純銅

純銅：中國俗稱‘紫銅’，日本(ben)與(yu)臺灣俗稱‘紅銅’。

紅銅(tong)(tong)即純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)，又名紫銅(tong)(tong)，純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)密度為8.96，熔點(dian)為1083℃。具有很(hen)好的導電(dian)(dian)性和導熱性，塑性極好，易(yi)于(yu)熱壓(ya)和冷(leng)壓(ya)力加工(gong)，大量用于(yu)制造電(dian)(dian)線、電(dian)(dian)纜、電(dian)(dian)刷、電(dian)(dian)火花專用電(dian)(dian)蝕銅(tong)(tong)等要(yao)求(qiu)導電(dian)(dian)性良(liang)好的產品。

因(yin)呈紫紅(hong)色而得名(ming)。它(ta)不一(yi)定(ding)是純(chun)銅(tong)，有時還(huan)加(jia)入少量(liang)(liang)脫氧(yang)元素或其他(ta)元素，以改善材質和性能，因(yin)此(ci)也(ye)歸入銅(tong)合金。中國紫銅(tong)加(jia)工材按成分(fen)可(ke)分(fen)為：普通紫銅(tong)(T1、T2、T3、T4)、無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)（TU1、TU2和高純(chun)、真空無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)）、脫氧(yang)銅(tong)（TUP、TUMn）、添加(jia)少量(liang)(liang)合金元素的(de)特種(zhong)銅(tong)（砷銅(tong)、碲銅(tong)、銀(yin)銅(tong)）四(si)類。

黃銅

黃銅：銅鋅合金。

以鋅(xin)(xin)作(zuo)主要添加元(yuan)素的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)金，具(ju)有美觀的黃(huang)色，統稱(cheng)黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋅(xin)(xin)二元(yuan)合(he)金稱(cheng)普通黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)或(huo)稱(cheng)簡單黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)。三元(yuan)以上的黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)稱(cheng)特殊黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)或(huo)稱(cheng)復雜黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)。含鋅(xin)(xin)低於36％的黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)金由固溶(rong)體(ti)組(zu)成，具(ju)有良好的冷加工性能，如含鋅(xin)(xin)30％的黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)常用來制作(zuo)彈殼(ke)(ke)，俗(su)稱(cheng)彈殼(ke)(ke)黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)或(huo)七(qi)三黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)。含鋅(xin)(xin)在(zai)36～42％之(zhi)間(jian)的黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)金由和固溶(rong)體(ti)組(zu)成，其中最常用的是含鋅(xin)(xin)40％的六四黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)。

白銅

白銅：銅、鈷(gu)、鎳合金(jin)。

以鎳(nie)為主要添加(jia)(jia)元素(su)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合金。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鎳(nie)二元合金稱普通白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)；加(jia)(jia)有(you)錳(meng)、鐵(tie)、鋅、鋁(lv)等(deng)元素(su)的(de)白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合金稱復雜(za)白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。工(gong)業用(yong)(yong)白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)分為結構(gou)(gou)(gou)白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和電工(gong)白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)兩大(da)類。結構(gou)(gou)(gou)白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)特點是機(ji)械性能和耐蝕性好，色澤(ze)美觀。這種(zhong)白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)廣泛用(yong)(yong)於制造精(jing)密機(ji)械、化工(gong)機(ji)械和船舶(bo)構(gou)(gou)(gou)件。電工(gong)白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)般(ban)有(you)良好的(de)熱(re)電性能。錳(meng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、康銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、考銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是含錳(meng)量不(bu)同(tong)的(de)錳(meng)白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，是制造精(jing)密電工(gong)儀器(qi)、變(bian)阻(zu)器(qi)、精(jing)密電阻(zu)、應變(bian)片、熱(re)電偶等(deng)用(yong)(yong)的(de)材料。

青銅

青銅：銅錫合金

原指銅(tong)錫合(he)(he)金，后(hou)除黃銅(tong)、白銅(tong)以外的銅(tong)合(he)(he)金均稱青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)，并(bing)常在青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)名(ming)字前冠以第一主要添加元(yuan)素的名(ming)。錫青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)的鑄(zhu)造(zao)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)、減摩性(xing)(xing)能(neng)好和機(ji)械性(xing)(xing)能(neng)好，適合(he)(he)於制造(zao)軸(zhou)承、蝸輪(lun)(lun)、齒(chi)輪(lun)(lun)等(deng)(deng)。鉛(qian)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)是現代發動(dong)機(ji)和磨(mo)床廣泛(fan)使用的軸(zhou)承材(cai)料。鋁青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)強度高，耐磨(mo)性(xing)(xing)和耐蝕(shi)性(xing)(xing)好，用於鑄(zhu)造(zao)高載荷的齒(chi)輪(lun)(lun)、軸(zhou)套、船(chuan)用螺旋槳等(deng)(deng)。鈹青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)和磷青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)的彈(dan)性(xing)(xing)極(ji)限高，導電(dian)性(xing)(xing)好，適於制造(zao)精密彈(dan)簧(huang)和電(dian)接觸元(yuan)件，鈹青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)還用來(lai)制造(zao)煤(mei)礦(kuang)、油庫等(deng)(deng)使用的無火花工(gong)具(ju)。