以及(ji)工(gong)人的(de)(de)自我(wo)保(bao)護意識不強等。稱片、包片是(shi)引起鉛中毒(du)的(de)(de)重點部位，必(bi)(bi)須有(you)完善的(de)(de)防護措施和(he)排風系統(tong)。

根據工藝要求，焊接(jie)區使用(yong)的(de)乙炔(gui)、液(ye)化石(shi)油(you)氣(qi)火(huo)(huo)災(zai)危(wei)(wei)險(xian)為甲類，氧氣(qi)火(huo)(huo)災(zai)危(wei)(wei)險(xian)為乙類。乙炔(gui)在(zai)(zai)(zai)空(kong)氣(qi)中(zhong)的(de)爆(bao)炸(zha)極限為2.1%～80.0%(υ/υ)，引(yin)燃(ran)溫度(du)在(zai)(zai)(zai)305℃左(zuo)右；液(ye)化石(shi)油(you)在(zai)(zai)(zai)空(kong)氣(qi)中(zhong)的(de)爆(bao)炸(zha)極限為2.25%～9.65%(υ/υ)，引(yin)燃(ran)熳度(du)在(zai)(zai)(zai)426～537℃左(zuo)右。因(yin)此，生產(chan)過程中(zhong)最(zui)大危(wei)(wei)險(xian)因(yin)素(su)是火(huo)(huo)災(zai)和爆(bao)炸(zha)，如果在(zai)(zai)(zai)焊接(jie)極群(qun)和極柱過程中(zhong)操作(zuo)不當(dang)，劇(ju)烈(lie)碰撞或離明火(huo)(huo)過近，溫度(du)太高等都可能引(yin)起火(huo)(huo)災(zai)、爆(bao)炸(zha)。

根據鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)工(gong)作原(yuan)理，鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)正極活性物(wu)質是(shi)二氧(yang)化鉛(qian)，負(fu)極活性物(wu)質是(shi)海綿鉛(qian)，電(dian)解液(ye)是(shi)稀硫酸(suan)溶液(ye)，當充(chong)電(dian)到70%～80%電(dian)量時，正極開(kai)始(shi)產生(sheng)氧(yang)氣，當充(chong)電(dian)基本(ben)完(wan)成約90%時，負(fu)極開(kai)始(shi)產生(sheng)氫氣。氫氣是(shi)易燃(ran)(ran)易爆(bao)(bao)的甲類(lei)物(wu)質，在(zai)空氣中的爆(bao)(bao)炸(zha)極限(xian)為4.1%～74.1%，引(yin)燃(ran)(ran)溫度在(zai)450℃左右，因(yin)此充(chong)電(dian)室內氫氣濃度極易達到爆(bao)(bao)炸(zha)極限(xian)，一遇火源就(jiu)會生(sheng)產燃(ran)(ran)爆(bao)(bao)。例如，1991年7月3日，某電(dian)站(zhan)鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)室發生(sheng)燃(ran)(ran)爆(bao)(bao)事(shi)故，造成1名巡檢工(gong)死亡，充(chong)電(dian)設備和蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)嚴重損(sun)壞。事(shi)故主要原(yuan)因(yin)是(shi)該蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)通風設備失效，造成室內氫氣聚積，而巡檢工(gong)嚴重違章在(zai)巡檢時抽煙，明火引(yin)起燃(ran)(ran)爆(bao)(bao)。

二、安全預防措施與建議

通(tong)過上述分析可知(zhi)，蓄(xu)電(dian)池裝配過程中存在的主要危(wei)害因素(su)為(wei)中毒、火災、爆炸等(deng)。為(wei)確保(bao)安全生(sheng)產(chan)建(jian)議采取以(yi)下(xia)安全措施：

1．廠(chang)址(zhi)選擇與周(zhou)圍(wei)居民及公共設施保持(chi)必要(yao)的安全防護(hu)距離，同(tong)時必須滿(man)足《建(jian)筑(zhu)設計防火規范(fan)》，《鉛作業(ye)(ye)(ye)安全衛(wei)生(sheng)規程》，《工業(ye)(ye)(ye)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)設計衛(wei)生(sheng)標準》和《使用有毒物品作業(ye)(ye)(ye)場所勞(lao)動保護(hu)條例》的要(yao)求(qiu)。

