純銅

純銅(tong)：中國(guo)俗稱‘紫銅(tong)’，日本與臺灣俗稱‘紅銅(tong)’。

紅銅(tong)(tong)即純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)，又名紫銅(tong)(tong)，純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)密度為8.96，熔點為1083℃。具(ju)有很好(hao)的(de)導電性(xing)和導熱(re)性(xing)，塑(su)性(xing)極好(hao)，易(yi)于熱(re)壓(ya)和冷壓(ya)力加工，大量用于制造電線(xian)、電纜、電刷(shua)、電火花專用電蝕(shi)銅(tong)(tong)等要求導電性(xing)良好(hao)的(de)產(chan)品。

因(yin)呈紫(zi)紅(hong)色而得名。它(ta)不(bu)一定是純銅，有時還(huan)加入少(shao)量脫氧元(yuan)素或其他元(yuan)素，以(yi)改善材質和(he)性能，因(yin)此也(ye)歸(gui)入銅合金(jin)。中(zhong)國紫(zi)銅加工材按(an)成分可分為：普通紫(zi)銅(T1、T2、T3、T4)、無氧銅（TU1、TU2和(he)高(gao)純、真空無氧銅）、脫氧銅（TUP、TUMn）、添加少(shao)量合金(jin)元(yuan)素的特種(zhong)銅（砷銅、碲銅、銀銅）四類。

黃銅

黃銅：銅鋅合金。

以鋅(xin)作(zuo)主要添(tian)加元(yuan)素的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)，具有美觀的(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)色(se)，統稱(cheng)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鋅(xin)二(er)元(yuan)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)稱(cheng)普通黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)或(huo)稱(cheng)簡單黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。三元(yuan)以上的(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)稱(cheng)特殊黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)或(huo)稱(cheng)復雜黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。含鋅(xin)低於36％的(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)由(you)固溶體組成，具有良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)冷(leng)加工性(xing)能(neng)，如含鋅(xin)30％的(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)常用來制作(zuo)彈(dan)殼，俗稱(cheng)彈(dan)殼黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)或(huo)七三黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。含鋅(xin)在36～42％之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)由(you)和固溶體組成，其中最常用的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)含鋅(xin)40％的(de)(de)(de)六四(si)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。

白銅

白銅：銅、鈷、鎳(nie)合金。

以鎳為主(zhu)要添加元素的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合金(jin)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鎳二(er)元合金(jin)稱普通(tong)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)；加有錳、鐵、鋅、鋁(lv)等(deng)元素的(de)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合金(jin)稱復雜(za)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。工(gong)業用白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)分(fen)為結構白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)電(dian)工(gong)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)兩大類。結構白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)特點是(shi)機械性能(neng)和(he)耐蝕性好(hao)，色澤美觀。這(zhe)種(zhong)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)廣泛用於制造(zao)精密機械、化工(gong)機械和(he)船舶構件。電(dian)工(gong)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一般有良(liang)好(hao)的(de)熱電(dian)性能(neng)。錳銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、康銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、考銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)含(han)錳量(liang)不(bu)同的(de)錳白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，是(shi)制造(zao)精密電(dian)工(gong)儀(yi)器、變阻器、精密電(dian)阻、應(ying)變片、熱電(dian)偶等(deng)用的(de)材(cai)料(liao)。

青銅

青銅：銅錫合金

原指(zhi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錫(xi)合金，后除黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、白銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以外(wai)的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合金均稱青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，并常在青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)名(ming)(ming)字前冠以第(di)一(yi)主要(yao)添加元素(su)的名(ming)(ming)。錫(xi)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的鑄造(zao)(zao)性能、減(jian)摩性能好(hao)和(he)機(ji)械(xie)性能好(hao)，適合於(wu)制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)軸承、蝸輪(lun)、齒輪(lun)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。鉛青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是現代發動機(ji)和(he)磨(mo)床廣(guang)泛使(shi)用(yong)的軸承材(cai)料。鋁青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)強度高(gao)，耐(nai)磨(mo)性和(he)耐(nai)蝕性好(hao)，用(yong)於(wu)鑄造(zao)(zao)高(gao)載荷(he)的齒輪(lun)、軸套(tao)、船(chuan)用(yong)螺旋槳(jiang)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。鈹(pi)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)磷(lin)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的彈性極限(xian)高(gao)，導電性好(hao)，適於(wu)制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)精密彈簧(huang)和(he)電接觸元件，鈹(pi)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)還用(yong)來制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)煤礦、油庫等(deng)(deng)(deng)使(shi)用(yong)的無(wu)火花工(gong)具。