純銅

純(chun)銅：中國俗(su)稱‘紫銅’，日本與臺灣俗(su)稱‘紅銅’。

紅銅即純銅，又名紫(zi)銅，純銅密度為(wei)8.96，熔點為(wei)1083℃。具(ju)有很好(hao)的導(dao)電性和(he)導(dao)熱(re)(re)性，塑性極好(hao)，易于(yu)熱(re)(re)壓(ya)和(he)冷壓(ya)力加工，大量用(yong)于(yu)制造(zao)電線、電纜、電刷、電火(huo)花專用(yong)電蝕銅等(deng)要(yao)求導(dao)電性良好(hao)的產品。

因(yin)呈紫紅色(se)而得名。它不一(yi)定是純(chun)銅(tong)，有時還加(jia)入少量脫氧元(yuan)(yuan)素(su)或其他元(yuan)(yuan)素(su)，以改善材質和(he)性能，因(yin)此也歸入銅(tong)合金(jin)。中國紫銅(tong)加(jia)工材按成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)可分(fen)(fen)為：普通紫銅(tong)(T1、T2、T3、T4)、無(wu)氧銅(tong)（TU1、TU2和(he)高純(chun)、真空(kong)無(wu)氧銅(tong)）、脫氧銅(tong)（TUP、TUMn）、添加(jia)少量合金(jin)元(yuan)(yuan)素(su)的特種(zhong)銅(tong)（砷銅(tong)、碲銅(tong)、銀銅(tong)）四類(lei)。

黃銅

黃銅：銅鋅合金。

以鋅(xin)作主要添加元(yuan)素的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)合金(jin)(jin)，具(ju)有(you)美觀(guan)的(de)黃(huang)(huang)色，統稱(cheng)(cheng)黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋅(xin)二(er)元(yuan)合金(jin)(jin)稱(cheng)(cheng)普通(tong)黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)或稱(cheng)(cheng)簡單黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)。三(san)元(yuan)以上的(de)黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)稱(cheng)(cheng)特殊黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)或稱(cheng)(cheng)復雜黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)。含(han)鋅(xin)低於(wu)36％的(de)黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)合金(jin)(jin)由(you)固溶(rong)體組成，具(ju)有(you)良好的(de)冷(leng)加工性(xing)能(neng)，如含(han)鋅(xin)30％的(de)黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)常用來制作彈殼，俗稱(cheng)(cheng)彈殼黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)或七(qi)三(san)黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)。含(han)鋅(xin)在36～42％之(zhi)間的(de)黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)合金(jin)(jin)由(you)和固溶(rong)體組成，其中最常用的(de)是含(han)鋅(xin)40％的(de)六(liu)四黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)。

白銅

白銅：銅、鈷、鎳合金。

以鎳為主要(yao)添加(jia)元(yuan)素的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)金。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鎳二元(yuan)合(he)金稱普通白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)；加(jia)有錳(meng)、鐵(tie)、鋅(xin)、鋁等元(yuan)素的(de)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)金稱復(fu)雜白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)。工(gong)業用(yong)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)分為結構白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)和電(dian)工(gong)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)兩大類。結構白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)特點是(shi)機(ji)械(xie)(xie)性能和耐蝕性好，色(se)澤美(mei)觀。這種白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)廣泛用(yong)於制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)精密(mi)機(ji)械(xie)(xie)、化工(gong)機(ji)械(xie)(xie)和船舶構件。電(dian)工(gong)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)一般有良好的(de)熱電(dian)性能。錳(meng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)、康銅(tong)(tong)(tong)、考銅(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)含錳(meng)量不同的(de)錳(meng)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)，是(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)精密(mi)電(dian)工(gong)儀(yi)器、變(bian)阻器、精密(mi)電(dian)阻、應變(bian)片(pian)、熱電(dian)偶(ou)等用(yong)的(de)材料。

青銅

青銅：銅錫合金

原(yuan)指銅(tong)(tong)錫合金(jin)，后除(chu)黃銅(tong)(tong)、白銅(tong)(tong)以(yi)外的銅(tong)(tong)合金(jin)均(jun)稱青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)，并常在青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)名字前冠以(yi)第一(yi)主要添加元素的名。錫青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)的鑄(zhu)造性能、減摩性能好和(he)機械性能好，適(shi)合於(wu)制造軸(zhou)(zhou)承、蝸輪、齒(chi)輪等。鉛青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)是現代(dai)發動機和(he)磨(mo)(mo)床廣泛使用(yong)的軸(zhou)(zhou)承材料。鋁(lv)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)強度高，耐磨(mo)(mo)性和(he)耐蝕性好，用(yong)於(wu)鑄(zhu)造高載荷的齒(chi)輪、軸(zhou)(zhou)套、船用(yong)螺(luo)旋(xuan)槳等。鈹青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)和(he)磷青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)的彈性極限高，導電性好，適(shi)於(wu)制造精密彈簧(huang)和(he)電接觸元件，鈹青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)還用(yong)來(lai)制造煤(mei)礦、油庫等使用(yong)的無火花工具(ju)。