2．在作(zuo)業前盡可能先將操作(zuo)環(huan)境濕潤，防止鉛塵(chen)飛揚；作(zuo)業時工(gong)人除穿戴相應(ying)的工(gong)作(zuo)服、防塵(chen)口罩(zhao)外(wai)，必(bi)須(xu)使用能保證新鮮空氣供給的通風設(she)施；操作(zuo)臺上清出的鉛粉塵(chen)，必(bi)須(xu)放(fang)置在專用容(rong)器(qi)內，不得與其他垃圾等(deng)堆(dui)放(fang)在一(yi)起；作(zuo)業后(hou)，工(gong)人必(bi)須(xu)洗澡，并將工(gong)作(zuo)服和防塵(chen)口罩(zhao)在廠內集中(zhong)洗滌；同時作(zuo)業場(chang)所所應(ying)禁(jin)止吸煙，飲食(shi)等(deng)；班(ban)中(zhong)喝水前必(bi)須(xu)洗手(shou)，洗臉及漱口，嚴禁(jin)穿工(gong)作(zuo)服進食(shi)堂，出廠。

此(ci)外，為防(fang)止雜質侵入和水分蒸發，采用了僅有極樁(zhuang)外露(lu)的(de)全封(feng)閉式(shi)外殼。

為防止蓄電(dian)池損壞和爆炸，在密(mi)封式殼體上(shang)設有排氣孔和安全閥。安全閥中(zhong)裝有催化劑，可使氫氣與(yu)氧氣合(he)成(cheng)為水(shui)蒸氣，冷(leng)卻后再返回(hui)電(dian)解液內(nei)。

為有效防止外來火花造(zao)成危害，在其內部還裝(zhuang)有火花捕(bu)捉器。

免(mian)維護蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的工作原(yuan)理與普(pu)通鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池相(xiang)同(tong)。放電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，正(zheng)極板上(shang)的二氧化鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)和負(fu)極板上(shang)的海綿狀鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液內(nei)的硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)反應生成(cheng)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)和水(shui)，硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)分(fen)別(bie)沉積在(zai)正(zheng)、負(fu)極板上(shang)，而水(shui)則留在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液內(nei)；充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，正(zheng)、負(fu)極板上(shang)的硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)又分(fen)別(bie)還(huan)原(yuan)成(cheng)二氫(qing)化鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)和海綿狀鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)。

普(pu)通鉛(qian)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接(jie)近(jin)終了(le)時(shi)，其(qi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流除了(le)用來使正、負極板的(de)硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)還原成二氧化鉛(qian)和海綿狀鉛(qian)外，還有一(yi)部分電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流被用在(zai)水的(de)分解上，致使蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池內(nei)產生(sheng)根多氣(qi)(qi)泡。特別是充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終了(le)時(shi)產生(sheng)和外逸(yi)的(de)氣(qi)(qi)泡就(jiu)更多，從而造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液內(nei)水分大量散失。

免維(wei)護蓄電(dian)(dian)池，由于(yu)其負極板(ban)上(shang)(shang)的硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)含(han)量比(bi)正(zheng)(zheng)極板(ban)上(shang)(shang)多，因此，充(chong)足電(dian)(dian)時正(zheng)(zheng)極板(ban)的硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)全部轉(zhuan)變成(cheng)了(le)二(er)氧化(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)，而(er)負極板(ban)上(shang)(shang)仍有一部分硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)殘留。這(zhe)樣，過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流只(zhi)在(zai)正(zheng)(zheng)極板(ban)上(shang)(shang)用來產生氧氣，而(er)在(zai)負極板(ban)上(shang)(shang)則被用于(yu)使多余(yu)的硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)轉(zhuan)變成(cheng)海綿狀鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)。同(tong)時，在(zai)正(zheng)(zheng)極板(ban)上(shang)(shang)所產生的氧氣也不會外逸(yi)，而(er)是迅速與負極板(ban)上(shang)(shang)的活性物質(海綿狀鉛(qian)(qian)(qian))發(fa)生反(fan)應生成(cheng)二(er)氧化(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)，再與電(dian)(dian)解液中的硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)反(fan)應變成(cheng)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)和(he)水。

