總統是(shi)共和制國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)最高行(xing)政(zheng)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)元首的名稱,一般由直(zhi)接選舉或間(jian)接選舉產生(sheng)。在(zai)(zai)美國(guo)(guo)、印度尼西(xi)亞和菲律賓等實行(xing)總統制的國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia),總統既是(shi)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)元首,又是(shi)政(zheng)府(fu)首腦,在(zai)(zai)德國(guo)(guo)、意大利等議(yi)會(hui)制國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia),作為國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)元首的總統只(zhi)是(shi)象(xiang)征性(xing)職(zhi)位,真正行(xing)使行(xing)政(zheng)職(zhi)權(quan)的是(shi)總理或首相,除此之外還有半總統制、委員制等不同(tong)的國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)體制。
值得關注的是,世界各(ge)國總統(tong)的任(ren)(ren)期(qi)(qi)不(bu)一,例(li)如美國總統(tong)經選(xuan)舉產(chan)生后,任(ren)(ren)期(qi)(qi)4年(nian),可連(lian)選(xuan)連(lian)任(ren)(ren),但連(lian)選(xuan)連(lian)任(ren)(ren)原則上不(bu)得超過2屆,韓國總統(tong)任(ren)(ren)期(qi)(qi)為5年(nian),不(bu)得連(lian)任(ren)(ren),意大利總統(tong)的任(ren)(ren)期(qi)(qi)則長(chang)達7年(nian),以防(fang)止任(ren)(ren)何總統(tong)由(you)同(tong)一屆議會兩次選(xuan)出,同(tong)時(shi)也(ye)減少了總統(tong)對(dui)官(guan)僚機構的依(yi)賴。
首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)相(xiang)(xiang)為“首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)席宰(zai)相(xiang)(xiang)”的縮寫,是(shi)君(jun)主(zhu)立憲(xian)制國(guo)(guo)(guo)家內閣(ge)首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)腦(nao)的中文通稱。在君(jun)主(zhu)立憲(xian)制下,首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)相(xiang)(xiang)多為國(guo)(guo)(guo)會多數黨(dang)的黨(dang)魁或多數派的首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)領,享有非(fei)常廣(guang)泛(fan)的權力。資料顯示,首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)相(xiang)(xiang)的產(chan)生(sheng)各(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)規(gui)定不一,例(li)如英(ying)(ying)國(guo)(guo)(guo)首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)相(xiang)(xiang)只能(neng)由下院多數黨(dang)領袖(xiu)擔任(ren)并由英(ying)(ying)王(wang)任(ren)命,日(ri)本(ben)首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)相(xiang)(xiang)則是(shi)由國(guo)(guo)(guo)會提名經議員選舉產(chan)生(sheng),并經天皇任(ren)命。除(chu)此之外,首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)相(xiang)(xiang)除(chu)了是(shi)政府(fu)首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)腦(nao),也可以有其他職能(neng),例(li)如在二戰時期,英(ying)(ying)國(guo)(guo)(guo)首(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)相(xiang)(xiang)丘吉(ji)爾便兼任(ren)國(guo)(guo)(guo)防大臣。
總(zong)(zong)理,也稱為閣揆,主要(yao)是指一個國家的政府首腦,負責統(tong)領中央政府的行政工(gong)作,可通用于君主制或共和制國體。總(zong)(zong)理的產生各國規定不一,例如德(de)國總(zong)(zong)理由總(zong)(zong)統(tong)提(ti)名并(bing)經聯邦(bang)議院(yuan)全體大會選(xuan)舉產生,法國總(zong)(zong)理由議會多數(shu)派提(ti)名并(bing)由總(zong)(zong)統(tong)任命(ming)等。
除此之(zhi)外,各國總(zong)(zong)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)權(quan)力(li)也不同,在實行(xing)議會內閣制的(de)(de)(de)德國,聯邦(bang)總(zong)(zong)理(li)處(chu)于國家政治(zhi)生(sheng)活的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)心地位,權(quan)力(li)十分(fen)廣泛,其中(zhong)(zhong)包括(kuo)制定總(zong)(zong)的(de)(de)(de)政策指(zhi)導方針等。而總(zong)(zong)統(tong)地位與之(zhi)截然不同的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)俄羅斯(si)總(zong)(zong)理(li),因為俄羅斯(si)實行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)半總(zong)(zong)統(tong)制,總(zong)(zong)統(tong)擁有的(de)(de)(de)權(quan)力(li)非(fei)常(chang)大,而總(zong)(zong)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)職(zhi)位只是(shi)權(quan)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)執(zhi)行(xing)者,總(zong)(zong)統(tong)有權(quan)取消總(zong)(zong)理(li)一職(zhi)。