由此可見，免維(wei)護(hu)蓄電池在過充(chong)電時，其(qi)負(fu)(fu)極板上(shang)的硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛永遠不(bu)會消(xiao)失(shi)，即(ji)(ji)負(fu)(fu)極板上(shang)不(bu)會產生(sheng)氫氣(qi)。即(ji)(ji)從(cong)理論上(shang)講，免維(wei)護(hu)蓄電池即(ji)(ji)使在過充(chong)電時，其(qi)電解液中的水也不(bu)會散(san)失(shi)。

3．車間(jian)內的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)鋼(gang)(gang)瓶(ping)(ping)不(bu)得(de)隨意(yi)堆放(fang)(fang)或不(bu)同氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)鋼(gang)(gang)瓶(ping)(ping)混放(fang)(fang)。雖然乙炔、液化石油(you)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)及氧(yang)(yang)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)用(yong)最較(jiao)少，但氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)鋼(gang)(gang)瓶(ping)(ping)仍(reng)需單獨存放(fang)(fang)。存放(fang)(fang)處應(ying)在生產車間(jian)外墻(qiang)處用(yong)磚墻(qiang)和(he)預制板砌兩(liang)間(jian)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)石油(you)液化氣(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)氧(yang)(yang)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)中(zhong)間(jian)倉庫，選用(yong)下端(duan)帶百頁窗的(de)(de)門(men)(men)，兩(liang)側墻(qiang)留(liu)通風(feng)口(kou)，并安(an)裝鋼(gang)(gang)絲(si)網，保(bao)持良好(hao)的(de)(de)通風(feng)。門(men)(men)開在車間(jian)外面，并在醒目位(wei)置貼上(shang)禁(jin)止明(ming)火和(he)吸煙的(de)(de)標志。根據《建筑(zhu)設計防火規范》的(de)(de)規定，該存放(fang)(fang)處只能作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)車間(jian)中(zhong)間(jian)庫房，且乙炔的(de)(de)存放(fang)(fang)數量不(bu)應(ying)超(chao)過25m3(標準狀態下)，。液化石油(you)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)存放(fang)(fang)數量不(bu)應(ying)超(chao)過50m3(標準狀態下)。氧(yang)(yang)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)乙炔的(de)(de)保(bao)管和(he)使用(yong)要設專人負責，嚴禁(jin)超(chao)壓(ya)使用(yong)和(he)人為(wei)加熱氣(qi)(qi)(qi)瓶(ping)(ping)，嚴禁(jin)用(yong)帶油(you)污的(de)(de)手套開啟氧(yang)(yang)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)瓶(ping)(ping)閥門(men)(men)；操作(zuo)(zuo)人員作(zuo)(zuo)業前必須先檢(jian)查軟管與焊接的(de)(de)連接處是否牢固，軟管是否有(you)打結(jie)處。

4．充電(dian)(dian)(dian)區應保持良好(hao)的通(tong)風(feng)(feng)，必要時應增(zeng)加防(fang)爆型通(tong)風(feng)(feng)設(she)備，同時設(she)置可燃氣體濃(nong)度檢(jian)漏報(bao)警(jing)裝置，并(bing)達(da)到《火(huo)災自動(dong)(dong)報(bao)警(jing)系統設(she)計(ji)規(gui)范》的相關要求。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)區不(bu)準使用不(bu)防(fang)爆的電(dian)(dian)(dian)器設(she)備(如(ru)開關、插座、熔斷及燈(deng)具等)，嚴禁在(zai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)區吸煙(yan)，用明(ming)火(huo)照(zhao)明(ming)或(huo)取暖；不(bu)準在(zai)室內動(dong)(dong)火(huo)作業(ye)。室內各(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣線路應穿(chuan)管(guan)敷設(she)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣連接處應接觸良好(hao)、牢靠，不(bu)得松動(dong)(dong)，避免(mian)產生火(huo)花放電(dian)(dian)(dian)。不(bu)冷(leng)穿(chuan)化纖服裝進(jin)入充電(dian)(dian)(dian)區，以免(mian)摩(mo)擦產生放電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

三、影響UPS電池壽命及容量的幾個因素

正常情況下的電(dian)(dian)池壽命是以(yi)電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)次數量來(lai)(lai)決定。并不以(yi)使用時間(jian)來(lai)(lai)計量。過(guo)充(chong)(chong)、小電(dian)(dian)流長時間(jian)放電(dian)(dian)、電(dian)(dian)池長時間(jian)處于充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)不足(zu)狀(zhuang)態均可訊速導(dao)致電(dian)(dian)池失(shi)效。隨(sui)著電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)放次數量的增加電(dian)(dian)池逐(zhu)漸老(lao)化(hua)，低于標(biao)稱容(rong)量的80%時即認為電(dian)(dian)池壽命終止。目前金(jin)麗溫高速公路電(dian)(dian)池的主要失(shi)效原因有(you)以(yi)下幾個方(fang)面：

1、溫度對閥控鉛酸蓄電池壽命的影響

閥控電池(chi)對(dui)溫(wen)度頗為敏感，環(huan)(huan)境溫(wen)度的變化對(dui)電池(chi)的運(yun)行(xing)壽命、放電容(rong)量、浮(fu)充電壓都有影響。持續過(guo)高(gao)的環(huan)(huan)境溫(wen)度，會造成(cheng)浮(fu)充電流加大，內部(bu)熱量增加，失(shi)水過(guo)快，最終導(dao)致熱失(shi)控，電池(chi)損壞(huai)；過(guo)低的溫(wen)度則會降低電池(chi)容(rong)量。

溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)與電池壽命的影響，由于閥控蓄電池本身散熱條件比較差，熱量積累(lei)的增(zeng)加引起惡性(xing)循環易造(zao)成熱失控。當環境溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)超(chao)過25度(du)時，溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)每(mei)升高10度(du)，使(shi)用(yong)壽命減少(shao)一半，所以(yi)當環境溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)在非25度(du)時，溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)升高一度(du)，浮(fu)充電壓應(ying)降3MV/每(mei)只，防止過充。反(fan)之溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)降低(di)時低(di)于25度(du)時，每(mei)低(di)一度(du)浮(fu)充電壓應(ying)增(zeng)3MV/每(mei)只，防止出(chu)現虧(kui)電現象。

譬如，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)在35度(du)下(xia)長期運(yun)(yun)行，如在25度(du)下(xia)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)設計壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)為8年(電(dian)池(chi)(chi)普遍設計)，實際壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)則只有5年，若長期在15度(du)下(xia)運(yun)(yun)行，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)則有20年。不難看出(chu)，金麗(li)溫高(gao)速高(gao)路(lu)麗(li)青段電(dian)池(chi)(chi)過(guo)早失(shi)效不得不說溫度(du)才是電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)第一殺手。因為以麗(li)青段而言(yan)，配(pei)電(dian)房基本無空調配(pei)置。夏天溫度(du)均在40度(du)以上。

2、大電池和小電流放電對電池的影響

相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度(du)(du)下(xia)(xia)，小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)損害(hai)大的(de)(de)原因(yin)。相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度(du)(du)下(xia)(xia)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)越小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)，過(guo)(guo)飽(bao)和(he)(he)度(du)(du)降(jiang)低(di)，生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)晶核(he)越少。同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)的(de)(de)結(jie)晶沉(chen)淀速(su)度(du)(du)就越慢。生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)晶核(he)少，放(fang)出(chu)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)容量(liang)，生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)量(liang)是相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)。則生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)晶體的(de)(de)顆(ke)粒就大一(yi)些(xie)，同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，結(jie)晶沉(chen)淀速(su)度(du)(du)越慢，生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)晶體就越完善，從(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)(er)更(geng)難以充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，這些(xie)顆(ke)粒同(tong)(tong)(tong)樣(yang)會造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)極(ji)板的(de)(de)微(wei)孔(kong)的(de)(de)堵塞(sai)。這樣(yang)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后很難還(huan)原成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)海綿狀(zhuang)純鉛(qian)，從(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)(er)影響到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)容量(liang)。而(er)(er)(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)比小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)損害(hai)大的(de)(de)原因(yin)。因(yin)為(wei)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，在固液(ye)交界處形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)飽(bao)和(he)(he)度(du)(du)大，從(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)(er)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)較多的(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)晶體沉(chen)淀，一(yi)方(fang)面，堵塞(sai)極(ji)板微(wei)孔(kong)，一(yi)方(fang)面也堵塞(sai)隔板微(wei)孔(kong)。更(geng)容易生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)枝(zhi)晶。還(huan)使許多微(wei)晶在當時(shi)(shi)(shi)或充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)脫落。從(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)(er)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)傷害(hai)。還(huan)有，同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)也由于硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)的(de)(de)擴散速(su)度(du)(du)慢，只(zhi)能到達淺層而(er)(er)(er)使更(geng)多的(de)(de)阿爾(er)法二氧(yang)化(hua)鉛(qian)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉化(hua)。從(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)(er)使極(ji)板易與(yu)軟化(hua)。大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)不(bu)能全部(bu)放(fang)出(chu)，如(ru)獲使用(yong)1小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率放(fang)出(chu)的(de)(de)容量(liang)僅為(wei)額(e)(e)定(ding)容量(liang)的(de)(de)55%，而(er)(er)(er)半小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率則為(wei)35%。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)則可(ke)以放(fang)出(chu)更(geng)多的(de)(de)容量(liang)，使用(yong)價(jia)20小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率則可(ke)以放(fang)出(chu)額(e)(e)定(ding)容量(liang)的(de)(de)110%。

3、落后電池對容量的影響

計算蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量(liang)是以某只電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)最先達到終(zhong)(zhong)止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)止(zhi)的(de)(de)容量(liang)，若(ruo)是UPS蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)中(zhong)出現落后(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)則(ze)會影響(xiang)整(zheng)組(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)容量(liang)。以-48V系統(tong)(tong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)例，系統(tong)(tong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)(zhong)止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)1.8V/只，(即43.2V)以10小時(shi)(shi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)話從48至43.2用時(shi)(shi)10小時(shi)(shi)，一旦(dan)出現落后(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)則(ze)系統(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)48-2V=46V系統(tong)(tong)46V到43.2V放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間將大(da)大(da)下降。因(yin)些這些落后(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)就應該(gai)及時(shi)(shi)剔除(chu)，根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信部門(men)經驗規(gui)定(ding)，當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)個(ge)數(shu)少于3只時(shi)(shi)單(dan)個(ge)更換(huan)，落后(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)大(da)于3時(shi)(shi)則(ze)整(zheng)體更換(huan)。落后(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)發現就須我們在日常維(wei)護中(zhong)通過(guo)容量(liang)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)或日常維(wei)護中(zhong)的(de)(de)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)中(zhong)發現。但目前(qian)金(jin)麗(li)溫高速此項工作基本為(wei)(wei)(wei)空白。

額定(ding)(ding)(ding)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)：在規定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)工作條件(jian)下(xia)，蓄電(dian)(dian)池能放(fang)出(chu)(chu)的(de)最低電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)稱為額定(ding)(ding)(ding)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。VRLA蓄電(dian)(dian)池的(de)額定(ding)(ding)(ding)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)工作條件(jian)為：在10小時(shi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)率電(dian)(dian)流放(fang)電(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)池溫度為25度，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)終了電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為1.80V(12V電(dian)(dian)池為6×1.80=10.8V)。實際(ji)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)：在特點的(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流，電(dian)(dian)解液溫度和放(fang)電(dian)(dian)終了電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)條件(jian)下(xia)，蓄電(dian)(dian)池實際(ji)放(fang)出(chu)(chu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)稱為實際(ji)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。影響實際(ji)放(fang)出(chu)(chu)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)主要(yao)因素有：放(fang)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流、放(fang)電(dian)(dian)溫度和電(dian)(dian)解液溫度。

四、關注免維護蓄電池

所(suo)謂免維護蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，是指(zhi)在規定的使用條件下(xia)，使用期間不需要進(jin)行維護的蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。對(dui)于(yu)車(che)用鉛蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)來講，也(ye)就(jiu)是使用期間不需經常添(tian)加蒸餾水(shui)的蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。

1.免維護蓄電池的結構特點

為了(le)提高(gao)(gao)鉛(qian)蓄電(dian)池的使用壽命，隨著其(qi)(qi)使性(xing)能，免維護(hu)蓄電(dian)池的正極(ji)(ji)板(ban)柵架(jia)一般采用鉛(qian)鈣合金(jin)或(huo)低(di)(di)銻合金(jin)制作(zuo)(zuo)，而負極(ji)(ji)柵架(jia)均(jun)用鉛(qian)鈣合金(jin)制作(zuo)(zuo)。為了(le)減(jian)小極(ji)(ji)板(ban)短路(lu)和活(huo)性(xing)物質(zhi)脫落，其(qi)(qi)隔(ge)板(ban)大(da)多(duo)采用超細玻(bo)璃纖(xian)維棉制作(zuo)(zuo)，或(huo)將其(qi)(qi)正極(ji)(ji)板(ban)裝在(zai)袋式(shi)(shi)隔(ge)板(ban)內(nei)。為了(le)防止(zhi)氧(yang)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)、氫氣(qi)(qi)(qi)垂(chui)直上溢，減(jian)小水(shui)(shui)(shui)分損失和活(huo)性(xing)物質(zhi)脫落，極(ji)(ji)板(ban)組多(duo)采用緊湊結構(gou)。為了(le)縮(suo)短聯接條的長度(du)(du)，減(jian)小內(nei)阻，提高(gao)(gao)蓄電(dian)池的起動(dong)性(xing)能，各(ge)單格極(ji)(ji)板(ban)組之間(jian)采用內(nei)連式(shi)(shi)接法，露在(zai)密封式(shi)(shi)殼體外面(mian)的只有(you)正、負極(ji)(ji)樁。為了(le)更有(you)效(xiao)地避免水(shui)(shui)(shui)分損失，在(zai)殼體上部(bu)(bu)設有(you)收集水(shui)(shui)(shui)蒸(zheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)和硫酸蒸(zheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)的集氣(qi)(qi)(qi)室(shi)，待其(qi)(qi)冷卻后變成液體重新流(liu)回電(dian)解液內(nei)。為了(le)便于檢查電(dian)解液密度(du)(du)，了(le)解存電(dian)情(qing)況，在(zai)其(qi)(qi)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)設有(you)的溫度(du)(du)補償式(shi)(shi)密度(du)(du)計。密度(du)(du)計的指(zhi)(zhi)示(shi)(shi)器(qi)用不同的顏色指(zhi)(zhi)示(shi)(shi)蓄電(dian)池的存電(dian)情(qing)況和電(dian)解液液面(mian)高(gao)(gao)低(di)(di)。電(dian)解液密度(du)(du)正常時，指(zhi)(zhi)示(shi)(shi)器(qi)顯(xian)示(shi)(shi)綠(lv)色，表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)蓄電(dian)池存電(dian)充(chong)(chong)足(zu)；指(zhi)(zhi)示(shi)(shi)器(qi)顯(xian)示(shi)(shi)黑色，表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)電(dian)解液密度(du)(du)低(di)(di)于標準(zhun)值，應進行補充(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)；指(zhi)(zhi)示(shi)(shi)器(qi)顯(xian)示(shi)(shi)黃色，表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)電(dian)解液液面(mian)過低(di)(di)，需添加蒸(zheng)餾水(shui)(shui)(shui)。

2.免維護蓄電池的性能特點

如上所(suo)述，免維護蓄電(dian)(dian)池與普通鉛(qian)蓄電(dian)(dian)池的(de)最大區別是極板材料不同(tong)。由于采(cai)用(yong)鉛(qian)鈣合(he)(he)金制作(zuo)柵架，消除了(le)鉛(qian)銻合(he)(he)金柵架的(de)一些弱點(如水分蒸發、過量充電(dian)(dian)、熱破壞和自行放電(dian)(dian))，因此(ci)，不僅使其使用(yong)性能得到改善，而且還延(yan)長(chang)了(le)其使用(yong)壽命(ming)和儲存壽命(ming)。

免(mian)維護蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池失水(shui)(shui)量少(shao)，一(yi)(yi)般僅為普通鉛蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的1／10左右，使用中一(yi)(yi)般不(bu)需添加蒸(zheng)餾(liu)水(shui)(shui)。這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)方面是(shi)由于鉛鈣合金的析氫過電(dian)(dian)(dian)位比鉛銻合金高，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時析氫量少(shao)，從而水(shui)(shui)分逸出量大(da)大(da)降低；另一(yi)(yi)方面是(shi)由于免(mian)維護蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池設有集(ji)氣室，可使收集(ji)到的水(shui)(shui)蒸(zheng)氣冷卻后重(zhong)新返回(hui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)內，避免(mian)了水(shui)(shui)分散失。因此(ci)，使用中免(mian)維護蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池不(bu)需要(yao)添加蒸(zheng)餾(liu)水(shui)(shui)。

普(pu)通鉛蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)柵架，一般用鉛銻(ti)合金制作，且含銻(ti)量(liang)(liang)較高。充電(dian)(dian)時，正極柵架上的(de)銻(ti)被逐漸(jian)溶解到電(dian)(dian)解液中，并(bing)不(bu)斷地在負(fu)極板(ban)表面上沉積，與負(fu)極板(ban)上的(de)活性物質形成(cheng)微(wei)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，使(shi)其自行放電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)增大。免(mian)維護蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)柵架采用的(de)是(shi)鉛鈣合金，其特點是(shi)晶粒較細，耐(nai)腐蝕，不(bu)易形成(cheng)微(wei)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，自行放電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)小。

普通(tong)鉛蓄電(dian)池(chi)，其內部(bu)經常有硫(liu)酸氣(qi)(qi)體逸出，并(bing)聚(ju)集(ji)在(zai)蓄電(dian)池(chi)的頂蓋部(bu)位。這些硫(liu)酸氣(qi)(qi)體在(zai)金(jin)屬接頭(tou)處凝結，形成短路(lu)通(tong)道(dao)，產生短路(lu)電(dian)流，并(bing)對極樁和連(lian)接件(jian)造成腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)。嚴重時，甚至影(ying)響到蓄電(dian)池(chi)功率輸出。由于維護蓄電(dian)池(chi)設有集(ji)氣(qi)(qi)室和新(xin)型的通(tong)氣(qi)(qi)裝置，不僅可避免水(shui)分散失，而且(qie)可有效地防止酸氣(qi)(qi)外逸，從而大(da)(da)大(da)(da)降臨(lin)了酸氣(qi)(qi)對極樁連(lian)接件(jian)的腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)。

免維(wei)護(hu)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的起動電(dian)(dian)(dian)流比(bi)普通鉛(qian)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)大(da)，起動性能(neng)好。這一(yi)方面是由于鉛(qian)鈣(gai)合(he)金的導電(dian)(dian)(dian)性能(neng)比(bi)鉛(qian)銻合(he)金好，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內阻小，輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)流大(da)；另一(yi)方面是由于免維(wei)護(hu)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)采用內連式連接(jie)，縮短了連線長度，功率(lv)損失小，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓高。

由于免維護蓄電池采用鉛鈣合金制作柵架，既增加了機械強度又提高了耐充性，再加上采用袋裝式隔板結構，可有效防止活性物質脫落，因此，其使用壽命顯著提高。同時，由于自行放電量小，其儲存壽命也大大增長，一般為普通鉛蓄電池的2～3倍。